Expt 8 Endfire

D.Y.
Patil College of Engineering, Akurdi, Pune 44

DEPARTMENT OFELECTRONICS & TELECOMMUNICATION
Experiment No. 8
AIM: STUDY OF END- FIRE ARRAY
OBJECTIVE: To Plot Radiation Pattern by using MATLAB for endfire array with N
elements having uniform spacing, equal amplitudes, and same progressive phase of feed
currents.
THEORY:
1. A Linear array of equi-distant elements placed along a straight line, in which all
the elements have the same magnitude and same progressively changed phase, is
called an endfire array. It is so called, because such an array can have a single
major lobe of radiation along the direction of the line of array, pointing in the
direction = 0, or = 180 degrees.
2. It can be shown that the radiation pattern of an array of any type of nonisotropic (but identical) elements is same as the product of the pattern of an array
of isotropic point antennas which have the same locations, same relative
amplitudes, and the same phases as the corresponding non-isotropic elements in the
given array.
Array Factor AF
3. The pattern of the above mentioned array of isotopic antennas is called Array
Factor for the given original array of non-isotropic antennas. It should be noted
that the array factor does not depend on the individual characterizes of the type
of antennas actually used in the given array. Thus we see that the basic task of
analyzing any given original array involves analyzing corresponding array of
isotropic elements to find the Array Factor. This is what will be done here for an
endfire array.
Layout of the endfire Array

4. The figure shows a linear array of equi-distant isotropic antennas. All the elements
have the same amplitude. However, the phases of th feed signal of these antennas
changes progressively by the same amount with respect to its immediate
predecessor element, as indicated in the figure.
N
d
4
3
2
1
N= number of elements
D= distance between adjacent elements(in meters)
= phase angle of an element wrt its preceding element
= kd cos+
K=2/
Directions of end fire array

1. The end fire radiation is obtained in a single direction =0 when = -kd and =180
when = kd. In other cases, more than one beam is obtained and the the beams are
oriented in other directions also.
2. If the element separation is d=/2, the beam would exist in both the directions(ie., =0
and =180)
3. If the element spacing is multiple of wavelength ie., if d=/2 , where n=1,2,3. Then in
addition to having end fire radiations in both the directions , there would be maxima in
broadside direction also. In other words , there would be four maxima , two along the
axis of the array and two in the broadside directions.
4. To have only one end fire maxima and to avoid grating lobes, the spacing between the
elements should be kept less than half the wavelength ie., d=/2
5. By changing the value of , the maximum radiation can be oriented in any direction ,
which is nothing but the principle of electronically scanned phased array operation.
6. If is changed electronically(using varactor diodes) , the beam can be made to
continuously scan within the desired angular range , and with any desired scanning rate.
This is achieved without any mechanical motion of the system.
Null Positions
A linear array can have many null points. For end fir array, the angle for any one such a null
point is given by
1
=cos
m
nd
Where n= 1,2,3.. but n being not equal to integral multiple of N. The number of nulls which
can exist will depend on parameters like element spacing d and the phase difference .
An analysis of the arrays leads to the values shown in the table for its various parameters(Balanis
, Ch.6). A source code is developed in MATLAB to obtain the parameters shown in table below
S.No
Parameter
Notatio
Formula
n
1
Magnitude of array factor
AF
N
2
AF=
sin
2
Normalized array factor
(AF)n
N
1
2
AF n=
N
sin
2
First Null Beam width
FNBW
Half power Beam width
HPBW
First Side Lobe Beam Width
FSLBW
sin
sin
Nd
1.391
Nd
3
2 Nd
FNBW=2cos1 1
HPBW=2cos1 1
For (d/ ) <<1

FSLBW =2 cos1 1
For (d/ ) <<1
Values of for a beam oriented
Beta
Beta= -kd cos
in a direction
Conclusion:
A MATLAB program has been developed for finding the various parameters of an end fire array,
and the results of the program are found to tally with the approximations stipulated.
Endfire.m
clc
clear all
close all hidden
f=input('PLEASE ENTER THE OPERATING FREQUENCY IN Hz:\n-->');
N=input('PLEASE ENTER THE NO OF ELEMENTS(N):\n-->');
disp('PRESS ANY KEY TO SEE THE VALUE OF WAVELENGTH LAMBDA IN METERS:')
pause
disp('==================================================================')
lambda=(3e8)/f % lambda=c/f % The value is in meters
disp('==================================================================')
disp(' ')
disp('PRESS ANY KEY TO ENTER THE DISTANCE (d) BETWEEN THE ELEMENTS')
disp('IT MAY BE DESIRABLE TO CHOOSE d<lambda/2.SEE PARA 8 FOR DETAILS')
pause
d=input('PLEASE ENTER DISTANCE d IN METERS BETWEEN ELEMENTS:\n-->');
k=2*pi/lambda;
theta_m=input('PLEASE ENTER DESIRED ANGLE (0-180) OF BEAM ORIENTATION:\n->');
disp('')
disp('PRESS ANY KEY TO SEE THE VALUE OF PROGRESSIVE PHASE ANGLE BETA IN DEG')
pause
disp('==================================================================')
beta=-(k*d*cos(theta_m*pi/180))*180/pi
disp('==================================================================')
disp(' ')
theta=0:0.01:2*pi;
psi=(k.*d.*cos(theta)+ pi*beta/180);
z1=(N/2).*(psi);
z2=(1/2)*(psi);
AF=sin(z1)./(N.*sin(z2));
W=abs(AF);
disp('PRESS ANY KEY TO SEE THE NORMALISED POLAR PATTERN IN LINEAR SCALE.')
pause
polar(theta,W)
title('NORMALISED E-FIELD POLAR PATTERN OF ARRAY ANTENNA IN LINEAR SCALE')
disp('PRESS ANY KEY TO SEE THE NON-NORMALISED POLAR PATTERN IN db')
pause
figure;
af=N*AF;
afabs=abs(af);
afdb=20*log10(afabs);
afplot=(afdb+abs(afdb))/2;
polar(theta,afplot)
title('NON-NORMALIZED POLAR PATTERN OF THE ARRAY IN db SCALE')
D=lambda/(N*d);
disp(' ')
disp('PRESS ANY KEY FOR FIRST NULL BEAMWIDTH FNBW')
pause
disp(' ')
disp('THE VALUE OF FIRST NULL BEAMWIDTH FNBW IN DEGREES IS:')
disp('=================================================================')
FNBW=(180/pi)*2*acos(1-D)
disp('=================================================================')
disp(' ')
disp(' ')
disp('PRESS ANY KEY FOR HALF POWER BEAMWIDTH HPBW:')
pause
disp(' ')
disp('THE VALUE OF HALF POWER BEAMWIDTH HPBW IN DEGREES IS GIVEN BELOW:')
disp('BUT THIS IS ACCURATE ONLY IF pi*d/lambda << 1.')
disp(' ')
disp('=================================================================')
HPBW=(180/pi)*2*acos(1-1.391*D/pi)
disp('=================================================================')
disp(' ')
disp('PRESS ANY KEY FOR FIRST SIDE LOBE BEAMWIDTH FSLBW.')
pause
disp(' ')
disp('THE VALUE OF FIRST SIDE LOBE BEAMWIDTH FSLBW IN DEGREES IS GIVEN BELOW.')
disp('BUT THIS IS ACCURATE ONLY IF pi*d/lambda << 1.')
disp('==================================================================')
FSLBW=(180/pi)*2*acos(1-1.5*D)
disp('==================================================================')
OUTPUT OF THE PROGRAM FOR A TYPICAL RUN
PLEASE ENTER THE OPERATING FREQUENCY IN Hz:-->100000000

PLEASE ENTER THE NO OF ELEMENTS(N):-->10
PRESS ANY KEY TO SEE THE VALUE OF WAVELENGTH LAMBDA IN METERS:
==================================================================
lambda =
==================================================================
PRESS ANY KEY TO ENTER THE DISTANCE (d) BETWEEN THE ELEMENTS
IT MAY BE DESIRABLE TO CHOOSE d<lambda/2.SEE PARA 8 FOR DETAILS
PLEASE ENTER DISTANCE d IN METERS BETWEEN ELEMENTS:-->0.75
PLEASE ENTER DESIRED ANGLE (0-180) OF BEAM ORIENTATION:->180
PRESS ANY KEY TO SEE THE VALUE OF PROGRESSIVE PHASE ANGLE BETA IN DEG
==================================================================
beta = 90
==================================================================
PRESS ANY KEY TO SEE THE NORMALISED POLAR PATTERN IN LINEAR SCALE.
PRESS ANY KEY TO SEE THE NON-NORMALISED POLAR PATTERN IN db
PRESS ANY KEY FOR FIRST NULL BEAMWIDTH FNBW
THE VALUE OF FIRST NULL BEAMWIDTH FNBW IN DEGREES IS:
FNBW = 106.2602
=================================================================
PRESS ANY KEY FOR HALF POWER BEAMWIDTH HPBW:
THE VALUE OF HALF POWER BEAMWIDTH HPBW IN DEGREES IS GIVEN BELOW:
BUT THIS IS ACCURATE ONLY IF pi*d/lambda << 1.
=================================================================
HPBW = 69.2492
=================================================================
PRESS ANY KEY FOR FIRST SIDE LOBE BEAMWIDTH FSLBW.
THE VALUE OF FIRST SIDE LOBE BEAMWIDTH FSLBW IN DEGREES IS GIVEN BELOW.
BUT THIS IS ACCURATE ONLY IF pi*d/lambda << 1.
==================================================================
FSLBW = 132.8436
==================================================================
NORMALISED E-FIELD POLAR PATTERN OF ARRAY ANTENNA IN LINEAR SCALE

90
120
0.8
60
0.6
150
30
0.4
0.2
180
210
330
240
300
270
NON-NORMALIZED POLAR PATTERN OF THE ARRAY IN db SCALE

90
20
120
60
15
10
150
30
5
180
210
330
240
300
270

Expt 8 Endfire

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D.Y.

Patil College of Engineering, Akurdi, Pune 44

Layout of the endfire Array

Directions of end fire array

Magnitude of array factor

Normalized array factor

First Null Beam width

Half power Beam width

First Side Lobe Beam Width

For (d/ ) <<1

Values of for a beam oriented

Beta= -kd cos

OUTPUT OF THE PROGRAM FOR A TYPICAL RUN

PLEASE ENTER THE OPERATING FREQUENCY IN Hz:-->100000000

NORMALISED E-FIELD POLAR PATTERN OF ARRAY ANTENNA IN LINEAR SCALE

NON-NORMALIZED POLAR PATTERN OF THE ARRAY IN db SCALE

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