Mil STD 29a

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MIL-STD-29A
1 March 1962
SUPE~ED~G
WL4TD-29
23 Septemkr
MILITARY
.1
1958
STANDARD
SPRINGS, MECHANICAL;
DRAWING REQUIREMENTS FOR
APP.ENDIX
OF REFERE$JC~ TO
MATERIALS, DESIGN FORMUMS,
PROCESS=
AND TOLERANC=
FOR MECHAN1~L
SPRINGS
(APPENDIX INCLUDES NO lWNDATORY PROVISIONS)
UN~
Wvummmt
S?A=
?uNtlNa
wMWNmoN:
Oma
lW
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Check the source to verify that this is the current version before use.
MIWTD-29A
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
DEFENSE SUPPLY AGENCY
WASHINGTON 2S, D. C
Sp~
Mechanical; Drawing Itequirexnenta for
~TD49A
1.-
standard ha beun WWOVed by the Department of Dd-
lM4Uchl$62
and is ~tim
Bureau of Naval
Force mstodkw
8. Recommended corr-&io~ additioxw or deletions should be addreswKI to b

Division, Defense SuPpiY AgencY, Wdind~,D. c.
S*-
ardization
ii
.-

,,J
MIL-STD-29A
CONTENTS
L
L1
lnLl
1.L1.1
LLL2
L1.L8
LLL4
LLL6
LLL6
L2
SCOPE
scope
Types of springS
Compression
Ekkm9ion
Torsion
Flat
constant Fome
Garter
z
21
REFERENCED
Not Applicable
&
8s
8.2
89
8.4
805
3.6
8.7
898
%9
8s0
8.11
a.w
8.13
3.14
8.15
S.16
8.17
3.18
8.19
820
9.21
822
328
8=
DEFINITIONS
Mdlanicd -spring
DOCUI=NTS
Total Deflection
Deflection per Coil
Set
Actiye Coils
Total Coils
Solid Length
Fmebngth
Pitch
Initial Tension
sp~
Index
spring Rate
Toque
Spring Tolexance
Factor of saf~
Direction of Helix
Reference Dimension
Stress IWwe
RalW of Stm!!a
Harden
Endunknce Limit
EMtic Limit
Modulus of Rigidi&

4.1
GENERAL REQUIRE=NrS
Not Applicable
5.
6.1
5.1.1
5.2
5.2.1
5.2.2
5.2.3
5.3
DETAIL REQUIR~E~s
General
Delineation
Specifications Applicable to AU SP151WS
Material Specification
Diameter of Wire
Inspection Nok
Format for SData N-
4.
5.4
5.4.1
5.4.2
5.4.2.1
5.4.2.2
6.4.2.3
5.4.2.4
HELICAL COMPRESSION SPRINGS

Detlnition
Drawing Requiremmti
Coil Diametir
Direction of Helix
Type of Ends
Solid Length
5.5
5.6.1
6.52
STRANDED WIRE COMPRESSION SPRINGS

Definition
Drawing Requirements
6.6
5.6.1
5.6.2
5.6.2.1
5.6.22
5.6.23
5.6.2.4
HELICAL EXTENSION SPRXNGS

Definition
Drawing Requiremen~
Total Coils and Length Over CoihJ
Maximum Extended Length
Tuf En&
Relative Position of Ends
5.7
5.7.1
5.7.2
5.7.21
5.7.2.2
5.7.23
5.72.4
6.726
5.7.26
5.72.7
HELICAL TORSION SPRINGS

Definition
Drawing Requirement
Total Coik and hOver CO&J
Direction of Helix
Pitch of Coib or Initial Tiinaion
T~rque @a&
IUximum Dedkction witkmt Pe rmaneint m
spring fib
Typeof Enda
iv

MIL-STD-29A
5.8
5.8.1
S.8.2
S.8.2.1
5.82.2
6=823
&8.2.4
SPIRAL TORSION SPRINGS

D&nition
Outside and Inside Diameter of Coil
Developed Ungth of Material and Active Length of Material
Number of Coils in Free Position
Type of Ends and Angular Relation of Ends
5.9
5.9.1
&9.2
6.92.1
5.9.22
6.9.2.3
6.92.4
6.925
5.926
5.927
5.9.2.8
TORSION BAR SPRINGS

Definition
Diameter of Body and En&
Length Overall and of Ends
hgle of Taper
Torque Loads
Spring Rate
Type & Ends
Direction of Windup Marking
Angular Relation between Ends
510
5.10.1
6.10.2
6.1021
5.10.2.2
5.10.2.3
5.10.2.4
6.10.2.5
5.10.2.6
6.1027
VOLUTE SPRINGS
Definition
Dmwing Requirement
Outside and Inside Diameter
Free Length
Totd Coils
Radixil Pitch
Axial Pitch and Helix Angle
Loads
Solid Length
5.11
6.H.1
601102
5.11.2.1
6.11.22?
5.1123
5.1124
5.11.2.6
&l126
CONED DISC BIXLEVILLE SPRINGS

Definition
Inside and Outside Diameters
Free Height and Method of Stacking
6.X?
SJ2.I
6.X2.2
5.12.2.1
6.1222
M2.ZS
Bearing Surfaces
Bearing Surfaces Parallel
Concentricity behveen Diametem
FIAT SPRINGS
Definition
Developed Lengths
Clamp Length

5.s.3
5.13.1
6.MS
6.1821
6.13.22
6.1323
5.13.2.4
6.1$2.5
5.14
5.14.1
5.1442
5.140201
5.14.2.2
CONSTANT FORCE SPR~=

Definition
Dratig
Recitirem~@
LOa&
Initial Position and Final Poaitim
Type of Ex@J
Fits Over RolleT
Thkklleaa
GARTER SPRINGS
Definition
D~wi~
Re(@rem=dS
Skft D&r
Comp~ive
Load-on Shaft
10.
10.1
102
DESIGN OF ME~U
IL
IL1
1L2
SPRING ~~
General
Sizes A_le
EL
IZJ
HIGH CARBON STEEIS

General
Music Wire
Hard Dram
Oil T-Steel Valve Sptig
1203
1.204
lz.s
.-
SPIUNGS
scope
Q@&
13.
I&l
13A
13.4
1A
14.1
14.2
148
14.4
14.5
14.6
14.7
Ti

NUL-STD-29A
15.
15.1
15.2
15.3
1s.4
COPPER BASE ALLOYS

General
Spring Brass
Phosphor Bronze
Beryllium Copper
16.
16.1
16S
16.3
16.4
16.5
NICKEL BASE JWLOYS

General
Monel
K-Monel
Inconel
Xnconel X
17.
17.1
17.2
17.3
STEEL STRIP HIGH CARBON

General
SAE 1074
SAE 1095
APPENDIX
A SECTION
II
20.
20.1
20.L1
20.12
20.13
SPRING DESIGN
Genezal
Purpose
scope
Abbreviations and Symbols
2L
21J
212
2L3
21.4
21.5
21.6
2L7
21.8
21.9
21.10
21.11
21.12
21*M
21.14
COMPRESSION SPRINGS
Design Formulas
Ends
Diameter Changes
Buckling
Direction of Helix
Natural Frqmncy, Vikmtion and Surge
Impact
Spring Nesk
Used - An Extension Spring
Spring Index (D/d)
Cumature Stress-Correction Factor (K)
Keystone Effect
Constants for Rectangular Wire
Precautions and Suggestions for Effective hsign
21.15
TABLES OF SPRING CIIJU3ACTERISTICS FOR

COMPRESSION AND EXTENSION SPRINGS
Example
21.15.1
vii

MU--29A
-\
21.16.1
21.17
21.17.1
DESIGN NOMOGWHS
FOR CO~RE*ION
EXTENSION SPRINGS
Example
Example of Compr-ion Spring Cdctition
N~i@
for Seved Calctitiou
21.18
21.18.1
21.18.2
21.18.3
STRANDED WIRE HEHCU

COMPRESSION SPRIN&
General
Streaa
Formfor 3 Stxanded Whe SPG
22.
22.1
22.2
22.3
22.4
22.5
EX~NSION
SPRINGS
Deflection of Ends
Stress= in Hooks
Initial Tension
Exampk uf Calcuhtion
Precaution and,Suggestiom
22.6
22.6.1
22.602
22.6.3
23.
23.1
2302
23.9
23.4
23.5
GARTER SPRINGS
General
23.6
23.7
23.8
23.8.1
=9
DESIGN NOMW~S
FOR HEHCWTOMION
MOMENT VS. WIRE SIZE CHART
Totion Sp~
Cd*tion
Exple
of Cakul@on
Preuutio~
and sugI@Jom for Eff@ve Des@
24.
24.1
24.2
24.!3
SP~
GeneIal
26.
2s.1
2502
2s.3
25.4
25.5
25.6
25.7
GONST~
FORCE SPR~GS
General
MaIMUWEnds
.
Outer Ends
Multiple Mom&g
stmm Factor
Exbnaion Type
21.16
AND
for effective Desi~
Fornnhs
Example of Caktition
TORSION SPRINGS
Design FormstNae6
in
Defi*on
of Ends
(ham
~ D*e~r
a?d Helix
SPRINGS
TORSION SPRINGS
Strew!l
Tw

MIL-STD-29A
CONSTANT FORGE SPRINGS Continued

Formulas
Simplified Design
Design Charts
25.8
26.9
25.10
25.11
Example
FLAT SPRINGS
Design
26.
26.1
26.2
Stress
CONED DISC (BELLEVLLE)

General
Load Defktion
27.
27.1
272
273
m.4
Streila
RECOMMENDED M=XMUM
Fatigue Strength Cumes
Light Setice
Average SeAce
28.
28.1
28.1.1
28.1.2
28.1.3
28.1.4
28.2
30.
30.1
31.
32
3s.
34.
S&
36.
s?.
37.1
Fig.
1
2(a)
2(b)
2(c)
2(d)
3
4(a)
4(b)
4(c)
4(ci)
6
SPRINGS
WORKING STRESSES
Severe &-vice
Other MatxxiaIs
Permissible Elevated TemperaiJuxw
APPENDIX
A SECTION III
SPRING MANUFACTURE
General
S+x~ Relieving
.
.
Cold Set to Solid
Grinding
Shot Peening
Protective Coatings
Hydrogen Embrittlement
TOLERANCES FOR SPRINGS
Tolerance on Loads
FIGURES
DRAWING REQUIREMENT GHAETS AND DATA
Helical Compression Spring Foxms
When No Load h Specified
When One Load is Specified
When Two Loada are S~ed
When Spring Rati is Speci&d
Helid Compwion Spring Ends
When No Load is Specified
When One Load ia Speciikd
When Two Loads are Specified
When Spring Rate is Specified
Helical Extension Sp~
FornxJ
ix

Fig.
6
7
8
9
10
11
n
u
14
15
16
17
18
DRAWING REQ UIREMENT CHARTS AND DATA-C&d

Helical Extension Spring Ends
Helical Torsion Sp~
Helical Torsion Spring Ends
Helid Torsion Spring Forms
Spiral Torsion Springs
Spiral Torsion Spring Ends
Torsion Bar SpringS
Volute spring9
Coned Disc (Bell-e)
%Method of Stacking Coned DiSC (B~~e)
SP~~
Flat spMgs
Constant Force Springs
Garter Springs
19
20
21
z
2$
24
25
26
%7
28
29
30
TYPICAL DETAIL DRAWINGS OFSPRINGS

Helical Compression
Stranded Wire Compression
Helical Extansion
Helical Torsion
Spiral Torsion
Tomion Bar
Tomion Bar, ~
Voluti
Coned Disc (BeIlaville)
Flat
Ckmstant Farce
Helical Garter
APPENDIX A
31
82
X3
34
86
36
37
8s
39
40
41
42
43
Buckling of Helical (hnP-h

SP~
Surge Wave
spring N*
Stress Reduction in Spring Nests
Impression Sprhg U=d b An ~m
Constants for Rectangular Section
Spa
NOMOGRA.PHS FOR HELICAL COMPRESSION AND

EXTENSION SPRINGS
Fibre Stress VS. Lo@ Low Range
~re StreM VS. kd,
H@ -e
Fibre Stress Correction fm Curvature (~)
De&ction Per Coil VS. LO@ IkW Ibge
Deflection Per Coil VS. Load, High Range
Deflection Per Coil for Other Moduli
stres8es in Em-ion
spring
HOolu

MW4TD-29A
44
45
46
47
48
49
S0
51
52
53
64
55
56
57 to 60
61
62
63
NOMOGRAHIS FOR HELICAL COMPRESSION iW13

EXTENSION SPRINGS--ContimMd ....
Streasea in Kktenaion Spring Hooks Reduced
Permissible Tomion Streaa Resulting From Initial Tension
S&aaes in Torsion Spring EnU Eye
S~
in Torsion Spring Ends, Straight
Deflection of Torsion Spring En&
NOMOGRAPHY FOR HELICAL TORSION SPRINGS
Fibre Stress V.S. MoLow Range
Fibre StmM VS. Moment High Range
Fibre Stress Correction for Cunmture
Tuma per Coil VS Momen& Low Iknge
Turns per Coil VS. MomenL High Range
Turns per Coil for Other Moduli
Constant Force Spring Multiple Mounting
ConAnt Force Spring
Design Charts for Constant Force Springs
Coned Disc (Belleville) Springs, Cons@mta
Allowable Working Stresses for Springs
Toleranc~ on En& of Extension Springs
APPENDIX
Table
I
Preferred Sizes for Spring Materials

APPENDIX
Ix
HI
Iv
v
VI
VIII
:x
x
XI
XII
XIII
XIV
xv
A SECTION I MATERIALS
A SECTION II DESIGN
Formulas for Compression and Extension Springs

Compression Spring Formulas for Dimensional Characteristics
Formulas for Load Deflections of Compression and Extension
Springs (Impact)
Curvature Stress Correction Factora (K), for Compression and
Extension $prin~
Tablea of Spring Characteristics fm Compression and Extension
Springs
Formulas for Torsion Springz

Moment VS. Wire Size Chart, (Torsion Springs)
Formulas for Spiral Tomion Springs
Torque for 1 h Wide Spiral Torsion SpringS
Stress Factor St
Factor Q
.
Formulag for Flat Springs
Critical Stress Data
Permiasibk Elevated Temperatures
Si

---
Xvl
XVII
XVIII
xx
XxXx
IkxxnmenW
Tolerance8 on OD
Reamunended Tolerances on Number of Cdk
Recomrnencied Tolerance on Position of Arms of Torsion
springs
Recommended Tole==
on _
Recommended Tok~
on sqmreMwofGfor (lxnp-ion
SP~
Table of Third and Fourth Powem
Load Changes Due to Sl@t
Causea of Spring Failum)
Wb
~-
Sii

-___ _
____
MIMTD-29A
STAND-
MILITARY
FOR MECHANICAL SPRINGS

@_
~ bwin~
prep=ed by or for the
Department of Defense.
L SCOPE
U SCOPE This standard illuatratea the ap~
method of dmring, dimensioning, and
~-d-m~bq
ofeach~of
mechanical lwhwdescribed
is man&rui& Adherence tothia8taldad
cMo!ryinth
epxwPlmktionofdr awhUJs
preX
by m for the Department of Defense.
Apgmndix A containa mater@
design and
manufacturing data repxwentative of mod@mspringengi
neering.Itiaimchded
forguMaau88md
ammaianceadyand
tahu BomandatoryprovMm&
L REFERENCED
U NOT APPLICABLE
3. DEFINITIONS
U MECHANICAL SPRING. An elastic body

whose mechanics function is to store energy
when deflected under load and return the
equivalent amount of energy upon being released.
Jwrehl
-
S.2 LOAD. The fome exerted upon or by a

spring in older to reproduce or modify mtion or to maintain s fofce system in equilibrium. A static bad is Sbldy applied and does
not subject s spring to fatigue. A dynamic
load is ather a suddenly applied load or one
that causes impact due to kinetic energy. It .
also may be frequently repeatd,
thus
shortening fatigue life.
LLIIypeso fsprimg!LT he&peaofsprings

daldbed inthi88bdard
are:
LLLl
compN6iooL
(a) Helicals Cylindrical; 0) m

Stranded Wire ; (C) Volute ; (d) Coned Disc
~e)
.Ima
Extemaku
3S TVTAL DEFLECTION. The movement

of 8 spring fmn free position to its maximmn operating position. In a compression
qti,
it is the deflection from the Free
Length to the Solid Length.
(a) Helical
LLLs rkmiOm
(a) Helical; (b) Torsion bar; (c) 9PM
3A DEFLECTION PER COIL. The tom deflection of the spring divided by the number
of active coils.
10lOIAFlat.
(@
1JA5
DOCUMENTS
tithe
C0msta8t f~
M SET. The permanent distortion from the

manufactured dimensions which occurs when
the spring is stressed beyond the elastic limit
of the materiaL
(a) FM Strip
101.1.6 Garter.
(a) Helical
COIIS. The number of coils

which are umd in computing the total deflection of the spring.
3.6 ACTIVE
1.2 PURPOSZ The purpose of this wtndami is to establidi uniform methods of specifying md pmduc data for mechanical
27 TOTAL COIX9. The number of active

.

MIL4TD-29A
coils plus the coils fox

pre98ion Springs).
the -,
from one en~ the direction of heh

k right hand when the coil recedes in a
chckwiae direction, and left hand when it
recedes in counterdockwiae directioL A
right hand helix follows the same direction
aathethreada
onadandardacruw.
Aleft
hand helix is most popular for compreaaion
and extmmion apringa.
is viewed
(@m-
S.6 SOLID LENGTE

The overall length of
a compression spring when all coils am fully
Compressed.
S.9 FREE LENGTE The overall length of
a qrhlg in the unloaded poaitiom
8J8 REFERENCE DIMENSION. A rderence dimension ia a dimension without tilerance which ia entered on a drawing. for in-
SJO PITCH. The di8tance between centers

of adjacent active coils of a spring in the
formational purpoaea and WhiCh does not

ml=wf~
or bpection
operaticm& Refelwlce dimenaiuna are hldi-M on drawings by writing the abbtion IIEF diredly fdbwing or under tie
dimenaiom
unloaded podtiom
TENSION. A bad WOtlYld inti

helical extension sPr@rs d*O
coiling operation which keepe the da
tightly closed and which must be erceeded
byanapptidltimomtiti~b
opal.
~
~
certain
S019STRESS RE~~
to low temperati
W SPRING INDEX l%. ratio of the mean

epring diametxr to the dkmetorofthewln
coihgorbendingto rernovemd dualstress=

ded
-used by the forming 0p8diOXL b
krain
~i?,
%lueing -d
%m-
%aking.
The dtfkance k
ndminhnum
S21EARDEN.
Tocmmeamatarial
tob
come lmrder by heat tmatmenk Spring steds
are heated above the critical temperature
and quenched in ofl. Precipitation hardening
fi~
~
~ Beryllium-Copper, K-Monei
and Inconel X are heated at elevated tem~
for extended ~oda of tima
Factor.
3J4 TORQUE A taming fmw dxmt =
aria multiplied by the dhtance fram the
kadtotheax@w+~hpdinche (LB XN.) or in -~
(O2 ~=)
and always U8ed in Conjunctionwith the num-
S22 ENDURANCE LIMIT. The rndmum

atrefJ80rrange of8trea8atwMda~
will ~te
indehitely WithOUtfaihares This
edat
limit for 6pring8 ia usually ~
10,000,000 cycles of deflection.
rwob-
MS SPRING TOLERANCE. The permidble

Variation from a given dinlendon.
323 ELASTIC LIMIT. The maximm aizm

to which a material may be sub:?cfiid
without causing a permanent 6* Ako th?
atrezta beyond which a material inust be SZZjetted to form a coil, radiua or bad.
X16 FACTOR OF SMWTY. The ratio of the
mdmum load a qming can audain without

permanent net to tlm maximum applied load.
S.17 DIRECTIONOF HE15
relieve, atres8 equauzi#,
MO RANGE OF ~
tweenthe -atmaximuma
&la SPRXNG IMTJL The load required to

dei!kt a common
or extenhm 8ptig one
inch or the load required to deflect a torsion
@*
one degree or one revolution. *
tierred to as ~
%radienti and Load
ber uf degnee of rOt8tiO& number of

tiona
or ddbcted
position
To subject aPrinlrtheat treatment --
When a spring
2

Check the source to verify that this is the current version
before
use.
.
.
MIL-STD-29A
8.24 MODULUS OF RIGIDITY. The meamre

of elastic ability. A mathematical constant
expressing the stiffness, rigidity, elasticity
and flexibility of a material. Also called modulus of elasticity and Young modulus.
4. GENERAL
width an thickness of material, shall be

designated in decimais, or common fractions
of an inch, as applicable, and unless otherwise specified, all dimensions apply before
pkting or applying finishes. Such dimensions
are used ta avoid confusion resulting from
various gage numbering systems in current
use. However, they should conform with the
appropriate gage customarily used with the
material specified, whenever possible. For
oil tempered and corrosion resisting steels
such diameters should conform wkh the
U. S. Steel Wire Gage, which is the same as
the Washburn & Moen Gage. For non-ferrous matethe American Wire Gage,
which is the same as the Brown & Sharpe
Gage, is usd Music Wire is drawn to the
American Steel Wire and Music Wire Gage
but other gages and intermediate sizes are
available. DO not specify the name of the
Gage used. Tolerances on diameter and
thickness shall not be specified when they
are coveti
in the appropriate material
specifications or by general tolerance notes.
Specify a tolerance on the width, as applicable. See Table I, Preferred Sizes of Spring
Materiak, in Appendix A, Section L
REQUIREMENTS
4J Not Applicable
5. DETAIL
REQUIREMENTS
501 GENERAL Figures 2(a) through 2(d) ,

through 4(d), 7, 10, Q 1S, 14, 16, 17
4(a)
and 18 are Drawing Requirement Charts

illustrating approved methods of drawing
and dimensioning the various types of
springs listed in paragraph 1.1.1 and include
compilations of spring data to be used as
applicable when prescribing manufacturing
~information on detail drawings of mechanical springs. The inclusion herein of these
charts should not be interpreted as restrkting the scope of spring characteriatica to be
speciiied on engineering drawings delineating
springs. The specification of correct and
compkte manufacturing data h the responsibility of the cognizant Design Activity.
Figures 19 thru 30 are examples of typical
deti
drawings of springs illustrating the
application of the information included on
the charts.
5.24 IMpection Notes, Detail drawings of

springs that are critical, including those
springs subjected to critical conditions of
temperature
*
or corrosive environments, shzdl include appropriate instruction
notes applicable to controlling the manufacture within the desired environments. It is
appropriate to specify those spring factors
~
b~o%
the tests required, and
whether all springs produced from the particular drawing SMll b inspected. consistent
with Quality Control Procedure the size of
inspection samples shall not be specified.
S.1.1 Delineation. The simplified drafting

methods shovm on the Drawing Requirement
Charts and the typical detail drawings, e.g.,
Figures 2(a) and 19, are generally satisfactory for depicting helical springs.
S.2 SPECIFICATIONS APPLICABLE TO
ALL SPRINGS:
5.2.1 Material Specikationae Material speci-
fications are designate$ in the space provided fn the title block on the drawing. When
such space is-inadequate enter therein SEE
NOTE and describe the material requir~
ments in a general note.
5.2.2 Diameter
of wire. W-
diameter,
&3 FORMAT FOR SPECIAL DATA NOTES.

When notes prescribing special data are rquired on detail drawings of springs, it is
recommended that the following format be
used :
or
3
.

MM-29A
(a) stress at .................................. Op

- +
.. .............. ..F for ......................
minu~
after coiling (or fcrmb)
(b) Hardness range Rc .......**......
.
to ............................
Sp~
Guide lines for specifying
pertinent dimensional and load dsta on engineering drawings of helical compression
springs, which satisfy apeciflc design requirements and, simul~eoualy, allow maxi.T.UZIlatitude in manufacturing, are provic!ti here@ categorized as fokvs:
Pression
(c) Squareness of ends in free ~:i:c:

within ... ...................O.
(1) No Load Specijtd, The design activity assumes responsibility for the load ca-
(d) Cold set to solid.

(e) Shot peen (give apeciikation)
...... ............... intensi~.
(f) PrOte&ive coating
tion)-.
(s?) Non destructive
speciikation).
~ty
of the spring. The manufacturer is
required to furnish a spring meeting the
dhXl~iOXld data specified. The free length,
the coil diameter, and the total number of
COWI= 8pecified, each with a tilen~e.
The tolerance on the wire diameter conforms
to the governing material specification.
Figure 2(a) shows suggested data applicble to springs in the no load _ry.
to
(give specifbimpection
(five
(h) The body shall not camber more

than ........ ....... IN. in itsentire
(2)one&udwwmatWV~
application when the spring is required to
develop a load, within a Stolerance,
pref818b~ at the initial assembled lengtk
The sp~
normally, is not subjected to
fddktion
in operatiom The manufacturer isrequired
tomeet the load mquiremen~ but the free length and the total
number of coils are not reatricte& being
desigmtted REF. The tohranoe on the wire
diameter conforms to the governing materkd specification and the manner of coil
diameter callout is dependent upon spring
function. F-
2(b) shows suggested dab
applicable to springs in the one load cate-
length
(i)
Test over 8rbor
0)
To wi-d
dia .. . ........=...= IN.
=pentures
..-... ....-0.-----
of
F for ......................
hours with loss of bad not to ex................... %.

(k) To withstand ................ defections
from initial to nnal position with
loss of laad not to exceed..........%.
S4 HELICAL COMPRESSION SPRINGS

~1 =-e
A COmp-d~
-g
~ =
oP8MX)flhelical spring that 0ff8?!Jresistance
to compressive force applid dally. Compression springs are ganerally made cylindrical in fo~ although Uther forms are Used,
such as conic4 taper@ concme or conv~
conaMunt with design ~~~.
~
of ready supply, *
of Ciml18r cross section is used whenever possible; however,
where advantageous to deui~
wire of
square or rectangular cross section may be
utilized. Figure 1 illustratxM several forms
of helical compression springs.
5.4.2 Dm&g
Ik@rements
for Hclbl
WV*
(9) Two Lou& Sped@d. This category
has application when the spring is required
to develop a lo@ within a specified tolerance, at each of two definite compressed
lengthiL normally at the initial and the find
o~ting
poMions in the assembly. The
mandkctmer
is required to meet the load
requimnents,
other spring cbmdddics
being designated as described in paragraph
5.4.2 (2). Figure 2(c) shows suggested data
appli-ble
to springs in the hro 10wW
cntegory.
(4) Sp%g
tim-
R&
S-*W.

~_. =_. -_. ._ ._-.
___ ._-.
_.
. _
rMs =tWorY
MIL-ST&29A
has application in assemblies in which the

spring rate is the most significant characteristic for example, in calibrated scales. The
xnanuf8cturer is required to meet a prescribed spring rate, within a specihd tolerance, but the free length and the total numb8r0fwib
~p8rmitt8dt0
vary, being
designated REF. The tokranea on the wire
diameter confomna to tho governing material
specification and the manner of ooil diameter
callout h dependent upm the spring functiOIL
Additiondy,
when closer control of
the load to be developed at the initial aasernbied length is desired, one loa& with a
tolerance, to be developed at the assembkd
length should be specified. Figure 2 (d) shows
@uggested data applicable to springs in the
~*
rate category.
(d) OD, with tolerance

Direction of Helix. When governed by
design requirements, specify the direction of
helix as LEFT HAND (or LH), or
RIGHT HAND (or RH), as applicable;
otherwise specify as OPTIONAL In most
cases the baud is not impor@nt except when
a piug screws into an end; or when one
spring fb inside another, in which case one
spring should be designati
kft hand and
the other right hand.
.
5.4.2.3 Type of En* The types of ends having application to helical compression
springs are illustrated in Figure 3. Specify
the ~
of ends on the drawing; when neces~,
the ends should be dimensioned.
5.422
5.4.2.1 Coil Diameter. Depending upon the

application of the spring, specify one of the
following :
5.4JL4 Solid Length. The maximum solid

length shall be specified for any spring category when this parame~ is esaentiai to dsign requiremen~
However. solid length
callout should be omitted whenever practicable Except when necessary to satisfy
function, springs should not be designed to
go adid in O~tiOli.
-RR
-OVER
. . .....
IN. (MAX) DLA ROD
(b) TO WORK IN
IN. (lUN) DIA BORE
(c) ID, with tolerance
(a)
. .

.
..-=
-.G_
--s.
HELICAL COMPRESSION SPRING
CYLINDRICAL
RIGHT HAND HELIX
CYLINDRICAL
LEFT
FORMS
cow&x
RIGHT HAND HELIX
WITH
HAND
CONED
END
HELIX
CONCAVE
CONICAL
RIGHT HAND HELIX
RIGHT HAND HELIX

ML-29A
DRAWING
REQUIREMENTS
WHEN
&X&.FREE
T
r--
LG
NO LOAD IS
(Note
COMPRESSION
SPRINGS
SPECIFIED
~)~1
.xXx *
-(Note
**XXX
2)
..
t*
FOR HELICAL
-.
L..
Para
KATEBIALSPECIFICATION... . . . . . . .. ....--..
WIRE DIA ......
D~CTION Or EELR
....
TOTALCOILSXX A = -...-..........
SPECXALDATA -........-
Nobl:8pec&
Nob
free leagt&withtaMance
-----
. . ...... ..-----------692.1
. .. IN. Sx
.kNotea
--.-
(or by limia). (Mu
.......- ....-
to Appudix
63
A, Sect&m IQ
T-
~)
~: Whesi epring opera&a owr guide, spec!fyinaidediameterof coil. with tolerance (or by limits). For
Otbu 8pplic8~ UpocifyOdo diameterWith~
(or by limits). (UU to APpendixA,
(Rafer
coil%
withtaler8ao&
rmrn
to Appeadix
A, section IIXj Table XVII+)
z(a)

I
-!
\
DRAWING
REQUIREMENTS
REF-
FREE
*
Q
I
t
.-
SPRINGS
[Para
LG
-.
--
COMPRESS1ON
ONE LOAD IS SPECIFIED
WHEN
X.XX
FOR HELlCAL
5.4.2.1)
-.-
(pore
MATEEIAL
WIRE
SPECI?ICATION
. ..... . . . .. ...- .
DIA .... . ....... ....... . ... . .. .
5.4.2.3)
..DO.-..
. ... . . ... --
.....
-....
-.----
- .xxx
OF MZLIX---...------TOTALco= -.... ......- ....-.---..------.-.----.=-
IN.
DIEECIXON
LOAD
AT COMPRESSEDM OF XXX IN.- =
8PECLALDATA
IB * =
xx
BmlQ*l
Nob t
LB ---.-
.
.....- ... ....... ...-.
89s
!a4ml:
sp@cifyaQtdlBulnbe?afa&:&4na$B
Not8z:spocif7
~bhd
tbe91u4dtb
blemlum,
BE?.
tiobcdcwekpdat
adefhhhmtk
prdembiythofdtid
hgth9
Pmuma 2(b)

MIL-ST529A
DRAWING
REQUIREMENTS
WHEN
X.XX
REF-
FREE
FOR
TWO
LG
HEL\CAL
LOADS
COMPRESSION
ARE
SPRINGS
SPECIFIED
*XXX
(Pofo
5.4.2.1)
.-
+
1
-0
L.
-(para
5.4.2.3)
Pm
MATEBIAL
WIRE
SPECIFICATION
DIA ..... .......... ... ....... ..... ... ........... .... ..... ... ...... .... ...... .. . ... . ..... ............ nuc
DIRECTION
TOTAL
OF
.. . ...... . ... . .. .. .. . .... ....... ... . ... ..... . . .. ... ...
COILS
COMP=SSED LG OF
AZ
LOAD
AT COMPRESSEDLG
SPECIAL DATA
XXX
OF XXX
........... ...............-... --..
Specify W
number of coih;
... . .....
6.2.2
.. . . ........ XX
BEF
Note 1
IN -
XX LB = XX
LB -- ........... . .. . ..... .
Note 2
IN -
XX LB *
LB .... . .......... ... ..... .. . ...
Note 3
designatm
XX
....a.."..a . ... .... . . ....... ....... . ...... .... . 5.2
- ......".. "--
REF.
Nob 2: Specify losd to be developed at
tial
m.
....... .. ........................ 6.422

HELIX ....... .......-....
. ..... ......-.
W.
.......--..
LOAD
Note 1:
....... ......... ...... . ..... ..... ....... .. ...... ...... .... .................................. 62-1
emb of two deibaita compressed

sad the final opersting positions h the assembly.
FIWBS
lengths, preferably t
tbe
2(c)

ini-
MIMTD-29A
DRAWING
REQUIREMENTS
WHEN
REF -
x.%x
FREE
SPRING
HELlCAL
RATE
IS
COMPRESSION
SPECIFIED
I-xxxt
LG
5.4.2.1)
(Paro
II t8
@
..
r--
FOR
--
.0
~--
+$(
5.4.2.3)
MATERIAL
WIBE
SPECIFICATION
DIA .....-.
DIBECTION
TOTAL
SPRING
m
SPECw
.. . . . .... .. . ...
... . . . . ... . .. . ....... .. . . .. ........ =
IN. AND xx
WITHOUTPE~NT
DATA
..... . ..-
~. _ ~
LB * ~
.
. .. . .
LB -.
6s2
COMPRESSED
. ..
.. .. . .
..-.
Notal
5A9(4)
.. ..
SET ..-............ . .. ... ........... ...... =
.. ....-=...
2: Spodfy opriagrate, with
=BEF
----
IN. ......... . .. . .. . .. .
8.21
6.4Z2
. . .. ------
RATE XX LB/IN. * XX LB/IN. BETWEEN
IA
IN.
.... .....-.-...a...-...c-.----
.....
WMPBESSED LG OF ~
OF xx
SOLID
Nob
OF UXJX
COILS
LOAD AT
.... . . .
..... ..... ........... ..... ... .. .... ............. ......... . ....................... .......
N*
m. 5.-4
64
tderaaa

. . -~_____
MIMTD-29A
TYPES W
WLICAL
COMPRESSION SPRIRG ENDS
OPEN ENDS HOT GROUND

ItlGET
-SED
LBFT
CLOSKD ENDS HOT GROUND
HAND HELIX
RIGHT EMU) HELIX
IWDS GROUND
OPm XNDS GROUND

LEFT mum EBLIX
HAND HELIX
?Mtma S
5.5 STRANDED WIRE COMPRESSION
SPRXNGS
S3.1 De6nitiom Stranded wire compression
are
helical compression springs
formed from two, three or more wires
~
about each other, or about one wim
as a core, to form a single strand. Stranded
wire compression springs have the advantige of damping the migratory waves that
traveme the spring under shock loading.
SuCh Spfi~
should be Spc?dkd With CSIJtion since stranded wire is specially made
and is not readily available.
springs
5.S2 Drawing Requirements for Stranded

Wh Compreaaion SPrin~ Figure 20 is a
typical detail drawing of a stranded wire
helid compression spring. The methods of

tiwing
and dimensioning, and the spring
dati applicable to stranded wire springs
correspond in general to those ahovm in
Figures 2(c) for compression sprin~ except that the additional spring information
notad herein is required on detail drawings:
(a) Number of Wires in Strand.

(b) Diameter of each Wire.
(c) Length of Lay (Distance parallel
to strand axis in which a single
wire makes one turn.)
(d) Direction of Strand HeIix
NOTE: The strand helix shall be
opposite in direction to the coil
helk
(e) Direction of Coil Helix (Left Hand
or Right Hand).
(f) TYpe of Ends. Specify either CLOSED ENDS NOT GROUND or
OPEN ENDS NOT GROUND, as
applicable. Specify that ends are
to be soldered, brazed or welded
to prevent unraveling, and sharp
burrs shall be mmOVed.
5.6 HELICAL EXIENSION SPRINGS
S.6.1 Definition. A helical extension spring
is a close-wound spring with or without
initial tension, or an open-wound spring

MllATk29A
force t=ca
?edstanCe to 8n Ad
ing to axtend its length. ~on
apmm
are Zormed or St&d with ends whiu. are
U8ed for Maching the spring to the 8mexnbly. They are gemwdly made of wire of
eircuk cmm-sdi~
but when advantage
oustod~~be
madeofwireof,quare
~om
-naion
~r
tiMybwmd*@==tmM
touching w lightly that deflection begins the
fnstant a W ia applie& However, they am
USUW d=igned to retain abut 10% of
their Xnuinluxn applied lo8d u MM tendom TM hokla the COWtogether thus nmkingiteuier
tocoiltheapringa
andmoettest
re@mments.
Theyxnayak
be wound so
tightly, that 8 largQ PortIon of the applied
hmd (up to about 83% of the lnaxhnum
*?ht Ofku
load) must h ~
tion mcmra Figure
before actual deiloc5 inushtes

vm50u8
Imna
of helical ~on
springs.
5.64! Ihwing
Requimmem
for Hdkai ExGuidelines for specifying
tendon Sprin~
dimensional and load &h on engineering

drawings showing helical extension springs
are similar to those established for helical
compression uprings. Figuras 4(a) through
4(d) show suggeded guidelines for use, w
kctivdy,
in delineating helical ertendon
spring8, in the eategoriea described in ~graph 5.4.20
8ad h@h
O= COik ~
coib in n ~ion
8pAng u8ually 8re acthm Exception8 are thoce wfth plug ends
md those with end coils coned over swwel
hooks. Specify the total number of coils and
thelength overcoils eachas REF, ~pt
as
noted in Figun 4(a).
5.6.21 Total m

MIHTD-29A
DRAWING
REQUIREMENTS
WHEN
~=-FREE*LG
Xxx
FOR MEL CAL EXTENSION
NO LOAD IS
INSIDE
SPR NGS
SPECIFIED
(Note
ENDS~
,xxx _
1)
-J(
xx
.X)J
.Xx
-& i!i!i!c--%
-.
~XXX
REF~
5.6.2.1)
(PWO
Type of ends
(Para 5.6.2.3)
Sp+tg data
MATERIAL
SPECIFICATION
DIA . ..... . .
WIRE
DIRECTION
TOTAL
SPECIAL
TENSION
XX
..
.. .... ......... . . ........
.........._._..___
LB A XX
-
.. . .. xxx
IN.
---
P... ...--.-.
ENDS WITHOUT
....0.0--..
... . .._.
....--..
OF ENDS
LG INSIDE
DATA
. ..
A XX
POSITION
EXTENDED
INXTIAL
OF HELIX
COILS Z
REUTIVE
.......... . .... . .............. . . .......... ... . ... ..... . .. ... . . . .... ..... ... ..
..... .. . . .. ... . .. . .
. .......
PE RMANENT
SET XXX
LB ..... .. . . ......... .... . ... .. .... ....... .. ... ..
.... ..00. .. .... ........
.--
IN.
(=)
. ........... .... ..
. . ... . .. ..*..- ... .
Not, 1: Spdfy outside di8ul*

of cdl, with tderaaco (or by limk) .
& Soctioa III, TaM, ~)
(Mu
* Appalix
Nti
2:
Spuify
toti
Uambor of Ooils Wfth Memnco.

~Oli
~,
Tab& ~)
(I&for b Appeuciix&
Nota 8: when esae!ltid b design loquimnetn t%

INITIAL
TENSION
OPTIONAL
Mtial tmuiom with tolorana : Obnrk
mctcm8 4(s)
13

8peci&
MEATD-29A
DRAWING REQUIREMENTS
WHEN
FOR HELICAL
ONE
LOAD IS
-(-.
.-
~~
}1~
MATERIAL
WIEE
not important)
Xx
-l
.XX
MAX
Type
of nds
(Pam 5.6.2.3)
~..
. ...
.. .....-..-.-.--.---
OF RELIX
xx R (Omit when
d
B-y
XXX REF~
(Pam 5.6.2.1)
SPECIFICATION
DIA ......
DIRECMON
--
SPRINGS
SPECIFIED
..
EXTENSION
... . ..... ........
IN.
.u_muw
TOTAL COXM ..- . . ...- ....u.n....~
Xx mm
RELATIVE POSITION 0? ENDS .
P~
NT SET xxx IN. (-)
INITIAL TEN81ONXX LB k = LB ...-..-.--..-.
XXTENDED LO INSIDE ENDS WITHOUT
LOJUIXX
SPECIAL
Nob 1: S-
LB*
XX LB AT XXX
IN. 15TENDED
LG INSIDE ENDS.-.-..=..
DATA ....-...-..--.-.----.-.
W
nmnbu of cofls; dadmuta BEP.
14
I

MILSTD419A
DRAWING
REQUIREMENTS
WHEN
TWO
FREE
x.x%
FOR HELICAL
LOADS
LG INSIDE
ARE
EXTENSION
SPRINGS
SPECIFIED
.X)(
ENDS~
(MAX]
..
lwd
-.
l-X.XX
.Xx
REF+
Type
.x x
(Paro 5.6.2.1)
se
of ends
S. 6. 2.3)
&tu
Paw
MATERIAL
WIRE
SPECIFICATION
DIA
..... ... . ... ..--
DKRECTION
TOTAL
OF
COILS
-LA-
LOAO=LB
IX)U ~
HELXX
POSITION
. . . . . . . . . . .
. . .
. .
. . . . .
. . . .
. .
. . . .
. ..*
. . .
-.. ... . ..O+O

--....-...--..-
. . .
.. ... . . . ..... .... . . . .... ...... . . ........... ... ............ . ....... . . . . .......
. . ..n._
OF ENDS
.........
...._.._.
... ...-
__.-. .
X LB A X LB . ... ..... .. ..-...
. ... =
..... ..000-.... .. -.
LB AT XX
LB * XX LB AT ~
... ..0.000-...
=F
IN. (u)
.. . ..-
. . ....0.--.
La
IN. OPEMTING
INSIDE
Las
Noa 1
6060294
6.6S02
Note 2
Nob a
LG INSIDEENDS_
IN. EXTENDED
Sal
IN.
INSIDE ENDS WITHOUTPEBMANE NT SET -
TENSION
==
. . . . .
. . ...-.
.- .. ..-n...-.._
ZXTENDED LO
INXTIAL
. . . . . . . . .
ENDS - ............... Nota 9
SPECXAL DATA ....-...-..
&a
Noti 1: Specify total aumber of coils; desigmateBEF.
Nob 2: When eneatial

todesign mquimmenta, qmcii!y iniu
INITIM.4TENSIONOPTIONAL
MOB
abded
!?otB8: spoeif? tl&lo8d to bedev910pedate8ch
fnitid and the Sxial 0~~
len@hs
with tolerwla ; Otho-
in the s89emb&.
~
4(c)
15

MIL-STD-29A
DRAWING
REQUIREMENTS
WHEN
X*XX
FOR HELICAL
SPRING
REF-FREE
RATE
IS
LG INSIDE
EXTENSION
SPRINGS
SPECtFIED
ENDS
lF:::;::;:
..
..%)(
WIN)+
+XXX(MIN)~A~X.XXREF+~-HX
+.XX
(MAX)+
(Pam 5.6.2.1)
Sp?+nu
A*
MATERIAL
SPECIFICATION
WIRE
... .
DIA
OF
DIRECTION
TOTAL
..
. . ... . . . .
R?ITW
-........---.--....
POSITION
EXTENDED
OF ENDS
.. .
DATA
XX
XX
IN.
LB A =
. . ..- =IN.u
LB/IN.
a =
.. . . . .
XX UFNobl
O...........Z.-
6U
PEBMANENT
SET XX
LB .--.
LB/IN.
IN.
(U)
6.6Q2
.
BETWEEN
......... . . .... ..... ...... . . . .
LG INSIDE
.. ... ........
Nota 2
EXTENDED
AND XXX IN. INSIDE ENDS .
Not. 1: Spoeify total mnmber of eoih; -b

NO*
... ..
..--....___
LOAD= LB= XX LB AT XX IN. O~TING

SPECIAL
.. . . . .
--
ENDS WITHOUT
LO INSIDE
TENSION
SPRtNG RATE
M OF X.X%
.... . . .. .
HELIX .. ........ ..... .... ... ..-.--... .....-..........-.......-.. -
COILS .........
BELATIVE
... . ...-_..--_-.._..
NENDS_
. ...--
6.4S(4)
.. .....
6.6
REF.
unntid
to design roquiraaatt8, 8pocify initial tmdoa with tololaaco; Otbuwh
INITIAL TENSION OPTIONAL
2: Wb,n
Pwtmm4(d)
16
I

I
MllrSTD-29A
HELICAL EXTENSION SPRING FORMS
CYLINDRICAL SHAPE
RIGHT HAND HELIX
CONVEXSHAPE
LEFT HAND HELIX
CONED ENDS WITR
SHORT SWIVEL ?WOKS

LEFT RAND EELIl(
FmJx8 S
17

rYMW OF ESLItiL
MACHINE LOOP AND

N~K
MACNINE
SMOWNIN LINE
EXIZNSION SPRING ENDS
*@
SUALL EYE AT SIDE
MACNINELOOP AND uACHINE
MOOK
SNOWAT RIGHT ANGLfS
all
I-K
Al UIGMT
ANGLE$
SUALL EYE OVER
HAND LOOP AND
CENTER
ahk
RLDVCCD
OOUSLE
~o
LOOP 70
a-s
PULL LOOP OVER CENTER
OVER
AT SIDE
ALL
NO SPECWL
WCTCNDCD ZYE FRON
CJTN8R CCNTER
OR SXDC
CUT E-NW
CUTER
TYPES
WHICH
FOR
TOOLS ARE REQU=D
STRAIGHT END ANNCA~D

70 ALLOW FORMtNG
THIS GROUP
WSR
CENTER
THE ABOVE ENDS ARE STANDARD
PLAIN SQUARC
I$AND HAL? LOOP
MACHINE UAL? NOOK
FULL LOOP
OF SPECIAL
CONED CND TO HOLD
CONCD END
LONG SWIVEL EYE
WITH SWIVEL HOOK
ENDS ~QUmE
SPECIAL
TOOLS

I
MIL-SB29A
REF, or with
if essential to the
5.622 Maximum Extended Length. Specify

the maximum allowable extended length
without perman ent set as a protxxtion
against over extending the spring during
assembly only if essential to design require-
5.7.2.2 Direction of Helix. The helix of a torsion spring is important; specify as LEFT
ments. Be sure the total stress at this deflection is less than the elastic limit in torsiom
HAND or RIGHT HAND, as applicable

Helical torsion springs should be so designed
that the applied loads tend to wind up the
tolerances,
design.
spring.
5.623
TyWS of Ends. Typical types of ends
applicable to helical extension springs are

illustrated in Figure 6. The of ends
required shall be completely delineated and
dimensioned on the drawing. Usually the
outside diameter of a hook or loop is the
same as the outside diameter of the spring.
A Hook has an open space between its
end and the body of the spring. A Loop is
5.7.2.3 Pitch of Coils or Initial Tension. When

open coils are used specify the pitch as a
REFERENCE dimension; except that when
initial tension, is required, specify the initial
tension, in pounds with a tolerance, instead
of pitch. Initial tension is seldom desirable
in torsion springs.
a closed hook.
5.7.2.4 Torque Loads Specify the torque

loads at the initial and final positions k
_
the deflected end and not at deflection
from free position. However, if more than
one revolution is required, specify the number of revolutions from the free position.
Example: 40 Ib in. A 4 Ib in. at 2.5 revohltions from free position. Tolerances shaIl be
applied to the to~ue loads but not to the
angle betxveen the ends. Also state under
SPECIAL DATA the diameter of the arbor
or rod over which the spring is tested, which
should be the same size as the shaft over
which it is operated.
5.62.4 Relative P(mition of Ends. When controlled by assembly requirements, the relative position of the ends shall be specified
with a tolerance; otherwise ticlude in the
spring data this note:
RELAI?VE POSITION
OF ENDS
UNIMPORTANT.
5.7 HELICAL TORS1ON SPRINGS
5.7.1 Definition. Helical torsion springs are
springs that offer resistance to or exert a
turning force in a plane at right angles to
the axis of the coil. Torsion springs are gen-
5.7.2.5 Maximum Deflection without Permanent Set. Specify the maximum allowable deflection without permanent set in degrees
of rotation beyond the final position, as a
precaution against overstressing the spring
during assembly only if essential to design
requirements. Be sure the total stress at this
deflection is less than the elastic limit in
erally made of circular cross section in a variety of forms and are employed in applications seldom alike. Figures 8 and 9 illustrate
various forms of torsion springs and some of
the ends used on such springs.
5.72 Drawing Requirements for Helical Tordon Springs Explanation of the spring data
listed in Figure 7 is given below. Figure
bending.
22 is a typical drawing of a torsion spring.
5.7.2.6 Spring Rate. Specify the spring rate

in pound inches per degree of deflection as a
REFERENCE except where particular design requirements necessitate a tolerance.
5.74?.1Total Coib and Length over Coik ~

coils in a torsion spring usually are active.
Specify the total number of coils and-kc
length over coils in the free position each as
Examples
of such applications
~re in caIi-
19

I
DRAWING
REQUIREMENTS
FREE POSITION
coil
(Pam
5.4.2.!)
POSITION
INITIAL
POSITION
t
Xxx
J-
REF
FINAL
TORSION SPRINGS
FOR HELlCAL
.XX R
.-
l!!
.
.
4)0(
.XX
~
X.%X REF- FREE

OVER COILS
(Paro 5.7.2.1)
LG
OIA
>
&
DIRECTION
OF LOADIN~
{,
MATERIAL
SPECIFICATION
..... . ..
. ...
... .. . ..0---WIRE DXA ... ...... . ... ..... ..... . .... ...-........*
DIMXZION
OF HELIX ... .......-
.. ....
-.. .. ...
TOTAL COILS ..-.---
PITCH ........................- ....*e....-".. -""-.*. -.-"" .--""---
...-.. ... ..
-...
=
.
------- .... ...........
...
IN.
xx%=
..
. .....
TORQUE XX LB IN. * =
LB IN. AT INITIAL
POSITIOii .. . ..
TORQUE XX LB IN. * XX LB IN. AT lUNAL POSITION .-.---..
MAXIMUM
DEFLECTION
WITHOUT
SET BEYOND FINAL POSITION
XX DEG
. ..- XX LB INJDEG
lZEF
SPRING EATE .----....--..-.--
.
TYPES OF ENDS ....... . . ...-..--.-.
..nO-..
SPECIAL
DATA . ... ... ......-..-
~7
RPM
E51CAL
TORSIOW
SPmm
mm

MIl_sTk29A
HELICAL TORSION SPRING
LEFT mND
FORMS
LEFr
Rmrr
RIGHT HAND HELIX
HAND ImLn
HAND HELIX
DOUBU
TORSION SPRING
F9
brated scales or instrument.
When the
ends applicable to hekal torsion springs are
spring rate is specified with a tol~ce
illustrated in Figures 8 and 9. The types of
designate the Ioadg at deflected positiong as
ends
required and the relative position of
a REFERENCE.
S7.27
the ends shall be completely dimensioned and

clearly delineated on the drawing.
Type of Ends, Some of the types of
21

MIL-STW29A
M
SPIRAL
TORSION
or it may be conv~
SPRINGS
~
S&l Ikfixdtiom A spiral torsion UP*
-~
USUMY made by windhg tit 8PM
on itaeifin the form of a spiral; and de-
prea6u=e in a
signed b wind up to.ex=
rotating direction aroud
the spfig
d.
t%ia Presmare =y
be dcdivered 88 tOmU%
a p~h
0= pm
6S2
Dratig
Reqhati
for Spiral Tor-
Spx. muon
of the @*g **
listedin Figure 10 is given below. F23
sion
ia a typical detail drawing of a spid

sion sprhg.
tor-
FOR SPIRAL TORSION SPRINGS
DRAWNG REQUIREMENTS
9
~~
forceL
OiRECTION
OF LOAOING
Pans
5.21
... ...........---- ...... ....................
MATER~L SPECIFICATION .......... ......... .............................
n IN. WIDE 6.22
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.........................==
INT~Ic~ ~ =x~:
MATEILIAL SIZE ..:
6.82.1
OUTSIDE DIAMETERIN FREE POS1TION.. ..
6982.1
............................
IN. *
.
..... .. ................. =
INSIDE DIAMETEB
.......
..........................................................xxx
DEVELOPED
LG OF MATEWAL
xxx
... . ................................................... ..........
ACTIVE LG OF MATERIAL
NUMBER OF COILS IN FBEE
IN.REP
IN. REP 60822
6.82.3
6.72.4
................................ .................... xx REF

POSITION
.. ......................... ...........
TORQUE
XX LB IN. * XX LB LN. AT INITIAL POSITION .
.......................................
TORQUE
XX LB IN. = XX LB IN. AT FINAL POSITION
~MUM
DEFLECTION
WITHOUT SET BEYOND FINAL
XX DEG
POSITION
.. .. . ........................e ..........e."".. "."...."o""."..".."*.."."...."..""...."".".TYPE OF
SPECIAL
6.7Z04
s.726
6.8.2.4
.........................................""
"...."
.......""..
".."
.""...
".""
.""..
""
".
"..""
".""
""
.`....".".
5A
........................--.
..........
ENDS
..................................
DATA .......................0......
Fmu= 10
22

MIL-STD-29~
TYPES OF SPIRAL
TORSIOX
SPRING
ENDS
A
A
1-
kc
4
END
1--1
END
III T
FImmE 11
23

MIL-STD-29A
6&2J Outahie and bide Diameter of Cdl
in the Free Poeitiom Specify both the outiide
and the inside diameters of the coil in the
free position as tolerance dhnenaiom
5-8=
Type of Ends and Angular Relation
of En& There are a variety of end formations poaaible for spiral springs, a few of
which are illustrated in Figure 11. The ends
5.84.2
shall be completely delineated and dimensioned on detail drawings.
Developed Length of Material and

Active Length of MateriaL Specify the hveloped
and
the
Active
Length
of
5.9 TORSION BAR SPRINGS
rnatttil
REFERENCE. To the active length iS

adde&the inactive material forming the ends
and the portion of a coil or COWthat hug
as a
5.9.1 De6nitiom Torsion bar springs are

straight bars or rods of de!lnite c~ion
used to offer a ~tance
to a twisting ment about the longitudinal axis. The crosseection may be round, square, rectangular or
hexagonal as dictated by design and availability. Circular cross-sections are generdy
used. Both ends are generally upset to di-
the shaf~ the sum of which is the developed

length.
S82$ Number of CoW in Free Poeition.
Specify and delineate the number of coils in
the free position as a REFERENCE.
ORWWQGREQUIREMENTS FOR TORSION EAR SPRINGS

R
R
L,
Tf
f:
t- 2
CA ~
~h
........... ................................... ....................... .... ...... ............. 6Z1

MATERIAL
SPECIFICATION
IN. 5.902.1
DIAMETER OF BODY(d) .................................... .... ......... XX IN. * .................... ~
DIAMETEII OF ENDS (D) ........................................ ..... XX IN. * . ................. XX IN. 6.921
....... ........... ........................... XX IN. = ............... .... XX IN. 6.9.22
LG OF OVERALL (Lo)
............................... .. XX IN. = ................... XX IN. S.92.2
LC OF ENDS(S) (Lt & b)
.
ANCLE OF TAPER(S)
(At a A:) ............................. =
DEG = ............= EG
5*9.23
LB IN. = ...... ............... . .... LB IN. AT
TORQUE ................. .......
.......... ............................... .................. 5.9.2.4
...
..... .. .... . DEGREES DEFLECTION
5.9-2.5
SPRING RATE
........ ................................ ..... ......... XX LB IN./DEG ................. =F
.......................................................................................... 5.9.2.6
TYP!? OF ENDS
.
........................................................................ 6.9.2.7
DIRECTION OF WINDUP MARKING
AANGULAR
RELATION
DATA (sAE
~A~UPACTWREOF
SPECIAL
................................................... ................
BETWEEN
ENDS
MANUAL
ON DESIGN AND
TORSION BARS ) .................... .........................."."..""."..". ..."... ".......Fmuaa
5.92.8
Fig. 2s
12
~f

MIL-STD29A
5.9.2.8 Angular Relation betw~n Ends. For
torsion bar springs which are coldset a
scribe line (approximately ~ld x 60V) shall
be cut on each end of the spring. The end
view shall show the angular relation between
the ends before and after coldsetting. For
torsion bar springs which are not coIdse&
angular relation between ends is not required unless an angular relation must be
maintained between involute spline or serration teeth.
ameters larger than the body diameters with

a tapered transition section between body
and ends to keep stress concentrations to a
minimum. Splines, serrations, or other types
of couplings are cut on the upset ends to
form the means of anchorage.
5.9.2 Drawing Requirements for Torsion Bar
Springs. Explanation of the spring data listed
in Figure 12 is given below. Figure 24 is a
typical detail drawing of a torsion bar
spring, and Figure 25 lists processing data.
5.10
of Body and Ends. Specify

in the delineation both the end diameter and
the body diameter as tolerance dimensions.
5.9.2.1 Diameters
VOLUTE SPRINGS
5.10.1 Definition. Volute Springs are conical

shaped compression springs made of rectangular cross-sectional material so constructed
that the coils are capable of telescoping into
each other.
5.9.2.2 Length OveraIl and of Ends. Specify

in the front view the overall length, and the
length of ends, with tolerances.
5.10.2 Drawimg Requirements for Volute

Springs. Explanation of the spring data
listed in Figure 13 is given below. Figure 26
5.9.2.3 Angle of Taper. Specify the angle of

taper with a tolerance in the front view.
is a
5.9.2.4 Torque Loads, The torque loads with

tolerances should be specified in pound inches
or pound feet, as appropriate, at definite
amounts of deflection in degrees of rotation
from the free position. Torque loads should
preferably be specified at the initial and the
final operating positions in the assembly.
typical detail drawing of a volute spring.
outside and inside Diameter. Specify

in the delineation both the outside and the
inside diameters as tolerance
dimensions.
5.10.2.1
5.10.2.2 Free I.ength. Specify the free length

as a REFEREhyCE dimension in the delineation.
5.9.2.5 Spring Rate. Specify the spring rate

in lb in./degree or lb ft/degree, as a REFERENCE.
5.10.2.3 Total Coils. Specify the number of

total coils, as a REFERENCE, or with a tolerance if essential to the design.
5.9.2.6 Type of Ends. The type of end (involute spline, serrations, etc. ) shall be completely delincatsd and dimensioned on detail
drawings.
5.10.2.4 Radial Pitch. Specify the radial pitch

in inches with a tolerance.
510.2.5 Axial Pitch and Helix Angle. The
axinl pitch and the helix angle of a volute
spring determine its loads, length and bottoming characteristics. Volute springs with a
constant axial pitch will have the largest
active coi! bottoming first. A spring with a
constantly reducing axial pitch will have a
smaller pitch for the smaller coils and such
sprin~s can be designed so that all active
5.9.2.7 Direction of Windup Marking. For

coldset torsion bar springs, the direction of
windup (load application in service) shall be
indicated with an arrow on the end of the
spring. For torsion bar springs which are
not coldset, direction of windup marking is
not required.
25

--
DF?AWlffi REOUIREM~TS
FOR VOLUTE
SPRINGS
, ~ RADIAL
PITCH
1-
wIOTH OF+
MAnRIAL
S*
~
... . . .... . ~TERIAL
SPECIFICATION
m
IN. WIDE ......... ..BUTEBIAL
SIZE ........ .... ... 31R
IN. THICK ... . ....--...
~0
------:--~
OUTSIDE DIAMETER
OF COIL ....-.-..- ....------.
=
IN. * ---...-
INSIDE DIAMETER
OF COIL ......!... .. ..........xxx
x
m. BEi
.=FREE LO ............. ... ............................. .........--. --
-
.................. ....-...0 . ..- ...-.--------
----TOTAL COILS .....
..
522
SOloz-1
6JOSJ
540=
&lo=
a._
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..-.
O.a..
..
.
.
...
.
...
........--..-
DIRECTION
OF HELIX .
5J024
s
IN.
...
..
.
..........
.....
..
xxxrL*
............................................---.0
IMDIAL
PITCH
510=
.
.
.
.
.
...
...
...------mIN.*
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
PITCH ..............................
AXIAL
6.1OM
~=D?i
...-*
.....O....-XX
DZG
*
.... .... ....... ..... ......... ..............
HELIX
ANGLE
.......... ....... ..... ... . ............ . . ......... . . . xx IN.
LOAD AT COMPRESSED
LG OF
... . ...... xx LB = .......=.-.....-----..=
~
9 .. .... .
5.10026
..... . .............. ........ xx m.
LOAD AT COMPRESSED LG OF ... .........................................
............ .. .. .................................. 5.102=6
XXLB
......
....
............
........
................................ XXLB*
6.1OZ7
m
........... --......... ..... .......... Xxm.
;=..
. .
u) w ........... ................. ........................ ........-.....---------.
----MANUAL
...... ... (M-t~1s47d
- ----AND
....SAE
SPECIAL
DATA ... ....
. .. . .... . .. .... .. .. .. 6.8
ON DESIGN AND XA~FAmW
OF VOIJJTE SPILLNGS)
helix angle and the pitch as constank EOW~~, it jS poauible for buth pi~d ~
angle to vary throughout a vol~ spring.
coih th60reti@Y bottom at about the 8ame

time. Specify either the helix angle or pr6ferably the uial piti W* a to~
M
constank If the helix angle ia cothe
piti will vary; if the pitih is co-%
the
haiix angle wiIl vary. It is ixn~ble
becauw
of the nature of the spring to Mm both the
5.1OJL6 M
S-Y
me 10* W* @aantes to be develo~ at detiiti compa
Ian-,
pref-bly
at the initial and the
final o~ting
poeitiom in the -b.
26

MIL-STD-29A
REQUIREMENTS
FOR
SPRINGS
(BELLEVILLE)
CONEDDISC
+rTHcKNEss
~FREE
HEIGHT REF
.
I
4
I
BEARING SURFACE
springdata
Pam
................ ........... .. ......... ... .. . .... ... .. ....... ............ ........... .... . .
MATERIAL
SPECIFICATION
OF MATERIAL ................ ................................................................ Xxx IN.
THICKNESS
...... .......... ............................ XX IN. A. ............. .. ...... ...... ..
INSIDE DIAMETER
OUTSIDE DIAMETER
. ... ...................................... xx IN. * ...... ................. . ..s
E.
........ . ......................................................... . . .... ............. ............. . ..
METHOD OF STACKING
FREE HEIGHT
.... ........................................... ............ .................. .... .............. xxx
IN. REP
................ xxx m.
LOAD AT COMPRESSED
HEIGHT OF .............*......
....................... XX LB*
........................ XX LB WHEN STACKED
1; ..................... ...................................... (OR FOR INDIVIDUAL
DISCS) ..... .......... .....
LOAD AT COMPRESSED
HEIGHT OF ................ ........ ~
IN. _ ...................... xx
LB*
.... ................... XX LB WHEN STACKED
IN ........... ......... ....................................
............................ ............. ................. ................... ... xxx
BEARING SURFACES
IN. M.Ax
BEARING SURFACES
MUST BE PARALLEL
WITHIN
....... ... ..... XXX IN. AT ..................... . XXX IN. FROM CENTER ............
... ...... ..... ..................... xxx
WITHIN
0 D AND I D SHALL BE CONCENTRIC
Tut
.........................................." ...._. _... "..*.a...*"*e..
.e..........*.e"
SPECIAL DATA (MIL-S-12123)
6Z1
522
SS.lwl
S.11.u
6JL22
601129
6.1123
6.11.2.4
5.11.2.5
6.113.6
6.3
14
De5ition. A coned disc (Belleville)

spring i9 a spring washer in the form of a
frustum of a cone, having conslxmt material
thickneaa, and used as a compression spring.
5.10207 Solid Length Spe@ the solid length

as a maximum dimension allowing for the
5.llJ
tolerance on the width of the blade, protective coating, etc. The spring should not ordinarily be permitted to go did in. operatio~
except when used aa a bumper or dictated by
other design requirements.
5.112 Drawing Requirements for Cored Disc

(Beikille)
SPringa. Explanation
of the
5.11 CONED DISC (BELLEVILLE)

SPRINGS
spring data listed in Figure 14 is given

below. Figure 27 is a &pical detail drawing
of a coned disc (Belleville) spring.
27

MS4TD-29A
Pumaa M
5.11.2.1
kaidc and ~takie
ktm
RETAINED UPON INSTALLATION.
SP-
ciify both the inaide and outside diam-?

as tolerance dimensions, preferably in the
delineation.
5.1124
on
Bearing Surfacea ~
Such SUE
faceamuat beparalkl inanamontqtiti
or lees than 16% of the Free Heigh% when
meaeurd at a distance of twice the Outside
Diameter, located from the center line.

&.lL2.6 Concentricity between Outahle and
In8kk IManmtm
Specify the cmcmtrids
between the outside and inside diametem
a ~~~~
when important. When spec.ifled, the outside

diameter of the springs shall be concentric
with the inside diameter within .008 inches
(.006 TXR) for springs 2 incks and less in
outside diameter, and .005 inck
(.010 TIR)
for springs over 2 inches in outside diameter.
&I FLAT SPRINGS
Wlmndiscs uetiti~,
al~for
individual discs shall not be specified. When
discs are used in ~
*
fon~g
*
khldd
surfaces
&l12.5
poaitiona Uf the U=hmiQn
be
Surfacea. Bearing
design requirements. They aid in meeting

tests for lea@ tolerances and burr removal.
They should not exced .0S0 inc.hea wide.
5.1123 ~
When discs are to be instdhd
singularly, only one load with a tol-c8
apphd shall be S-ifhd.
~~
dks are tO
be installed in aeta, specify the lode with a
tolerance at definite compreeaed kn~
preferably at the Mid
~d m
o-g
SW
Waring
may be provided when necessaryto meet the
5.1122
Frae Height and Method of Stiing. Itiauaudly
basttoapeeifytio
height of the individual dim aa -W
ENCE dimension, but if eusential to the design ft may be a tolemncd dimenaiom When
springs are used in s8* aa in Fi~
lS,
show on an assembly din-g
the method
of stacking and specify the free height of the
stxk as a REFERENCE
dimension in the
delineation. However, on some applications
where the fme height is dtimaybeaddedto~tidh~
detail
&121 Dehnit$=. Atit8@ucbba
sense anyapring madeof fit tip

or bar
stock. which deflects as a cantilever or as a
simple beam. Any metal stamping which
stores energy when deflected and returns an
equal amount of energy is a flat spring. Ex-
-x:
SHALL BE SECURED
TOG3THEIZ IN THE SEQUENCE OF TESTING AN!) SUCH SEQUENCE SBE
STACKS
2s
.

MIL-STD-29A
DRAWING
REQUIREMENTS
FOR
FLAT
SPRINGS
,-rxx
-&(
l--
CLAMP
L~AD
LENGTH
~-
THICKNESS
sp?+n#
--
DEFLECllOh
data
Pam
MATERIALSPECIFICATION
................................... ..............................................................
MATERIAL SIZE
... . ............... JUX IN. THICK
..............................
(OVERALL) LG ............................................................. . XX IN. WIDE
bEVELOPED
xxx
IN. REF
CLAMP I@ .............................................................. XX IN. *
............................txx IN.
IN. DEFmcTIoN
- n
LB * m LB
LOAD AT XXX
MAD
AT
SPECIAL
XXX
DATA
6.2J
6.22
6.122.1
5.1222
..........* .....--
..-------6J.2JuI
= XX LB a XX LB
IN. DEFLECTION
......................... ................. 6912&3
. ........... .... ............. .............. ...... -.. --. -w...... ...... ............ . ...... .
63
Fmuaz 16
eluded from this definition are Coned Disc
(Belleviie) Spnn~, Spiral Torsion Springs,
Spring Washers and Rings.
Clamp Length. Specify the clamp

length with a tolerance. The clamp length is
used for mounting and load testing thereby
rendering that portion inactive.
5.1U2
59122 Drawing Requirement

for Flat
SPAn~ E~lanation
of the spring data
listed in Figure 16 is given below. Figure
28 is a typical detail drawing of a flat spring.
Because of the wide variation of shapes for
fit sprin~ a complete specMcation is beyond the scope of this standti
5.12.2.3 Loads. Specify load at distance from

end of clamp length. This distance is the
moment arm of the load. Indicate the direction of the applied lo&i to produce a pre
scribed deflecuon. WhEUI~1~
&ids
and momenti at the initial and final operating positions shall be specified. Tolerances
shall be applied to loads not to deflections.
5.12.2.1 Developad Lengths. Spscify the developed ovendl length as a REFERENCE or
When necessa~ for purposes of ckwity, a

deflected position as shown in Figure 28 may
be used.
with a tolerance if essential to keep within

space Iimiktiong.
29

I
.!,.,....
..,.--,.-
. .<,[email protected]
-..-.-
. . . -----
. . . .
. . . . .
. .
MbSTD-29A
DRAWING
REQUIREMENTS
FOR CONSTANT
FORCE
SPRINGS
.
It
dr 1
.XX DIA
/_
0 0
.4-
.Xx
-H.Xx
FINAL
POSITION
Sp?iug duta
r......... ................... .......... ........... ......... . ... ........ .. . . ..........

MATERIAL
SPECIFICATION
THI~
........-............-..=~.
~E
BZATERIAL SIZE . .................................m~.
OUTSIDE DIAMETER ............................................ xx IN. * ............................ xx IN.
. ..................-xx IN.
INSIDE DIAMETER ................................-.... . ..... =IN.*
IN. IZEF
DEVELOPED LG ... ........... ..... ................................... . ... ................................ =
ACTIVE LG ..... ..... .......................................................................... ................. XX IN. IZEF
NUMBER OF COILS ..................................................... . ................. ..............".." ...."....... x -F
LOAD .... ... ...... ............................ XX LB * ................. ...... XX LB (CONSTANTLY)
INITIAL POSITION .................................. .........................*...............-..-............"..."..."".
x ~0
FINAL POSITION ....................................... ............. ...... . ... ... ......................... xx IN.
TYPE OF ENDS ..................................................... .............................................................. .....
........................-=
D~ Bo~R
FITS OVER ..................................................................
mama
5.13 CONSTANT
5azl
5.8s1
5.824
5.8.2.2
6.823
5.1321
6.1322
6.13.22
6.13.23
6.X%2.4
17
outer end pulled ou~ardly

and the force
exerted to uncoil the spring can be @fOr&
COXIStit
with each inch of defiectiom Vari-
FORCE SPRINGS
5.13.1 Detinitiom A mmstant force spring ia
oustypea andsizescan
be made.
one that is made from strip material~ similar

to a clock or motor spring except that the
inner end usually is not fastened thus leaving it free to rotate and the coils are fomed
to remain in a coiled position without ex-
5.132 Dmring ~uirenwnta

for Coadant
Force Springs. E@_tion
of tie SPdata listed in Figure 17 is given below. FIg-
panding. Retaining rings to hold the coils are

not required. Such a spring can have its
ure 29 is a typical detail drawing of a constant force spring.
so

DRAWING REQUIREMENTS
FOR
GARTER
SPRINGS
7%-- WIRE
OIA
SHAFT DIA
REF
ENLARGED
OF
VIEW
HOOKS
OD
Springdtati
SPECIFY
SPRING
APPLICABLE.
ADDITIONALLY,
SPECIFIED :
DATA
SHOWN ON FIGURES
THE FOLLOWING
4(a)
THIUJ 4(d),
CHARACTERISTICS
SHALL
AS
BE
Pam
SHAFT DLiMETER
COMPRESSIVE
ON SHAFT
SPECIAL
.................................... ...................... .................... .. ...... XX IN. REF
LOAD
PER INCH
5.14201
OF CI.ltCUMFERENCE
............................... ... . .. ...................... ............. ... ... ... ......... ....... XX
LB. REF
*."
...."..
-..""
....---- ..".
--.ti-"w.
"."-...
----"
DATA ..........................-..
5.1422
6.3
FtcnlRa18
back
specify the load in pouncb
with a tolerance. This load should remain
5.134J
ing purposes. The ends should be completely

delinea@d on the drawing.
Unif Ormly Constark

and Final Pdtiom
Specify the initial poaitiun and final position
in inches without a toleran~
5.13.2.2 Initial Poeition
WL2,!i!&peofEndaA
largevarietyofend
am Possible. Both ends can be
cut at a radius approximately equal to the
width of the materiaL The inner end usually
is not punched or formed as it must be free
to rotate over a pulley or roIler. The outer
end may have a punched hole or slot or be
formed to fit into a holding device for fastenformation
5.1324 Fits over Roller. hlost constant force

springs are intended for use over rollers and
they should fit snugly on them The roller
diameter is usually 15 to 20% larger than
the inside diameter of the spring and should
be specified on the drawing.
S.1325 l%iciumsa The thickness of the m+
tirial is usually so thin that it is desirable
to acaggerate the thickness on drawings for
illustntive purposes. Also, the exact number
of coils need not be shown in the *wing.
5J4 GARTER SP~GS

PllbST&29A
5.14.1 De6nition. A garter spring is a special
close coiled, long, ertenaion spring with iti
ends fastened together and used in the form
of a ring, Such springs are used prbipdly
in mechanical aeti on shafting; to hold
round aegmenta together; aa belts and as
holding devices. It ia customary to order the
sprin~ in stradght hmgtba and fasten the
ends at aaaernbly.
5.14.2
Drawing
R.equirementa for
Garter
Sprin~
Explanation of the spring b~
listed in Figure 18 is given below. Figure 30
is a ~ical detail drawing of a garter spring.
5.14.ZJ Shaft Diameter.
Specify the shaft
diameter over which the spring works aa a

REFERENCE dimensiom
Conlpresaive Load per Inch of circumfermm m ShdL SpedfY this load aa a
SJ42.2
REFERENCE only if esaentialto the design.
$2
1
m..
----

33

MIL-STD-29A
MIlrSt&29A
Lb
w
e
0
z
tL
0
!3
&&

..
w
o
II
i,
3s

MILSTD-29A
MIMTD=29A
m
w
36

L
#;i
I
t
37

MllATlXZ9A
MUATD-29A
lt%ll
\l/
I I(J
UJ
.

;)
. .
::

M&~29A
40

1#
41
Lyli????sli????.
I-l

MIL-sT&29A
.3-=
MK4TD-29A
I I

J-L
43
t-
z
0
)=
oW
=
l-l
II

1
MIL-sTD-29A
+4
Il
II;
xx
I.n
Im.
u-.
-.
. ..-.

mnun
.- ,
-m
MW-STD-29A
APPENDIX A
THIS APPENDIX
IS FOR THE PURPOSE OF
PROVIDING GUIDANCE TO DESIGN ENGINEERS
AND INCLUDES NO WDATORY
PROVISIONS.
10. DESIGN OF MECHANICAL
SPRINGS
10.1 PURPOSE. The purpose of this appendix is to provide. ready reference data to spring
design information including data on materials, design, manufacturing processes and
recommended tolerances. The information contained herein is intended to provide guidance
to the designers of springs and not to impose restrictions in design.
10.2 SCOPE. The &ts conttid
h thti ap~ndix are sufficient for general spring design.
Thh appendix is divided into three sections: Section 1 MATERIALS Section II
DESIGN, and Section III MANUFACTURE.
APPENDIX
A, SECTION I
12. SPRING MATERIAM
steal compositions, seven corrosion residing

11.1 GENERAL. More than forty Uerent
steels ahd about twen~ different non-ferrous compositio~ are used as spring materials. Each
has some partic~ar advantige over the othem and the sel%ion is based on seeking, in
addition to other requirements, the b&t behavior in applications involving h-gh stress,
shock loads, elevated temperatures and corrosion resistance. All spring wire should be used
in round cross-section whenever possible as it is more rewlly available, less expensive,
USuaIl
y has higher mechanical properties and is easier to fabricate. Steel wire has the longest fatigue life and can withstand the highe8t stresses. Copper-base alloys have the best electrical conductim~ combined tith g~
co-ion
resistance. Corrosion resisting steels have
~
=itince
to moderately elevated temperatures and to corrosion. Nickel-base alloys
have the best resistance to elevated tem~tur~
combined with excellent corrosion resiat8nce. More specific data on these materials k covered in this section. The SAE and :AISI
references and the specifications of bar in the following paragraphs represent typical
compositions of metal from which springs with the specified mechanical properties can be
produced.
11.2 SIZm AVAILABLE. In the colum he.add Mechanim] Propertied in F%ra~phs 122
ligti
the
range
of
sizes usually available
through 27.3 are shown SizeS Available, w&h
from warehouses or wire mills. For most materials both smaller and larger sizes can be o~
tained on special order. The sizes shown in Table 1, Appendix A, Section I, should be
used wherever possible.
12 HIGH CARBON STEEM

lZ.1 GENERAL. The most commonly used of all spring materials are the high carbon spring
steels. These materials are used in Music-Wke, Hard-Drawn Wire, Oil Tempend Wire and
Vahre Sptig Wire. Ajl are readily avatible in a wide varie~ of sizes. These materials
should be used in preference to other makials whenever the design requirements permit
their use. Thy are not usually recommended for sub zero temperature applications.
45

MUSIC WIRE QQ-WA70, ASTM A228-Sl
Mechankd Properties:
Music wire is the highest quality cold dxzwn, high

carbon wire in the ferrous group. It has exception?Ily high tensile strength and unMwm temper. It is
.WUW.ngwkd for small springs which are subjected
to high streaaea and suddenly aP@ied 1*
MY
round sections have high tensile strength This XXMterialis notatnae rn~-ffob-ed
in any
lsectione other than roUn&
I&xhlhls ;
In tension
E=30 x 1(P
In Waion
G (Up to .100 im)
=~~~(p
G (Over .100 in.)
=11.7s x Iv
maatic Limit
Tenaion=66 to 76% of TS
Torsion =45 to S0$%of TS
Denaity=284 lb/fn.
Maximum elevated temperature
~oo
Sizes available; .004 to .180
Mechanical Properties :
Modtdua;
In taaaioxl
E=~ x l(y
In tor8ion
G=ll.5 x 1(V
Elastic Limit ;
Texdnx==60 tQ70% of ~
Torsion=& to 66% of TS
Hard dmwm steal wire is a low cost spring steel

which can be u8ed for average stress 8pplication8
where accuracy of wim Wnwter, spring diameter
and loah are not required with great precision. Do
not me in applications where long life is ~.
This material can be readily electroplated. Square
sections are also obtafrhle but at reduced tensile
Strengths.
Density= 284 lb/in.8

~00
Sizes Available: .028 to .626 h dia

E4 OIL TEMPERED
Mechanical Properties:
Modulus ;
In tension
E=28.6 x 1(Y
In tornion
G=112 X 1(P
STEEL WIRE
QQ-W+=,
~E
I ; Asm
~6
Oil-tempered atnel wire is a gened p~

spring
steel of uniform quality and temper. Because of ib
stiac condition this material is recommended for
UPrfWSwhere: (1) the stress requireare not
too extrem% (2) the spring is not subjected to impack or shock l-ding, ~d (~) tie o*g
~dex ~ S
or ~ter.
This material iB widely USA for me46

M!lPST&29A
Elastic Limit ;
Tension=80 to 90% of T S
Toraion=40 to 60% of T S
chanical products and machine tools in applications

where the alight scale on the mmface is not objectionabla The scale can be removed if necessary by
shot blasting. Also obtainable in the annealed condition if desirtd
Rockwell Hardness= C4&50 less

tMul.12sindia
C4&48.126ilL to2S0in. dia
(MM6.2sl
in. to.5oohdia
IEaxf.munlOlevated temperature
~00
Size Available :.082 to .600 in.

diaand~2to
~fnaquamtiona
ill mmmon fraction&
12.S CARBON-STEEL VALVE SPRING QUJUI!IW WIRE ASTM M8(H7

Mechan&l Properties:
Because of the absence of wale on this material, it

ia suitable for use where flaking of wale would clog
or otherwh injure moving parts. This material is
recommended for 8prings of inflnftelife with an
averaga stress range. This material is available in
the tempered and annealed condition, but the tempered condition ia moat often usd The annealed
condition should be used with subsequent hardening
and tempering, for qprings with a low spring index
(less than 6) or where severe forming is required.
Mxhlhaa;
In tendon
Erc29*5 x l(p
In tomion
G=II.2 x IV
Elastic Limit;
Tension=% to 96% of T S
Torsion=&l to 60% of T S
Roclmell Hardness= C46S0 for

.125 in. diameter and under
C4%i8 above .125 in.
Density= .284 lb/ins
8S0 F
Sizes Available:
.09S to .250 in. dia
13. ALLOY
STEEL WIRE AND
BAR
13.1 GENERAL AU- spring steels are particularly useful in applications involving high
atmas and where shock or impact loadings occur. They can also withstand higher and lower
temperature conditions than the carbon spring Steels. All these alloyn m generally used
in the oil tempe~pr
prdmrdend
condition. They also are obtainable in the annealed condition for springs that have sharp bends or small spring indexes such as S or less.
47

132 CIIItOME-VA.N~~
ALU)Y STEEL WIRE& BAR JJSTMJMS14 (wii) ; Q(Wire); QQ-WA12, Comp 1 (wire)
624 FS 6150; A6W9 (Bars); ASTM &32+7
Modulus ;
In teneion
E=29.5 X Iv
In torsion
G=llQxl&
Elastic Limit;
Tenaion=86 to 93% of TS
Torsion=65 to 76% of T S
Rockwell Hardness= C4&50
Density= 284 lb/in.a
42S0 F
Chrome-Vantiium alloy std wire will withstand

higher stresses than Oil-tempered steel ~
but
not as high as music wire. This material ia recommended for springs which are subjected to shock
by impact or suddenly applied loads, and for springs
which are subjected to a large number of stress
cycles. This material is frequently used for die
aprin~. It is especially useful when annealed round
wire ia fiattened into rectangular section with round
edges. Die springs made from such sections are
ha-tiened and tempered after coiling and then shotpeened to increase their endurance limit. Hot rolled
bars in heavy eectiom are also used for hot rolled
springs and torsion bars.
Sizes Available:
.@2 to .375 in. dia in the teXIW*
or annealed condition; T~Oto 2 iR
dia in bars for hot nlled SP*.
Square 8ections in common ftionai sizes are also obtainable
Mechanical Propefi-ea:
Moduiua ;
In tension
E=29.5 X 1(P
In torsion
G=112 X lW
mill alloy steel has frequently been wed aa a less

expensive substitute or alternate for chromevanadium. M does not have mechaniwl propetiim
quite as high as other alloy steels. This alloy is
obtainable in the oil-tempered, and in the annealed
conditions in hot rolled bars. Heavy flat sections
have been used for leaf springs and torsion bars.
Elastic Limit;
In tension=78 to 869%of T S
In torsion=55 to 65% of T S
Rockwell Hardnesa=CU to 48
Density= 264 lb/in.a
Sizes Available :
?ia to 2 in. dia bam
.
48

M-SD-29A
13.4 CHRO~~CON
A401-58
ALLOY STEEL WIRE QQ-WA12,
Modulus ;
In tension
E=29.5 X 1(P
In torsion
G=I.12 X 1(P
Elastic Limit;
Intension=86ti
9396 of TS
In torsion=fi to 75% of T S,
COMP 2, TYTE II; ASTM
This alloy steal is especially suited for highly stressed springs subjected to shock or impact loading such
as recoil springs in anti-aircraft guns and for moderately elevated temperatures. It may be obtained
in the oil-tempered condition, but haa most often
been used in the annealed tindition and then hardened and tempered to quite high hardneaaeg after
coiling.
Rockwell Hardness= C60 to 53

Density=.284
lb/fn.

476 F
Sizes Available:
.032 to .375 in. dia wire.
14. CORROSION RESISTING
STEEL WIRE
14.1 GENERAL. Corrosion resisting steels are especially useful in applications involving
corrosion and high temperatures. The 300 series 13-3 chromium-nickel austenitic types
are USual]y used up to abOUt~G inch diameter and the 400 series chromium martensitic
&WS for larger s*.
The 800 series 18-8 types are hard-drawm to high tensile strengths
and cannot be hardened by heat treatment. The 400 series martensitic types are usually
used in the annealed condition and then
hardened and tempered after coiling. The 300
series are non-magnetic in the fully annealed condition only hard drawing to obtain
spring qualities cause some magnetic ability which cannot be totally removed. The 400
series are magnetic and should not be used at sub zero temperatures. Passivating or immunizing by dipping in a 20 b 409b solution of nitric acid after fabrication is desirable for flat strip, but is frequently omitted on springs made of round wire.
14.2 CORROSION-RESB~G
STEEL WIRE
B ; AISI S02 ; SAE 30302 ; ASTM A313-55
Modulus ;
In tension
E=28 X Iv
In torsion
G=lo x 10
Elastic Limit;
h tension= 65 to 75% of T S
In torsion =45 ta 55% of T S
QQ-W+i23, Composition FS 302, Condition
This is a general purpose corrosion resisting material. Its spring properties are developed by cold
working only. This material has higher tensile
strengths than FS 304 and FS 316 but does not
possess quite as good cprrosion resisting properties.
It is slightly magnetic in the spring temper, has low
creep and resists relaxation at elevated temperatures. This material is also available in strip form
for fiat springs.
49

nn
.*
MIL47D-29A
.Rockwell Hardneaa=~7
Densiti=JZ88 Ib/in.
Muimum
560 F
elevatad tcmlperature
Sizes Available :
.005 to .876 h da
FuIIHard Temper upto.875hdia
Above J176 k Ma at lowar hardneas
lti
CORBOSION-RESISZZNG STEEL WIRE QQ_W42S,
Composition I?S SO& Condition
B; AXSI804; SAE 80804

Wchanid
Properties:
The same aa FS 902, but the tensile
strengths are about 6% lower.
msmateridisqdb~tim~m
h~80what lower tendh atran@h, but has bettar bending
Properties
and is an excahnt aiternah for moat
appli=ti-.
The two *
are oftqn u8ed interchangeably, however, FS 804 ~
a~~t
~~
.
Corrosion redstance than m 802
AISI S16 ; SAE S0316

The same as FS 802, but the tensile
drengtha are about 10 to 15%
lower.
IM material baa batter Corrodm reaistia properties and ia ba magnetic than Compodtftm m WM.
Ita mechanical properties at sub zero temperatures
are better, but it cannot be Uas FSSOZIt hasabili&to*e
the lower tensile strength
at dresses aa high
aharpbenda dueto
14.5 cORROSION-RESISTING STEEL WlltE 17-7 PH

Mechankal Properties:
Moduhs;
In tension
E = 29.5 X 1(P
b tomion
G=llx
IV
lXa8tic Limit;
Tenaion==75 to 80% of TS
Toraion=55ta
60$% of TS
-en
*r
This new type of corrosion resisting *I

ia of the
precipitation hardening tyTXLIt k obtainable in the
annealed condition, but ia moat often used in tie
cold worked condition and then pmcipitition hardened at 900 F for 1 hour. It then has tensile
atrengtha higher than FS 302 and in some smaller
aiaea the tensile atreni& h q~
~ tit of m~ic
wire.
Hardneaa = W&60
hardening
llanai~ = .277 lb/in.

Sizes Available:
J80to S76h. dia
60

MIL-STD-29A
14.6 CORRO.&ON-RESXS~G
SAE 51420
STEEL WIRE QQ-W-423, Composition FS 420; AISI 420;
Mech~ical Properties:
This corrosion resisting steel is usually used in diameters above ~lGinch, but occasional]y it is used in
smaller sizes such as .057 inch for recoil springs in
rifles. It is always used in the annealed condition and
then hardened and tempered after coiling. This matirial does not have corrosion resiting properties
until after hardening. Clean bright surfaces provide
best corrosion resistance and heat treating scale
should be removed whenever possible. .
M.@lulus;
In tension
E=29x10~
In torsion
G = 11.20 X 10
Elastic Limit;
Tension==
to 7596 of TS
Torsion -45
to S6% of TS
Rockwell Hardness = C4&51
after hardening
Densitys
280 lb/in.
Sizes Available:
.030 to .500 in. dia
14.7 CORROSION-RESE~NG
STEEL WIRE
Modulus ;
Ill tension
E=80x
I&
G = 11.5 X 10
Elastic Limit;
Tension =72t075%of
TS
Torsion =50t0
5596 of TS
AIS1 431; SAE 51431
This new type corrosion resisting steel is first hardened and tempered and then cold drawn. This combination produces bright clean wire with high tensile
strengths nearly as high as music wire, but its corrosion resistance is not quite equal to FS 302. The
hardened wire is magnetic and finds many uses for
springs subjected to high stresses. Flat strip is also
available.
RockweI1 Hardness== C47-51

Density == .280 lb/ins
Sizes Available:
.050 to .312 in. dia
15. COPPER-BASE
ALLOYS
15.1 GENERAL Copper-bme alloys combine good eledrkd properties with excellent corrosion resistance. Although more expensive than uteel they find many uses in electrical components and are mcellent at sub zero temperature applications. All are non-magnetic.
51

MR-S?D-29A
lU
~Oy
SPRING BRASS WIRE QQ-WS21,

6; SAE 80A
Composition B, Spring Temper; ASTM B134+2,
Spring brass is recommended for use where high

ektrical conductivity, excellent corrosion reaistante, ease of forming, low cost, and repeated ilexure
at low stress and low temperatures are required.
Spring brass is non-magnetic. It is not recommended
for applications where the qtress is severe. It is also
available in tit Stip.
Modulus ;
In tension
E==16x I@
h torsion
G=I=5.OX1(P
Elastic Limit ;
h tension== 7S to 80$% of T S
In torsion =45t050%of
TS
RockwelI Hardneass
B89-95
Denai& = .308 Ib/in.

Maximum eievated temperature
lsOO F
Sizes Av~~ble :
.005 to .500 in. dia
133 PHOSPHOR BRONZE WIRE QQ_W+lOl ; ASTM B15948, ALLOY A ; SOE 81
Phosphor bronze is .uaed for electrical conductivity,

ability to resist corrosion, and non-magnetic properties. It has good bending and forming properties
and the abili& to withstand repeated !ISXUMS.This
is the moat popular of the copper-base non-ferrous
dlo~. It is b
available in fla~ strip for electrical
contact fingers. Super!lne grain structure withstands quite high stxwses and has long endurance
Modulus ;
In tension
E=15x1CP
In torsion
G=6.OXIW
IIkstic Limit;
Tension -75t080%of
Torsion =45t050%
TS
of TS
to repeated flexure
Rockwell Hardness = B90+7

Density = .320 lb/in.8
212 F
Sizes Available:
.005 to -
in. dia
15.4 BERYLLIUM COPPER WIRE QQ-G530

Modulua ;
In tension
E=19
xl&
; Asm
Bl~~2
BeryIlhun copper is a precipitation hardening nonmagnetic material with good electriad conductivity
and corrosion resistance. It is non-magnetic and has
high elastic and fatigue strengUI, ~d low d~fi and

M4TD-WA
,Intoraion
b Yat@r-& Thi8mat4dal auAbeaevedyf-d

in
& annealed conditioa Following forming, berylkm copper i8 precipitation hardmed at 600 F for
2
Pmtunpered wire ia*tidforuy
applica
onawheletie~m
not too high.
Y
mstripiadsoa~
G-73x1(P
mcbmnHardlMMamto41
=*=
268 Ib/&

800 F
Sizes Available:
.oo5to.500 in.&
16. NICKEL-BASE ALLOYS

16J GENEIl& Nickel-base alloya have exceIlent corrdon reaisk
combined with abili~
to withstand both ekvated and belowzo
temperati
application
Nao, their non-magnetic dmmctmktic ia important for such devices as em
_CMCOPM and indicating
@tmments.
These materiala have high ektrid
reaktance and should not be used for
conductors of electrical Clurenk
162 NICKEL-COPPER ALLOY, QQ-N+I,
Modllhla;
In tension
E = 26.o x l@
In tomion
G=9.5x
M4
Elastic Limit;
Tension -65t070%
of TS
Torsio =38 to 42% of TS
& SPRING TEMPER
Mmmlia rwommended for use at elevatud texnpe~

tires whare corrosive eonditiona exik It retaina its
co~ive
resistance properties at relatively high
temperahXe& lmmaiXialbgo(kj
reailmmceto
8eawater attack Ittiahtitim
wire and cannot be heat treated for hmkming. Flat strip is also
availablw It ia nearly non-magnetic.
TS = 165,000 up to .028 in. dia incl

160,000 OVer .= ho b .057 h. di8 id
150,000 over .057 in to .114 h dis incl
140,000 over .114 ia to 312 in. dia id
1S5,000 over .W.2 im to .S75 im dia incl
130,000 over S75 in. to .600 im dia incl
120,000 over .500 k to .563 in. dial inc
Density = 319 Ib/in.
Maximum ek?vatedtemperature
40flF (450 F*or shoti periods)
Sized Available:
.005 to S50 in. dia full hard, over
.250 at lower hardness.
53

16s
AIiiUX, WROUGET, Q-N=,
NIc!lmLcoPPAL~
.
Modulu8 ;
In tension
E = 26.0 x MY
In torsion
G=93x1(P
Ela&ic Limit;
Tension == 65 to 7096 of T S
Tomion =88t042%of
TS
CLASS A
K-ll!hmelia a prdpitation hardening alloy with excelknt ~cet

to both corrosion and moderately
ekwakdtem ~ItisnamSlyuaedin~
aizesthanMon&~itmbfo*
in the cold
dram condition and then heat treatad for hardenThe mtid
proprtbs for the
k P~
m*
*W*
m hrdmed Conditin This alloy
ti ~~
s-180,000
uptn.l14indiaincl
170,000 over .114 im tn .875 im dia incl
160,000 over 875 in. ti 363 in. dia incl
Density -
JW5 Wh
Maximum elevated ~
a
F. (500 F. for short P8ri0d8)
16.4 WIRE : NICEELCERO_-WN

Modulus ;
In bnaion
E=sl
x I@ St 70 F.
29.5 x NP at 400 F.
28Z x 10 at 500 F.
28.? x 1(P at 600 F.
282 x 10u at 700 F.
28.0 x I@ at 750 F.
In tomion
G=I~x
I&at
70 F.
10.8 X 1(P at 400 F.
10.5 x I(P at 500 F.
10Q x 1(P at 600 F.
10.0 x 1(P at 700 F.
9.8 x NY at 750 F.
~tiC
Limit;
Intonaion=65
t070%of
TS
In @rsion = 40t04S%of
TS
Ts
ALLOY,
QQ-W~
CONDXTIONC
recommended for springs ~u~:

(1)
~i8
b retention of llpring propertk! at rekti*y M*
tem~
(2) oormaion maistance, (8) low magwdc permeability. This is one of the moat popuk
Of b nickd-baae dOy -p.
It is cdd drawn and
caanot be hamiened by heat &eatmen& Wire diaxn*
Up to V4 inch are mout often med. This aIloy
ia non-m8gnetiG
Up to .057 in da incl
17S,000 over .057 in. to .114 in*
incl
170,000 over .114 in. b 229 im dia incl
IM,000
54

MILSTD-29A
165,000 over
160,000 over
155,000 over
140,000 over
229 in. to .!329in. dia incl

.329 in. to .875 in. dia incl
.375 in. to .500 in dia incl
.500 k to .563 in. dia incl
l)ensi~ = .304 lb/ire

Maximum ekwated temperature
650 F. (750 F. for short periods)
Sizes Available:
.010 to .1875 in. dia full M@
.1875 at iOwer hardness.
169.6WIRE: NICKEL-AUOY,
Spring tumper
over
SPRING, JAMS-5698 for No. J temper; AMS-5699
for
lnconeLX is a precipitation hardening mateti with

high corrosion rdstance and oxidization resistance
Modulus ;
at elevated temperatures. To make optimum use of
this mati,
it i9 IecOmm?mied that it be used in
In tension
applications where the temperature is from 650 to
E = 3LO0 x 1P at
70 F.
1160 F. For applications below 650 F the use of
28.1 x l& at 700 F.
other materials is recommended. Neither cold _
27.7 x 1(P at 800 F.
nor ahot peening should be specified on product
tiwing, when springs are intended to be operating
272 x MYat 900 F.
within the recommended temperatures (650 to
26.7 X 1(P at 1000 F.
1150 F) due to the adverse effect of pre-stressing
26.1 x IV at 1100 F.
on initial relaxation and the rate uf relaxation under
25.5 x 10 at IMIOOF,
heat and stress.. Large diameter bars can be hot
In tomion
ooile&and thisisoftm
done for ~indhand
larger sizes depending upon the spring index.
G= 11.2 x 1(P at
70 F.
This non-magnetic alloy can also be used at sub-zero
10.0 x 1(P at 700 F.
temperatures. The mechanical properties are for
9.8 x lW at 800 F.
the tipers
indicated after age hardening. For sub
9.4 x Iv at 900 F.
zem
to
7W
F
applicatio~ uae spring temper stock
9.1 x I(P at NIOOO
F.
F for 4 hours, after coiling. For 700
and
heat
1200
8.8 x 1(Y at 1100 F.
to 1000 .F applications, use No. 1 tem~r (or hot
finished st@t) =d heat 1350 F for 16 ho=
after
Elastic Limit ;
coihg. For 1000 to 1200 F applicatio~, use spring
Tension = 65t070%of
TS
temper stack and heat 2100 F for 2 hours, air cool,
Tomion =40t0459%
of TS
then 1550 F for 24 hours, air cod and lWO F for
T S = For No. 1 temper:
20 hours and air cod, after coiling.
155,000 min up to .025 iIL (h incl
165,000 min over .025 to .468 h dia
For spring kmper:
220,000 min for .012 to 250 k dia incl
200,000 m.in O= 250 * .418 k dia incl
Mmxmm elevated tanperature

1150 b lZOO1? at low stmwea
-
-.-

MLSTD-29A
Sizes Available:
.012 to .468 in. dm incl No. 1 tixnper
.012 tn .418 in. dia incl spring temper
.375 k dia and over, hot finished (for hot
wound springs)
17. STEEL STRIP, HIGH CARBON

17.1 GENERJL Several types of fiat cold dkd steel strip with different ranges of mrhn
conten~ tempers, finidiea and edges are obtainabk but only *O types are readily mmable These two types are used for over % per cent of aU appkationa reqairing atd
Rochvell C 4S) are highly susceptible to
strip. Thin sections of high hardness ( wer
hydrogen embrittlement resulting from electroplating or pickling owratiow These marials are used for mainsprings in clocks and timing devices; for constant force springs, cliPs
and stampinga. For general information see Spec. MIL-S-17919.
173 STEEL STRIP, HIGH CARBON SAE 1074; M=17919
Mechankd Properties:
Modulus ;
k tension
Es~O x 106
In torsion
G=ll.s x 106
T S=244,000 to S06,000 for ShXS
under .092 in.
214,000 to 240,000 for
sizes over .0$2 in.
. Elastic Limit;
Tension =85 to 90% of T S
Torsion=65 to 75% of TS
Rockwell Hardness=C46 to 49
Density=.264 w/~s
Maximum Elevated Temperature
850 F
SAvailable:
.005 to .062 in. thickness,
others on special order.
The same as SAE 1074 but the

tensile strengths are about 5 per
cent higher.
Roclnvell Hardness= C48 to 61
No. 1 & 4
l%i8 type of material ia .Usuallycalled cold rolled

the tempered spring -.
It b a~t tO d~~
widths and the edges an be squared or rounded
aa desired The material obtained in the hardened
conditions is widely fw flat SP~,
aPir4 cl~k
and motor Springs. It k alao available in the anneal~
condition for use in -matic
equipmeM and where
=vere forming operations ~ required, after which
it ia hardened
and tempered.
.
1703 STEEL STRIP, KIG~ CARBON SAE 1095; lKIL&17919

MAIL
MATL Nm 1 & 2
This ~
Of ~
_l@y
cded oOld mkd
blue tempered and pokhed clock spring steel, is
widely used in Cdti 8nd motir springs because it
can wi~
higher stmwwa than SAE 1074* It is
alit ti width desired and the ed~ are usually made
8quare or retied= It is SQIWAIy obkined in the
hardened conditiow but -Aed
material can be
Obtaind
58

I
Vdw
4*
me
.004
OM
492
M6
.086
l
.Oa
.047
.W4
.010
.olz
.062
.072
.o14
.016
0o18
.020
.=
s
306
.004
.006
.006
0148
0010
.012
.166
J62
9177
.188
0182
.014
.080
.026
.022
.042
.010
.Olz
.014
.016
.018
&
I
&
alloy
Stack
Col. 2
J48
.082
M6
.042
da
.060
.048
0277
.082
S18
.062
.146
9107
blzo
.162
.177
I
i
.026
.082
.04s
.051
.12s
.126
:2
.080
.086
.040
am
.W8
.020
.046
.064
.024
.026
.162
.188
.260
31s
.876
.4?s
.663
.688
.067
.064
.072
.760
.876
1.000
1.126
.081
.091
.102
.114
.126
10260
1.s76
1.600
1.626
1.?50
.128
.144
.166
.182
.182
.182
0277
J86
.125
.1S6
20000
.182
362
.276
I
Nob
13761
1.
No* k
Noti 2.
57

---
MIL-STD-29A
APPENDIX
& SECTION IX
20. SPRING DESIGN

The
proper
design of
20.1 GENERAL
springs requires an understanding of 1
spring rnater~
2 design formulas and
stress analysis and 3 manufacture. Various aids to designers are mmilable including
special spring slide rules, tables of constib,
curws, charts and nomography. Ail are help=
f@ but an understanding of the basic fundamental fomdaa and experience in their use
is essential to good design. Except for a few
sizes of valve and die 8PM= there are very
few springs manufactured for S*
because
of the infinite varie~ of characteristics ihvolveti Utmost care in their design and
A
B
b
c
CL
D
d
E
F
F
FL
f
G
ID
.
:
L
1
lb
M
N
n
OD
&wnufacture and thorough analysis of serVice conditions are required for satisfactory
perfomaZlc&
20.lJ ~
The purpose of this section
is to describe the design methods used for
each &pe of spring commonly used.
20JJl Scope. The data in this appendix are
sufficient for general design purposes, and is
not intended b include information for unusual designsor seldom used -s
of sprin~.
201.3 Abbreviation and Symbok The following abbreviations and s@xh
are used
throughout the append~ unless otherwise
noted :
co-
for ~
~=.
breadth or widt4 in.
~~
index= D/&
compressed _
h
mean cofldian&@r,in
diameter of wim or side of squars in.
modulus of elasticity in tensioxh psi
detktionj
for N coils with load P, in.
*.
detktio~ for N dk ~,
free leX@& Unlded spring, h
ddlactio% for one active COUin., at load P.
moddus of elaaticib in tomim *
inside diamti,
h
inch.
factor
curvature stmss+m+on
active length subject b ddectiou in.
le!ngt4 h
bending moment a lb.
total active coils
vibration per laiautu
Oumde ~,
~

MWS7D-29A
r
a
T
TC
;
w
x
Y
z,
&
a
w
v
=
=
=
=
=
spring rate, load per inch, lb/in.

spring ra~ inch lbs per deg. (Torsion springs).
stress, bending, psi,
stress, torsional psi.
stress, torsional, due to initial tension, psi.
aqua,redand grouncL
solid heigh~ in (or SL = solid length).
hei.gh$ load is dropped, in.
torque = P x R, lb. in.
total coils.
thickness, in.
number of revolutions = F + 360.
Weigh$ lb (also applied dynamic load).
multiplied by
constan~ for coned disc (Belleville) springs.
COnatan&for coned disc (Belleville) sprin~.
constan~ for coned disc (Belleville) springs.
alph~ angle of movemen~ deg.
pj 3.1416, in.
si~
Poissons Ratio, 0.3 for steeL
bti have high eccentricity of loading and
tangle during shipping. They are sometimes
WMXIwhere the solid height iS VlMM
and it is necessary to have as many active
coils as possib~e in the least space.
(d) CAoeed Ends Ground; also called
Squared and Ground, is the most popular
tYP M $ provides a level seat and reduces
the &ndency to buckle. This is the most expensive type and should be avoided for
springs made from very light wire. Each end
coil is ground for 2?0 plus or minus 30.
21. COMPRESSION SPRINGS

21.1 DESIGN FORMULAS. we design formulas in Table II are used in the design of
helical comp~ion
and ext.ention springs.
Note that the same formulas appiy to both
in Table III
types of springs. The formh
are for determining compression spring climensions only.
21.2 Compresakm Spring En& Figure 3 illustrates the -s
of ends on compression
springs Their characteristics follow:
(a) Open Ends Not Ground; aiso called
Plain Ends, has the largest eccent.rici~ of
loading. These are used only when accuracy
of loads is not important. This type is seldom
used because such springs hgle
severely
during shipping.
(b) ~
Ends Not Ground; also called
Wuared ends, cost appr*tely
the same
as open end ~
and have less eccentricity.
This type is often used on light wire springs
under %2 in. dia wire and for heavier wire
where the index ~ceeds 1%
(c) Open Ends Ground; also called Plain
Wds Groun& are seldom used aS they cost
about the same as the closed ends ground,
21.!3DIAMEIER CHANGES IN COMPIZESSION SPRINGS. When a helical compression

spring is compressed an increase in the outside diameter occurs because the angularity
of the coils changes 80 that it is nearly at a
right angle b the axis. The outside diameter,
when the spring is compressed solid, can be
obtained from the following formula:
#
.
ma
In which:
OD. = outiide diameter at solid
length
59

MLSTD-29A
,
TABLEIL FoFWBU&UjePwmpmwim -s
8pring8 Witkcwti38itid ~
m+PD
PD
da
0A6
Bbta
GdF
8,
2.22NDx
8PNJY
5J8PND3
(J d4
N D~
Gd
U2StNW
Gd
wS,
F
I
La-La
?
... . .....
Ltk
Ls L1
F
k-k
P
skdllo$oiaitial
tauiahpd
a,t
Bstm
8,
8,
)(IT
-r
-&
+Xrr
)(IT
Iblin
-r
TAMS III. Compmssien 8$wiwjOnnuhu fordimaaul
Pitdi
(p)
Mid might
-%F-
@b-~
-=--t-=
(TC+l)d
TCXd
N-TC
N- TC-1
(TC + 1) d
(SE)
Actiwcoi18
(w
Ii--d
n-
N-rc-s
P&d
P
Tti
Caila
(m)
Pmkngth
(FL)
TC)(d
?L-d
P
(px=)+d
YL
-r
NI
TC2
I&d
PL-&l
+2
P
pxTC

P
FL-2d
+2
P
.
It
Pia
at free length
mean coil diarnet~r at f=
length
wire diameter
21.4 BU~.
Compression springs hving a free length greater than four (4)
times their mean diameter become critical in
kteml stability. When deflected beyond a
certain percenta~ of the fr~ length a
spring will buckle. Figure !31shows the maximum deflection which may be expected without buckling if the ends of the spring are
closed and ground. Buckling can be reduced,
space permitting, by a redesign using a
heavier size wire and increasing the diametir of the coil. Buckling causes an undesirable reduction of the load and may cause
early spring failure. If properly guided in a
cylinder or over a rod, buckling can be reduced, although friction against the guiding
member will at@ct the load and shorten the
spriag life.
21.s I)IRECTXON OF HELIX Unless functional requirement dicta~ a definite direc-
tio~ the helix of compression and extension

springs should be specified as optional, To
prevent internieshing of coils when springs
operate one jnaide the other (see Figure 33),
the helixee should & specified as opposite
hand. For the same reason, springs which
o~te
to slide freely over screw threads
should have the helix specifi~ opposite to
that of the screw threads, but when a spring
8cXWvsOnto the threads of a screw or bolt,
it should have the same helix as that of the
screw or bolt.
21.6 NATURAL FREQUENCY, VIBRATION
AND SURGE. The use of springs for loads
which are applied dynamically, i.e., with imp8ct or rapidly repeated will be in error if
the spring is designed on the basis of static
or slow loading. The load, stress, deflection,
etc., will have been cahxdated for applications
where the load is applied and held, or the
rate of bad application is below the natural
fmUm
Of the spring. Because of the inertia effect of the coils in instances where
the load is suddenly applied, the load on the
spring does rmt have time to distribute it

MIL-STD+9A
.-
self uniformly throughout the mass of the

spring. This non-uniform loading uwes deflection or a surge ~ve (Fi@re 32) in
a few coils of the spring which results in a
high stress in this area and a lower stress
in the remainder of the spring. In applications of high rate of repeated loading, nonuniform load distribution occurs in the same
manner as suddenly applied loads and ths
natural frequency of vibration Of Me sPAnr
xnaYbe excited. The excitation of the natural
frequency of vibration, in some instances,
may be of such nmgni~de ~ ~ CSU* th~
spring coils to clash causing the spting to
destroy its constraint on the mechanism.
This is known as spring surge.
The following metid
pmat
spting s~g:
may h emplowd to
1. stiffen spring
(a) Increase diameter of wire
(b) D~e
mean diameter of
spring
(c) Decrease number of coils
(d) Uae square or ~wkr
z
Use spring nest4
8. use conical spring

4. Reduce or vary the pitch of the coils
nar the end of the spring
5. Use stim.ndedwire springs
Fommlas for natural frequency of steel
spring8 follow:
Fmuu 82
UNIA)ADED
SPRING
n =
761,600 d
ND*
LOADED
SPRING
n = 187.6
+
4
(Negl=ting spring
weight )
If the frequency of the spring and its brmOlliCSare too low, the spring will surge
adu
the coils to clash. h general, if the
~
frequmcy of the spring is at least
thktzen times that of the maximllm frequency of the applied load. the design s$ould
be aatiafacbry.
21.7 IMPACI
2L8 SPRXNG NESTS. The n=ting

tone in-
IJmtmaa
FIctms 25
side the other) of helical compression springs

(s* Figure 33) iS a method of obtaining
maximum energy stnmge in a limited space.
It is desirable to design the sprin~ for
equal life with 60 to 70 percent of the load
on the outer spring. Maximum energy storage is obtained in a spring nest when the
vaiue of the spring indexes are between 5 and
7, when solid lengths of all the springs are
approximately the same and when the working stroke (I& - L1) is of constant magnitude.
he percentage of stress reduction obtained
with nested springs is directly proportional
to the spring index of the single spring
when considering a consknt working stroke.
Not only is a reduction in the ha) stress obtain@ but the use of nested springs eff~
a
similar Auction
in the stress range. Figure
34 shows the variation of the perurata~ m
duction in the final stress and stress range
TASU V. Cwvatmu twu euwetion j-
Swcbc
W
Wd
3.0
with respect to the spring index of the single

spring. The gmph is based on the conditions
&at the nestd springs and the singie spring
have ths wvne vaiueg for:
(a) Active solid height
(b) Load-defktioa
rate
(C) Find Load
(d) Modulus of torsion
(e) OD
The OD of single spring equals the OD of

outer spring in nested design.
2109 COMPRESSION SPRING USED AS AN
E=NSION
SPRING. Occxmsiondly certain applications require the action of an extension spring; but the use thereof would
produce ~cessive deflection. This deflection
would result in serious distortion, or sek
(K) for uoqmsw&
s
V[d
and
8
D/4
cs~
hue
x
D/4
L660
Lss21
&6
1S62
7.6
44
1s2
6=0
&4
L&l
4.6
694
S.6
1.466
$.6
4.0
1.4S0
1*
32
4.2
Lam
46
6.0
1
6.4
LSlo
H,
R
P,
G
D,
aa
7.0
121a
7.4

9.0
I~;~ 10.0
lLO
II 120
1386
LM2
1346
1s1
1.119
..
MUATD-29A
SPRING
lNOEX
OF
m
--SINGLE
I
--*NG
- C
SFttII
so
28
w
(9
z
a
26
= @
(C)
. Y. REDUCTION
(FOR THREE
SPRING
NEST)
a
*
24
Cn
%-
22
Lkl
.E
w
2C g
.
It
Y.
z
-o
G
1( =v
Q
. u
REOUCTION
(FOR
TWO
SPRING
(cl
NEST)
14 . 21-
w
u
a
M
12 Q
10
4
a
8
1
v
4
v
6
12
10
~$&ww89Bodua--l-9w
64.

ml
14
16
MJL-STD-29A
uf the extension spring and impairment of its
fastetigs (hooks). Under such circumti~
a compression spring can be used
to produce the same action (See Figure 35).
Such a device aa a through bolt and washer,
or a yoke-like drawbar can be utilized, re
aulting in a spring mount that has the carryand safety (by virtue of its
ing capaci~
definite solid length) of a compression spring.
Table V and Figure 39. Values of

(KJ are obtained from Figure
S1.
EXAMPLE. If a spring with an index of
7.4 has a torsional kress S, of 80,000 psi,
what is the total stress in the spring? From
tie table it will be found that K equals 1200;
therefore the total stress equals 80,000 times
1200 = 96,000 psi. This is the stress that
should be compared with allowable stresses
to determine whether or no tthe spring is
safely design~ and is the sole use made of
such data.
ZI.10 SPRING INDEX (D/d). The spring

index is the ratio of the mean coil diameter
of a spring to the wire diameter (D/d). This
ratio is one of the most important conaidera~ons in spring design inasmuch as the deflectio~ stms~ number of coils, and selection of
either annealed or tempered material depends
to a considerable extent upon this ratio. The
best proportioned springs have an index of 7
to9. Ratioaof 4t07and9t016
are often
used. Springs with valua larger than 16 require more than standard tolerances for
manufacturing ; those with values less than
6 are difficult to coil on automatic coiling
macbirles.
2L11 CURVATURE
TXON FACXORS.
(a)
In designing a spring it should be borne in

mind that the total stress, as determined by
this method, should not be used in calculatA
ing the defection or number of coils. The
torsional stress S, = PD/O.S93 ds or St =
G d F/= N D should be utilized for such
pu~
21.12 ~STONE
X
and angular
s@ngsp8change
STRESS-CCMZREG
_
~
P~
-we
Some of the material on the outside diameter is drmaminto the
on the inside diamSP@
-d tie -~fil
eter upse~ thereby changing the wire into
a trapezoidal section. The original thickness
of the wire is maintained at or near the
IMan diameter of the coil. It is necessary to
take into account this upsetting of the material in determining the solid height of the
spring. This dimensional change depends upon the spring index and the thickness of the
material and may be determined by the following formula:
For helical compression and extension springs the oumature stmssoorrection factor (K) is determined from the following formula :
.61S
4C1
K=
4C4
The tokl stres&

#~=s*
x K
(b) For helical tcmion springs tie curvature 8trem+0rre&ion factor,
(K,), k determined from the following formula :
ecl
v=o.48t
)
.V = new thickness of inner edge after
coiling
t = thickness before coiling
T& formula may be used
for both square and rectangdarwire.
The total atreas,

x
K,
values of (K) m
*D +1
(D
4C (cl)
WAX+
EFFECT. When square

wire are coiled into
fnahamaw.
m
obtained from
65

I
-.s1
1-
_.
Ula)l
Flm=Ea6
ous cycling should be made so that the stress
RECIXNGULAR
210M 4X)NSI%N13 ~R
~
The cona~b
A and B in the formdaa in Tsble ~ for COMpXW8i011
and ~naion 8prings made from ~
aectiona
having either sharp or rounded edges are
shown in Figure 86.
(MAX STR~S MIN STRESS)

-~
will be as amd as ~ible
consistent with
other deuign req~~.
(e) T%e ou&de diametir of a compw
aion spring when coznpres8d solid must be
kss than the minimum hole diameter, if the
spring operates in a hole When operating
over a guide the minimum inside diametxw
must k hrger than the _um
di~et~
of the guid=
PRECAUTIONS
AND SUGGESMONS
POR EFFECTIVE DESIGN OF COMPRESSlON SPRINGS=
2u4
(a) Comp-on
8hOdd
8P*
not be permitted to m
ordinarily
solid; e%cep
tionaounrwhentheyare~-b~n
(f) The poaai%flity of buckling should

be investigated and guides used if neceswwY.
(b) Wkwver pmcticab~ Springs 8hould

bedeaigneda othatift heywerecompreaaed
ta ti solid length the corrected streaa still
would not exceed the minimum elastic limk
(g) We compeaaion8P*
in preferencetoother~~tieym
eaaier toprOdu~ k expensive and have a deflection ljniting feature in the did_
(c) The kagth of a Compdon

sp~
at maximum working defktion must not be
bocloee titbeaol.id kngthbsminhmmu
8 ckrance
Oflo%of
thwirediameter
ahoaldexiat between ticoik
(d) ne
(h) The kt proportioned springs from

the standpoint of manuf-re
~d d~i~
have a spring index between 7 and 9, althOU@l indexes of S to 16 are COMMOdy
usd
selection of springs for Continu-
(i)
F= indexes Iesu than 5 h the kuger

MlLsTk29#.
diameter wires, it may be necessary to use
anneakd material and harden aftir forming.
(j) Specify baking immediately after
plating to relieve hydrogenembrittiernent.
(k) Three compression springs of identical chanwtewiatics standing side by side (in
Parallel) W have a spring rate and a solid
bad three times that of one spring.
(1) compression springs of identical charackiatics placed one on top of another (in series) will have a spring rate only
one-third that ~ one sp~
and the solid
load will be the same as for one spring.
21.15 TAU
OF SPRING CXARACrERXSTICSFOR COMPRXION
AND EXlENSION SPIUN~
Table VI, in 5 ~
may be
U# in th. d@~
& heiia ~mp~ion
and
extension springs made from round wire.
ThedatiinTA~VI~Mykb
for
square wire by multiplying the deflection per
coil f by .707 and the load P by 13L In these
tables, the upper fi~e
in ea& box is the
deflection f in intieg of One ~il under a load
P in poun~ whib is the lower figure in the
bO)L Both *are ~
on a tomional
-talus
G of ll~,00o
psi and on an uncortied
torsional atreaa of 100,000 pe~ which
simplifies changing to other stress valu=
If a helical eompreaaion
-d ti made of
.041 in. dia wir~ the ~blea ahowa that at a
tomkxud streea of 100,000 psi such a spring
would exert a load of 8.S1 lbs and ead coiI
would deflect .407 in. K tie spring had 5 active coi@ the load would be the ~
but the
&fldon
wouid equal 5 X .407 = 2@3S im
2LIS.X Exam@e.
Spring has m OD of IYlc h
If the allowable stress w=

only 60,000
p@ both values S.51 and .407 should be multi@id by .60.
2L16 DESIGN NOMOGRAPH$ FOR COMPRESSION AND EXTENSION SPRINGS.
Aa an alternative tO Table V~ the nomographqFi~rea37ti~=yk
usedin
&e design of comption
and extension
9
springs made from round wirG Note, however, that the values of the torsional modulus G used in Table VI ia 11,200,000 psi and
the value used in the nomography is 11,500,
~
pd. The design conditio~ wiIl indicate
the type of malarial required for the application. It will be noted fmm the formuk for
deflection (F) in Tabie II that the deflection
variea inversely as the first power of G.
Therefore, for materials having values of G
differing frvm 11.2 ~ I& or 11.S X 1(P the
value of F (or f) determined from the use
d either Table VI or the nomcgraphs mti
be COrmcted by multiplying by the ratio of
112 X Iv (or 11.5 X I&) to the proper
value of G for the matermi.
2L16.I EDesign a spring to develop
a load (P,) at final assembled length (~),
the OD of the spring being limited b a
~um
Pmniaaible value and the initial
~kd
length (L,) alao being lmom
spring diameter
Thus the appros-m~
(D) is knovm. Aaaume a stress mdve somewhat lower than the recommende(i maximum
working stress for the selected spring ma~
rid and the intended setice
(delleotion
cycles). On the nomograph of Figure 37 or
38, connect with a 8traight line the value of
P$ on the (P) scale with the value of the
mean spring diameter on the (D) scale
Through the intemection of this line with
the transfer axis AB, draw a line from the
assumed value of the stress on the (S) s-e
to the (d) acaie ~d read the wire diameter
(d). On the left portion of the nomo~ph
of Figure 39, draw a line through the values
of wire diameter and mean spring diameter
on the (d) and (D) acakq respectively, and
read the curvature stress correction factor
(K) on the (K) scale. Determine themed by multiplying K by tie ~m~
atxeM used h the be
derivation of wire
diamek (d). If the corr=ted stress iS greati
er than the remmmended maximum working
~
tie -g
mm be -Culated
using
a lower aaaumed stress in the determination
of wire &ameter. Also, as stated in para-
67

1
4B
MIL-S7U-29A
1.AM=30 n).
Deiiection at 30 lb= .1574 in. per coil
Dia wire= d=.080 in.
Above values are for a stress of 100,000
pai
D=OD -d=.75-.O8
=.67 ixL
mph 2L14(b), it is dsfible

to ieave an
additioti margin whenevw practicable so
that if the spring were compressed tn solid
length tie axrected Btresa still would not
exceed the allowable working stress. Cn +he
nomogmph of Figme 40 or 41, connect I~t:
s @raight line the value of final assemblnd
load (P*) on the (P) scale with the value of
mean spring diameter on the (D) scale.
Through the intexaection of this line with
the tranafer axis AB, draw a line from the
wk diameter (d) to the (f) scale -d read
~ tow
the deflection per coil (f). v~unumber of coils (TC), active coils (N), free
length (FL), solid height (SH), and corrected stress at solid height (if pertinent) may
be determined in a manner similar to that
kcribed in psragraph 2LIT.
The clesrance between each coil when

sp~
is at final assembled length should be
a minimum of 10% of the wire diameter.
Using 10%, d + ckummce= Lld
Total coUs=TC=U1.ld
=
1.125
= =8
1.1 x .08
Uae TC=12
Active coils= N==12 -2=10
Defl/coiVlb = .1574/s0=.00525
Defl/10 coils/lb = .0S25 k
21.17 EXAMPLE
OF COMPRESS-ION
SPRING CALCULATION. A compmasion
+g
is reqdred * have the following charactdstica:
change in
Work in a lye inch diamet8r bore

Ffnal AaaembledLen~~=lw
m
Initial Aaaembled Lea
L,=lva in
Load at L= P,=25 lb
Desired Load at ~= Pl=20 lb
(eve)
Frequency of Defkctiona==2000 cycles
perhrx
Total Ddi@OlllJ= ~,ooo
CyC]eS
M
~08ed and ground
bad.=
1.62!51.X26
.0525
= 9*5 ~
P,=P, 9.6=25
9.s=155 lb
This ia smaller than the desired load of 20 R)

at initial assembled lengtk If the 15.s lb e
L5 Ib bad is acceptable proceed with the
axnputatiom Xf not acceptable, a more flexible spring mud be designed. This will re=
quire one or more of the following_:
Ibse additional drawing requirements mud

be determined:
Material apedhtwl
Free length
Mam8tnr of wire
Total coil@WFonl?
(a) An incmaae in the final compressed

l~andthe
sameincreaae in the initial
compressed length to allow fur additional
Cow
(b) An increase in D, poaeibly ~.
paniedby anincreaae in din order to maintain a tie streuao
Rwceedwith thecak@ion88fohm:
SekEtmnsic wire forthamatdal.
Utllking Table VI in W calculation, an
OD alfghtfy smaller than SX8 and a Ioad
greater than 25 lb shdd be sekctd
Aaauming inthiscaue thata Piof16.61bis

satisfactory, proceed as follows:
Free length= FL= L125 + (25 X .0525)
~ L~
+ =1=2.495
Thus fmm Table VI, select

OD= .~() ~
68

MIMTD-WA
Solid height=SH=
M X .080 =.96
ToW Mection=MS7
M
st-SolMHeight=
.96= L4?7
1.477
~=26
Stres at 28 lb- 100,OOOy 28/so

mg&~
Stress at 26 lb= 100,000 X 26/S0

-68,600
From Figure S9, Correction Factor $

= U6
psi
D
.61
spring Ind.ex=T =3jpSS7
lb
Commted Stress at 28 lb (Solid Hti@)

= 9SJ00 X L16==106,000 psi
Shee this spring is not d~ed
to ~
tO solid height in Mrmd operatioxLthe freUU=CY ~ SU* s ddecdu
should not sp
_
the mgnitnde of even light serwice.
The mnimum
elastic cume provides the limit

for the maximum allowable solid strws
From Figure 62, the recommended maximum
did strew for .060 music mire is 140,000 psi.

MlbST&Z9A
.... ..

..
_.
-.
--
L_-
----
,.-
--
1(~
I
ii! .
I
,
.
i..
--- ;1
.
.
u)8-
.
K*
0-
. .

MIL-STD-29A
MllStD-29A
72

-1
ISIIH
73

MilAT&29A
MJUTD-29A
s-G
.@
CAJ
*1
WIWW
74
l-lH !KIW!W15151 I I I I
Irlnlcnafi

t-
l..
rnh
h-4-4_
MIL-STD-29A
Hence, the corrected stress at solid height
is less than the recommended minimum elastic limit and is satisfactory.
Corrected stress at 25 1b=83,500 X 1.16
=97,000 psi
From
paragraph
28, Average Sewice would
cover 500,000 cycles at a frequency not exceeding 2000 cycles per hour.
From Figure 62, the recommended maximum
working stress for .080 music wire under
average service is 112,000 psi. Therefore
the design is satisfactory for the corrected
design stress of 97,000 psi
FL2d
N
From Table III, p=
2.437 2x.08
10
.228
From paragraph 21.3:
D+pm2
2282
.672 +
=
=
.J
d
d
ODc=
+d
.082
7T2
.08
.753
From Table XVI, tolerance on OD = & .015

Hence, Max OD = .753 + .015 =.768,
which is satisfactory in an .812 dia boreThe requirements have been met by a spring
having the following characteristics:
0D=.75d=
that would buckle and require support in a

tube or over a rod.
21.18 STRANDED WIRE HELICAL COMPRESSION SPRINGS.
21.18.1 General. Helical compression springs
made from standard wire have an inherent
tendency about twice as high as round wire
springs to dampen high velocity displacement of their coils under shock loading. Under such conditions of loading, they have
withstood 3 to 4 times as many deflections as
round wire springs having the same loaddeflection and stress conditions, before failure. For this reason, they have been used
for machine guns. They do not have longer
life than round wire springs under normal
types of load applications. Good results have
been obtained by using three strands of music wire twisted so that the ratio of length
of lay to the strand diameter is betwwn 5
and 51\z. The length of lay is the distance
parallel to the strand axis in which a single
wire makes one turn. Preforming the wire
by twisting it slightly j ust prior to the actual
stranding operation helps to keep the strands
tightly together. Corrosion resisting steel
wire also could be used, Springs with an index D/d of 13 can be coiled on automatic
spring toilers, but springs with a smaller index usually require coiling over an arbor.
Shot peening is not recommended as the small
shot lodges tightly between the strands and is
difficult to detect and remove.
.08, N = 10, TC = 12, FL

= 2.437 (P, load at initial assembled length having km
changed to 15.5).
21.18.2 Stress. High stresses are used in design. The following stresses have been used
at solid length; for music wire .030 in. dia
170,000 to 195,000 and for music wire .070
in. dia 150,000 to 170,000 psi.
21.17.1 Necessity for Severs.i Calculations.

Frequently the first set of calculations does
not result in a satisfactory design for the
conditions involved. It is usually necessary
to make several sets of calculations before
determining the final design. This often is
caused by a stress that is too high, a difficult index for manufacture, or a length
21.1S.3 Formulas for 3 Stranded Wire Spring

Design Follow: The S, and d values are for
each strand of wire, and P is the actual load
on the spring.
Gd4F
=
2.54 D N
75
I
1.
,-
. .
for dskn PUITXWS wfil ~ N +

2o
When a full hook is turned up from a full
coil, the deflection per hook is equivalent to
.6 of a fuIl coil and the total number of active
coils for design purposes will be N + 1.
coils
N=
Gd4F
2.54 P D
r =
P
F
IN HOOKS OF EXTENSION SPRINGS. The hooks at the ends of
22.2 STR-ES
me design procedne is the same as for

other ~
of compression spr@s except
that each strand carries its proportiouti
share of the load.
22. EXTENSION
SPRINGS
OF EXTENSION
22.1 DEFLECTION
SPRING ENDS. Loading an eon
spring
hting hook (1OOP)enh ~use~ tie h~~
to deflti The amount of this deflection dpends on the &pe of hook used. For a half
hook the deflection per hook is equivalent ta
.1 of a full coil and the total muzhr of active
extension springs are subjected to both tenSe

sion (bending) and tirsional ~
Figure 43. These combined stresses are frequedy the limiting factor which determines
the characteristics of the spring. These
stresses occur at the base of the hooks and
their magnitude is higher than the stress in
the body. Therefore this is the weakest point
in an extension spring and the stresses
shoud be calculated. The allowable working
stresses should not exceed those shown in the
curves, Figure 62, Section 11 of this Appendi~ if long life is requireci
76

-.
NUIATB-29A
17
0.0
s=
\
/
t&oo(J
8,
ExuuIa87
77

Jo
0.
MIIA?W29A
FmERsTRn3s cuotc6mu-u=c ==-)

ms.prin@
Hdbol ExhNbatad compm8d.on
..
:
A
Jmuus8
78

I
Find Coewc&hFmotFM~W
Ltft#df
of
Ihuu
79

I
:m
11
0.002
aom
o
I
,
RMum 40

I
3.
2.
-41
81

MIMTD-29A
.008
FIUUSS42
82
--

MIL-sTD-mA
r,= Inside Radius of Hook in.
ra=hside Radiw of Bend, in.
I-R--I
For best results the inside radius should be

at least twice the wire diameter. Special ends
_
be used when high stresses occur in the
hooks. BY using a smaller diameter for the
U few coi% see Figure 44, before the loop,
the magnitude of PR is redu&. Thug the
stress is reduced in direct proportion to the
decrease b the magnitude of PR. By using
as he
radii for r~ and r, as the desi~ will
petit
the stress value is further reduced,
The values of r, and r. can be dete~ind
by
layout.
In extension springg with hooks bent off the
My
(see Figure 6, Off-set hook at side)
the moment arm of the load on which the
maximum torsion stress in the spring depends iS about twice what it would be if the
hmd were applied axially. This xneang doubiing the stress for a giwm load.
Frowxx43
Bending Stress at Section A.
S---=-XL
b- .)98
Tomiod
.
@
ra
Stress at Section A
16PR
stat
x
wda
~
~
mNNON. Initial tension is a
load in pounds which opposes the opening of
the CO* by an external force. It is wound
into the springs during the coiling operation.
Extension sprin~ will have a unifom rate
after the app]ied load overcom~ the load due
r,
mere!?:
r,= Mean Radins of Hook in.
rt =Mean Radius of Bend, in.
Fmcms44
83

.-
. .
MU4TD-29A
to initial tension. The number of coils do not
affect the amount of initial tension except
when the weight of the coils is heavier than
the initial ten9ion. The amount of initial tension is dependent on the spring index (D/d) ;
the smaller the index the larger the initial
tension. initial tension does not increase the
ukimate load or capacity of the spring but
causes a larger portion thereof to be exerted
during the initial deflection- For example, if
the initial tension is 4 lbs and the spring
rate is 9 lb then, at 1 inch deflection the
load is
(1 X 9) + 4=13
over coils, free length inside q

~UM
extended length inside ends without sek
stresses at all loads, eh, stressed for light
service (see Figure 62)
Fmm Table VI it will be found that a spring
with an OD of 1~~ im, and made from %2
in. (0.156 in.) diameter wire, will exert a
force (load) of 94.0 lb at a stress of 100,000
psi and have a deflection per coil of 0.456 im
at that loti
Stress at 55 lb= :x
=58,500 psi
lb
55-27
Rate or load per inch, ~
=9$3
3-inches deflection the load is

(3 X 9) + 4=31 lb
h compnting the total torsional stress add
the tomional stress caused by initial tmsion
to the torsional stress -used by deflection.
Figure 45 shows the amount of initial tension
in terms of toraio~s(~~out appli@strew co~tion
*r)
tion of curvahm
which can be coiled into extdon
Spm
co-ion
made of music wire, on -m,
resisting steel and hard drawn spring AxAs.
Reduce these values 20 perw@ for spfigs
made from nickel-base alloys such as Monel
and InconeL Hot rolled sprin~ and those
made of annealed materials cannot be womd
with initial tensiom Sp@m which r~uim
stress relieving will lose 25 to 50 pement of
their initial tienaion.This 10sscan be comPsated for daring the coiling operation by
winding more initial tendon into the spm
and thus obtain the required initial tension
after stress relievh4it.
100,000
lb/ti,
bad due to deflection of 2 ixq

2 X 9.33= 18.66 Ib
Load required is 27 lb; therefore the initial
tension is 27-18.66=8.34 lb
Load at 5 im deflection= (5 X 9.33) +
8,34=46.65 + 8.34=54.99 (say 56 lb)
Stress at 5 h deflection (due to 46.65 lb
load) =
46.66
TX
100,000=49,650
psi
Stressdue to initial Wionj

8.34
TX
100,000=8,880 psi
49,650
Deflection per coil, ~X
#
0.456=0.226 k
Namber of active coils for 5 in. deflection

2204 ExAMPLE
OF EXTENSION SPRING
is mAn extension @ng
quimdtoexertaf(lo@ of~lb~z~
defection and be defiectad an additional 3
in. (S h total) and then exert a total load
of 66 lb. It must operate within a 1.812 h
CALCULAIlON.
=a.l
226
(say =)
Length over coi4

(=Y
W16
(Z
+ 1) X 0.156=3~
~)
Length of hook (assuming M Per C@ of
minimum diameter bore.
ID) ,0.80 X L437=L15
(9W, ~xz ~)
Free lengtZq inside ends (hooks), 3~a + (2

x 1%2 in.y-5y8 b.
Sdecta suitable oil tempered wire diametir

and determine the number of coils, lenti
84

The fomnuku for 801vingthe example follow:

Strasa due to 46.66 lb lad
49,660 psi
GDF
AN=
3.14S,IM
85,000
=
L12
Stress due to initial tension, =
s,*=
X 8.34
= 8,8m psi
Final stress, 49,650 A 8,87o
102 From
71-55
~+5~.___
.
= ~.~
Comected torsion stress in coils at 55 lb load
=s5i3,520X 1.12=66,200 psi
.797
.719
16 (55) .797
.
16
9.33 +5=~.7~5
700
.oll~
PR
rl
=
.098d~ x ~ =
x 11 = fi$oo
.797
=84,000
.719
psi
Since the allowable tursional stress from

Figure 62 = 100,OOOx .85 = 85,000 psi,
the hooks torsiomd stress is sati5fact0~.
Psi
Checking the bending st=

in the hooks
at maximum extended length (load = 71 lb)
66 X .797
.098X .1565
gb=
.797
=130,000 psi
x .719
r,
PR
.098d3 x ~
71 x .797
Since the allowabe stress fmm Figure 62=

92,000 x 1.5 = 138,000 psi, the present hook
.098 x
.1563
= 168,000 pgi
85

-
+5=
6.715 in. (say 6948 in.) This length is tenf~tiv% depending m the following stress
checks.
.
Bending stress in hooks at 65 ~bload
SC>L>L
=71 ;b
stress in hooks at 65 lb lmd=
16PR
~x$=~(W380)
7.
100,000
~ecking the tomion stress in the hooks at

maximum extended length (load =71 !b) :
Since the allowable stress from Figure 62=

%000 X .85=78,2oo psi, design is satisfactory so far.
94 (75,800)
Since load at 3 in. = 55 lb ad ra~ =

9.33 b/in., a 71 lb load would occur at
Figure 39, Comection J?actor
75,800
100,000 x =
x=
= 68,620 psi
1.694
Spring Index= ~=
75,800
From Table VI, we know that a load cf 94

lb will produce a stress of 100,000 psi. l%ez-e
fore the load produchg 75,800 psi is as
follows :
49,650
:Xm=m
Torsioti
for cmwatu~ stress correction

of 1.12, the allo~ble s=
Allowing
facbr
11,200,000X 0.156 X 5
3.14 x 49,650 x 1.594X=~
is Satisfacbry.
To deterxniIMthe maxi&en&d 1inside ends without pexman~t set we determine (Figure 62) the minimm ebtic limit
for .166 dia oil tempered wire to be 100,000
x .85 = 85,000psi.
PD
46.66 X L594
0.393d = 0.393 X 0.156
s,=
Coalfiguratim
-2-\
.797
x
%zr
UllAT&29A
Since 55 Jb 5 in., with rate of 938 lb/h,
a 64.7 lb load would OCCW at
Since the allowable bending stress at maxilength = 102,000 X 130 =

168@O0 psi; the hook k ovemtmwmi and the
d.
maximum
extended length must be d~
Themforq we calculate the maximum Id
without att
mum extended
153,000
w
==;
X=
64.755
~+5iR=.
::+6
.
=1.04+5=
6.04 in
71(1S8,000)
The maximumextended length inside ends

without permanent set ia: 6.04 + 5.875 =
11.816, &ly 1L90.
168,000
=64.7~
86

~8LE
FROM
TORSJONAL STRESSRESULltNG
tNtTIAL TENSION IN COtLEo E%TEN-
StON S?RINGS FOR OtFFERENl O/d RATtOS
Iv
l\
TRN
.
r
l\l
N \
Fmum 46
87

MiL-STD-29A
2%5 PRECAUTIONS AND SUGGESXIONS

FOR EFPE(5TIVE DESIGN OF EXTENSION SPRING&
2Z6J (bed
Close coiled ertanaion springs
used in the foam of rings by connecting the
ends m often used a9 driving belts, for oil
h
and as retxiners. The ends may have
half or fuU 100paand then be hooked together
or one end may be reduced in diameter for
three to aix coils and screwed introthe other
ad. tinn~
the ends with a separate
short sectio~ called a connector, is ocwionally done.
(a) Avoid using enlarged, extended, ur

Wdally shaped hcoks or loops; they may
double the cost of the spring and have high
?kresa concentrations.
(b) If a plug inust screw into the em!
of a spring, the spring should be coiled right
hand.
(c)
N=rb
aIl
*nsion
springs
The following formulas for

2Z6.2 Formti
d~ign purpoaea may be used:
are
wound with enough initial tension to keep

the spring together, Alwaya tigure on at kaat
5 to 10 per cent of the final load as initial
tension, unless otherwise specifid
Deflectio~ F = = (Shaft Diameter - OU

of spring) (FL)
(d) Ehwtroplating does not deposit a

good coating on the inside of, or -~
the coils of extension springs.
Prsaaure per inch of circumference on

Shaft for spring with initial tension, equals
(e) Hooks on extension sprin~ deflect

under a load. Each half hook made by bending one-half of a CO* deflects an amount
equivalent to O.l of an active ooil. Each full
hook is equivalent ti 03 of an active coil.
Allowance for this deflection should be considered in desigm
2ur
2 (IT)
+ ~ti=
(~erdn
(HD)
(f) If the relative position of the ends is

not important note this fact on the dzawing.
of Connected Ring cquak m
Pressure of each coil on the shaft equals

the pressure ~
inch of circumference on
shaft divided by the number of active coils
per inch of spring.
(g) For standard hooks keep the OD of

the hook the same as the OD of the spring,
and the distance from the end of the kb,
or from the last coil, to the inside of the
hook about 75 to 8S per centof the ID of the
spring.
22.6S Exampk A close wound extension

spring made from 0.050 in. dia wi~ with .40
ixL OD, 232 active coils, 3.4 in. inside dia of
ring, 25 lb IT, with half hooks joined to
form a ring is expanded over a 6 in. dia
Shafk What is the pressure per inch of circumference on the shaft?
(h) The body length or closed portion of

an extension spring equals the number of
coils in the body plus one, multiplied by the
wire diameter.
2 m (ID of Connecti Ring) r

Shaft dia
(i) When deflected Iya times the maximum deflection as aasembled, the total stress
should be less than the Minimum Elastic
Limit shown by the tunes in Figure 62, as
modilki by their multiplying constanh.
FL=s(8.4
226 GARTER SPRINGS
F==(6
+ .40) =11.95 im
FLalso=d(TC
+1)
+ 2 (ID/2)
=.050 (232 + 1) + 2 (.300/2)

=11.65 + .30 = 11.95 in.
+ .40) 1L9S
88

MIL-STD-29A
compared with the elastic limit in tension of
the material to determine the allowable
stress. Comparison should also be made with
the curves of allowable stresses (corrected
for torsion springs) as shown in Figure 62,
Section II, of this Appendix. In Table VII
for helical torsion springs two formulas are
listed for each property. Either may be used;
one is based on load P, the other on deflection
F, and the results should be the same.
=20.10 11.95 = 8.15 in.

Rate=
r=
G &
8-N-D,
11.2 x 106 x .05&
.
8 X 232.2 X .3503
=.877 lb/in.
(.2 coil allowed for deflection of 2 half
hooks)
Pressure per inch of circumference on
shaft,
equals 27T(.877)
W3.4 X .877
6
+7
2 X 2.5
23.2 STRESSES
IN lWRSION SPRING
ENDS. Frequently the limiting stress value
in helical torsion springs is the stress value
in the ends. When a helical torsion spring
has an eye as in Figure 46, or bent off the
coil as in Figme 47 the stress at the inside
of the bend is a tensile stress. The sharp
mmvature causes the neutral axis to move inward toward the center of the curve and the
=5,52 3.13 + .83 = 3.22 lb.

23. TORSION SPRINGS
23.1 DESIGN FORMULAS. The stress in
helical torsion springs is a bending or tensile
stress. The stress caused by a load should be
T&au VH.
ProDertY
Formdaa
Round
Torque,lb in.
m
(aim:
PI?)
Squma
Wi-
wire
Edt F
4,000 N D
E d4 F
2$75 N D
Sb d8
Sb d3
10.2
Bending
pai
s,
for helical torswn qringu
Wk9
I
I
Ebt~FO
2376 N D
Sbb ts
6
6PR
PR
. 10.2
.
6PR
EdFO
=N~
4,000 PRND
E d~
.EdF
392 N D
2376 PRND
E d~
392 S~N D
Ed
392 S~N D
Ed
392 S~ N D
Et
N (ID free)
N+ F
N
(ID free)
Fc
N
(ID free)
FT
d3
~2
d3
stress,
Dektio~
F
ID after
defl~e#ion
ID1
N+
R8t0r~
lb. in,/Deg
WbUl 8 SptiIis baa (maba)
T
F
fferd
coapl~
U!dUtix
2#76PRND
-Ej3
N+
F~ -
S60 mdtided
by tbe DU3Bb@? of
38VOhJtiOOS.
to tbeuis of the spring snd

Check the source to verify that this is89
the current version before use.
360
_T
F-
T
F
Ibctanguhr whw may be coiled on adge or m !btt but b k dwtim parallel

41culm to tbo sxls.
360
EtF
=N~
t b dwwe
~-
M&StD_29A
For the determination of K from Figure 51
in this instance D = 2 times the inside radius
of the bend.
-ile
stress becomes that of a cantilever
loading multiplied by a co~tant (K). me
formula for determining the stress in the
bend of the eye in Figure 46 follows:
~em.
ZL3 DEFLECTION OF TORSK)N SPRING

ENDS. When the length of the material h
the arms of a helical torsion spring approaches the length of material in one coil,
the defkction of the arms will cause the de
flection under applied loads to be in error
(See FIgure 48.) Such ends deflect M a
cantilever and may be calculated as such or
& formula for 8pring rate including arms
may be used-
cumStress Correction
Factor Figure 61
IDofew+d
ODofeye-d
The formula for spring rate when the deflection of the arms should be included is:
Ed
r=
*
-lt-
d
of arm from
coil ti the point of
ls=Length of arm from
coil to the point of
I1=M*
rt=Spring mtq lb in./degree.

L =Active length of material equals =D N
?lauB846
In springs with a large number of coils and

short arm the deflection of theanns is neglected. However, short arms should be
avoided as this causes diflkulty in coiling and
forming.
For bends off the coil m in Figure 47 the

stxeaavahe inthekd
is:
Where n-distance
load
from center of bend to
23.4 CHANGE
IN DIAMETER
AND
LENGTH. When a helical tmsion spring is
deflected a reduction in diameter and an increase in length occm In order to prevent
binding or scufling, which reduc& alife auflkient space must be provided when
opmting wer a rod or in a cylinder. The
new inside diameter IDl in a helical torsion
spring due to deflection is obtiined by the
formula shown in Teble VII. The shaft diame@r should be slightly less than the calculated diameter to prevent binding and distortion in servica The change in length is
due to the increase in the number of coils
at the detkctzd positiom if a helical torsion
-it
the center of the

load, in.
the center of the
load, in.
FIUUaE 47
90

MJL-STD-29A
.
A WI
DEFLECTIO?i
P2
nounsa
4. Winding the spring with a small
amount of initial tension.
~ring
-*
one complek revolution the
increase in length is equal to one thickness
of wire, plus an allowance for the space k
tween cow if any.
23.6 DESIGN NOMOGRAPm FOR HELICAL IK)RSXONSPRINGS. The n~ographs

in Figures 49 *ugh
M are for general
guidance. They are based on a modulus E of
80,000,000 and can be used to reduce the time
required to design a helid torsion spring.
All results should be checked by the forxnuhs in Table VII.
235 HELIX OF IWRSION SPRINGS. Ihe

hand or direction of coiling (helix) should
always be specified for torsion springs, A
torsion spring shcdd be so designed that the
applied load tends to wind up the spring and
increase ik length. In springs operating under high stress it is desirable to design the
springs with open coik A slight space of
about %4 inch or 20 to 25 per cent of the wire
diameter will eliminate friction between coils
d
reduce stress concentration which will
lengthen the spring life. When long helical
torsion springs are used there exists the possibility of buckling. Since buckling will cause
ab=ion
betwen coils, erratic loads and
early spring failure, it should be avoided.
Buckling may be reduced in varying amounts
by providing some means of lateral support
such as:
23.7 MOMENT VS. WIRE SIZE CHAR?.

Table VIII is an aid to quickly determine the
torque. (T or PR) that can be applied to a
wire diameter at the suggested basic stress
listed. For example, what wire diameter is
required to support a torque of 10.5 in. lbs ?
From the table it will be obsenwd that .090
k diameter music wire or corrosion resisting steel; 0915 in diameter carbon or alloy
steel and .125 in. diameter copper and nickel
alloys (phosphor-bronze or monel) could be
considered. The final determination should be
-veal
at by foxmula and evaluation of allowable stresses depending upon type of
semice. The basic stress indicated is a bending stress S~ caused by a torque T or PR,
corrected for culwatureo
L Mounting the spring over a rod or

guide.
. 2. Mounting the spring in a tube.
3. Clamping the ends.
91

MIMTD-29A
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MIL-HD-29A
23.8 HELICAL TORSION SPRING CALCuUZION. The stress in a helical torsion
W-is
normally a bending stress (tension)
an& for this reason E is used in the formuk
Tables and namograpk of characteristics for helical tirsion springs aid in design. The wire diameter also can be obtained
by solving
an equation as in the following
example.
23.8.1 Example. A torsion spring made of
corrosion resisting steel Type FS 302 is required to exert a had of 9 lb at the end of
a 2 in. arm of the spring (measuring from
the center line of the spring to the point of
contact) at 100 degrees of deflection; the ID
being 1~~ in. Select a suitable wire diameter
for average service and determine the number of coils, body length, etc. (assuming that
the stress for average sexwice from Figure
62 for torsion springs may be equal to
120,000 psi xnax)
Theoretical wire diameter d,
3~
d=
d T
S1OQX9X2
120,000
From Table 1, gelect .120 inch diameter

wire. Stress at the 9 lb load,
10.2 PR
10.2x9x2
.12(P
= 106#00 psi
I%om Figure 51, K, = 1.075 S M.
Z l~~oo
X l.~
= 114,3~ ~
153,000
114,300
9X2
= ~
.18 lb in./Deg, the additional deflection

to produce a load of
12-9
3.0
121bis m-==
= 16.7
Number of active co_ils,
Ed F
.
4,000 PRD
28,000,000 x 0.120 x 100
4,000 x 9 x 2 x 1.370
5.88 (say, 6 coils)
Free length over coils,
The free length over coils would equal

0.840 + 0.144 = 0.984 in. (say, 1.0 in.)
~i
The ID of the spring reduces slightly due

to dektion. After maximum deflection without permanent set has taken place,
Since .Figure 62 allows maximum working

~
Of 123,000 psi (82,000 X 1.5), fire
diameter selected is satisfactory.
6 X 1.25
free)
F = 6 + 115/360
N+
360
?.50
=
1.18 in.
6 + 0.82
N(ID
To determine a safe maximum deflection

without permanent set beyond the final position, first find fhe maximum safe load.
~
i14,300
9
9
x
-ix=
= 12.04 lb (say 12 lb)
T
Since spring rate = ~
It is usually desirable to coil torsion

springs with a slight space between the coils
equal to about 20 to 25 per cent of the wire
diameter. &suming 20 per cent, the space
equals 0.20x 0.120 = o.o~~ i*, six coils
would have 6 spaces and equals 6 X 0.024 =
0.144 in.
0.0015 = 0.116 in.

d
s,=
From Figure 62, the minimum elastic limit

for compression springs = 102,000 psi.
Multiplying this by 1.5 = 153,000 ~i, the
stress for a safe maximum deflection without permanent set. The load to produce this
stress is
- (6 + 1) X 0.12C = G.840in.
the material to llQOO psi
above we know that 9 lb will str~s

99

I version before use.
Check the source to verify that this is the current
ML-SW-29A
The shaft over wh@ such a spring is fitted

should, therefore, be leas tlum 1.1s in. A
abft 209&in. diameter would be satisfactory.
hand and the other right-hand, usually can

petiorm the same action as a doubl-tomion
spring, @ kas than half the COSL
The ktks
P (lb load) and R (momeut
arm) WY be replaced by T where T e ,~ 1
the torque in inch pounds. In this C?XPL(?.
would equal 9 X 2 + 18 im lb.
(i) When deflected 1~~ times the maxi.~um deflection as assembled, the total Z
should be less than the Minimum Elastic
Limit shown by the CUmes in F@re 6& *
modified by their multiplying cons@nts.
specifying Ioads in inch-pounds torque (T)

or as pounds times the lever arm PxR gives
the same results; either method may be wed.
24. SPIRAL TORSION SPRINGS

24.1 GENERAL A spiral tomion spring dlivers torque at its inner end to the shaft on
which it is mounted and to the part on which
ita outer end is fasten~
23.9 PRECAUTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

FOR EFFECTIVE DESIGN OF HELICAL
XORSION SPRINGS.
(a)
Always try to support a tmsion spring
by a rod running through the center of the
spring. Torsion springs unsupported or held
by clamps or lugs alone are unsteady, will
buckle, and cause additional stresses in the
wire.
(b) Torsion springs should be design~

and inaMed so that the defktion increases
the number of coils. This increase should be
allowed for in the design of space requiremen~
24.2 STRESS. The dress is in bending and

should be compared with the elastic limit in
tension of the material to determine the allowable stress. The recommended allowuble
stress for thickness under .060 inch k
175,000 psi and for heavier sizes 160,000 psi
for co~
6P*
steels. Lower stresses
will increase fatigue lik
(c) The inside diameter reduces during

deflection and should be computed to determine the clearance over the supporting d.
%
coils
is
ce between
t=%-
(g) S@Ws
may be chwely or loosely
woun& but they should not be mmnd tightlY
reaidxl
EtF
T-Px
R
=a~bt~
Torquda lb
T
m NwaYs specify the dinction of coiling as either rightAand or left-hand on drawin~

Right-hand coiling fobrs
the same
directiocl as ubndard bolt and -W
threack
when frictional
ab-
1.14.6LI
(e) Consider tol-ces

on diameters when
determining clearances over mxk
except
b@
Bendingmrwu,
psi
(d)U**fmWintieen&mpsible. They are often formed in separate

operatio~
are e~ive,
and cause concenlmtions of stress and frequent breakage.
1.1406~
the
desire(L
F-
B8tDrt
in IbdDcg
(h) Avoid using double40mion spriIuP

Two singlatorakm springs, one cofled ~fi
St
T
100
.

I
11
1=1
*
1-
TABLS X. ToTque for 1 in. wid6 @ral

torsion uprings stnwged
(Other widths divecti~ &V proportion)
in.b
.008
1.07
.010
.016
.020
L66
8.75
6.68
le.
.02!5
.022
.041
.0$4
ia.b
10.4
17.1
28.1
48.7
T
hash
a$ 100,000
.063
.072
.080
.092
S&2
86.5
107.0
14L0
M!L-SlD_29A
pm
T
la. b
.105
.125
M6
.188
182
260
410
,s86
working zoneX. The force P at any extension

is determined only by the work required to
straighten the material in zone X from its
natural curvature in its coiled condition. The
constant force giving a zero rate or gradidnt
=n be changed during manufacture to make
springs with a slightly altered rate; thereby
producing springs with a small negative, positive or changing rate if desired, but the zero
rate has the broadest practical application
possibilities. Such springs should have widtl&
equal to 6 to 200 times (250 xnax) their
thickness to have good stability, (100 times
thickness is often used). They are not generally used in elevated temperatures over
140F. Most applications are for the extension type, but these springs also may be used
as motor springs to turn rollers at a constant
torque.
24S ENDS. A variety of end shapes can be

used. Inner ends usually are bent to fit in a
alo~ Outer ends usually are formed to fit
over a boltor piu
25. CONSTANT FORCE SPRINGS
254 GENE.W
These springs have an appearance similar to clock or motor springs
but sre wound so that a constant force P
causes a continuous unwinding of the coils.
The springs are made fmm a strip of fiat
spring material which has been given a curtitum by continuous heavy forming so that
in its relaxed condition it is in the form of
a tightly wound spiral. In Figure 56 the outer
end has been extended by a constant force P
and each incremental part of the straightened portion L has km deflected from its
natural curvature in passing through the
BAcx m BACK
LAMINAR
MOUNTING
TANDEM
HOUNT18G
MOUNTING
Fmmta 66
101

8-6
1=1
-J
-z
M&-Z9A
252 MATERIALS. me two mock generally
d
upring materials and method of specifying them on drawings follow: STEEL,
SPRING, TEMPERED, BLUE, SAE 1095,
NO. 1 EDG~ HARDNESS RANGE RC 48 to
61 and STEEL CORROSION RESISTING
AISI 302 ~4 HARD. Other ~terials are used
if essential to design requirements. In specifying the length any additional material for
forming special loops or straight portions
should be added to the length determined by
the f~uk
If in a fommla for thickness
L tie result derived is an odd sise 8A as
larger
thick.0096 imlL the next s**
neaa such as .010 ~
should be use&
25S INNER ENDS. Normally the inner end

of a constant force extension spring is held
to the roIhM by ita natural gripping actiou
when about l% turns of material remain on
the roller at full &Mectiom No other fastening is mquire& exeept where them is some
tendency for the _
to be wound ointo
the roller in improper alignment or if danger

of overtravel exist& In such cases the inner
endmaybe bentand insertdinto aslot in
the dler, or retahed by a small upset hock
or held by a small screw. Inner ends held by
screws should be recesMM and amki
iII a
dmanner
to prevent the screw head fbm
forming the mkxral curvature of the sp~o
Flangea onderaalso aidinguidingthe
flow of the material ontn the rollexa.
234 OUTER ENDS **
ends usually have
round orpearahapedhol-to
fit overa
8cmw. These ends may be left square, roundmay
Odertlimmdt
isukmeendsalso
be annealed and bent to form 8 bOp and th=
riveted$ for mounting Omr pins. The outer
ends normally follow the regular curvature
if dOfthe$pring
diamabr, but they -y,
aird
b lnanufactumd With a preformed
atla@t end b facilibte atta&nenL
253 MULTIPLE MOUNTING. IWo apringa
SwaMw
l&-
1*OOO
Ur -
laboa 10ooo?-
km
Eigh Cubal 8td

ME
.Ozo
.0166
.014
.o12
001s
,017
.015
.010
1096
GmO@iOm mSi8thg
-h
.009
OPERATING POSITION
MOuNTED0?? ROUBR
56
102

w
eL
NUL-STD-29A
may b mounted back to ~
each on its
own xdlar, and thus double the load. Two
springs also may be mounted in tandem one
above the other, to double the load. TWOor
more springs can also be mounted on the
same roller (laminar mounting) to obtain
multiple loads, see Figure SS.
25.6 STRESS FACTOR
When designing
constant force springs, a stmas factor, St,
based on fatigue life, endurance limit, and
actual tests, is used in place of the customary stress fonmdas because of the combination of stresses occurring in this type of
spring. Values of St, determined for certain
materials and fatigue life are given in Table
XI. Intermediate values may be interpolated.
25.7 EXTENSION
mOXdy
Wed
is
tie
L= F+1OR,
The following formuk may be used to compute the adjusted load P which the spring
wiIl exert based on the proportions established by the formul~ above:
The abbreviations in 20.1.3 are used plus

the follow~g:
R,= natural ~adius of curvature in inches
(minimum) in the free position
= Ir)/2.
R. =natural radius of curvature in inches
(minimum) in the free position
=Yz (OD2t).
TYPE. The most come~~ion
and
& =1.20 R=
L= F+ 51),
or
me
spring is supplied in a coi.L It must then

be rewound onto a roller which should be
about 20 per cent larger in diameter than
the inside diameter of the spring. An extension spring of this type is shown in Figure
56.
R,= mdius of outer coil in inches when

mounted. It is the expanded radius
of cumature due to material build
up = % (OD 2t) where OD
equals
the roller diameter plus allowance for the number of coils
used.
25.8 FORMULAS. The following formulas

approximti promay be used to compute
portions of the spring:
~ =radiys of roller over which spring is

mounted.
~t= 26.4 p
E St~
10 Revolutions
Over 10
or Less
Revolutions
~
Ebt:
R,=
%=
~
d
3/ 26.4 p
R: =1.20 R,
R.
R.=
~20
D, =Diameter of roller= 2 Rx.

25.9 SIMPLIFIED DESIGN. The desi=gn of
extension type constant force sprinegscan be
simplified by replacing the modulus of elasticity E, and other terms by a varying factor Q.
The values of Q have been worked out for
springs having 10 coils or less and the simplified formula for load P follows:
P=Qbt
T-
~+-
EM
carbon tiI
SAE 1095
Corrodon resisting
T
I
XII.
Factor Q @
vahg
fatigue
lije
5yqYLl~~~~~pl=.
....
I
~
602
I .*
~is161
; 233
161
l
86.9
69.4
103

cm
ML--29A
1
T
I
[
1
1
1
1
I 1 1 I 1
1 1 1
Iff++
tih t-t
b.-
II
104

1
Ii
111
I\.
105

1
-*--*-
MiL-STD-29A
---
MIL-ST&29A
106

XI
Source: http://www.assistdocs.com
107 -- Downloaded: 2008-05-08T20:41Z
I
MIL-STD-29A
MMATD-29A
In using the simplified fornmk
b and t
ratios can be estimated. For length L the
regular formulas apply. See Figures 57 to 60
aPPIY -d we~ de~~n~
as these values
fmm the simplified formula with values of Q
as shown in Table XII.
25.10 TABLES OF SPRING CHARACTERISTICS (DESIGN CHAR~)
FOR E2CTENS1ON TYPE
CONSTANT
FORCE
SPIUNGS. As as aid to the selection of constant force sPrh.W$ @*imtions
of fid~
b, thickness g natural radiUs of curvature
&, roller diameter D, (20 per oent larger
than ID of spring). for high carbon spring

steel SAE 1095 and corrosion resisting steels
~e shovm in Figuers 67 b 60. hshould be detied
by the regular formuk
L=F+lO&or
L= F+5D~.
25J1 EXAMPLE. If a high carbon steel extension type constant force spring is requk~
to deflect 24 inches, have a fatigue life of
4(IOOcycles and erert a load P of 10.4 pounds,
it could be *
= s~o- ~ F@=
57J& with a width b of 1 in~ thickness t of
.020 hd
movided tit the roller ~~ter
Ds equals 2.09 inches and the inside diameter
FORMULAS FOR
(Based
uwn
FLAT SPRINGS
standard
beam formulas

ANL-STD-29A
of the spring in the free position equals 1.74

inches.
The kngth L required for 24 inches of deflection F. is obtained from the formula L=
F + 5 D, and equals: 24 + 5 (2.09) =34.45
inches (say S4~~ im).
To adjust an available load Pin the charts

to some other desired load P, select from
the chart a due of P just greater than P
and determine Ra by the following formula:
(holding b and t constant).
26. FLAT
width, and thickness should be clearly specifkd. Formulas in the following table may be
used to determine various flat spring chartiristics
26.2 STRESS. The stress is in bending and
should be compared with the elastic limit in
tension of the material to .deterrnine the allowable stress. The recommended allowable
dress for ~ thickness under .060 inch is
175,000 psi and for heavier sizes 150.000 psi
for commercial spring steels. Lower swesses
wiLl increaae fatigue life.
27. CONED DISC (BELLEVILLE)

SPRINGS
SPRINGS
26.1 GENERAL
Load requirements are intimakly connectedwith spring dimensioning
and the space available for the spring. The

point of load application, deflectio~ length,
27.1 GENERAL.The
comxi disc (Belleville)
spring or waaher is a plain dished washer of
a particular diameter, sectional profile, and
height suited for an intended purpose. It is
M
in a mwiety of applications, all having
mioofOD
FIGURE
61
109

-.
.
we
Clamo?w.
la.
(UD.
lz%timxm)
the common characteristic of neces8i& for
short range of motion and attemht Mb
loads. In order to calculab the free SP*
height and required thickness of stack in a
relatively simple manner, it ill lwcey to
know the outside diameter (OD), inside diameter (ID) and tie l=d (P) for a 8tific
defktiou
the outside dimneter, in.
27.2 LOAD DEFLE~ON.

By obtaining the
value for constant (Y) from the proper cume
(_
61) the follo~
formula may be
charab
. used to CdCUbt42 load dektion
istia
P=*f(h+)(h-f,t
~-(1d)
Y a
[Zx
(+-]
It is poaaible for the *

(h-f/2)
tO
become negative if f i8 large. When this oc~
the tarms inside the bracket should be
Changed toread
+.]
Z,(h
f/2)
&t
110

!,
lZamawndcd
-@MWm
UNWkW 8tWU8W
for wm$ma$ion#
qu$ngdontimueti
(Fatiuw StrwngthCmwu)
t40
I
130
Wue
000000000.0
2f;88?!2:zzo-*-
0000600000
I
.
MARO ORAWN
SPRING
1
1!
..
sTf~~
Oiomacr,ln.
00000
Cu,u*q
06s
82S$
Nwn*
000000
Oioaww,
Ia.
W*CC
Wwt
Diomct*r.
h.
This mtha~ in this instance, the maximum stress is a tensile stress. For a spring
life of less than one-half million stress cycles
a stress of 200,000 psi can be substituted for
Sk even though this might be slightly beyond
the elastic limit of the steel. This is because
the stress is calculated at the point of greab
* intensity, which is on an extremely small
part of the disk Immediately surrounding
this area is a much lower stressed portion
which so suppo~ the higher stresmd point
that very little settling resultg at atmospheric temperatures. For higher than atmospheric temperatures and long spring life,
lower stresses must be employed.
27.4 LOADS. When five coned disc (BeU&
tie)
springs are stacked in series as in
Figure 15, they will have a spring rate only
ondfth that of one disc and the solid load
will be the same as for one disc.
When six discs are stacked in parallel as in

Figure 15, they wiI1have a spring rate and a
solid load six times that of one disc, disregarding friction.
When six discs are stacked in parallelseries as inFigure 15, they will have a spring
rate only hvo-thirds that of one disc and the
solid load will be twice that of one disc, disregarding frictiom
28. RECOMMENDED
MAXIMUM
WORKING STRESSES
28.1 FATIGUE STRENGTH CURVES. The

fatigue strength curves F@we 62 are for the
most popular spring materials. These are for
compression springs, based on the minimum
&ional
elastic limit of each material. The
values
may
be increased 25 per cent for
springs that are properly stress relieved, cold
set and Shotpeened.

MIHTD-29A
TAEU XIV
CRITICAL STRESS DATA
(For 89. in auociatioa with Fi~
62)
SPEING
TORSION SPRING
L TOE810N STBES8 (COILS)- L BENDKNG STRESS (COILS)
Co=psrc cslculatod domig=
+PaT9
calcdabd duigzl
-itacoilstith~ame
dmuiacoibwitido
of rig. 62 Multiplied by 46.
curvo of F@ 62 mdtipliod
EXTENSION
% TOB810N
8TBES8
COIMP8?0
(HOOXS)-
ealoulatod
do~iga
mixltiwith~
OurW multiplkd by s.
S. BENDING
STRESS
(HOOX8)=-
Comp8ro calauiatod
doaign
8tr@nht
hoobwith-mia
~
multipkd b7 L6.
4 TOESION STEESS (COILS) AT
MU EXTENDED LENGTH
co8mpam cdcuhffl
stmm t
Wskgthwith
wciadutdo
Z41dtcnm ntuitiplidhtu
k TOX910N
8TEESS
(HOOX!3)
AT
MAX
EXTENDED
ImW3m-caalpul
edcubbd
by L&
% BENDING 8TZESS (ENDS)
=annpmm UlcnhM
duign
8aaa81nond8
with-u
curm multiplied * 1.s.
8. BENDI14G STRESS IN COXLS
MAXXMUM
DEFLEG
TION colnpalW dculad
atmsincails atthi9de!k4ion
tith e
ckti W of Fig.
62 mnltipu by 14.
& BENDING 8TEESS IN ENDS
-attbbbgthwwlia
U
bit ~
multiplied
&a&
AT
AT MAXIMUX
DEFLEG
TION - Coulpuw cdcubtul
m
in an& at this dafloctton
with wttm.du8ti6 Zimit of Fig.
62 rnuklplkd~ 1.6.
& BENDING 8TXESS (HOOXS)
AT MAX EXTENDED
LxNGm-CallpalW e&ulat9d
-8ttbi8&lgth*th*
UWeummlmipliod
b L6.
Light
aubjected to
and seldom
bomb fuzes,
This service
2&Ll
subjected to rapid detections over long perids of time and to shock loading such as in
pneumatic ~
hydraulic controls and
valvea. Thia service is for 1,000,000 defiections and above. Lowering the values 10 per
cent permits 10,000,000 deflections.
~ce.
This inchdea 8p?h~
static hmda or amdl deflections
used sp?i~
8uch a8 time in
projectiles, and safety devices.
ia for 1000 to 10,000 Wkctiona.
~.1~ Average S8miCeahis iRCki@J 8@Il@

in geneml use in machine toob mechanical
Normal
pmducta and ektrical components.
frequency of deflections not exceeding 3600
per how permit such springs to withstand
100,000 to 1,000,000 deflections.
28.1.3
$ewre
Service
TM
28.1.4 Other Materials. Fvr materials not

shown on the CU=
in Figure 62. the following multiplying con9tants may be used.
(a) For Beryllium CoPPer. multiply tie
vaiues of the Phosphor BronZ CUYVmby
109J
(b) For Spyinz Bm=
includes springs
multip]~ the *106
112

I
II
MIL4TD-29A
of the Phosphor Bronze c-es
by .75.
(c) For Mona multiply the values of the

Inconel curves by .82.
(d) For K-Mon4 multiply the values of
the Inconel cumws by .90.
as
(e) For Dumnickel

for Inconel.
(f) For head

~
per and precipitation
values
of the
Inconel
use
the
same
values
(drawn to spring temhardened)

curves
multiply
by
exert less load and have larger deflections

under load than at room temperature. Compression and extension springs subjected to
the temperatures and stresses shown in the
following table will have a loss of load of S
per cent or les~ (or if tie load remains constan& they will deflect an additional 5 per
cent), in 48 hours. Elaatic limits and modulus values are also reduced, thus necessitating thse iower allowable working stresses.
the
T=
1.25.
XV.
eompwuion
(g) For SM-_neae,

multiply the
values of the Chmme-Van.adium curves by
.90.
PormisAb&
and omtodon
skated
&g*.
th88@tkp9Tlatu?88
tompsmturcs for
Low of bad at
ubutkm
69em8n.tk48kow8.
M
(h) For Chrome-SiLicon, multiply the values of the Chrome-Vanadium curves by 1.20.
working
atPaI
(i) For Valve Spring Quality Wire, use

the same values as for ChronM+Vanadhun.
(j) For Corrosion Resisting Steels type
FS304 and FS420, multiply the vahm of the
Corrosion Resisting Steel curves by .9S,
(k) For Currdon Resisting St@ type
13316, multiply the values of the Corrosion
Reais~
Steel CUrVeSby .~.
(1) For Corrdon
Resisting Steels type

AM 431and17-7
PH,multiply the values of
the Music Wire curves by .90.
2802PERMISSIBLE
ELEVATED TEMPERATURES.Springs
wed at high temperatures
Braaa Spx
~ire
PhoapborBmase
Music Wiro
B@rylliurn-copper
160
225
800
Hard Drown Wed Win
carbon spring StAll

Alloy spring week
Monel
K-Manl
Darudckel
Corrdon Resisting FS402
Corrodon Redstiag
AISI 431
InCOMl
High Speed Skl
Coknium, Elgiloy
Incod
Chlwme-Moly-val!ladium
113

376
400
550
700
776
360
900
30,000
35,000
76,000
40,000
50,000
65,000
65,000
40,000
46,000
60,000
66,000
60,000
60,000
70,000
76,000
6S,000
S6,000
MU-STD-29A
APPEIWDIX A, SECTION III

30. SPRING
MANUFACTURE
30.1 GENERAL Information

on only a few
operations is essential for design purposes.
Tb usual bws
I. STRESS RE~G.
of hardening and &npering ovens ~
used
for stress relieving. Springs made from prehardened wire such as Music Wire, Oil Tempere& Hard Drmm, Corrosion Resisting l=
and similar materials are stress relieved by
heating at low temperatures from 400 to
6603. b reduce the residual st~
trapped in the wire during the coiling operationSpringS made fmm annealed wire are hardened and tempered in a numner somewhat
similar b tool st&eLPrecipitation hardening
materials
such as Be.rYMum-COPper, KMone& Imxmel ~ 17-7 PH and others are
&eati at varying temx~dewupon compositio~ for extanded times from
1 hour to 16hours.
zcomsmmww.m~
usedto stabilize the free
pression
en%
or
spring,
so that SIlbsequmt
intentiona~
height wili not
length of
compression
c.lmnge
the
I-
is
a com-
WV*
b
solid
at Wortig
deflection
(a) If a compression sp~
iS desi~~ so
that the elastic limit is not exceeded when
the spring is compressed to solid height, no
appreciable permanent set @
occur, other
than removal of small kinks in the wire. The
note C&i Set to Solid should be specified
on the drawing of such spa.
(b) If a ap~g is designed so that the
elastic limit is exceedd when the spring is
eloaed solid, permanent set will occur and the
free length will be d~.
Residual
AJwsses of0pPodte8@nfl
be@
Upin
the wire when the load is relso that M
the spring again is closed solid it will withstand a higher cdcubtid
stress than the
stress corresponding with the ektic lirnk
Sf the initial free length of the spring is
made greater than the calculated free length

by the proper amount, overstressing the
spring beyond the elastic limit by compressing itto solid height will stiilize the characteristics and produce the desired loads at
working deflections. Additiond cycles of impressing the spring to solid height and releasing the load will not further change the
free lengtk However, there is a bit to this
process. lkfhr a certain initial free length
has been reached for a paficular spring, the
W free length after compression to a solid
height wi~l remain constant no matter what
increases are made in initial free length.
(c) When a spring is designed so that the
stress & solid height is so far above the
elastic iimit that the spring will not have the
desired loads at wurking deflections if cold
set to soli~ the note Shall compress to
..-.0 -0-0..im without permanent set should
be placed on the drawing. The computed
stress at the specfied )enfi
(equ~ @ Or
less than, the Iinal assembled length) must be
less than the stress at the elastic limit- Whenever practicable+ this design of spring should
be discarded in favor of a spring having a
solid stress within limits that will permit
closing soiid without permanent set.
several
methods
may be used to cold set
to solid. Small air presses and foot presses
can be uswi for light SPZ
Wwer p~,
and specifically built motorized equipment for
larger springs, and hydraulic presses for
heavy springs. Light springs also may be
compressed by hand over close fitting arbors.
33. GRINDING. End coils of compression

SPringS are ground whemwer it is ne~
for the springs L to s=d uprigh& Z. to ob*8goodseata~*amnt@@pfis.
to redu= buckling, and 4- to cause the springs
to exert more uniform pressures under a
diaphragm or against a mating part. This
operation is expensive and should be avoided
wherever it is practi@ble to do swspecially on light springs with wire diametirs
L14

Check the7 source
to verify that this is the current version before use.
nn
MIL-SB29A
unkr HZ inch and where a large spring index

-o
(OD/d) prevails, such as 1S or larger.
Seved types of disc grinding machines are
available. The small disc grinders using paddles to hold springs for grinding are especially useful for snudl production runs from
100 to S000 or more springs. Grinders with
horizontal ferris wheel methods of loading
are useful for larger quantities of light
springs using wire diameters up to about %2
inch. Heavier sizes may be ground in disc
grinders with vertical ferris wheels.
34.
SHOT PEEMNG.
beneficial effects of the trapped compression

stresses produced by shot peening.
Springs made from annealed, oil tempered
or alloy steels that must be electroplated
can be shot peened prinapdly to clean the
mwfa~ thus avoiding the necessity of soaking them in acid sohJtions to remove scale.
The slightly roughened surface of shot peened springs does not produce a bright glossy,
electroplated coating.
Spring life can be in-
creased at kast 80 per cent and has often
been increased from two to ten times by

shot peening. This process maybe applied to
alI highly stressed springs made from steel
and non-ferrous materials usually over Y18
inch wire diameter. Extension springs and
closely wound torsion springs are dficult to
shotpeend because the tiny steel shot is frequently trapped be~een the coils and is
difficult to remove. The large inorease in
fatigue life of helical springs due to shot
-g
iS accomplished by a combination of
effects:
(a)
Small
only by
smooth*
the
surface
irregularities seen
microscope are hammered
(b) The surface of the wire is thoroughly

cleaned, and sharp burrs are made dull.
Nickel, chromi~
zinc,
and
other
metals
Black oxide
and phosphate coatings are occasionally sp~
died. Care must be used in applying coatings, first to use detergents, solvents, alkaline
or vaporizing degreaaers to remove oil and
~
shotblaating or sand blasting to remove
scale, and baking to remove the hydrogen
embrittkznent that may be caused by acid
dipping or e-plating.
am also deposited
electrolytically.
Steel,
36. HYDROGEN EMBRXITLEMENT.
IMrticukly hardened steel, is susceptible to
embrittlement resulting from hydrogen introduced by acid pickling, electroplating, or
cathodic electrocleaning operations. Absorbed
hydrogen results in brittle behavior particularly under sustained loading in the presence
of stress concentrations.
Baking to relieve
springs should be achYdK&n
embri~ed
complished by a method similar to that speor QQ-P.
cified in specification QQ-Z325
416.
additional cold work hardens the

surface of the wire and raises the physical
properties where the stress is highesk
(c)
Uncoated or
35. PROTECTIVECOATINGS.
oil dipped springs are satisfactory where corrosive conditions are not a factor. Black
japanning is often used as it is a flexible, inexpensive finish suitable for many applications, Enamels, lacquers and paint are occasionally used. Cadmium with supplementary chromate treatment provides one of the
best electro deposited coatings because it is
both flexible and corrosion resistant.
Ihis
(d) Cold forging traps beneficial compre

sion stresses near the wire surface which
must be overcome by the destructive tensile
Stresses that Catlae fatique failure before
breakage can occur. JU heat-treating of
springs and all stress-~ lieving processes
~ould be done prior to shot peening, except
in those instances where electroplating is
used; it is then necessary to reheat after
Phthg. H=thg the springs above 500 F.
alter shot peening counteracts much of the
is evolved during acid

(a) Most hydrom
pickling and can be reduced by using organic
inhibitors
in the solution.
115

The
cleaning
of
.
,
MLSTD-29A
sPx@P
by
advisable
tiotbktig
so
the pickling
(b)
that
or
kss
time
by
tumbling
is
is
nequired
in
bath.
Gthodic
by making
ektrocleaning,
tie work anode
instead
of
cathode,
reduces
of hydrogen evolved and shortamount

the time required in acid dipping. Thi9
miS AdXll Used for springs because
of the long time required to perform thd
operation for large quantities.
the
46
%to%a1%6b Y4
%to%
%to%
(c) Hydrogen evolution during electroplating can be reduced by using low current densfties. Low voltages (between 6 and 8 volts)
may be used. Impmper or speedup methods
are h8rmfuL Commercial electroplating of
springs may be unsatisfactory, due to the
high current densities commercially used
which cause a greater evolution of hydrogen
an~ therefore, more embrittlement.
%5b
(d) N electroplated springs made from

8teei ShOUld be dehydrated aS Soon = ~
sible after plating. A time deiay of 5 hours
may prove too long in some ~
that
txmds
Springs
should
stressed
bly,
to
not
condition
be
plated
or when
part
while
in
stressed
conditions
increase
reason
stretching
extxmsion
springs,
beWwen
this
IMydrogenation,
gelh
restores
so
the co@
the
or
that
tie
deposition
14tQl
ltol%
l%tiz
2t03
--wi-
0.004
0.006
0.008
I
0.0101
0.008
0.015
o.o12
O.on I
0.016
0.015
0.032
0.022
0.047
all
hou
emof
0.006
0.010
0.012
0.022
0.031
0.047
0.094
TOlOTEUCUOIBW~
Of
*O*
OOih
Suneao ext8n-
meet
don Whrever
the deoign per-
rate# fme
leag@ solid
heiahg it ia
~~
Vary tbe rlumberofeoilsby
p)u9 or *M:
5pereent
,
I
00031
0.062
Iaeatsoflod
atos
20
6t08
80
9to12
40
For ach additional Ooil Uid

1+5 mcofl.
will
mits.
Otherwisethe mm=
ber of coils
wfll v=
in
ueordma
with the po8ition of the
ends ss shown
in following
~ble.
is not recommended.
removing
normal
of
condition
hydr~
of
the
by heating the elecmbti

%pm
in an oven and should be
done aaaoonas
thespringam
plated and
washed. COmeet lzmperatures and lee
of time at heat depend upon the type and
8* of the steel. Rwommended heat for air
circulating ovens is 375 k 25 F for not less
than 8 hours after ph~.
steal
0.004
0.010I
Y4
Xllorderto
of an assem-
For
O.au
I
0.006 I
jer
embrittement.
brittknenk
occur
kause
increase
0.003
0.003
0.008
TASUXVIL
High carbon spring steel is more susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement thti the lowcarbon steels, and faulty heaMreatment prior
to plating will produce a type of grain stmlcture
0.002
It is W5Xllpbhed
T-
XVIIL
Tdorunow
for
towien
on P08i.tion
Of
OPP+wo
(For dndoxoo
OD/d Up to 1$)
up tOa
Over a inelud!ng10
Mr
10 includiag 20
(her 20 iackling
80
over 90
Occasional embrifflement may occur even

+& tie M regdaki
methods. NonferroM
116

8
10
16
~.
25
,,
MIL-STD-29A
TABUX1X.
Tolerance*
.
on jree btgth for Comprearnon apringa with

for accurateiu
made eztcn.mon springs
SDI+aS iD&X
Uptic
up tQ%,
he.
0v8r %
ml%,
i?w
Overl%
b2%,
ilw
upto4 ................ .............................

Over 4 b 7 ........................................ 1
Over 7 to 11 ........................................
over 11 .................... ................. ........
................................... . .......1
Uptos
Over 5 to 10 .......................................
Over 10 ta 16 ......................... ............
Over 15 ............... ....... .......................
up k) 10 ............................................I
Over 10 to 20, inc. ..................... .... I
in~ ..........................
Over30 ...............................................
up b 1s ..........................- ........ .......
Over 20 to 90,
over2%
*3%,
0ver3%
to4+$,
i.nc8
0ver434
to 6,
0.060
0.076
0.040
0.060
t98$
i!le
Up to 36 ........... .. ........ .. ..... .......

.... ..... ....... ....... ....0..
0v8r35ti70
Over 70 b 100 .......... ...... ...... ..... ...... .
Over 100 ........ ........................ ............
up to 60 ................................... .......
b 14,
iae
&u
14
b 18,
Over 18
tna
incQ
Omr 22
to2q
inc.
0.070
0.106
0.140
0.17s
~ca
~~DIiU
%Tb6bbm8M
~
0.076
0.090
--.
0.060
0.080
0.100
0.120
0.060
0.070
0.060
0.075
0.090
0.106
0.080
0.100
0.120
0.140
0.100
0.125
0.160
0.175
0.100
0.125
0.150
0.205
0.135
0.180
0225
.
0.140
0.17s
0.210
O.l$s
0.180
0225
0.2?0
0.120
0+180
0.180
0.240
0.140
0.176
0210
0.245
0.180
0225
0270
0.315
0340
0.300
Over 120 te 180 ....................... .......

over 180..... ... . . ... .... ............ ... ....-
0.240
0.300
0.300
0.360
0.420
Up toso ........... . ......... .. . ...............
0d60
0.360
-
0340
0.320
0.400
0.480
~s5n
0.400
0.500
0.600
0.240
............... . ...............
Cker80t0160
chr MO b 240 ..............................0220
0.400
......................................
-240
0200
up * 100 ....................... ........... ... ...
0300
. ... ........---Over 100 b 200 ..... O
0.400
C.CO$
...........
over 200tOsoo ....* O..*.
0.500
.............................
over 800 ........*.....
up to 12s
0250
037s
0v61r125 to 250 ........--..-*....
0.375
Over 260 to 378 .......... . . . ..... ... .....
0.s00
0.500
0.625
0.750
......... .... .... ... . .
. . ...........
Omr 376 ................... . ......... ....... .... I

L*
0.020
0.025
a
0.030
i
0.035
0.040
0.050
o&u
0.060
0.090
WJ ..... ................ ...........
0ver60b
I
I
0.075
0.100
0.125
0.015
0.018
0.022
9.026
0.060
0.060
0.075
................. ......... ........

.................*................
Over 10
10@ 16 (iug~)
0.020
0.025
0.030
.
(?.0s0
0.040
0.080
UP to 46 ... . ......................................
Over 45 ta 90 ...................................
Over 90 to 135 ..................................
over 136 ....... .....................................
d)
0.015
0.100
Over 8
b 10,
I
I
;
Over 40 to 60 ................. .......... . .......
up b 25............................................
over60 ..................................... .......

0ver25t050
0mr60t076
0.011
0.01s
0.018
0.022
..
0.040
0.050
--
.
Over 30 b 46 ..... .. .........-. .. -0.....
Over 46 ............................- .... ..... ...
up tQ 20 ....................-. . ...... .... ...
Over 20 to 40 ................ ....... ........ .....
0.025
0.020
()@fo
0.030
0.046
( O.D.+
6 to 10 (Srem)
0.007
0.011
0,016
0.018
0.010 -
0.016
0.020
Over 15 W 30 .... ...... ....... .....- .......
Over 7S ............................. ................
Over 6
(-A)
and
on &@& In.
Plusor smnus toiuuI=
T-mOtoaii,
Spriac,
ends cloafd and ground
dud
--dAcddbo
doAM
m7
60 ~t
ferrnB~8udam
0.626
tadhidaaih mndhc. mnxunmg.totiac nd unthw
t&t40a04
hsv.
mumdmAuadtortb.
0.320
0.400
0.480
0.560
0.400
0.500
0.600
0.700
iisoo
0.625
0.760
0.875
b
wd
sprin~ but this

TUXJC#mMWTCM
WriDga
&Thetih
Itallaue@aw4ud
whan
thewire
~6rnamkr
ottmi19baot
praidumindorwkbb
117

MAXIMtlbf DEVXATIONS ALLOWED ON ENDS OF

EXTENSION SPRINGS
VARIATION IN ALI==T
OF
Ems (LOOPS)
d
~ ORS 1
$6?WHICHEVER
IS GREATER
45
N.AYCXMUM
OVERLAP
MAXIMUM OPENING
FORCLOSEDLOOP
FOR CLOS~
LOOP
muumua
118

MIL-STD-29A
sary and frequently is expensive.
materials am not ordinarily subject to hydrogen embrittlement during electroplating.
TOLERANCE ON LOADS. The recommended tolerance on all loads is plus or minus

10 per cent and should be specified as shown
on the drawing requirement charts. However, when the deflection from the free length
to the ilmt load is small, the load tolerance
must be large and should be considered proportional to the tolerances that apply to the
free length. For example, if the deflection is
only ~ inch and the tolerance on the free
len@h is ~~ inch, then it follows that the
tolerance on the first load should be plus or
Inh8 ~ P@!rcent (~~=~
~
cent of ~a)?
otherwise the tolerance on the fra length
could not be kkem
37.1
S7. TOLERANCES FOR SPRINGS. Tables

that follow present tolerance which can be
obtied
undar normal manufacturing methods. Springs having closer tolerances can be
~KXhlU2d but at greatiy iIICd
cost
A
more
liberaI
tolerance
should
be
specified
whenever possible.
Upto?
0vQr7ta12
ckulsta17
Ovur 17
~.
4
6
6
4
6
6
T
5
6
r
8
Where a specific amount of initial tension

is rquired for extension sprin~, it should
be specified in pounds or ounces with a recommended tolerance of plus or minus 1S per
~
but it usually is specified as a REFERENCE.
!I%esetolerances in degrees maybe reduced

60 per cent by individually grinding, measurk-, -g,
~d sorting the springs, but
this immases
production time and cost.
Grinding end coils of springs made from wire
under
$$2 inch
diameter
is usually
Smaller load tolerances than these usually

require testing and adjusting each spring and
add consid~ly
b the manufacturing time
and to the cost.
unneces-
119

MIL-STD-29A
.
Tnrs
.-
XXI
120

..-
.-
.-.
. .
..
. .
-.
MIL-STD-29A
TABXX XXII.
Load chanues due to sli~ht wire ehan~es
INTRODIJCTION: It h frequenth
nece-ry
tO make a dibt
cha: ?e to the wire diameter of spring,
aither to use wire size vailable or to change the load to meet a specified requmement- Adding only .001 k.
to .040 in. wire (thereby using .041 in. instaad of .040 in.) increases the load 10 per eenk Adding .001 in.
to %6 in. wire, however, changes the load onlY 2 per cenb but a .005 in. addition incremMMthe load 10 per
tank This data is for compression and xtension *prings.
,
CURVES:
cum-
below
show
the
per
ant
change
for conwresdon, extension-d

and .S?6 in. inclusive.
curves are mksble
between .016 k
in
loads
due
to
slkht
tonion wnnga using
changes
anY
in
material,
wire
diameters. The
with wme diametem
la be -de
from .080 in. wire, is ctually made f ram .082 in.
EUMPLE:
If spring thatis suppoeed
loacL The per cent incre=e in load is 10 per cent as shown
wire, the .002 in. heamkr wim causes km.by the intersection of the vertical Iine .080 in. and the curvs .002 in. (as shown dotted).
Similarly
esme).
hoatier
if .078 h
is used, the .a
wh
t~oh~ *XW =US-
If the original load mst be rntitained,

kwoul~ ~ M=uv
wire ismed or 10 per cent lass coils with the lighbr wire.
ail
96
-.
i@*
load of 10 per cent (same
to add 10 per Mmt more coils if the
I&!
24
22 1.
ao
CWUGB
IR WIRE DIAKETER
-. ohs
16
O*eo
a**
******
I
I
1 r*oo6
**W**
.
&e wim3iq also changes the solid height. body hngm, stres-,
Noti: Changin~
etc.

MILSTD-29A
-TABLE XXIII. Cauea of epring failure. Listd

according & jrequnoy oj @urs.
ix sequence
Spring failu.m My be cause by breaka~, high ~rmanent

set or loss of &d, Group I lists the
causes thatoccurmost frequently. Group II contains the less frequent causes and Group III lish
causes that ofcur occasionally.
~t
HIGH
STRESS
The majority of spring faihmee are due to high stresses csuead by large deflections
and high loads. Highstressm should be used onAy for statically loaded springs.
strewes lengthen fatigue life.
Low
HYDROGEN
EMBRITTLEbfENT
SHARP
BENDS &
BOLES
FATIGUE
SHOCK
LOADING
COBEOSION
Improper electro-piating
methods nd acid cleaning of springs, without proper
baking &eatmen& cause spring steels to become brittle, and is frequent cause of
failure. Non-ferrous 8prings am immune.
Sharp bends on extmision, -ion
and flat springs
sprin~ cause high concentration of stress resuking
be as large es possible, and tool marks avoided.
HEAT
TREATMENT
FAULTY
MATERIAL
HIGH
TEMPERATURE
Low
TEMPERATURE
FBICTION
and rapid loading eauae far higher stmeses than thoee wmputad~
formti
High carbon spring steels do not withstand shock
Ioadfng *S well as lloy 8*
.
Slight rusting or pitting caused by cids, alkali, galwanic corrosion, stress corrosion
cracking, or corrosive a-osphere
weakens the material and causes higher stresses
Irnpsc% shock,
the
~gular
spring
Keeping spring mataride t thehardeningtemperature for longer periods than

an undesirable growth in gTain stmwture resulting in brittlencw
even though the hardness may be correcL
Poor material containing inclusion% seams, slivers. and fit material with rough,
wire, improper hardness, and poor
sliL or torn edges csuss euly.failure. Overdrawn
grain
structure also resultin early failure.
High temperatures
reduee spring tmnper (or hardness), lowem the modulus of
ektieity thereby eausins lowtr loads, reduces the lastic limit and increases corrosion. Corrwkn rasisting or nkhl allays should be used.
Temperatures below 40 F Aaasen
the ability of carbon steels b withstand shock
nickel or non~OUiS. ~
sta!ds become brittle d 70 F. Corrosion misting,
ferrous alloys should be *
llta on rods or in hake mmlt
Cl*Y
-- >
am-
neoeaea.ry cwees
Mum
OTHER
CAUSES
in flat
should
-.OIE~~OnSt
ven
~~
F&peati
ddktions
of swings. aewciaUY SbOW 1 JWmo
medium stresses, may cause failure. Low skees
should be used for eevere operating
conditiow
h the corded
FAULTY
and hoies or notches

in failure. Bend rdii
TIM outde
ia s wearing sway
diameters af eompmssion spnn~
become smaller on to~on
of material and occasional

expand during deflection but
sprin~
the stress t the bench Carrying

Enlarged hooks on ~
-f~
-d
d~~
frewW
too much lectrical currmt WW UUSS - failure. Walddestroy the spring tamper. Tool marks, nicks, and cuts often became stress raise=
I Deflecting torsion springs outwardly causes high stresses. Winding them tightly
cauees binding on supporting rods. High speed of deflection, vibration nd surging
1 due to operation near natural pdods of vibmtion or their harmonics, cause in-

MIL-STD-29A
Copies of specification,
standards, drawand publications required by contractors
in connection with procurement functions
should be obtained from the procuring actiV& or as directed by the contracting -05cer.
hgs,
bpies of this standard for military use

-y
be obtained as indicated in the foreword
to or genexal provisions of the Index of Military,Specifications and S&mdar&
Copies of this Standard may be obtained
for other than official use by individual
_
ad contractors from the Supmintend~
ant of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Otlke, Washington 2S. D. C.
Both the title and the identifying s@ml
number should be stipulated when requesting
copies of Militwy Standards.
Patant notice. When Gmermnent drawings, spedflcations, or other data are used for any purpose
Aber than in connection with a definitely re!ati
Government procurement
operation,
the United
Sta~
Government thereby incurs no responsibility,
nor any obligation Whatsoever; and the fact that the
Government
may have formulated, fornishe& or in
SpeCifi~tiOllS,
81iy W8y SUppiied the said drawin~,
by implication or
or other data is not to be re~ed
otherwise as in any manner licensing the holder or

any other person or corporation, or conveying any
rights or permission b manufacture, use, or sell any
patented invention that may in any way be relatad
thereCnstiiana:
Amu-(hdnanee
Nsv&Bureau
Air Fome
Preparing activity:
NavyBumaa
Corns.
of Naval Weapons
of Naval W~poM

NOZZ:
~
fO-
his
=@==-
to wsh
UMy
mot bS d
to -U-t
COpiU
Corltmcts.
~ts
on Oulmnt
say portkm of tbo r8fa8nsed
docurnmt(s)
Of
d-timw or clarif~ation of
d ocurnenta, nor to reqwst wsiq
submitted
on Ma form do mot concthu~ or imply tlmrization
or to smend contmctusl
rsquimmts.
DEPARTMENT
OF THE NAVY
111111
p=g!q
UNITED STATES
IPOSfAGE
lRST
CLASS
ERMIT
NO.
12803
WASHINGTON
O. C.
J
WILL BE PA1O BY THE DEPARTMENT
OF THE NAVY
Commander
Vaval
Air
Washington,
Systems Conmand
DC
(AIR 51122)
20361

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DOCUMENT IMPROVEMENT
We)
(* Instmc!ims- Reverse
PROPOSAL
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VENOOR
USE
OTHER (SX/9):
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AREAS
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Nt4mbu
U@
Wordbq:
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c.
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of
SUDMITTER
fkL
F&ut, Mf) -
+tbfbai
I
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(Street,
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What are the different types of springs discussed in the document?

What are the different types of springs discussed in the document?

What are some of the drawing requirements discussed for different types of springs?

What are some of the drawing requirements discussed for different types of springs?

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(APPENDIX INCLUDES NO lWNDATORY PROVISIONS)

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standard ha beun WWOVed by the Department of Dd-

8. Recommended corr-&io~ additioxw or deletions should be addreswKI to b

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HELICAL COMPRESSION SPRINGS

STRANDED WIRE COMPRESSION SPRINGS

HELICAL EXTENSION SPRXNGS

HELICAL TORSION SPRINGS

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SPIRAL TORSION SPRINGS

TORSION BAR SPRINGS

CONED DISC BIXLEVILLE SPRINGS

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CONSTANT FORCE SPR~=

HIGH CARBON STEEIS

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COPPER BASE ALLOYS

NICKEL BASE JWLOYS

STEEL STRIP HIGH CARBON

TABLES OF SPRING CIIJU3ACTERISTICS FOR

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STRANDED WIRE HEHCU

for effective Desi~

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CONSTANT FORGE SPRINGS Continued

CONED DISC (BELLEVLLE)

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DRAWING REQ UIREMENT CHARTS AND DATA-C&d

TYPICAL DETAIL DRAWINGS OFSPRINGS

Buckling of Helical (hnP-h

NOMOGRA.PHS FOR HELICAL COMPRESSION AND

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NOMOGRAHIS FOR HELICAL COMPRESSION iW13

Preferred Sizes for Spring Materials

Formulas for Compression and Extension Springs

Formulas for Torsion Springz

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FOR MECHANICAL SPRINGS