Energy Efficiency Finland

Energy Efficiency Policies and
Measures in Finland
ODYSSEE- MURE 2010

Monitoring of EU and national energy efficiency
targets
Motiva Oy
Helsinki, October 2012
Contacts:
Lea Gynther
Motiva Oy
Urho Kekkosenkatu 4-6 A, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
Tel.: +358 424 281 210 / Fax: +358 424 281 299
E-Mail: [email protected]
www.motiva.fi
Saara Elvs
Motiva Oy
Urho Kekkosenkatu 4-6 A, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
Tel.: +358 424 281 210 / Fax: +358 424 281 299
E-Mail: [email protected]
www.motiva.fi
The sole responsibility for the content of this publication lies with the authors. It does
not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Communities. The European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained
therein.
Energy Efficiency Policies and Measures in Finland in 2012
Contents
Page
Executive Summary ....................................................................................2
Key messages .............................................................................................3
The Background to Energy Efficiency ......................................................4
3.1
Overall economic context .............................................................4
3.2
Energy consumption trends by fuel and by sector .......................5
3.3
The policy background to energy efficiency .................................7
Overall Assessment of Energy Efficiency Trends .................................13

4.1
Overall trends in energy intensity ...............................................13
4.2
Industry ......................................................................................13
4.3
Households ................................................................................15
4.4
Services .....................................................................................18
4.5
Transport....................................................................................20
4.6
Assessment of energy efficiency/savings through ODEX:

total and by sector ......................................................................23
4.7
CO2 emissions trends ................................................................25
Energy efficiency measures.....................................................................27

5.1
Recent Energy Efficiency Measures ..........................................27
5.2
Patterns and Dynamics of Energy Efficiency Measures .............31
5.3
Innovative Energy Efficiency Measures .....................................36
5.4
Energy efficiency measure evaluations ......................................40
5.4.1
Semi-quantitative Impact Estimates of Energy Efficiency

Measures ...................................................................................40
5.4.2
Lessons from Quantitative Energy Efficiency Measure

Evaluations................................................................................ 41
National Developments under the EU Energy Efficiency

Directive and the 20% Energy Efficiency Target of the EU................... 45
Annex 1: Energy Efficiency Measure Summary by Country

Annex 2: Country Profile
II
Index of Figures
Page
Figure 1 Total energy consumption and end-use in Finland in 19902010 ............ 5
Figure 2 Total energy consumption by fuel in Finland in 19902010 ..................... 6
Figure 3 Energy end-use per sector in Finland in 19952010 ................................. 7
Figure 4 Primary energy intensity and intensity of end-use in Finland,
19952010 ................................................................................................... 13
Figure 5 Energy intensity in industry ...................................................................... 14
Figure 6 Specific energy consumption of paper and steel production................. 15
Figure 7 Energy end-use in the household sector in 2009 .................................... 16
Figure 8 Unit consumption of heat in dwellings, toe/dwelling .............................. 17
Figure 9 Energy intensity of the services sector, 1995-2000 ................................. 19
Figure 10 Unit consumption of different transport modes in passenger
transport in Finland in 1990-2010, koe/passenger-km ............................ 21
Figure 11 Unit consumption of road and rail transport of goods in
Finland in 1990-2010, koe/tonne-km ......................................................... 21
Figure 12 Specific consumption of new vehicles in Finland, 1990-2010 .............. 22
Figure 13 Energy efficiency index (ODEX) for all sectors in EU-27 and in
Finland ........................................................................................................ 23
Figure 14 Energy efficiency index (ODEX) in industry in Finland ......................... 24
Figure 15 Energy efficiency index (ODEX) in households in Finland ................... 24
Figure 16 Energy efficiency index (ODEX) in transport in Finland ....................... 25
Figure 17 CO2 emissions from fuel use 1970-2011................................................. 26
Figure 18 Measures for household in Finland, periods 1990-1999 and
2000-2011.................................................................................................... 32
Figure 19 Measures in the transport sector in Finland, periods 1990-1999
and 2000-2011. ........................................................................................... 33
Figure 20 Measures in industry in Finland, periods 1990-1999 and 20002011............................................................................................................. 34
Figure 21 Measures in the services sector in Finland, periods 1990-1999

and 2000-2011. ............................................................................................ 35
Figure 22 Cross-sectoral measures in Finland, periods 1990-1999 and
2000-2011. ................................................................................................... 36
Figure 23 The stone pedestal of energy efficiency in Finland ............................... 46
II
Index of Tables
Page
Table 1 Economic trends in Finland, 2000-2011 ....................................................... 4

Table 2 Household electricity use by group of appliances.................................... 18
Table 3 On-going measures by sector and impact category in Finland ............... 41
Table 4 Energy savings, energy efficiency regulations for new
construction, GWh/a .................................................................................. 43
Table 5 Energy savings from industrial energy audits, GWh/a ............................. 44
Executive Summary
Energy efficiencys primary objective is the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in a

cost-effective way. The common EU goal is a 20 per cent increase in energy efficiency
by 2020. Besides being part of climate policy, saving energy also remains important for
traditional reasons, including securing the energy supply, reducing energy costs and
from other environmental viewpoints.
In many energy conservation measures and in terms of the efficiency of energy use,
Finland is among the leading countries in the world. Co-generation of heat and electricity, broad coverage of energy efficiency agreements, and the systematic implementation of energy audits are good examples of successful energy conservation measures.
On 4 February 2010, the Finnish Government passed a resolution on energy saving
and energy efficiency measures for implementation during the current decade. This
government decision is based on a June 2009 report by a broad-based Energy Efficiency Committee, appointed by the Ministry of Employment and the Economy. The
energy efficiency measures implement the objectives of the Long-Term Climate and
Energy Strategy.
In 2010, energy end-use was approximately 27.0 Mtoe (320 GWh), up by 7.7% from
the 2000 level. The strategy sets an energy savings target of 37 TWh for energy enduse by 2020. If no action is taken, energy end-use is estimated to rise to 347 TWh by
2020, but the level of end-use will be 310 TWh under the strategy.
Key messages
The impact of the 2009 economic downturn led to decrease in energy demand
followed by instant increase driven by economic recovery. However, the longerterm 1990-2010 trend shows that the growth that has continued for a long time
is at the very least being curtailed.
The most significant change in energy end-use is the reduction in the relative
proportion of industry as a result of structural change.
The ODEX indices show improvement in energy efficiency in all sectors in
Finland.
Energy efficiency policies are defined in the national Long-Term Climate and Energy Strategy from 2008. Detailed new measures are set in the Government
resolution on energy efficiency from February 2010. By and large, the same
measures can be found in Finlands second National Energy Efficiency Action
Plan of July 2011 together with the long-running key measures such as energy
efficiency agreements and the Energy Audit Programme.
Individual measures cannot meet the challenging objectives but the society as a
whole must undergo fundamental change. Development is needed in many areas such as values, capacity building, sustainable community infrastructure,
lifecycle thinking and science-research-development-innovation chain.
The implementation of the proposed Energy Efficiency Directive will require significant additional effort in all sectors. However, some of the objectives of the
Directive are at advances stages, e.g., extensive use of CHP.
The Background to Energy Efficiency
3.1
Overall economic context
Finland has a relatively small population of 5.4 million. With a land area of 338 000 km2
it is also very sparsely populated making transport distances long. Approximately one
million people live in the Helsinki Metropolitan area. The climate is the coldest in
Europe.
GDP (in constant 2000 prices) has grown by 22% from 2000 to 2011. However, the
growth has not been constant as a steep 8.4% drop was observed in 2008. A recovery
of exports, domestic trade, and household consumption stimulated economic growth in
2010. The per capita output (in current prices) was 35 150 euros in 2011.
Table 1 Economic trends in Finland, 2000-2011
2000
GDP in M (2000)
GDP annual change
Private consumption of households in M (2000)
Private consumption of households, annual change
Value added of industry M
(2000)
Value added of industry, annual
change
2005
2008
2009
2010
2011
132 195 150 524 166 035 152 164 157 842 162 348
5.3%
2.9%
0.3%
-8.4%
3.7%
2.9%
61 671
73 778
80 509
82 039
84 144
85 307
-0.5%
1.0%
2.4%
1.9%
2.6%
1.4%
39 576
47 083
53 969
43 464
47 130
47 988
10.3%
4.0%
-4.0%
-19.5%
8.4%
1.8%
Trade is important with exports accounting for over one third of GDP in recent years.
Finland is strongly competitive in manufacturing - principally the wood, metals, engineering, telecommunications, and electronics industries. Finland excels in high-tech
industry.
Except for timber and several minerals, Finland depends on imports of raw materials,
energy, and some components for manufactured goods. Because of the cold climate,
agricultural development is limited to maintaining self-sufficiency in basic products.
Energy consumption trends by fuel and by sector
3.2
Total energy consumption in Finland was 34.1 Mtoe (401 TWh1) and end-use was
27.0 Mtoe (320 TWh) in 2010. Total energy consumption and end-use increased quite
steadily until 2003. The data for 2005 reflect the lengthy industrial dispute in the forestry industry. In 20062009, total energy consumption and end-use clearly fell. Energy
consumption in 2008 and 2009 shows the impact of the international financial crisis,
which affected production in energy-intensive sectors in particular. In 2008, consumption also fell owing to an exceptionally mild winter. In 2010, total energy consumption
rose by 9% compared to the previous year. The main reasons for this growth were the
growth in industrial production that accompanied the economic recovery, and a very
cold winter. Although there are clear reasons for the lower than normal level of total
energy consumption in 20032010, it may be noted when examining the whole 1990
2010 period that the growth that has continued for a long time is at the very least being
curtailed.
In 2010, total energy consumption per capita was 74.6 MWh, meaning 18% growth
since 1990. Energy end-use per capita was 57.7 MWh, equivalent to 20% growth over
the same period.
40
35
30
Mtoe
25
20
15
10
0
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
Final energy consumption
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Total primary energy consumption
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Total final consumption with climatic corrections
Figure 1 Total energy consumption and end-use in Finland in 19902010
1 Terawatt-hour numbers given in brackets are taken from national statistics. Those in Mtoe are
from the ODYSSEE database.
Energy supply in Finland is diversified with no single fuel dominating the fuel mix. Oil
accounts for 24% of total energy consumption, wood fuels 21%, nuclear energy 17%,
coal 13%, natural gas 10% and other energy sources and net imports of electricity a
total of 15%.
The energy efficiency of electricity production in Finland is improved by the significant
proportion of combined heat and power (CHP) in electricity production. Its share in
electricity production has grown from 31% in 1990 to 36% in 2010 reaching the peak
level of 28.1 TWh.
450
400
350
Net imports of electricity
300
Others
Peat
250
TWh
Wood fuels
Wind power
Hydro power
200
Nuclear energy
Natural gas
Coal
150
Oil
100
50
0
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Figure 2 Total energy consumption by fuel in Finland in 19902010
Figure 3 shows the proportions of energy end-use per sector. The most significant
change in energy end-use is the reduction in the relative proportion of industry as a
result of structural change. As for 2010, the proportion of heating for buildings increased owing to a very cold winter.
30
25
Mtoe
20
15
10
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Industry
2001
2002
Transport
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Residential, tertiary, agriculture
Figure 3 Energy end-use per sector in Finland in 19952010
3.3
The policy background to energy efficiency
Strategies and programmes for energy efficiency improvement are in place both at national and sectoral level. In addition, policy context is set in various Government resolutions. EU policies and regulations have a significant impact on energy efficiency targets, policies and measures. However, the focus of the following discussion is on national activities.
Long-term Climate and Energy Strategy

A series of energy saving programmes have been established since the early 1990s (in
1992, 1995, 2000 and 2002). Since 2005, energy saving and energy efficiency activities have been incorporated into national climate and energy policy strategies. The
prevailing strategy is the Long-term Climate and Energy Strategy of 2008 but it is in the
process of updating. The strategy sets out the guidelines approved by the European
Council in spring 2007 and the measures required by the climate and energy package
presented by the Commission on the basis thereof in January 2008 with regard to,
among other things, targets for reducing greenhouse gases, energy procurement, renewable energy and energy efficiency in Finland. The main emphasis of the strategy is
on the guidelines up to 2020 and on the measures that they require. In addition to this,
it sets out a vision right up until 2050.
Primary energy consumption for the target scenario in the strategy is 430 TWh in 2020.
In comparison with the base scenario, the savings target for energy end-use is 37 TWh
by 2020, according to the strategy, and 5 TWh for total electricity consumption. The
reduction would be a total of 49 TWh, calculated in terms of primary energy. The
longer-term target is that energy end-use would fall by another third of the 2020 level
by 2050, and that electricity consumption would start to fall.
The target set for energy end-use is particularly important for Finland to achieve its
renewable energy target of 38%. In order to ensure that this target is met, new targets
were set in April 2010 for increasing the amount of renewable energy, using a benchmark of 327 TWh of energy end-use in 2020.
Foresight report on climate and energy policy

In addition to the long-term climate and energy strategy, a foresight report on climate
and energy policy has been produced in 2009. In particular, this foresight report examined climate and energy policy, global development and preparation for the impact of
climate change throughout the timeline for the strategy and extending up to the middle
of the century and beyond, where necessary.
Government resolution on energy efficiency (February 2010)

In April 2008, the Ministry of Employment and the Economy founded a broad-based
energy efficiency committee to prepare new activities relating to energy savings and
energy efficiency. According to the Long-term Climate and Energy Strategy, the
benchmark for the Committees work was an energy saving of 37 TWh, including electricity savings of 5 TWh. The Committees report, submitted in June 2009, describes
125 new or extended energy saving and energy efficiency measures. An impact assessment was also performed on the measures set out in the report in connection with
the Committees work.
On the basis of the report by the energy efficiency committee, Government passed a
resolution concerning the energy efficiency measures on 4 February 2010. The Ministry
of Employment and the Economy will regularly coordinate and monitor the implementation of the measures set out in the resolution. The individual measures in the resolution
are the following:
A. Cross-cutting areas of activity
Basis for activities
- In 2011, an independent expert will evaluate the current status of this basis from
the perspective of energy conservation and energy efficiency.
- The organisation of energy efficiency promotion will be developed.
- Including energy efficiency in the education programmes of educational institutions
at all levels, as part of education on climate change and the promotion of sustainable development.
- Ensuring the operability of the science-research-development-innovation chain, in
order to generate and commercialise new solutions.
- Reinforcing multidisciplinary research in such a way that different fields of scientific
research develop their capabilities and produce basic information on structures, activities, consumer behaviour and creation of well-being in a society with significantly
lower energy requirements.
- Developing indicators that measure the development of energy efficiency in various
sectors.
- Enhancing cooperation between various authorities in order to increase cohesion in
community structures.
Development of research and innovations
- Launching a network of various actors promoting energy efficiency innovation that
seeks, screens and advances development ideas on energy efficiency.
- Launching a research programme or project entity with a strong focus on energy
efficiency. Behavioural research will be tied to research on energy efficient technology and innovations.
Communication, advisory services and education
- A system for providing consumers with advice on energy-related matters will be
introduced and a national coordination centre will be designated for it.
- The advisory network for renovation construction, as well as overall communications related to renovation construction, will be developed, taking account of the
perspective of energy efficiency in buildings.
- Energy efficiency classifications for cars will be introduced in car retailing.
- Energy companies will be required to provide consumers with feedback information
on their energy consumption.
- Ensuring the integration of energy efficiency and energy conservation skills in vocational additional and supplementary training in various fields.
- Energy efficiency practices and model solutions from various fields will be gathered
and distributed for implementation elsewhere.
Public sector
- The public sector will serve as a strong example to others in the promotion of energy efficiency.
- A framework act and decrees on the energy efficiency of public sector will be enacted and implemented in a timely manner.
- By the end of 2010, the Ministry of Employment and the Economy will devise a plan
for energy efficiency, which will serve as a model for other state organisations and
municipalities. Plans for other administrative sectors will be completed during 2012.
- In public procurements, energy efficiency will be introduced as a central criterion in
accordance with the Government's decision on promoting sustainability in public
procurements.
B. Sectoral activities
Community structure
- Alternative energy and community technology solutions will be promoted.
- Drawing up regional climate and energy strategies and genuinely linking them to
the steering of land use and the development of transport systems will be promoted.
- Assessment methods for evaluating the sustainability of the community structure,
based on common concepts and indicators, will be developed to support decision
making.
- Steering of the community structure will be made more effective. The necessary
legislation and instruments for planning and implementation will be developed.
- The steering of the community structure of large urban regions and the preconditions for the coordination of land use and transport will be improved through legislation, taking all zoning levels into account.
Buildings
- Stricter energy regulations for new building projects will be implemented in phases.
- Renovation construction and, as part of this, the improvement of energy efficiency
will be supported and encouraged through targeted economic steering and support
measures.
- Statutes will be used to steer the installation of apartment-specific water meters in
new buildings.
- Requirements will extended to renovation construction on the basis of the directive
under renewal on the energy performance of buildings.
- Adoption of life-cycle based tools for building planning, use and maintenance will
be promoted.
- The development and implementation of operating models for the planning and
customer-oriented realisation of renovation construction will be promoted, in cooperation with actors in the construction and real estate sector.
Transport
- Speeding up the renewal of existing car stock and promoting the adoption of new
energy-efficient vehicle technology (incl. electric cars) introduced on the market.
Central measures include developing taxation on cars, vehicles and fuel, and introducing energy efficiency classifications for passenger cars. These measures will be
dimensioned so as not to stimulate an increase in the car stock.
10
Public transport will be promoted on the basis of the Public Transport Act that entered into effect in December 2009 and the public transport development programme for 2009-2015. Public transport structures, its scope and quality, and
feeder traffic will be developed and road investments that support public transportation realised.
Preconditions will be created for improving the energy efficiency of goods traffic.
Trouble-free traffic connections to central logistics hubs will be developed by taking
advantage of e.g. the opportunities offered by an intelligent transport system.
Drawing up an action and financing programme for increasing the popularity of light
traffic and introducing service centres for transportation.
The need and impacts of road pricing will be studied.
Households and agriculture

- Regulations concerning energy-efficiency standards for equipment will be implemented. Efficient implementation will be ensured by sufficient communication.
- An emphasis will be placed on promoting energy efficiency in outlining agricultural
support systems.
- Promoting the introduction of energy efficient equipment in the market and investigating the adoption of even stronger economic incentives in order to increase energy efficiency measures.
- Ensuring that households have access to reliable, up-to-date, unbiased information
on energy conservation measures which are genuinely advisable and cost-effective
in the context of our overall energy system.
- Developing and introducing methods for metering and monitoring apartmentspecific energy consumption. Consumers will be provided with comparable data on
their energy consumption and on measures for improving its efficiency.
- Ensuring the systematic implementation of energy programme on farms.
- Energy efficiency requirements will be considered in regulations and stipulations
concerning supported farm and rural building.
Industry and services
- Extensive implementation of the legislation concerning companies in the energy
sector, which entered into force at the beginning of 2010 and ensuring energy efficiency services for energy users.
- The scope of application of energy efficiency subsidies for companies and organisations will be extended and financing models and business concepts will be developed.
- Energy efficiency agreements will be made substantially more ambitious and extensive than before, and will be linked to research and innovation activities. Energy
auditing procedures in support of the agreements will be further developed.
- Devising models for including energy efficiency in various procurement processes
and contracts.
- Launching a survey on the cost-effectiveness criteria that might be used for the
more effective comparison of new investments in energy production and investments in end use.
11
Other government resolutions

Other energy efficiency relevant Government resolution are those on promoting sustainable choices in public procurement (8 April 2009) and on renovation of buildings (18
September 2008). In the resolution for public procurement, the Government required
the central government to consider environmental perspectives in at least 70% of its
own procurement in 2010, and in all its procurement in 2015. Government departments
are committed to the targets of the resolution, and the targets are recommended for
state-owned companies and local government. The obligations connected with energy
efficiency relate to the procurement of public transport services, cars and equipment
that uses energy, energy inspections of buildings, and new building and leased properties. The resolution on building renovations emphasises measures for improving the
energy efficiency of building stock, reducing energy consumption and emissions by
building stock, social integration through complementary construction, and improving
information and expertise relating to renovations. The resolution is based on the Renovation Strategy 20072017, and a programme of measures has been based on it.
Institutional setting
The Energy Department of the Ministry of Employment and the Economy is the government body responsible for energy policy. Motiva Oy is a state-owned company that
helps the government to implement its energy efficiency measures.
12
Overall Assessment of Energy Efficiency Trends
4.1
Overall trends in energy intensity
Following the recession of the early 1990s, the intensity of total energy consumption
and end-use (koe/2000) started to fall in Finland in 1995. Although energy consumption
rose, gross domestic product grew even more robustly. The downward trend continued
until 2008, after which intensity increased as a result of the latest recession. The intensity of total consumption fell by approximately 25% in 19942010 and the intensity of
end-use by 22%.
0,3
0,25
koe/euro2000
0,2
0,15
0,1
0,05
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
Primary energy intensity
2000
2001
2002
2003
Final energy intensity
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Final energy intensity with climatic corrections
Figure 4 Primary energy intensity and intensity of end-use in Finland,

19952010
4.2
Industry
The growth of energy end-use of Finnish industry has stopped in the early 2000s. Enduse was 12.7 Mtoe (145 TWh) in 2010. The trend in energy end-use shows the dramatic impact of the financial crisis on the quantities produced by energy-intensive industry at the end of the last decade. In 2009, end-use was 23% lower than in the years
preceding the financial crisis and remained 5% under the 2008 level in 2010. When
13
examined per sector, the largest industrial energy users in 2010 were the pulp and paper industry (52%), steel industry (12%), oil refining (9%) and the chemicals industry
(8%).
Industrial electricity consumption was 41 TWh in 2010, and has fluctuated significantly
less than energy end-use over the last two decades.
Industrial energy intensity (koe/2000) started to fall in 1995, and fell by 35% over the
19942010 period. Industrial added value grew significantly more quickly than energy
end-use in the sector. As a result of structural change, more than half of the added
value is generated in sectors that are not energy-intensive. Figure 5 shows the trend in
energy intensity for the whole manufacturing industry, paper industry, chemical industry
and primary metals. The trend in primary metals in erratic from 2008 to 2010 due to the
plummeting value added in the sector in 2008 and 2009 and considerable growth in
2010.
3,5
koe/2000
2,5
1,5
0,5
0
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Energy intensity of industry (2000)
Energy intensity of paper industry (2000)
Energy intensity of primary metals (2000)
Energy intensity of chemicals (2000)
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Figure 5 Energy intensity in industry
Figures 5 and 6 clearly demonstrate the deficiency of energy intensity as a metrix for
energy efficiency. While the specific consumption of steel production has remained
quite level over the past years, the energy intensity of primary metals has fluctuated
dramatically because the value added has plummeted due to the recent recession. It
should be noted, however, that primary metals includes also other products but steel.
14
0,800
0,700
0,600
toe/t
0,500
0,400
0,300
0,200
0,100
0,000
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Unit consumption of steel
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Unit consumption of paper
Figure 6 Specific energy consumption of paper and steel production
4.3
Households
The household sector accounted for 22% of Finlands total energy end-use in 2010.
Energy consumption in the household sector was approximately 70 TWh according to
the national statistics in 2010. According to the ODYSSEE database, the consumption
of the residential sector was slightly lower, 5.4 Mtoe, which excludes energy used in
summer residences and electricity used by the real estate sector (common areas of
blocks of flats).
The current consumption levels correspond to an increase of 36% compared to energy
consumption in 1995. However, the cold winter of 2010 had a significant impact on the
increase accounting alone as much as 12 percentage points of the growth. Approximately 60% of energy is used for heating, roughly 15% for hot water production and
about 15% for electricity for appliances and lighting. The rest is used in saunas (recently included in heating in the national statistics) and holiday homes. Total consumption in this sector can be calculated from 1995, because there is no information concerning the consumption of heating in the years prior to that.
15
Electricity consumption in the household sector was approximately 24 TWh in 2010,

including household electricity (10.3 TWh), electricity for heating, electricity consumption of holiday homes, and electricity use by real estates.
4%
Heating, permanently
occupied buildings
16 %
Hot water, permanently

occupied buildings
4%
15 %
Saunas
61 %
Electric equipment
Free-time residential
buildings
Figure 7 Energy end-use in the household sector in 2009
Net energy for household heating per home and in proportion to heating needs
(kWh/home*degrees) has remained almost unchanged since 1995. However, electricity
consumption per permanently occupied home has risen.
Unit consumption of heat per dwelling has grown until 2007 but declined thereafter
(Figure 8), possibly due to a break in data series between 2007 and 2008. Statistics
Finland has revised its household energy statistics and it has done so retrospectively
until 2008. Unit consumption of heat for water heating per dwelling has been slightly
decreasing, possibly driven by declining household sizes and efficient water using
equipment.
16
1,6
1,4
1,2
toe/dwelling
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Unit consumption per dwelling for space heating with climatic corrections
Unit consumption in useful energy for space heating with climatic corrections
Unit consumption of space heating scaled to EU average climate
Unit consumption of hot water per dwelling
Figure 8 Unit consumption of heat in dwellings, toe/dwelling
Two surveys on electricity use per appliance group have been made with 1993 and
2006 data and there is an on-going project which investigates 2011 data. The 2011
results are not yet available but will be used in the forthcoming ODYSSEE updates.
17
Table 2 Household electricity use by group of appliances in 1993 and 2006, GWh
1993
2006
Cold appliances
2 215
30%
1 461
13%
Cooking
796
11%
653
6%
Dishwashing
125
2%
261
2%
Laundry and drying
316
4%
391
4%
TVs, set-top boxes, DVDs etc.
537
7%
834
8%
407
4%
Computers
Sauna stoves
606
8%
852
8%
HVAC1
483
6%
621
6%
Electric floor heating2
0%
206
2%
Car heating
226
3%
218
2%
Lighting, indoors
1 541
21%
2 427
22%
89
1%
Lighting, outdoors
Other equipment
623
8%
2 572
23%
Total
7 468
100%
10 992
100%
Ventilation, water circulation pumps, heat exchange centres

2
Excluding electric floor heating in houses heated with electricity
3
In single-family houses, excluding blocks of flats and row houses
4.4
Services
In 2010, total energy consumption in the service sectors was approximately 3.0 Mtoe
(36 TWh). The service sector accounted for approximately 12% of Finlands total energy end-use. End-use by the service sector increased by 40% over the 19952010
period. Total consumption by the service sector may be calculated from 1995 onwards,
since there is no information about heating consumption in that sector in the years prior
to that.
Electricity consumption in the service sector was 18 TWh in 2010, and has grown by
nearly 3% per annum since 1990. It grew by 71% during the 19902010 period, and by
34% in 20002010.
18
There is very limited information available on the breakdown of the energy consumption into different branches because statistics are not available. Some data is available
from the public sector. The energy use of buildings used by central government and of
street lighting amounts to approximately 2.3 TWh. Energy use by municipalities and
municipal federations is 1112 TWh, approximately 88% of which is by buildings and
approximately 12% of which is other consumption.
The annual energy consumption of farms which is part of the tertiary sector in the
ODYSSEE-Mure Project, is approximately 12 TWh, which is divided up into machinery
fuel (33%), heating fuel (28%), grain dryer fuel (17%) and electricity (22%). This is not
included in above information on energy consumption in the services sector because in
Finland energy use in agriculture is not part of the services sector.
The energy intensity of services, corrected for temperature (kWh/2000), has remained
quite level most of the 19952010 period. Although energy consumption grew over that
period, the added value of the services sector has grew as well.
Energy consumption in the agricultural sector, which is ODYSSEE is handled as part of
the service sector, was 0.8 Mtoe in 2010.
0,04
0,035
0,03
koe/2000
0,025
0,02
0,015
0,01
0,005
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Energy intensity of services sector (with climatic corrections)
Figure 9 Energy intensity of the services sector, 1995-2000
19
2008
2009
2010
4.5
Transport
According to the national transport emission calculation system (LIPASTO), energy

consumption for transport in 2011 was approximately 222 PJ (61.7 TWh). Of this, road
traffic accounted for approximately 168 PJ (46.7 TWh, 76%), waterborne traffic approximately 36 PJ (10 TWh, 16%), air traffic 12 PJ (3.3 TWh, 5.4%) and rail traffic 6 PJ
(1.7 TWh, 2.7%). In comparison with emission reports for international purposes, the
proportion of total energy consumption for transport accounted for by road traffic remains quite moderate in the LIPASTO system. LIPASTO also includes shipping traffic
in Finlands exclusive economic zone and the energy production required for electric
rail traffic as part of the traffic emissions in Finland. This particularly increases the proportion of consumption accounted for by waterborne traffic, but reduces that of road
traffic. In the ODYSSEE database, transport energy consumption totalled 4.94 Mtoe in
2010 which corresponds to 57 TWh which is a bit lower than the consumption according to LIPASTO for the aforementioned reasons.
According to LIPASTO, the proportion of total energy consumption for transport accounted for by cars and vans is approximately 53% and that of heavy goods vehicles is
approximately 17%. Journeys made by buses and coaches take less than 3% of all
transport energy use, and the proportion of other forms of road transport, including motorcycles, is approximately 1%.
After the slump years of the 1990s, energy consumption for transport increased steadily right up until 2007. Energy consumption fell by approximately 13 PJ (3.6 TWh) between 2007 and 2009. A modest increase of 4 PJ (1.1 TWh) was observed between
2009 and 2011.
In passenger transport, specific consumption (MJ/passenger-km) in cars declined in
the 1990s but remained quite steady in 2000s. In goods transport, specific consumptions (MJ/tonne-km) by trucks and rail have remained steady whereas there has been a
growing trend for vans. 2010 data for rail transport is missing from the figures due to
data problems which will be solved in the next ODYSSEE update.
20
0,16
0,14
0,12
koe/p-km
0,1
0,08
0,06
0,04
0,02
0
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
Unit consumption of cars, passenger transport
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Unit consumption of rail transport of passengers
Unit consumption of domestic air transport of passengers
Figure 10 Unit consumption of different transport modes in passenger transport

in Finland in 1990-2010, koe/passenger-km
0,06
0,05
koe/t-km
0,04
0,03
0,02
0,01
0
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Unit consumption of road transport of goods
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Unit consumption of rail transport of goods
Figure 11 Unit consumption of road and rail transport of goods in Finland in

1990-2010, koe/tonne-km
21
Specific consumption in litre/100 km in the entire car fleet is not known. However, statistics on the specific consumption of new vehicles show a clear reduction by one litre
between 2007 and 2010. The drop started in 2008 when taxes levied on new cars was
revised so that it is now based on CO2 emission levels of the cars. Despite the positive
development, CO2 emissions of new cars are still higher in Finland than in most other
European countries.
litre/100 km
0
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
All new cars
1999
2000
2001
Gasoline cars
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Diesel cars
Figure 12 Specific consumption of new vehicles in Finland, 1990-2010
Good quality public transport is available in central areas of major cities. However, the
scattering urban structure and low population density make it difficult to develop public
transport in other areas and reduce the possibilities for walking and cycling.
Road and air transport are expected to grow. The role of rail transport is expected to
remain at current level in the long run. Because the major part of imports and exports
are transported via sea, the development of sea transport directly depends on the
changes in the economy.
22
Assessment of energy efficiency/savings through

ODEX: total and by sector
4.6
The overall energy efficiency index for Finland can be calculated only from 2000 to
2009 due to lack of earlier data in industry by branches. Since 2000 the energy efficiency index (ODEX) has decreased by 11%. This means that the energy efficiency
has improved by 11% over the period 2000-2009.
In industry, the dominating role of paper industry is shown in the fact that the energy
efficiency index for the total industry follows closely that of the paper industry, which is
one of the major industries in Finland. The improvement in industry as a whole has
been 14% from 2000 to 2009. The energy efficiency index cannot be calculated before
2000 due to lack of data.
Data for household sector ODEX calculation is available since 1995. The energy efficiency index of households has decreased by 4% from 1995 to 2009.
The overall energy efficiency of transport sector has improved by 25% from 1990 to
2009. Energy efficiency of all land transport modes and air transport improved significantly during the period 1990-2009.
102
100
98
96
94
92
90
88
86
84
82
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Finland
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
EU
Figure 13 Energy efficiency index (ODEX) for all sectors in EU-27 and in Finland
23
105
100
95
90
85
80
75
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Figure 14 Energy efficiency index (ODEX) in industry in Finland
115
110
105
100
95
90
85
80
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Figure 15 Energy efficiency index (ODEX) in households in Finland
24
110
108
106
104
102
100
98
96
94
92
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Figure 16 Energy efficiency index (ODEX) in transport in Finland
4.7
CO2 emissions trends
According to Statistics Finlands data, greenhouse gas emissions from use of fossil
fuels and peat totalled 53 million tonnes in CO2eq 2011 which is equivalent to the 1990
levels. Fuel use accounts for approximately 80% of all CO2 emissions. The rest is attributable to agriculture (8.8% in 2009), industrial processes (7.9%) and others (3.4%).
In fuel use in 2009, the shares of different sectors were energy production 47.9%,
transport 15.7%, energy production by industry 24.3%, households and the services
sector 9.7% and others 2.4%.
Carbon dioxide emissions from the production and use of energy diminished by over
11% in 2011 because 11% less fossil fuels and 8% less peat were used. The use of
renewable energy fell by 3%. According to preliminary data for 2011, renewable energy
accounted for 28% of total energy consumption.
25
Figure 17 CO2 emissions from fuel use 1970-2011
26
Energy efficiency measures
5.1
Recent Energy Efficiency Measures
Residential Sector
The energy efficiency of buildings has been guided by national building codes since
1976. In 2003, the energy requirements were made 2530% more stringent than the
level of the 1976 provisions. In 2008, the energy efficiency calculation was revised, so
that the air tightness of the building envelope was considered as a new factor. The energy efficiency provisions were tightened up again in 2010, when they were made 30%
more stringent than the 2003 level. Yet a new set of regulations was adopted at the
beginning of 2012 improving the energy efficiency of new buildings by approximately
20%. They will also instigate a shift towards overall energy reviews. Under the new
regulations, an upper limit is set for the buildings total energy consumption (heating,
cooling and electrical energy), depending on the type of building, and it is expressed
using an E ratio. The method employed to produce the energy used by the building is
considered when calculating the E ratio. The calculation method advances the use of
renewable energy and district heat and discourages the use of electricity for heating.
Energy efficiency in existing buildings is advanced through energy audits, subsidies,
two voluntary agreements and energy advice. In addition, new legislation for regulating
the energy efficiency levels to be achieved in building renovations is under way.
The Hyl III energy efficiency agreement (20082016) is a continuation of two preceding programmes, which promoted energy efficiency in oil-heated single-family dwellings
between 1997 and 2007. The main areas for action in Hyl III are the improvement of
the energy efficiency of oil-heated houses and oil-heating systems, the promotion of
biofuel oils and solar-powered heating, and the provision of advice and information to
energy end-users as required under the Energy Services Directive.
The energy efficiency agreement for the property sector includes two programmes of
measures. Associations which own, e.g., rental properties are entitled to participate in
the programme for residential lettings associations. Twenty-six companies have joined
the operational programme (as at 1 July 2012), covering approximately 80% of the
housing stock falling under the operational programme.
In white goods and electronics, Finland relies heavily on international initiatives such as
the EuP Directive, Energy Star and energy labelling of equipment. These are estimated
to bring considerable savings over time. For windows, there has been a national energy efficiency labelling scheme in place since 2006.
27
Consumers need for energy advice is recognised by the national strategies and programmes. Energy advice is given to consumers under three far-ranging projects with
the following names: consumer energy advice, travel guidance, and renovation advice.
In December 2010, the Ministry of Employment and the Economy designated Motiva as
a national coordination centre for energy advice for consumers. In 20102011, an exceptionally extensive consumer advice project was implemented in Finland with nearly
EUR 4 million of funding for 13 pilot projects. The experience from the pilot projects will
be used to develop a permanent programme of energy advice for consumers in an ongoing project in 2012-2013.
Transport Sector
A significant part of legislation and regulation in the transport sector is set at the international level and adopted nationally. However, there are also national measures in
place to advance energy efficiency in transport. One of them is taxation. Transport tax
comprises the car tax to be paid when a vehicle is first registered, the vehicle tax to be
paid annually, and fuel tax on transport fuels. Transport tax is therefore directed at the
procurement and availability of the vehicle, as well as its actual use. Car and vehicle
tax are defined according to the vehicles emissions, in addition to which fuel tax was
also amended in 2011 so that it is now based on energy and carbon content.
Activities in mobility management are being strengthened. The Ministry and the Finnish
Transport Agency launched a call for tenders for projects which form the Mobility Management Programme. The coordinator of the calls was Motiva Oy. As a consequence
of the call for tenders, thirteen projects were launched for years 2010-2011. Two of the
objectives of the Programme are to link regional mobility management as an integral
part of the national mobility management and as a part of the coordinated energy advice given to the consumers. Furthermore, a Cycling and Walking Strategy was issued
in 2011 and the National Action Plan for Cycling and Walking in March 2012. The objective of the strategy is that in 2020 the number of trips made by cycling, walking and
by using public transport will be 20% higher than in 2005. The growth should come
from modal sift from private cars. Trips made by cycling and walking should increase
by 300 million trips per annum and their share among the different transport modes
should increase from 32% to 3538%.
Two voluntary agreements operate in the transport sector, one for freight transport and
logistics (2008-2016) and another one for public transport (2008-2016).
28
Industrial Sector
Voluntary agreements and energy audits have continued to have a significant role in
promoting energy efficiency in industry. The energy efficiency agreement for industries
contains (2007-2016) five sector-specific operational programmes for small and medium-sized industrial energy users, and these programmes are managed by trade associations in each sector. There is one general operational programme for those businesses that have not had a specific operational programme prepared for their sector.
239 businesses (as at 1 July 2011) have joined these six operational programmes.
Energy use by those who have joined the operational programme for medium-sized
industry varies depending on the sector, and is on average 5070% of the energy use
in the ESD area for the sectors in question. Energy advice for small and medium sized
industries, which started in 2009, is one of the activities which has been launched under the sphere of the energy efficiency agreements.
The energy efficiency agreement for industries (2007-2016) contains a dedicated operational programme for energy users in energy-intensive industry. This programme is
joined by industrial businesses with at least one site with total energy consumption of
more than 100 GWh/a. Thirty-eight businesses (as at 1 July 2012) have joined the operational programme accounting for practically all energy use in energy-intensive industry.
Tertiary Sector
The energy efficiency of buildings has been guided by national building codes since
1976. In 2003, the energy requirements were made 2530% more stringent than the
level of the 1976 provisions. In 2008, the energy efficiency calculation was revised, so
that the air tightness of the building envelope was considered as a new factor. The energy efficiency provisions were tightened up again in 2010, when they were made 30%
more stringent than the 2003 level. Yet a new set of regulations was adopted at the
beginning of 2012 improving the energy efficiency of new buildings by approximately
20%. They will also instigate a shift towards overall energy reviews. Under the new
regulations, an upper limit is set for the buildings total energy consumption (heating,
cooling and electrical energy), depending on the type of building, and it is expressed
using an E ratio. The method employed to produce the energy used by the building is
considered when calculating the E ratio. The calculation method advances the use of
renewable energy and district heat and discourages the use of electricity for heating.
Energy efficiency in existing buildings is advanced through energy audits, subsidies,
voluntary agreements and energy advice.
29
The energy efficiency agreement for the property sector (2010-2016) contains an operational programme for office premises which may be joined by companies that own
or use premises, or which manage premises under authorisation from the owner.
Twenty-one businesses (as at 1 July 2012) have joined the operational programme
since the start of 2011, covering more than half of the property stock falling within the
scope of the programme. The energy efficiency agreement for industries (2007-2016)
contains three sector-specific operational programmes for businesses in the service
sector, and these programmes are managed by trade associations in each sector. Additionally, there is one general operational programme for those businesses in the service sector that have not had a specific operational programme prepared for their sector. Eighty-one businesses (as at 1 July 2012) have joined the programmes of measures for the service sector under the energy efficiency agreement for business, including nearly 3 000 premises. Yet another voluntary agreement is the Farm Energy Programme operating in the agricultural sector in 2010-2016.
In line with the stipulations of the Energy Services Directive, public sector shall show
positive example in advancing energy efficiency. One area is public procurement. In
the resolution that it approved on 8 April 2009, Government required the central government to consider environmental perspectives in at least 70% of its own procurement
in 2010, and in all its procurement in 2015. Of the electricity purchased by central government, at least 30% in 2010 and at least 60% in 2015 is to be electricity produced
using renewable energy sources. The advisory service for public environmental technology procurement has been running since September 2009. For new construction
and new properties leased for public use by central government, the target is for these
to be of energy efficiency class A in 2010, and for basic repairs to existing buildings to
be of at least energy efficiency class C. The target is for houses built, repaired and
leased after 2015 to be passive.
All state organisations are required to prepare their energy efficiency plans by the end
of 2012. However, some delays are expected. All central government organisations
were to introduce also an environmental scheme by 2010.
The Energy Efficiency Agreement and Programme for Municipalities runs from 2008 to
2016.
Cross-cutting measures
The strategies and programmes for energy efficiency are discussed in Chapter 3.3.
One important overarching measure is energy taxation. In addition to fiscal targets,
energy tax also aims to meet energy and climate policy objectives. Energy taxes on
30
transport, heating and electricity were increased on average by 9.8% at the start of
2008, whilst keeping the tax structure unchanged.
Fixed subsidies for electricity produced from renewable energy have been used to
promote renewables but they were abolished at the beginning of 2012. They coexisted
for a year with feed-in tariffs which were introduced at the beginning of 2011, however,
as mutually excluding schemes. In addition, investment subsidies are available. The
objectives of the feed-in tariff scheme are to increase wind power generation by 6 TWh
and electricity generation from wood chips by 22 TWh. CHP production is eligible for
subsidised only when it uses biofuels and operates in small scale. Large-scale CHP is
used extensively in Finland in a competitive manner without subsidies.
Research and development are part of building the foundation of energy efficiency. In
December 2010, the Research and Innovation Council approved a new training, research and innovation policy report for 201115. This core document defines Finlands
strategic priorities, which also include energy and the environment. There are three key
public sources of funding for research, development and innovation activity in Finland,
namely Tekes, the Academy of Finland, and Sitra.
5.2
Patterns and Dynamics of Energy Efficiency Measures
Following the work done by the Energy Efficiency Committee (see Chapter 3.3), new
measures have been launched in all sectors. Considerable amount of measures have
also been launched to strengthen the foundation of energy efficiency. These measures
are not focused on individual sectors but advance energy efficiency through research
and development or capacity building. Emphasis is given also to the development of
spatial planning which is a prerequisite for effective measures in the transport and
building sectors.
Finland has not been considering launching an energy obligations scheme. Instead,
considerable energy savings are believed to be achieved with voluntary measures
which are easier to implement and entail lower transaction costs.
Residential Sector
In the residential sector several updates to the building codes have been made since
1990 which can be seen in the increasing role of normative legislative measures. Also
the role of information measures has been growing and financial measures have been
used to encourage building renovation. Some legislative measures using information
31
instruments - which are still on-going - were introduced already in the 1990s. These
include EU measures such as energy efficiency labels and minimum energy performance standards.
Quite often measures work as a package. Legislative measures are often supplemented by information activities. Examples include trading of salesmen regarding the
energy labels and energy efficiency or supplementing the regulations for energy efficiency for windows in the building codes with voluntary window energy labelling. Energy advice and subsidies encourage energy efficiency renovations in buildings.
Figure 18 Measures for household in Finland, periods 1990-1999 and 2000-2011.

Transport Sector
In the transport sector normative legislative measures and information measures were
in central role in the 1990s. However, sectoral measures are supplemented by energy
taxation which is a cross-sectoral measure. Therefore, the role of fiscal measures is not
quite correctly shown in Figure 19. In the 2000s, the new portfolio of policies and
measures has become quite balanced consisting of several different measure types.
32
Voluntary agreements (co-operative measures) have been launched in passenger and

goods transport, vehicle taxation has been made CO2 dependent and mobility management programmes and walking and cycling strategies and action plans aim for modal shift. Most regulatory initiatives (emission performance standards, car energy labelling, energy labelling of tyres etc.) are now coming from the EU.
Figure 19 Measures in the transport sector in Finland, periods 1990-1999 and

2000-2011.
Industrial Sector
Despite the significance of EU measures for industry, such as the Emissions Trading
Scheme, Finland has continued to implement and launch new national measures in
industry.
33
In industry, Finland has relied on voluntary measures such as energy efficiency agreements and energy audit programmes. The first generation of voluntary agreements was
launched in 1997 followed by the second generation at the end of 2007. After 2000, the
role of information measures has increased. In recent years, advisory services have
been developed for the SMEs in connection with the Energy Efficiency Agreements.
Figure 20 Measures in industry in Finland, periods 1990-1999 and 2000-2011.

Tertiary Sector
Several updates to the building codes, concerning also the services sector, have been
made since 1990. In the 1990s subsidies were introduced for energy audits and energy
efficiency investments and they still continue. The role of information measures has
been growing rapidly. Tailored information is provided regarding various sub-sectors
and end-uses such as professional kitchens, cold appliances in supermarkets, server
halls, ski resorts and farms. Energy advisory services are provided to SMEs in connec-
34
tion with the voluntary agreements. The exemplary role of the public sector is portrayed
in new measures such as more effective use of space, mandatory energy plans in the
state sector and more attention to energy efficiency in public procurement.
Figure 21 Measures in the services sector in Finland, periods 1990-1999 and

2000-2011.
Cross-cutting measures
A series of energy saving programmes have been established since the early 1990s (in
1992, 1995, 2000 and 2002). Since 2005, energy saving and energy efficiency activities have been incorporated into national climate and energy policy strategies. The
prevailing strategy is the Long-term Climate and Energy Strategy of 2008 but it is in the
process of updating.
Many cross-cutting measures have been in place already for some time. The national
energy agency Motiva was established in 1993 and regional energy agencies in 1995.
The energy awareness week has been running annually since 1996 and ESCOs have
been in promoted since 2000. Subsidies have been available for renewables for quite a
long time but feed-in tariffs were issued and the support schemes revised in 2011. The
35
significance of community planning for energy efficiency has been recognised already
in the past but further emphasis has been given to it recently by introducing numerous
new activities.
Figure 22 Cross-sectoral measures in Finland, periods 1990-1999 and 2000-2011.
5.3
Innovative Energy Efficiency Measures
The Energy Audit Programme (1992) and voluntary agreements (1997) were introduced quite early in European comparison regarding these measure types. Furthermore, the two measures are packages packaged together with investment subsidies
and information measures. The energy audits and the voluntary agreements have been
subject to vigorous monitoring and evaluation from the very beginning. Energy savings
achieved have been measurable and significant, contributing towards the competitiveness of Finnish industry. However, while some agreements have attracted practically
36
the whole sector to join (e.g. energy-intensive industries), participation in some others
the participation is still limited (goods transport and logistics, farms).
The voluntary agreements have been extended way beyond industry. The agreements
cover the following sectors and sub-sectors:
Industries
o Energy intensive industries
o Food and drink industries
o Chemical industries
o Plastic industries
o Technology industries
o Wood product industries
o Other industries (industry general)
Energy sector
o Energy production
o Energy services
Private services
o Commerce sector
o Hotel and restaurant sector
o Motor trades and repairs
o Other services (services general)
Property and building sector
o Housing properties
o Commercial properties
Municipalities
Oil sector
o Heating oils and transportation fuels
Transport
o Goods transport and logistics
o Public transport
Farms
Numerous audit models have been developed for different sites and purposes. Audits
implemented according to the models mentioned hereunder are eligible for audit subsidies.
Building energy inspection
Building energy audit
37
Energy audit for blocks of flats and terrace housing

Industrial energy audit
Industrial energy analysis
Process industry energy analysis
Power plant energy analysis
District heating energy audit
Farm energy audit (in advanced stages of preparation)
Energy audit for logistics chains
Renewable energy municipal audit
Post-acceptance audit
Follow-up energy audit

In addition to the more comprehensive audits and analyses, analysis models have
been developed for some important sub-systems, namely compressed air and refrigeration systems. They can be used individually or as a part of a more comprehensive
audit or analysis.
The first regulations for energy efficiency in building were issued in 1976 and they have
been subject to several updates. In the past, thermal insulation orders have been given
to the different structural parts of the building but since 1 July 2012 this practice has
been abrogated. Finland began to implement primary energy requirements as the general framework for the overall energy performance of buildings. This approach means a
fundamental change in the design of buildings as much more freedom is given for design solutions to be used and taken into account in the compliance assessment. The
primary energy criteria for common building types in the residential and service sectors
are fixed, and the construction client is free to choose the best suitable measures for
achieving the criterion. Total energy consumption of a building (E-Number) has to be
calculated and its maximum level is regulated for each building type. The E-Number is
the annually purchased amount of energy weighted by fuel-specific factors and divided
by net heated area. The fuel specific factors encourage the use of renewables as well
as district heating and cooling, and discourage the use of electricity.
The Ministry of Employment and the Economy has nominated Motiva Oy as the national coordination centre for consumer energy advice. At the same time, new energy
advice projects have been launched. In an on-going development project internet-,
telephone- and e-mail advisory services as well as field activities will be strengthened.
Other key areas of activity are the development of advisor training, communications
and marketing and monitoring and evaluation. The task of Motiva as the coordination
centre is to ensure that various actors have up-to-date information and good tools in
38
their disposal. The coordinator also collects and evaluates the energy efficiency impacts of advisory activities.
Strengthening the activities in mobility management is part of the implementation of the
National Long-term Climate and Energy Strategy and the Climate Policy Programme
2009-2020 of the Ministry of Transport and Communications. Two calls have been
launched for tenders for projects which form the national Mobility Management Programme. The coordinator of the calls has been Motiva Oy. The first call of tenders was
launched for the period 2010-2011 and the second for 2012-2013. Both calls resulted
in the implementation of thirteen projects. In 2012-2013, the Mobility Management Programme develops measures and action models which will have an impact on the
choice of transport modes which have health, security, economic and environmental
benefits. Key themes are promotion of walking and cycling, and transport during the
leisure time activities. The intentions are to link regional mobility management as an
integral part of the national mobility management and as a part of the coordinated energy advice given to the consumers.
The Law on Car Tax was last revised on 21 December 2007 and took force on 1 January 2008 (Law on Car Tax 1292/2007). The revision made the car tax percentage of
new passenger cars linearly dependant on the vehicles specific carbon dioxide emissions. On 1 April 2009 the emission based car taxation was extended to new vans. The
Law Tax was last revised on 1 April 2012. The tax tables for passenger cars and vans
have been revised to strengthen the steering effect. The minimum car tax level was
dropped from 12.2% to 5%, applicable when the vehicles carbon dioxide emissions are
0 g/km. The maximum level has been increased from 48.8% to 50%, applicable when
the emissions are 360 g/km or more. In practice, the tax level was lowered for cars with
emissions no more than 110 g/km and increased for vehicles with emissions exceeding
110 g/km.
In addition to the Car Tax, also the annual Motor Vehicle Tax has been revised to become partly carbon dioxide emission dependent in March 2010. In 2012, the emission
dependent part of the motor vehicle tax (so-called basic tax) can vary between 20 and
600 euros (CO2 66400 g/km) but for approximately 80% cars the basic tax is between
70 and 160 euros.
Energy efficiency measures have been recognised to bring multiple benefits. Some of
them have benefits beyond the conventional economic, environmental and security of
supply benefits. While some measures entail considerable energy efficiency benefits,
they may have been principally implemented to pursue other objectives. Farm reparcelling is a social and economic measure which also directly reduces energy con-
39
sumption and improves road safety. In the transport sector vehicle inspections, lower
wintertime speed limits and mandatory use of winter tyres have been introduced to
enhance security of transport but also contribute to reductions in fuel consumption and
emissions. Emission measurements are implemented in annual vehicle inspections,
lower speed limits reduce fuel consumption and changing the summer tyres for winter
tyres and vice versa practically always involves the checking of tyre pressure.
5.4
Energy efficiency measure evaluations
5.4.1
Semi-quantitative Impact Estimates of Energy Efficiency

Measures
The semi-quantitative impact of each on-going measure is given in Annex 1. The following table briefly summarises these measures by impact category.
There are several high-impact measures in all sectors. Some of the most significant are
the Energy Efficiency Agreements in several sectors and sub-sectors, the Energy Audit
Programme (in industry and in the services sector), building codes (in the residential
and the services sectors) and emission limits for cars. In the household sector one of
the high impact measures is the promotion of heat pumps. In the transport sector the
emission based car taxation has rapidly decreased the emissions of new cars. If a
measure is estimated to have a high impact, the classification is typically based on
quantitative evaluation results (e.g. those made in NEEAPs), and not on a subjective
evaluation by the national team.
In Finland, there has not been an impact evaluation of the EU Emissions Trading
Scheme whereby it has been classified to have an unknown impact. The strategies and
government resolutions in cross-sectoral measures are typically classified to have high
impact due to their overarching character. At the same time, there are quite many
measures whose impact is not known because they work in combination with other
activities. E.g. there are no models use to estimate the impact of energy taxation.
40
Table 3 On-going measures by sector and impact category in Finland

Sector
High impact
Medium impact
Low impact
Unknown
Households
Tertiary
10
Industry
Transport
Cross-sectoral
Total
24
28
18
5.4.2
18
Lessons from Quantitative Energy Efficiency Measure

Evaluations
In Finland, practically all evaluations are based on bottom-up methodologies, however,

the methods vary. In many cases (e.g. energy audits, energy efficiency agreements,
investment subsidies) the evaluations are enhanced engineering estimates based on
monitoring results. Modelling is used for some measures such as the building regulations or the impact of emissions limits for cars. It is also quite common to use deemed
savings. These are applied to measures advancing, e.g., eco-driving, heat pumps, efficient windows (window energy rating), farm re-parcelling and lower driving speeds
(wintertime speed limits).
The monitoring and evaluation systems for the energy audit programme and voluntary
agreements (Energy Efficiency Agreements) were developed from the outset of these
programmes. This has resulted in two major benefits. First, the measurable results,
which are based on reliable monitoring and evaluation methods, have ensured the continuation of the two programmes for a considerable time, energy audits for 20 years
and voluntary agreements for 15 years. Second, because results are known, Finland
has been able to rely largely on voluntary approaches in the business sectors in order
to meet its national and international policy objectives.
In the following, two examples of evaluations carried out in Finlands NEEAP-2 are presented. The results are reported in the MURE database.
Evaluation example of building regulations
For new construction, the energy consumption of buildings is guided by regulations and
guidelines in the National Building Code of Finland. The energy efficiency of buildings
41
has been guided by national regulatory management since 1975. The regulations relating to energy efficiency were amended in 1978, 1985, 2003, 2008, 2010 and 2012. The
2008 amendment was structural, and did not involve any significant changes in terms
of energy efficiency. In 2012, the overall structure of the regulations changed in in addition to the level of efficiency required. Instead of regulating the energy efficiency of individual building parts, the overall consumption is capped and also the way in which
energy is produced is taken into account.
The evaluation of the building regulation (e.g. in the NEEAPs) has been carried out
using a calculation tool that has been financed by the Ministry of Environment and developed at the Tampere University of Technology. The model is used to define specific
energy consumption for each part of a building, for each building type and age group,
and considering any changes in heating methods. Total energy consumption by buildings in any given year is defined on the basis of specific consumption data, the amount
of new production and renovation, and demolition of building stock. Due to the strict
enforcement of the building code, it is assumed in the evaluation that all buildings comply with the building code.
In the calculations, the impact on savings achieved by making the thermal insulation
regulations more stringent will last for the buildings entire lifetime. The lifetime of building stock constructed after 2003 is assumed to be at least 50 years, and that of ventilation machinery equipped with heat recovery 2025 years, which is the normal technical
usable lifetime of such equipment in Finland. When equipment and structures are
renovated and repaired, a product that is at least as good in terms of energy efficiency
is nearly always selected.
The impact on savings that can be achieved in the specific consumption of heating
energy in buildings has been calculated using the heating needs figures, weighted according to the volume of building stock and the location.
The amount of building stock for each house type and age group is based on construction statistics from Statistics Finland. It is estimated that the future quantitative trend for
new construction will be the realised average of 10 years production. The estimated
impact on energy savings for 2010 is based on existing monitoring data on the quantitative trend in building capacity (ex-post), and the impact on energy savings for 2016
and 2020 is an estimate of future trends (ex-ante).
The impact of the July 2012 regulations will only be felt in new stock in 2013. The calculation has assumed that heating energy consumption by residential and service
buildings will fall by 20% owing to the impact of the new regulations. The regulations
will only apply to new construction, and the key change that they will bring about is a
42
switch to overall energy reviews, which will relate to all energy consumption in the
building. It will therefore also consider, in addition to heating, all use of electricity and
hot water that has not previously been included when defining whether new construction complies with the regulations. The impact on savings of the regulations for new
construction in 2012 cannot yet be evaluated in any great detail, since the structure of
the regulations will change to be based on primary energy, and savings will be calculated at building level. The change in the structure of the regulations will change heating choices, which will have a significant impact on energy savings.
Table 4 Energy savings, energy efficiency regulations for new construction,
GWh/a
2010
2016
2020
Energy efficiency regulations 2003, 2007,

2010
1 560
2 390
2 390
Energy efficiency regulations 2012
2 160
4 320
Total
1 560
4 550
6 710
Source: Finlands NEEAP-2

Evaluation example of energy audits in industry
The energy audit programme started in 1992. The energy audits include an assessment of the current situation of energy and water use, proposed measures relating to
energy savings and the resulting estimated savings, as well as their reporting. For industry, there are three models in use for energy audits: industry energy audits, industry
energy analyses, and a two-stage energy analysis of process industry. Industrial companies may also use other energy audit models, e.g., in their office buildings.
In monitoring, data is collected in three stages. First, some basic data is collected from
the aid applications. Second, the energy-saving potential of the measures identified
during energy audits is input into the energy audits database. Third, information on the
implementation of measures is gathered annually from all those who are signed up to
the energy efficiency agreement. They submit a report each year to the web-based
monitoring system concerning their energy use, the energy-saving measures that they
have implemented, and their fulfilment of other obligations connected to the implementation of the agreement. In recent years 8590% of all industrial energy audits have
been made by industries which have joined the energy efficiency agreements.
43
The information on the implementation of the measures is used to estimate the implemented portion of the energy-saving potential, from both energy audits and the potential under the energy efficiency agreement.
An impact evaluation for the energy audits was presented in Finlands NEEAP-2. The
following calculation example is based on that evaluation. Because the assessment
was prepared for NEEAP-2, it distinguishes between savings for premises within the
scope of the ESD (ESD) and those within the scope of the emissions trading scheme
(non-ESD) which is not usually done in national evaluations.
The energy-saving potential from audits in 20102011 has been estimated to be the
average of the five preceding whole reporting years (20042008), 10% more than this
in 20122016, and falling back down to the 2010 level in 20172020. The estimate is
based on the number of audits started in 20092010 (2011 1st quarter) and on information from the previous agreement period (19972007) concerning the impact of the
agreements on audit volumes and the trend in energy-saving potential.
The energy-saving potential and information on the implementation of the measures
have been calculated separately for measures linked to operating technology and other
measures, i.e. technical measures. The lifetime of individual technical measures is not
estimated separately, but a mean lifetime of 12 years is used, which is still conservative
compared to the lifetime of 15 years set out for many technical measures for industry in
the Commissions calculation guidelines. The lifetime of measures linked to operating
technology has been set at 5 years, based on good monitoring of consumption and
reacting to deviations, which are one of the obligations of the agreement. Only 34% of
the energy-saving potential from measures set out during industrial energy audits
comes from measures linked to operating technology. The energy-saving impact of the
measures proposed during the audits is assumed to be achieved in the year following
the energy audit.
Table 5 Energy savings from industrial energy audits, GWh/a
2010
2016
2020
Energy audits, ESD industry
1 435
1 119
1 074
Energy audits, non-ESD industry
1 348
848
857
Source: Finlands NEEAP-2
44
National Developments under the EU Energy Efficiency Directive and the 20% Energy Efficiency
Target of the EU
Some of the requirements by the proposed Energy Efficiency Directive (as of 13 June
2012) are already partially fulfilled in Finland but considerable amount of additional
effort will be required in all areas.
The proposed directive requires Member States to produce a long-term energy efficiency strategy for the public sector by 30 April 2014 and to update it every third year.
In addition, 3% of state properties need to be renovated each year. In Finland, there is
no specific energy efficiency strategy for the whole public sector but it is part of the
national strategies and government resolution for energy efficiency. Some major activities conforming to the requirement in the proposed directive have been launched. The
proportion of all state construction projects accounted for by repair projects is currently
approximately 80%. Senate Properties, which manages the majority of state building
stock, has an energy efficiency progress plan for construction investment in 20112020
where it and establishes consumption targets for renovated buildings. Furthermore,
Senate Properties and one of its principal capital tenants, the Defence Administration,
have joined the energy efficiency agreement for the property sector. According to the
agreement, the savings target for 20102016 is 6%.
Installation of electric meters with hourly data is underway and the installation shall be
complete in 2014. Significant share of consumers already get monthly bills according to
their consumption. District heating is not metered individually in blocks of flats. Half of
single family houses are billed monthly according to consumption and the rest at least
twice a year. Individual water metering is required in all new buildings.
CHP is used for electricity and heat production in large scale and most of its potential is
already tapped.
At present, energy audits are voluntary and not required from large enterprises. An
accreditation scheme is in place for the auditors.
In Finland, energy companies have already made considerable effort in advancing energy efficiency of their clients on voluntary basis. An energy efficiency agreement has
been set up providing energy services. Finland considers that such voluntary approaches are more cost-effective and less intrusive than pursuing the same objectives
through energy efficiency obligations.
45
Establishment of energy efficiency funds in Finland is difficult for constitutional reasons.

Apart of tax deductions for households and subsidies, there are no other financing
mechanisms for energy efficiency measures.
In Finland, a significant amount of new or strengthened measures were adopted in the
government resolution for energy efficiency on 4 February 2010 (see Chapter 3.3).
Most of these measures have been reported in NEEAP-2 and their implementation is
underway. Therefore, few totally new national measures were announced in NEEAP-2
in June 2011.
According to the government resolution, challenging objectives cannot be attained by
implementing individual measures alone, but society as a whole must undergo fundamental change. A range of conditions and measures must be in place for the achievement of such goals. These conditions form the broad based and far-reaching basis of
all activities. In the report of the Energy Efficiency Committee, which formed the basis
for the government resolution, this basis was being addressed as the stone pedestal of
energy efficiency (see Figure 23).
Figure 23 The stone pedestal of energy efficiency in Finland
46
Annex 1
Energy Efficiency Measure Summary by Country
47
HOUSEHOLDS
Type
Starting Year
Semi-quantitative
Impact
NEEAP
Measure
EU-related
Measure
Quantitative
Evaluation
Ongoing
Legislative/Normative
1979
High
Yes
No
YES
Ongoing
Legislative/Informative
1994
Low
No
No
No
Ongoing
1995
Unknown
Yes
YES
No
Ongoing
Information/Education
1996
Low
Yes
No
No
Ongoing
Legislative/Informative, Legislative/Normative
1998
Unknown
No
YES
No
Ongoing
Financial
1999
Unknown
No
No
No
Household tax deduction
Ongoing
Fiscal/Tariffs
2000
Low
Yes
No
No
Ongoing
2000
High
Yes
No
YES
Ongoing
Financial
2002
Medium
Yes
No
YES
FIN4
Promotion of heat pumps

Subsidies for energy audits and energy efficiency
improvements
Building code D2: Orders for indoor climate and
ventilation in new buildings
Ongoing
2003
Unknown
Yes
No
No
FIN18
Energy Audit Model for Residential Buildings
Ongoing
Unknown
2003
Unknown
No
No
No
FIN1
Ongoing
2006
High
Yes
No
YES
Ongoing
2007
High
Yes
No
YES
Ongoing
2007
Low
No
YES
No
Ongoing
Unknown
2008
Unknown
Yes
No
No
FIN32
Window Energy Rating System

Programme for energy conservation in oil-heated
buildings, the Hyl III Programme
EU-related: Energy Performance of Buildings
(Directive 2002/91/EC) - Periodic voluntary
inspections of household boilers
Building code D5: guidelines on the calculation of
power and energy needs for heating of buildings
(Directive 2002/91/EC) - Mandatory energy
efficiency certificates for buildings (dwellings)
Ongoing
Legislative/Informative, Legislative/Normative
2008
Low
No
YES
No
FIN7
Building codes C3 and C4: Thermal insulation
Ongoing
2010
High
Yes
No
No
FIN28
Coordinated energy advice to the consumers

Energy Efficiency Agreement of the Property and
Building Sector - Rental Property Action Plan
Building code D1: Water and Drainage Systems for
Properties
Ongoing
2010
Medium
No
No
No
Ongoing
Unknown
2010
Medium
Yes
No
YES
Ongoing
2011
Medium
Yes
No
YES
Code
Title
Status
FIN3
Building code D3: Energy efficiency of buildings
FIN11
Mandatory service book for buildings

EU-related: Energy Labelling of Household
Appliances (Directive 92/75/EC) - Energy Labelling
Law
FIN6
National theme week for second grade pupils

EU-related: Performance of Heat Generators for
Space Heating/Hot Water (Directive 92/42/EEC) Building code D7: Orders for boiler efficiency
FIN8
Promotion of wood pellet heating in buildings
FIN23
FIN30
FIN16
FIN27
FIN17
FIN21
FIN24
FIN31
FIN29
FIN33
48
TRANSPORT
Semi-quantitative
Impact
NEEAP
Measure
EU-related
Measure
Quantitative
Evaluation
High
Yes
No
YES
1990
High
Yes
No
YES
1991
Medium
Yes
No
YES
1993
Low
No
No
No
Ongoing
Information/Education/Training
1994
Medium
Yes
No
YES
Ongoing
1996
Medium
Yes
No
YES
Ongoing
1997
Low
No
No
No
International Car Free Day Campaign
Ongoing
2000
Low
Yes
No
No
Eco-Taxi environmental programme

EU-related: Passenger Car Labelling on fuel
economy rating (Directive 1999/94/EC) - Mandatory
CO2 label and voluntary energy label for new
vehicles
EU-related: Speed limitation devices for certain
categories of motor vehicles (Directive 2002/85/EC) Speed limiter for lorries and busses
Energy Efficiency Agreement for Freight Transport
and Logistics 2008-2016
Energy Efficiency Agreement for Public Transport
2008-2016
Ongoing
2000
Low
No
No
No
Ongoing
2001
Medium
Yes
YES
No
Ongoing
2003
Unknown
No
YES
No
Ongoing
Co-operative Measures
2008
High
Yes
No
No
Ongoing
2008
Medium
Yes
No
No
Ongoing
Fiscal
2008
High
No
No
No
Ongoing
2008
Low
No
YES
No
FIN27
Car Tax Revision

EU-related: Promotion of Biofuels or other
Renewable Fuels for Transport (Directive
2003/30/EC) - Mandatory introduction of biofuels
EU-related: Emission performance standards new
passenger cars (Regulation 443/2009/EC) Improving the energy efficiency of new cars
Ongoing
2009
High
Yes
YES
YES
FIN25
Mobility Management Programme
Ongoing
Infrastructure
2010
Unknown
No
No
No
FIN32
Vehicle tax revision
Ongoing
Fiscal
Information/Education/Training, Infrastructure,
SocialPlanning/Organisational
2010
Low
No
No
No
2011
Medium
Yes
No
YES
Fiscal, Legislative/Normative
2014
Unknown
Yes
Yes
No
Code
Title
Status
Type
Ongoing
Information/Education/Training, Infrastructure
FIN20
Promoting public transport

Optimal tyre pressure in passenger car and van
traffic
Ongoing
FIN21
Wintertime speed limits
Ongoing
FIN5
Ongoing
FIN10
The annual vehicle inspection

Energy conscious driving education in driving
schools
Energy conscious driving education programmes
EcoDriving and KEY
FIN4
The network of Finnish cycling municipalities
FIN7
FIN11
FIN30
FIN12
FIN13
FIN23
FIN18
FIN19
FIN22
FIN24
FIN26
FIN29
Promoting walking and cycling

Ongoing
EU-related: CO2 Standards for Light Duty Vehicles Improving the energy efficiency of vans
Ongoing
Starting Year
49
INDUSTRY
Semi-quantitative Impact
NEEAP
Measure
EU-related
Measure
Quantitative
evaluation
Low
Yes
YES
No
1994
High
Yes
No
YES
Financial
2002
High
Yes
No
No
2003
High
Yes
No
YES
Ongoing
2004
Low
No
No
No
Ongoing
2004
Low
No
No
No
Ongoing
2005
High
No
No
YES
Ongoing
New Market-based Instruments
2005
Unknown
No
YES
No
Ongoing
2007
High
Yes
No
YES
Ongoing
2007
High
Yes
No
YES
FIN16
Energy Efficiency Agreement of Industry 2008-2016

Energy Efficiency Agreement of Energy Production
2008-2016
Energy Efficiency Agreement of Energy Services
2008-2016
Ongoing
2007
Medium
Yes
No
YES
FIN22
Analysis model for refrigeration systems (KYTE)
Ongoing
2007
Low
No
No
No
FIN21
Energy Advice to SMEs
Ongoing
2009
Low
Yes
No
No
Code
FIN17
FIN3
FIN20
FIN11
FIN7
FIN13
FIN12
FIN18
FIN14
FIN15
Title
Status
Type
Ongoing
Ongoing
Financial,
Ongoing
Compressed Air Efficiently - the PATE audit model

Recommendations for the procurement of high
efficiency electric motors
Ongoing
Calculation Tool for Energy Efficiency Investments

Energy Audit Procedure for Transport Chains KAEMUS
EU-related: EU Emission Trading Scheme
(2003/87/EC) - EU Emissions Trading
EU-related: Integrated Pollution Prevention and

Control IPPC (Directive 2008/1/EC) - Energy
efficiency requirements in environmental permits
Energy Auditing Programme in the Industry and
Energy Sectors, the EAP
Subsidies for energy audits and energy investments
(industry)
Starting Year
50
TERTIARY
Code
Starting Year
NEEAP
Measure
EU-related
Measure
Quantitative
Evaluation
1917
Medium
Yes
No
YES
1994
High
Yes
No
YES
Financial
1996
High
Yes
No
No
Ongoing
2000
Medium
Yes
No
No
Ongoing
Financial
2002
Unknown
Yes
No
No
Ongoing
2004
Low
No
No
YES
Ongoing
2005
Low
No
No
No
Ongoing
Unknown
2005
Medium
Yes
No
YES
Ongoing
Unknown
2006
Low
No
No
No
Ongoing
2006
Medium
Yes
No
YES
Ongoing
2007
Medium
Yes
No
YES
Ongoing
2007
High
Yes
No
YES
Ongoing
2007
Low
No
YES
No
Ongoing
2008
Low
No
YES
No
Ongoing
2008
Low
No
YES
No
Ongoing
Financial
2008
Low
Yes
No
YES
Ongoing
Financial
2008
Low
Yes
No
YES
Ongoing
2009
Medium
Yes
No
YES
Ongoing
2009
Low
Yes
No
YES
Ongoing
2009
Low
Yes
No
No
Ongoing
2010
High
No
No
No
Ongoing
2010
Medium
Yes
No
YES
Ongoing
2010
High
Yes
No
No
Title
Status
FIN34
Farm land reparcelling projects
Ongoing
FIN3
Energy Auditing Programme in the Service Sector
Ongoing
Financial, Information/Education/Training
FIN27
Investments in heating plants (agricultural sector)
Ongoing
FIN8
Energy efficiency in public procurement

Subsidies for energy audits and energy investments
(the services sector)
Model for Regional Survey of the Potential for
Increased Use of Renewable Energy Sources
FIN24
Emission Calculator for offices and public events

Making the use of space more effective in central
government
Training of environmental advisors in municipal
organisations
Maintenance activity and user information for state
property stock
Energy Efficiency Agreement for the Private Service
Sector 2008-2016
Energy Efficiency Agreement and Programme of
Municipalities 2008-2016
(Directive 2002/91/EC) - Periodic voluntary
inspections of boilers in the services sector
(Directive 2002/91/EC) - Periodic inspections of air
conditioning systems
(Directive 2002/91/EC) - Mandatory energy
efficiency certificates for buildings (services)
FIN32
Fresh grain silos
FIN33
Unheated cattle buildings
FIN29
Renovation of State Property Stock

Improving energy efficiency in new construction for
the state
Energy Advice for SMEs
Mandatory energy efficiency plans in the public
sector
FIN25
FIN2
FIN13
FIN26
FIN22
FIN31
FIN15
FIN17
FIN18
FIN19
FIN30
FIN35
FIN20
FIN21
FIN28
Energy Efficiency Agreement of the Property and

Building Sector - Commercial Property Action Plan
Building code D3: Orders for energy efficiency in
buildings
Type
51
GENERAL CROSS-CUTTING
Code
Title
Status
Type
Energy education and training

Guidance to make community planning more
energy efficient
Ongoing
Non-classified Measure Types
Ongoing
Ongoing
1993
FIN23
National Energy Agency Motiva

Tools, web-based services and information
materials
Ongoing
FIN15
Regional Energy Agencies
Ongoing
FIN20
FIN24
FIN22
Starting Year
NEEAP
Measure
EU-related
Measure
Quantitative
Evaluation
High
Yes
No
No
Low
Yes
No
No
Unknown
Yes
No
No
1993
Unknown
Yes
No
No

General Energy Efficiency / Climate Change
Ongoing
/ Renewable Programmes
1995
Unknown
Yes
No
No
No
FIN6
Energy Awareness Week
1996
Low
Yes
No
FIN4
Energy taxation and tax subsidies
Ongoing
1997
Unknown
Yes
No
No
FIN7
Ongoing
Market-based Instruments
2000
Medium
Yes
No
YES

Ongoing
2002
Low
Yes
No
No
2008
High
No
No
No
Ongoing

Ongoing
2009
High
Yes
YES
No
FIN14
The ESCO Concept

Environmental classification of buildings
(PROMISE)
Long-Term National Climate and Energy Strategy
2008
EU-related: Ecodesign Directive for Energy-using
Products (Directive 2005/32/EC) - Ecological design
of energy using products
Government decision on energy efficiency
measures on 4 February 2010
2010
High
No
No
No
FIN17
Law on energy efficiency services
Ongoing
Legislative/Normative Measures
2010
Unknown
No
Yes
No
FIN16
Feed-in tariffs for renewables

Fixed subsidies for electricity produced from
renewables
Ongoing
Fiscal Measures/Tariffs
2011
Unknown
No
No
No
Ongoing
Financial Measures
2011
Unknown
No
No
No
FIN11
FIN10
FIN12
FIN19
Ongoing
52
Annex 2
Country Profile
53
54
Energy Efficiency Policies and Measures in Finland 2012
55
56

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Energy Efficiency Policies and

ODYSSEE- MURE 2010

Helsinki, October 2012

Energy Efficiency Policies and Measures in Finland in 2012

Executive Summary ....................................................................................2

Key messages .............................................................................................3

The Background to Energy Efficiency ......................................................4

Overall economic context .............................................................4

Energy consumption trends by fuel and by sector .......................5

The policy background to energy efficiency .................................7

Overall Assessment of Energy Efficiency Trends .................................13

Overall trends in energy intensity ...............................................13

Assessment of energy efficiency/savings through ODEX:

CO2 emissions trends ................................................................25

Energy efficiency measures.....................................................................27

Recent Energy Efficiency Measures ..........................................27

Patterns and Dynamics of Energy Efficiency Measures .............31

Innovative Energy Efficiency Measures .....................................36

Energy efficiency measure evaluations ......................................40

Semi-quantitative Impact Estimates of Energy Efficiency

Lessons from Quantitative Energy Efficiency Measure

National Developments under the EU Energy Efficiency

Annex 1: Energy Efficiency Measure Summary by Country

Energy Efficiency Policies and Measures in Finland in 2012

Figure 21 Measures in the services sector in Finland, periods 1990-1999

Energy Efficiency Policies and Measures in Finland in 2012

Table 1 Economic trends in Finland, 2000-2011 ....................................................... 4

Energy Efficiency Policies and Measures in Finland in 2012

Energy efficiencys primary objective is the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in a

Energy Efficiency Policies and Measures in Finland in 2012

Energy Efficiency Policies and Measures in Finland in 2012

The Background to Energy Efficiency

Overall economic context

Energy Efficiency Policies and Measures in Finland in 2012

Energy consumption trends by fuel and by sector

Final energy consumption

Total primary energy consumption

Total final consumption with climatic corrections

Figure 1 Total energy consumption and end-use in Finland in 19902010

from the ODYSSEE database.

Energy Efficiency Policies and Measures in Finland in 2012

Net imports of electricity

Figure 2 Total energy consumption by fuel in Finland in 19902010

Energy Efficiency Policies and Measures in Finland in 2012

Residential, tertiary, agriculture

Figure 3 Energy end-use per sector in Finland in 19952010

The policy background to energy efficiency

Long-term Climate and Energy Strategy

Energy Efficiency Policies and Measures in Finland in 2012

Foresight report on climate and energy policy

Government resolution on energy efficiency (February 2010)

Energy Efficiency Policies and Measures in Finland in 2012

Energy Efficiency Policies and Measures in Finland in 2012

Energy Efficiency Policies and Measures in Finland in 2012

Households and agriculture

Energy Efficiency Policies and Measures in Finland in 2012

Other government resolutions

Energy Efficiency Policies and Measures in Finland in 2012

Overall Assessment of Energy Efficiency Trends

Overall trends in energy intensity