Anatomy without Lab 1

Midterm Study Guide

anatomy- the science of the structure of living organisms

physiology- the science of the functioning of living organisms

cell- the basic biological unit of living organisms, containing a nucleus and a variety of
organelles enclosed by a limiting membrane

tissues- a group of similar cells specialized to preform a specific function; primary

tissue types are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues

organ- a part of the body formed of two or more tissues that preforms a specialized
function

organ system- a group of organs that work together to preform a vital body function
! -Integumentary- skin
! ! -protection
! -Skeletal- bones, cartilages, ligaments, and joints
! ! -supports and protects
! -Muscular- muscles
! ! -movement
! -Nervous- brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors
! ! -fast acting control
! -Endocrine- hormones
! ! -regulate body
! -Cardiovascular- heart and blood vessels
! ! -transports oxygen in blood
! -Lymphatic- lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, and tonsils
! ! -cleans blood, houses immunity cells (think lysol)
! -Respiratory- nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
! ! -supplies body with oxygen
! -Digestive- mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, and rectum
! ! -breaks down food for absorption
! -Urinary- kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
! ! -removes nitrogen wastes
! -Reproductive- male- penis ; female - vagina
! ! -produce offspring

organism- an individual living thing

homeostasis- a state of body equilibrium or stable internal environment of the body

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hematopoiesis- formation of blood cells

negative feedback- feedback that causes the stimulus to decline or end

anatomical position- standing erect, limbs extended, palms facing forward

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Directional Terms
Superior (A)- above, towards the head

Inferior (H)- below, towards the feet

Anterior (B) (ventral)- in front of the body

Posterior (C) (dorsal)- behind the body

Proximal (F)- closer to the root of the limb

Distal (G)- farther from the root of the limb

Superfical (I)- towards the surface

Deep (J)- farther from the surface

right and left- their right and left; not yours

Sagittal- left and right halves

! -midsagittal / median- equal left and right halves

Coronal- anterior and posterior halves

Transverse (cross)- superior and inferior halves

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dialysis- diffusion of solute(s) through a semipermeable membrane

filtration- the passage of a slovent and dissolved substances through a membrane or

filter

active transport- net movement of a substance across a membrane against a

concentration gradient; requires release and use of cellular energy

passive transport- membrane transport that do not require cellular energy

diffusion- the spreading of particles in a gas or solution with a movement toward

uniform distribution of particles

osmosis- the diffusion of a solvent through a membrane from a dilute solution into a
more concentrated one

microvilli- the tiny projections on the free surfaces of some epithelial cells; increase
surface area for absorption

pinocytosis- the engulfing extracellular fluid by cells

phagocytosis- the ingestion of solid particles by cells

mucous membranes (mucosa)- membrane that forms the lining of body cavities open
the the exterior (digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts)

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Skin
Superficial to deep:

stratum corneum- 20/30 cell layers thick; always dead; horny layer

stratum lucidum-thin layer of flat cells; clear

stratum granulosum- begin to die; absorbs keratin

stratum germinativum- cell division; mitosis; 25% melanocytes

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dermis- the deep layer of the skin; composed of dense irregular connective tissue

melanocyte- a cell that produces melanin

melanin- the dark pigment synthesized by melanocytes; responsible for skin color

keratin- a tough, insoluble protein found in tissues such as hair, nails, and epidermis of
the skin; waterproof

sweat glands- secrete sweat

apocrine glands- less numerous sweat gland; salt, water, protein; BO- armpits/ gooch

eccrine glands- sweat gland; salt and water

sebaceous glands- secretes oils; attached to hair follicle;

hair follicles- surrounds hair shaft int he dermis

sensory receptors- nerve endings in the skin

papillary layer- dermal papili; causes finger prints

hair bulb- bulb at the bottom of the hair shaft

sebum- the oily secretion of sebaceous glands

Burns-1st degree- sunburn, mild; epidermis damage and redness

! 2nd degree- bad sunburn; epidermis and dermis damage; partial thickness;
! ! ! most painful
! 3rd degree- black, grey, white; full thickness; skin grafting;
! ! ! painless

acne- inflammatory disease of the skin; infection of the sebaceous glands

cutaneous membrane- the skin; composed of epidermal and dermal layers

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Bones and Joints

Articulations-Joints

1) Diarthroses- synovial- movable

-Hinge (knee), Eliptical (wrist), Ball and Socket (shoulder), Saddle (thumb), Pivot (neck)

2) Amphiarthroses- cartilaginous- slightly movable

-Vertebrae, Pubic Synthesis

3) Synarthroses- fibrous- immovable

-Sutures

synovial membrane- membrane that lines the capsule of a synovial joint

visceral- pertaining to the the internal part of a structure or the internal organs

parietal- pertaining to the walls of a cavity

long bone- femur, tibia, humorous

short bone- carpals, tarsals

flat bone- skull (8 bones)

irregular bone- vertebrae

epiphysis- end of bone

periosteum- thin superficial layer

diaphysis- shaft of the bone

epiphyseal plate- growth plate

compact bone- very dense bone; calcium

hyaline cartilage-(articular) covers joints

compound fractures- a fracture in which the bone is sticking through the skin

ossification- process of bone formation

osteoclasts- large cells that resorb or break down bone matrix

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hematoma- a localized swelling filled with blood

fibrocartilage callus- a temporary formation of fibroblasts and chondroblasts which

forms at the area of a bone fracture as the bone attempts to heal itself

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foramen- opening/ hole

! -foramen magnum- skull (spine)
! -mental foramen- jaw (nerves)
! -Foramen ovale- skull (nerves)

sinus- air filled cavity

ramus- a branch of a bone

facet- flat surface

fossa- depression
! -olecranon fossa (humorous)

tubercle- small rounded projection

! -greater tubercle (humorous/ shoulder)

trochanter- large irregular projection

! -greater trochanter (hip)

tuberosity- large rounded projection

! -tibial tuberosity (knee)

acromion- the outermost point of the spine of the shoulder blade

fontanels- soft spots on a baby's skull

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Muscle
skeletal muscle- a muscle that is connected at either or both ends to a bone and so
move parts of the skeleton

striated muscle- voluntary muscle

smooth muscle- Involuntary muscle

cardiac muscle- muscle tissue of the heart

intercalated disks- membrane separating adjacent cells in cardiac muscle fibers

acetylcholine- a neurotransmitter

sliding filament theory- a process used by muscles to contract

neuromuscular junction- the junction between a nerve fiber and the muscle it supplies

antagonist- muscles that move in opposition to a prime mover muscle

synergist- muscles cooperating with another to produce a desired movement

prime mover- (agonist) a muscle that bears the primary responsibility for causing a
certain movement

mastication- movement of chewing your food

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Nerves
synapse- the region of communications between two neurons

neuron body- region of the cell where the nucleus is located

dendrites- the branching extensions of neurons that carry impulses to the cell body

axon- neuron process that carries impulses away from the cell body; efferent process

motor neuron- controls the muscles in reflex

association neuron- (interneuron) connect sensory neurons to motor neurons

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sensory neuron- sensory receptors to the environment (hot/ cold/ rough/ smooth);
afferent process

afferent pathway- towards the central nervous system

efferent pathway- away from the the central nervous system

neurotransmitter- chemical released by neurons that stimulate receptors of other

neurons

central nervous system- brain and spinal cord

neuroglia cells- non conducting; protect, connect, support

! -neurolgial- nerve glue
! -microglial- small

microglia- the nonneuronal tissue of the central nervous system that supports it and
other functions

astrocytes- star shaped glial cells

oligodendrocytes- fruit roll up shaped glial cells

myelin- white fatty lipid substance

Schwann cell- myelin that coats the axon of a neuron

reflex arc- the neural path of a reflex

patellar reflex- knee jerk

central fissure- Long deep fissure on the lateral surface of the cerebral cortex

autonomic nervous system- involuntary

sympathetic division- resting and digesting (paul)

parasympathetic division- fight or flight

norepinephrine- a neurotransmitter found mainly in areas of the brain that are involved
in governing autonomic nervous system activity, especially blood pressure and heart
rate

serotonin- a neurotransmitter involved in sleep, depression, appetite, and memory

adrenalin- a neurotransmitter involved in response to stress

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diagrams
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Nerve Tissue Simple Squamous Epithelium Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

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Sudorferous Gland
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NO ACTUAL DIAGRAM THAT

CONTAINS ALL OF THESE

possible places to study from:

Lab Manual:
pg 68
pg 78
pg 86
pg 96
pg 98
pg 103
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LUMBAR

THORACIC

CERVICAL
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sarcomere
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