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    SoutheastAsia Week2

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    Harunzz Abdullah
    This document provides an overview of the early history of Southeast Asia from the 1st century BC to the 13th century AD. It summarizes the key early kingdoms that arose in mainland Southeast Asia, including Funan, Champa, Khmer Empire, various Burmese kingdoms and Vietnam. It also discusses important maritime kingdoms like Srivijaya and the Javanese Sailendras and Mataram states. The document notes that agriculture and maritime trade were important factors in consolidating these early Southeast Asian polities. It concludes by discussing how the 13th century Mongol invasions contributed to the rise of new regional powers like the Thai Ayutthaya kingdom and the Javanese Majapahit

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    SoutheastAsia Week2

    Uploaded by

    Harunzz Abdullah
    137 views17 pages
    This document provides an overview of the early history of Southeast Asia from the 1st century BC to the 13th century AD. It summarizes the key early kingdoms that arose in mainland Southeast Asia, including Funan, Champa, Khmer Empire, various Burmese kingdoms and Vietnam. It also discusses important maritime kingdoms like Srivijaya and the Javanese Sailendras and Mataram states. The document notes that agriculture and maritime trade were important factors in consolidating these early Southeast Asian polities. It concludes by discussing how the 13th century Mongol invasions contributed to the rise of new regional powers like the Thai Ayutthaya kingdom and the Javanese Majapahit

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    This document provides an overview of the early history of Southeast Asia from the 1st century BC to the 13th century AD. It summarizes the key early kingdoms that arose in mainland Southeast Asia, including Funan, Champa, Khmer Empire, various Burmese kingdoms and Vietnam. It also discusses important maritime kingdoms like Srivijaya and the Javanese Sailendras and Mataram states. The document notes that agriculture and maritime trade were important factors in consolidating these early Southeast Asian polities. It concludes by discussing how the 13th century Mongol invasions contributed to the rise of new regional powers like the Thai Ayutthaya kingdom and the Javanese Majapahit

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    137 views17 pages

    SoutheastAsia Week2

    Uploaded by

    Harunzz Abdullah
    This document provides an overview of the early history of Southeast Asia from the 1st century BC to the 13th century AD. It summarizes the key early kingdoms that arose in mainland Southeast Asia, including Funan, Champa, Khmer Empire, various Burmese kingdoms and Vietnam. It also discusses important maritime kingdoms like Srivijaya and the Javanese Sailendras and Mataram states. The document notes that agriculture and maritime trade were important factors in consolidating these early Southeast Asian polities. It concludes by discussing how the 13th century Mongol invasions contributed to the rise of new regional powers like the Thai Ayutthaya kingdom and the Javanese Majapahit

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    The Early History of

    Southeast Asia
    Min Shu
    School of International Liberal Studies
    Waseda University

    15 April 2014

    IR of Southeast Asia

    An overview of the lecture


    The land and its people in Southeast Asia
    Early kingdoms in mainland Southeast Asia
    Early kingdoms of Sumatra and Java

    The rise of new states from the 13th century


    The legacy of indigenous development

    15 April 2014

    IR of Southeast Asia

    The land and its people in Southeast Asia


    The weather
    (Tropical) rainfall well distributed throughout the year
    The monsoons:
    Southwest (June-Sep)
    Northeast (Nov-Feb)

    The geography
    Mainland: mountains, valleys,
    rivers and rapids divide the
    habitable areas
    Maritime: numerous small and big islands form the Southeast
    Asian archipelago between the Indian and Pacific Oceans
    15 April 2014

    IR of Southeast Asia

    The land and its people in Southeast Asia


    The regions population mainly migrated from southern
    China, and from northeast India and eastern Tibet
    Early migration took place well before the 3th century BC
    The trend had been continuing for nearly two millennia

    An ethnically very diversified region


    The Miao, Lolo and Yao peoples are found in North Vietnam and
    northern Thailand
    The Malays migrated from southern China (mainly Yunnan) first
    in 2500BC and then around 300BC
    Myanmar has several ethnic groups of Mons, Chins, Burmans
    who came from southwest China and northeast India
    15 April 2014

    IR of Southeast Asia

    Early kingdoms in mainland Southeast Asia


    The impacts of weather and geography
    Located at the center of the Sino-Indian trade route
    The monsoon allowed maritime navigation around the year
    Ample rainfall created the rice belt

    Agriculture and maritime trade were the key factors that


    consolidated the early kingdoms in Southeast Asia
    Agriculture requires sophisticated infrastructure of irrigation
    Maritime trade needs custom services and military capacity
    against potential piracy
    Both contributed to the centralization of authorities

    15 April 2014

    IR of Southeast Asia

    Early kingdoms in mainland Southeast Asia


    The Funan Kingdom (1st-6th century)
    Mon-Khmer people
    In the early 3rd century, it extended to
    South Vietnam, Cambodia, central
    Thailand, northern Malaya and
    southern Myanmar
    Controlled the maritime intermediaries
    of the Sino-Indian trade
    Mandalas: a quasi-feudal political
    structure, with less effective control
    in distant parts of the kingdom

    15 April 2014

    IR of Southeast Asia

    Early kingdoms in mainland Southeast Asia


    The Champa Kingdom (2nd to 17th century)

    Mainly the Malay race


    Covers southern and central Vietnam
    Under the influences of China and India
    Matriarchal society

    15 April 2014

    IR of Southeast Asia

    Early kingdoms in mainland Southeast Asia


    The Khmer Empire

    The state of Chenla was a vassal of the Funanese Kingdom


    Khmers overthrew the Funanese, but failed to manage the trading route
    In 706, it splited into Upper Chenla and Lower Chenla
    Agriculture-based economy and sophisticated irrigation
    Some magnificent temples were built

    15 April 2014

    IR of Southeast Asia

    Early kingdoms in mainland Southeast Asia

    Early kingdoms in Myanmar

    The Pyus

    city-states between 4th and 8th century


    Rich Buddhist traditions

    The Pagan Kingdom


    From 11 to 13th century
    The Burmans in the north, excising
    political power
    The Mons in
    the south,
    managing trade

    15 April 2014

    IR of Southeast Asia

    Early kingdoms in mainland Southeast Asia

    Vietnam

    15 April 2014

    A Chinese general found an independent kingdom, called Nan


    Yueh or Nam Viet in 207 BC, remaining part of China till 939
    The Vietnamese revolt overthrew the Chinese rule and
    established Dai Viet as an independent kingdom
    Considerable Chinese influences on Dai Viet

    IR of Southeast Asia

    10

    Early kingdoms of Sumatra and Java


    Maritime commerce and agriculture were also the key to
    successful kingdoms in insular Southeast Asia
    Maritime commerce: Srivijaya
    Agriculture: Javanese states

    The rivalry between Java and Sumatra


    The control of important trade routes
    The Strait of Malacca and the Sunda Strait

    15 April 2014

    IR of Southeast Asia

    11

    Early kingdoms of Sumatra and Java


    The Srivijaya
    From 7th to 13th century
    A powerful fleet, compelling
    all shipping to pay dues and taxes
    Excellent anchorage, storage and
    recreational facilities

    The Sailendras
    Located in central Java
    Raided mainland Southeast Asia

    Mataram
    Built on the Sailendra legacy in Java
    Engaged actively in trade with China
    Rivalry between Srivijaya and Mataram
    15 April 2014

    IR of Southeast Asia

    12

    The rise of new states in Southeast Asia


    The Mongol invasion in the 13th century
    Initially, most Southeast Asian kingdoms refused to recognize the
    Mongol rule
    Mongol invasion: the destruction of Pagan in the mainland and the
    defeat of Singhasari in Java gave rise to new states

    Ayutthaya (Thailand)
    The Thai state Nan Chao was defeat in 1253; the southward
    expansion of the Thai after Pagan was defeat in 1287; the Khmer
    empire was weakened
    Ayutthaya established itself as a powerful southeast Asian state
    between the 13th to 15th century.
    New alphabet, administrative and social structure and centralized
    government were established in this period
    15 April 2014

    IR of Southeast Asia

    13

    The rise of new states in Southeast Asia


    Ayutthaya embassy to France (Louis XIV) in 1686
    The ruins of Ayutthaya after Burma
    Invasion in mid-18th century

    15 April 2014

    IR of Southeast Asia

    14

    The rise of new states in Southeast Asia


    Lan Na (13-16c)
    A Thai state centered at Chiang Mai
    Burma ruling in the 16-17c
    Revolt occurred in the 1720s

    Lan Xang (13-17c)

    Founded by a Khmer prince


    Capital at Luang Prabang
    Split into N. and S. in 1690
    S. (capital at Vientiane) controlled
    by Thailand in the 19c

    The decline of Khmer


    Attacked by Thailand and Vietnam
    15 April 2014

    IR of Southeast Asia

    15

    The rise of new states in Southeast Asia


    Majapahit
    The Majapahit managed to control most of the archipelago in
    Southeast Asia for about 70 years in the 14th century
    Relying not on confederate alliance, but on direct conquest
    The last maritime Hindu kingdom in Southeast Asia

    Melaka (Malacca)
    The arrival of Islam from West India
    Melaka offer a safe harbor for trading
    ships a powerful trading state
    Send tribute to both China and the Thai court
    Conversion to Islam
    15 April 2014

    IR of Southeast Asia

    16

    Understanding the early history of


    Southeast Asia
    Inter-state competition in early Southeast Asia
    Mainland Southeast Asia: Dai Viet vs. Champa; Thai Kingdoms
    competed with Khmer Empire; Burma vs. Thai Kingdoms
    Maritime Southeast Asia: monopolizing trading route or controlling
    territorial spaces

    The political structure of early Southeast Asian kingdoms


    The Mandalas in early Southeast Asia
    The suzerainty-vassal relationship

    The regional context of Southeast Asia


    The cultural influences of India
    The tribute system centered on China
    15 April 2014

    IR of Southeast Asia

    17

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