Related Coverage: Middle Class Shrinks Further As More Fall Out Instead of Climbing Upjan. 25, 2015

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HUNTINGTON, W.Va. For Tabitha Waugh, it was another typical day of chaos on the sixthfloor cancer ward.

The fire alarm was blaring for the second time that afternoon, prompting patients to stumble out
of their rooms. One confused elderly man approached Ms. Waugh, a registered nurse at St.
Marys Medical Center here, but she had no time to console him. An aide was shouting from
another room, where a patient sat dazed on the edge of his bed, blood pooling on the floor from
the IV he had yanked from his vein.
Hey, big guy, can you lay back in bed? she asked, as she cleaned the patient before inserting a
new line. He winced. Hold my hand, O.K.? she said.
Ms. Waugh, who is 30 and the main breadwinner in her family of four, still had three hours to go
before the end of a 12-hour shift. But despite the stresses and constant demands, all the hard
work was paying off.
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Related Coverage

Middle Class Shrinks Further as More Fall Out Instead


of Climbing UpJAN. 25, 2015
Her wage of nearly $27 an hour provides for a comfortable life that includes a three-bedroom
home, a pickup truck and a new sport utility vehicle, tumbling classes for her 3-year-old, Piper,
and dozens of brightly colored Thomas the Tank Engine cars heaped under the double bed of her
6-year-old, Collin.
Continue reading the main story

A Shifting Middle
Articles in this series focus on the reshaping of the American economy and its effects on the
workforce and the middle class.

The daughter of a teachers aide and a gas station manager, Ms. Waugh, like many other hardworking and often overlooked Americans, has secured a spot in a profoundly transformed middle
class. While the group continues to include large numbers of people sitting at desks, far fewer
middle-income workers of the 21st century are donning overalls. Instead, reflecting the biggest
change in recent years, millions more are in scrubs.
We used to think about the men going out with their lunch bucket to their factory, and those
were good jobs, said Jane Waldfogel, a professor at Columbia University who studies work and
family issues. Whats the corresponding job today? Its in the health care sector.
In 1980, 1.4 million jobs in health care paid a middle-class wage: $40,000 to $80,000 a year in
todays money. Now, the figure is 4.5 million.
The pay of registered nurses now the third-largest middle-income occupation and one that
continues to be overwhelmingly female has risen strongly along with the increasing demands
of the job. The median salary of $61,000 a year in 2012 was 55 percent greater, adjusted for
inflation, than it was three decades earlier.
And it was about $9,000 more than the shriveled wages of, say, a phone company repairman,
who would have been more likely to head a middle-class family in the 1980s. Back then, more
than a quarter of middle-income jobs were in manufacturing, a sector long dominated by men.
Today, it is just 13 percent.
As the job market has shifted, women, in general, have more skillfully negotiated the twists and
turns of the new economy, rushing to secure jobs in health care and other industries that demand
more education and training. Men, by contrast, have been less successful at keeping up.
In many working- and middle-class households, women now earn the bigger paycheck, work
longer hours and have greater opportunities for career advancement. As a result, millions of
American families are being reconfigured along with the economy.
The culture still has traditional attitudes about who does what, who brings home the bacon and
who scrambles the eggs, said Isabel Sawhill, co-director of the Center on Children and Families
at the Brookings Institution. The economy is now out of sync with the culture, and I think thats
creating tensions within marriage.

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