Question Bank
Question Bank
Question Bank
Mechanical Engineering
2013-2014
ISO9001:2008
Mechanical Engineering
2013-2014
1 M
ISO9001:2008
Mechanical Engineering
2013-2014
ISO9001:2008
Mechanical Engineering
2013-2014
P0
1 P
P0
2 1 1 2
1
1
29. Give the expression for isotropic flow with gamma function ().
*
fanno 0
0
30. Give expression for constant area one-dimensional normal shock process with gamma function.
The expression for constant area one-dimensional normal shock process with gamma function () is,
*
normalshock 0
0
C x .C y a *
M x . M y 1
*
ISO9001:2008
Mechanical Engineering
2013-2014
y
x
2
1
2x
1
1
20. Give the expression for velocity of a shock moving into stagnant gas.
1 y 1
The expression for velocity of a shock moving into stagnant gas
2sh
2 x
ISO9001:2008
Mechanical Engineering
2013-2014
u
Cj
m a Cj
F Fmom Fpr m a C e u e a A c
16. Give the expression for thrust power of turbo jet engine.
Fs
ISO9001:2008
Mechanical Engineering
2013-2014
Bypass ratio is defined as the ratio of mass flow rates of cold air and hot air streams. m c
mh
ISO9001:2008
Mechanical Engineering
2013-2014
17. Give the expression that relates area ratio and equilibrium combustion pressure.
The expression that relates area ratio and equilibrium combustion pressure is, 2 cn 2
18. Define unrestricted burning.
If the propellant grain surface is not restricted from burning and all surfaces except those with supports are
exposed to the flame or hot gases, the mode of combustion is known as unrestricted burning.
19. Define thrust (F).
The force that propels the rocket at a given velocity is known as thrust. It is denoted as,
20. Define specific impulse (Is).
Specific impulse is the thrust per unit flow rate of the propellant.
W
F cj
g
WR
t
wt
u esc 2u orb
PART B
UNIT I
BASIC CONCEPTS AND ISENTROPIC FLOWS
BASIC CONCEPTS
1. An air jet at 400 K has a sonic velocity. Determine, (i) Velocity of sound at 400 K, (ii) Velocity of sound at
stagnation condition, (iii) Maximum fluid velocity of jet, (iv) Stagnation enthalpy and (v) Crocco number.
2. The pressure, temperature and Mach number at entry of flow are 2.5 bar, 26.5 0C and 1.4 respectively. If exit
Mach number is 2.5, determine for adiabatic flow of perfect gas (R= 469 J/kgK and =1.4) , (i) Temperature and
ISO9001:2008
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Mechanical Engineering
2013-2014
velocity of gas at exit, (ii) Mass flow rate per square meter at inlet cross sectional area and (iii) Stagnation
temperature.
The pressure, temperature and Mach number at the entry of the flow are 3 bar, 40 0C and 1.4 respectively. The exit
temperature is 25 0C and flow velocity is 668 m/s. Determine foe an adiabatic flow (R= 469 J/kgK and =1.4),
(i) Mach number & stagnation temperature at exit, (ii) Mass flow rate for diameter of 15 cm & (iii) Exit pressure.
Air enters a straight axis symmetry duct at 300 K, 3.45 bar and 150 m/s and leaves it at 277 K, 2.058 bar and
260 m/s. The area of cross section at exit is 500 cm2. Assuming adiabatic flow determine, (i) Stagnation
temperature, (ii) Maximum velocity, (iii) Mass flow rate, (iv) Area of cross section at entrance.
Air at P =3x105 N/m2, T = 500 K, C = 200 m/s flows into a 30 cm diameter duct. Calculate, (i) Mass flow rate, (ii)
Mach number, (iii) Stagnation temperature, (iv) Stagnation pressure for both compressible & incompressible flow.
An aircraft flies at 800 km/h at an altitude of 10,000m at 0.264 bar and 223.15 K. The air is reversibly compressed
in an inlet diffuser. If Mach number at exit of the diffuser is 0.36, determine (i) Entry Mach number, (ii) Velocity,
temperature and pressure of air at exit.
An aircraft flies at 12,000m at 0.193 bar and 216.65 K at a Mach number 0.82. The cross sectional area of inlet
diffuser before the low pressure compressor stage is 0.5 m2. Determine, (i) Mass of air entering in 1 second, (ii)
Speed of the aircraft and (iii) Stagnation pressure, stagnation temperature at diffuser entry.
The jet of gas at 593 K (R= 469 J/kgK and =1.3) has a Mach number of 1.2. Determine velocity of sound and
enthalpy for local and stagnation condition.
A jet plane travels at a speed of 1000 km/h. Determine Mach number, when it operates at (i) Sea level where
temperature is 24 0C and (ii) Altitude where temperature is 57 0C.
The speed of an aircraft is indicated at Mach number 0.75 at cockpit. The atmospheric condition is 0.5775 bar and
14 0C. Determine isentropic stagnation pressure of temperature recorded on the board. Assume
CP = 1.005 kJ/kgK, CV = 0.7171 kJ/kgK.
ISENTROPIC FLOWS
1. Air enters an isentropic diffuser with Mach number 3.6 and decelerate it to Mach number 2. A diffuser causes a
flow of 15 kg/s. The initial static conditions are 1.05 bar, 40 0C. Assuming = 1.4 calculate, (i) Inlet area,
(ii) Total pressure, total temperature, (iii) Exit area and exit static pressure.
2. The pressure, velocity and temperature of air at the entry of the nozzle are 2 bar 145 m/s and 330 K. The exit
pressure is 1.5 bar. Determine, (i) Shape of the nozzle, (ii) Mach number at entry and exit, mass flow rate and
Maximum mass flow rate.
3. Air is discharged from a compressor at P0 = 6.91 bar, T0 = 325 0C through a nozzle at an exit pressure of 0.98 bar.
If the flow rate is 3600 kg/h, for one dimensional isentropic flow determine, (i) T *, P* and C*, (ii) A2 and M2,
(iii) Maximum velocity.
4. A conical air diffuser has an inlet diameter of 40 cm and exit diameter of 80 cm. Air enters the diffuser with a
static pressure of 200 kPa, static temperature of 37 0C, velocity of 265 m/s. Calculate, (i) Mass flow rate,
(ii) Properties at exit.
5. Air is discharged from a compressor at P0 = 7 bar, T0 = 320 0C through a nozzle at an exit pressure of 0.98 bar. If
the flow rate is 3500 kg/h, for one dimensional isentropic flow determine, (i) T *, P* and C*, (ii) A2 and M2,
(iii) Maximum velocity.
6. A gas is isentropic ally expanded from 12 bar, 520 0C in a nozzle to a pressure of 7.5 bar. Mass flow rate of gas is
1.4 kg/s. Determine , (i) pressure, temperature, and velocity at nozzle throat and exit, (ii) Maximum possible
velocity, (iii) Type of nozzle and its throat area. Take =1.3, R = 0.46 kJ/kgK.
7. In a nozzle of throat diameter 15 cm air is flowing with a stagnation velocity of 620 m/s. Stagnation density is
given as 1.2 kg/m3. Determine, (i) stagnation pressure and temperature, (ii) Maximum mass flow rate and
(iii) Throat pressure and temperature.
8. A divergent nozzle has exit to throat area of 1.5. Air is flowing at a Mach number 0.8 and at a pressure and
temperature of 1 bar and 15 0C respectively. Determine, (i) Exit Mach number and (ii) Exit pressure and
temperature.
9. In a convergent diffuser has entry and exit Mach number 1.5 and 0.78. Are at the entry of the diffuser is 0.24 m 2.
Air enters the diffuser at 340 K. Determine, (i) Exit temperature and velocity, (ii) Exit area. The pressure,
temperature and velocity are 0.9 bar, 400 K and 200 m/s at inlet. Determine pressure, temperature and velocity at
exit. Also determine force exerted on the diffuser wall.
10. Air is flowing at 1 bar, 295 K, 320 m/s. Determine, (i) a, (ii) a0, (iii) P0, (iv) T0, (v)0.
Derivations
1. Derive an expression for the acoustic velocity of a compressible fluid flow in terms of its temperature.
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ISO9001:2008
Mechanical Engineering
2013-2014
dA
dP
(1 M 2 ) .
2
A
c
5. The mass flow rate of a perfect gas through a chocked nozzle is given by
T0
m
max
P0 A *
2
1
( 1)
( 1)
UNIT II
FLOW THROUGH DUCTS
FANNO FLOW
1. Air is decelerated from Mach number 3 to sonic speed in a inner diameter pipe of 4 cm having a friction factor of
0.002. Find the length of the pipe to achieve the deceleration.
2. A circular duct of diameter 0.22 m causes a subsonic flow at M 1 =0.15 and leaves the duct at M2 = 0.5 Determine
the length of the pipe. Assume friction factor as 0.005.
3. A circular duct causes 8.25 kg/s of air at an exit Mach number 0.5. The entry pressure and temperature are
3.45 bar and 38 0C respectively. Coefficient friction is 0.005. Mach number at entry is 0.15. Determine,
(i) Diameter of duct, (ii) Length of duct, (iii) Pressure and temperature at exit, (iv) Stagnation pressure loss and
(v) Verify exit Mach number using exit temperature and velocity.
4. Air enters a pipe of 20 cm diameter with entry Mach number 0.11, entry temperature 305 K and entry pressure
3.15 bar to a exit Mach number of 0.45. Determine, (i) Length of the pipe required to accelerate the flow, (ii) Mass
flow rate, (iii) Exit properties and (iv) Stagnation pressure loss. Also calculate % stagnation pressure loss. Take
friction factor = 0.005.
5. Air is flowing in an insulated duct with the entry Mach number 0.25 and friction factor 0.001. The diameter of the
duct is 15 cm. What length of the pipe would give 10% of stagnation pressure loss? Also find % stagnation
pressure loss from inlet to exit Mach number 0.8. What is the maximum length required to reach the chocking
condition?
6. Air flows through a and constant area duct. The initial local condition of air are 3 bar, 70 0C. The initial Mach
number is 0.2. The exit total pressure is 2.8 bar. Obtain Mach number and condition of air at final stage. Also find
the change in entropy.
7. Air at 120 kN/m2 and 40 0C flows through a 200 mm diameter pipe adiabatically. Upstream Mach number is 2.5.
Determine maximum length of the pipe and the properties of air at exit. Also estimate the length of the pipe and
properties of air if the exit Mach number is 1.8. Take f = 0.01.
8. Air at inlet temperature 60 0C flows with a subsonic velocity through an insulated pipe having diameter of 50 mm
and length 5 m. The pressure at the exit of the pipe is 101 kPa and the flow is chocked at the end of the pipe of the
friction factor 4f = 0.005. Determine entry Mach number, Mass flow rate and exit temperature.
RAYLEIGH FLOW
1. The Mach number of exit of combustion chamber is 0.9 and the ratio of stagnation temperature at exit and entry is
3.74. The pressure and temperature of gas at exit are 2.5 bar and 1000 0C. Determine, (i) Mach number,
(ii) Pressure, (iii) Temperature of gas at entry, (iv) Heat supplied per kg of air and (v) Maximum heat that can be
supplied.
2. In a combustion chamber, the condition of air at entry is P1 = 0.343 bar, T1 = 310 K, C1 = 60 m/s. Determine at
exit the Mach number, pressure, temperature and velocity if increase in stagnation enthalpy of gas is 1172.5 kJ/kg.
Assume CP = 1.005 kJ/kgK and = 1.4.
3. A gas at a pressure of 69 kPa and temperature 278 K enters the combustion chamber at a velocity of 60 m/s. Heat
supplied in the combustion chamber is 1.4056 MJ/kg. Determine Mach number, pressure, temperature and
velocity of gas at exit. Assume CP = 1.005 kJ/kgK and = 1.4.
ISO9001:2008
Mechanical Engineering
2013-2014
4. Air is moving in a constant area duct at the temperature of 50 0C and 52.5 kPa. The velocity at this section is
167 m/s. Find, (i) Stagnation properties at inlet, (ii) Properties at this section where static temperature is maximum
and (iii) Properties of air at the section where choking condition in exit.
5. The condition of gas (C P = 1.22 kJ/kgK and = 1.3) at the entry of the constant area duct are M1 = 0.28,
T01 = 383 K, P01 = 4.965 bar and 627 kJ/kg of heat is supplied to the gas. Determine at the exit section, the Mach
number, pressure and temperature of the gas. What is the stagnation pressure loss during the heating?
6. Air enters a constant area duct at M1 = 3, P1 = 1 atm and T1 = 300 K. Heat added inside the duct per unit mass is
3 x 105 J/kg. Calculate properties M2, P2, T2, C2, 2, T02 and P02 at the exit section.
7. Air is having a Mach number 3 with total temperature 295 K and static pressure 0.5 bar flow through a constant
area duct adiabatically to another section where the exit Mach number is 1.5. Determine the amount of heat
transferred and change in stagnation pressure.
8. On a certain heat exchanger the stagnation temperature of air is raised from 93 0C to 426 0C. If inlet Mach number
is 0.3, determine final Mach number and % drop in static pressure.
UNIT III
NORMAL AND OBLIQUE SHOCKS
NORMAL SHOCKS
1. The state of a gas ( = 1.3, R = 0.469 kJ/kgK) upstream of a normal is given by the following data. M x = 2.5,
Tx = 275 K, Px = 2 bar. Calculate pressure, temperature and velocity of gas for downstream if shock.
2. A ratio of exit to entry area in a subsonic diffuser is 4. The Mach number of air jet approaching at P0 = 1.013 bar,
temperature 290 K is 2.2. There is a standing normal shock wave just outside the diffuser entry. The flow in the
diffuser is isentropic. Determine for the exit of diffuser Mach number, temperature and pressure. What is the
stagnation pressure loss between initial and final jet of flow?
3. An aeroplane having a diffuser designed for a subsonic flight has a normal shock attached to the edge of the
diffuser entry when the flight is flying at supersonic speed. If at the exit of the diffuser, the Mach number is 0.3,
What must be the flight Mach number? Assuming isentropic diffusion behind the shock. The area at inlet is
0.29 m2 and exit is 0.44 m2.
4. A convergent divergent duct is operating under half designed condition as it conducts air from high pressure tank
where P0 = 210 kPa and T0 = 310 K. A normal shock is present in the divergent section. Find the exit pressure,
loss in stagnation pressure, increase in entropy. Take,
Area of throat = At = 13 cm2, Area at exit = Ae = 26 cm2 and area at shock present = Ax = Ay = 19.5 cm2.
5. A nozzle has an exit area to throat area ratio of 2.5. The total properties of air at inlet are 7 bar and 87 0C. The
throat area 6.5 cm2. Determine for exit, Mach number, static pressure, static temperature and stagnation pressure
when a plane normal shock stands at a point where Mach number is 2. Assume isentropic flow before and after the
normal shock.
6. Air with Mach number 2.5 enters a convergent duct with an area ratio of A2/A1 = 0.5 under certain condition. A
normal shock occurs at a point where Mach number is 2. Find the exit Mach number and pressure ratio across the
duct.
7. Air flows through a supersonic tunnel having a throat area of 200 cm2 and test section area of 337.5 cm2. Estimate
the Mach number at the test section and diffuser throat area if a normal shock is located at the test section.
8. A CD nozzle has an exit to throat area ratio of 3. A normal shock appears at the test section where the area ratio is
2.2. Find the Mach number before and after the shock of the inlet stagnation properties are 500 kPa, 450 K. Also
find the properties of air at the exit section of the nozzle and increase in entropy across the shock.
9. Air flows adiabatically in a pipe in which normal shock wave occurs. The pressure and temperature of air before
the shock are 150 kN/m2 and 25 0C respectively. The pressure just after the normal shock is 350 kN/m2. Calculate
(i) Mach number before shock, (ii) Mach number, static temperature and velocity of air after the shock wave, (iii)
Increase in density of air, (iv) Loss of stagnation pressure and (v) Change in entropy.
10. A CD nozzle is designed to expand air from the reservoir in which the pressure is 800 kPa and temperature 40 0C
to give a mach number at the exit of 2.5. The throat area is 25 cm2, find (i) Mas flow rate, (ii) Exit area, (iii) When
normal shock appears at a section where the area is 40 cm2, determine pressure and temperature at the exit.
OBLIQUE SHOCKS
11. Air approaches a symmetrical wedge = 150 at a Mach number of 2. Determine for shock and weak waves,
(i) Wave angle, (ii) Pressure ratio, (iii) Density ratio, (iv) Temperature ratio and (v) Downstream Mach number.
ISO9001:2008
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12. A supersonic stream of air Mach number 2 and is deflected inward by 150. This generate strong and oblique
waves. Calculate the following quantities for the waves, (i) Wave angle, (ii) Downstream Mach number,
(iii) Temperature ratio, (iv) Static stagnation pressure ratio and (v) Density ratio.
13. A jet of air at a Mach number of 2.5 is deflected inward at the corner of the curved wall. The wave angle at the
corner is 600. Determine the deflection angle of the value, pressure and temperature ratio and final Mach number.
14. An oblique shock wave at an angle of 350 occurs at the leading edge of the symmetrical wedge. Air has a Mach
number of 2, the pressure and temperature of 10 bar and 310 K respectively in the upstream of the wave.
Determine wedge angle and pressure, temperature and Mach number of the downstream of the wave.
Derivations
1. Derive Prandtl-Meyer relation for normal shock.
Mx
2
2
1
2
2
M y 1
1
UNIT IV
JET PROPULSION
1. A turbojet propels an aircraft at a speed of 900 km/h while taking 3000 kg of air per minute. The isentropic
enthalpy drop in the nozzle is 200 kJ/kg and the nozzle efficiency is 90 %. The air fuel ratio is 85 and the
combustion efficiency is 95 %. The calorific value of the fuel is 42,000 kJ/kg. Calculate, (i) Propulsive power or
thrust power, (ii) Thermal efficiency and (iii) Propulsive power.
2. The flight speed of A turbojet is 800 km/h at 10,000 m altitude. The density of air at athat altitude is 0.17 kg/m 3.
The drag for the plane is 6.8 kN. The propulsive efficiency of the jet is 60%. Calculate the SFC, Air-Fuel ratio, jet
velocity. Assume the calorific value of fuel as 45,000 kJ/kg and the oveall efficiency of the jet plane as 18 %.
3. A ramjet engine operates at M = 1.2 at an altitude of 6,500 m. The diameter of inlet diffuser at entry is 50 cm and
the stagnation temperature at the nozzle entry is 1500 K. The calorific value of the fuel used is 40 MJ/kg. The
properties of the combustion gases are same those of air. The velocity of the air at the diffuser exit is negligible.
Efficiencies of the diffuser, combustion and nozzle are 90 %, 98 % and 96 % respectively. Calculate,
(i) Efficiency of ideal cycle, (ii) Flight speed, (iii) Air flow rate, (iv) Diffuser pressure ratio, (v) Fuel-Air ratio and
(vi) Nozzle jet Mach number.
4. Calculate thrust and specific thrust of a jet propulsion unit whose data are as follows.
Total head isentropic efficiency of compressor
=
80 %
Total head isentropic efficiency of turbine
=
85 %
Combustion efficiency
=
98 %
Mechanical transmission efficiency
=
99 %
Total pressure ratio including combustion pressure loss
=
4:1
Nozzle efficiency
=
90 %
Maximum temperature
=
1000 K
Air flow rate
=
220 N/s
Ambient temperature and pressure
=
15 0C and 1 bar
For air, CP = 1005 J/kgK and = 1.4
For gas, CP = 1153 J/kgK and = 1.3
Neglect weight of fuel.
5. The following data refer to a turbojet flying at an altitude of 9,500 m.
Speed of turbojet
=
850 km/h
Propulsive efficiency =
55 %
3
Density of air
=
0.17 kg / m
Overall efficiency
=
17 %
Drag on plane
=
6.1 kN
Calculate, (i) Absolute velocity of jet, (ii) Diameter of jet and (iii) Propulsive power.
6. A turbojet has a speed of 750 km/h while flying at an altitude of 10,000 m. The propulsive efficiency of the jet is
50 % and the overall efficiency of the turbine plant is 16 %. The density of air at 10,000 m altitude is 0.173 kg/m3.
The drag on the plane is 6250 N. Calorific value of the fuel is 48,000 kJ/kg. Calculate, (i) Absolute velocity of the
jet, (ii) Diameter of the jet, and (iii) Power output in kW.
7. A turbojet engine takes in 50 kg/s of air and propels an aircraft with uniform flight speed of 880 km/h. Isentropic
enthalpy change for nozzle is 188 kJ/kg and velocity coefficient is 0.96. The fuel-air ratio is 1.2. Combustion
St. Josephs College of Engineering
St. Josephs Institute of Technology
ISO9001:2008
8.
9.
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Mechanical Engineering
2013-2014
efficiency is 95 %. Calorific value of fuel is 44,000 kJ/kg. Find out, (i) Thermal efficiency of the engine, (ii) Fuel
flow in kg/h, (iii) Propulsive efficiency and (iv) Overall efficiency.
A turbojet engine has two jets of 250 mm diameter and the net power of the turbine is 3000 kW. The fuel
consumption per kWh is 0.42 kg with a fuel of calorific value 49 MJ/kg, when flying at a speed of 300 m/s in
atmospheric having a density of 0.168 kg/m3. The air-fuel ratio is 53. Calculate, (i) absolute velocity of jet,
(ii) Resistance or drag of the plane, (iii) Overall efficiency of the plane and (iv) Thermal efficiency.
A simple turbojet unit operates with a turbine inlet temperature of 1050 0C. The following data refer to this unit
when tested at ground level. Assume CP and values for gas as same as air.
Compressor pressure ratio
=
7.5
Nozzle efficiency
=
96 %
Ambient pressure
=
100 kPa
Ambient temperature
=
27 0C
Mass flow rate of air
=
25 kg/s
Neglect mass flow rate of fuel for calculation of thrust and neglect pressure loss.
Calculate, (i) Thrust, (ii) Velocity at exit of nozzle and (iii) Specific fuel consumption.
Describe the working of supersonic ramjet engine with a neat sketch. List out its advantages and disadvantages.
Describe the working of turbojet engine with a neat sketch. List out its advantages and disadvantages.
Describe the working of a turbo propeller engine with a neat sketch and state the advantages and disadvantages.
Describe the working of a turbofan engine with a neat sketch and state the advantages and disadvantages.
Derive the expressions for the thrust (propulsive) power, propulsive efficiency, thermal efficiency, thermal
efficiency, overall efficiency and optimum value of flight to jet speed ratio for a turbojet engine.
UNIT V
SPACE PROPULSION
1. A rocket nozzle has a throat area of 18 cm2 and combustor pressure of 25 bar. If the specific impulse is 127.42 s
and the rate of flow of propellant is 44.145 N/s, determine the thrust coefficient, propellant weight flow
coefficient, specific propellant consumption and characteristic velocity.
2. A rocket has the following data:
Propellant flow rate
=
5 kg/s
Nozzle exit diameter =
10 cm
Nozzle exit pressure
=
1.02 bar
Ambient pressure
=
1.013 bar
Thrust chamber pressure
=
20 bar
Thrust
=
7 kN
Determine, (i) Effective jet velocity, (ii) Actual jet velocity, (iii) Specific impulse and (iv) Specific propellant
consumption.
3. Calculate thrust, specific impulse, propulsive efficiency, thermal efficiency and overall efficiency of a rocket
engine from the following data.
Effective jet velocity
=
1250 m/s
Flight to jet speed ratio =
0.8
Oxidizer flow rate
=
3.5 kg/s Fuel flow rate
=
1 kg/s
Heat of reaction of exhaust gases =
2500 kJ/kg
4. The specific impulse of a rocket is 125 s and the flow rate of propellant is 44 kg/s. The nozzle throat area is
18 cm2 and the pressure in the combustor is 25 bar. Determine the thrust coefficient, propellant flow coefficient,
specific propellant consumption and characteristic velocity.
5. The effective jet velocity from a rocket is 2700 m/s. The forward flight velocity is 1350 m/s and the propellant
consumption is 78.6 kg/s. Calculate thrust, thrust power and propulsive efficiency.
6. Explain the working of solid propellant rocket with neat sketch. List the advantages and disadvantages.
7. Explain the working of liquid propellant rocket with neat sketch. List the advantages and disadvantages.
8. Explain the working of hybrid propellant rocket with neat sketch. List the advantages and disadvantages.
9. Explain combustion techniques in solid propellant rocket system.
10. List types of liquid propellant feed system and explain the working with neat sketch.
ISO9001:2008