100 Gbit/s Line Side - Impairments, Dispersion and OSNR

100G
TECHNICAL POSTER

Constellation Diagram

Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD)

A constellation diagram is a representation of a signal modulated by a

digital modulation scheme (phase and/or amplitude). In other words, it
shows the possible symbols that can be selected by a given modulation
format as points in the complex plane.

Why the IEC Method Fails in Coherent Networks

Most coherent digital signal processing (DSP) will compensate for a large portion of
average PMD

Example of a quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) constellation diagram

I = In-phase axis or real part of the signal

Q = Quadrature axis or imaginary part of the signal

OSNR Measurement of Coherent 40G/100G Signals

The Solution: Pol-Mux OSNR Measurements with EXFOs
Commissioning Assistant

Some high values will nonetheless cause network failure

Case 1: Network Operating at 40 Gbit/s or 100 Gbit/s

The real-time impact of differential group delay (DGD) per wavelength is monitored and
compensated for at the receiver site

Coherent 40G and 100G signals are closely spaced and therefore overlap

Tracking has limitations, both in terms of the range and transition/reaction speed

This in turn creates a false impression of a problem

Also available in the commissioning assistant: Pol-Mux OSNR measurement according to the
China Communications Standards Association (CCSA) YD/T 2147-2010 method

Case 2: ROADM Present in the Network

EXFOs Commissioning Assistant

A ROADM contains filters that reduce interchannel noise

Involves taking traces during commissioning (by turning off channels)

The traditional interpolation method leads to an underestimation of the noise

Requires n+1 traces (n= number of channels)

This creates a false sense of security

The commissionning assistant then automatically

calculates Pol-Mux OSNR

The IEC interpolation method leads to an overestimation of the noise level

The Pol-Mux OSNR measurement was made according to the IEC in-band method (recommendation
IEC 61282-12), as representetd by the IECi in the noise column below

Rapid or Extreme DGD Transitions May Result in:

DSP failing to track
The system not compensating when trying to retrieve DGD information
Burst of error, increasing the BER
Loss of tracking and long recovery time at up to 5 seconds)
PMD Measurement on Live Signals (with WDM Investigator)

Common QPSK Impairments

Identifies PMD issues on active noncoherent channels

Ideal for PMD assessment prior to an upgrade to 100G

Ideal QPSK Constellation

Poor Signal-To-Noise Ratio Transmitter

I phase

The Challenge: Reducing OPEX Amid Increasing Network Complexity

Q phase

Constellation diagram

Eye diagram

Clouded constellation and eye diagrams are typically of

poor SNR due to an instrument limitation.

The Solution: Using WDM Investigator for Increased Network Visibility

and Reduced OPEX

Saves time and money, and reduces the risk of human error with respect to manual calculations with
channels turned off

Chirp

The S-shape transitions of the chirp impairment can stem

from data modulation or from residual fiber dispersion.

EXFO HEADQUARTERS

I/Q Quadrature Error

400 Godin Avenue

Quebec City (Quebec)
G1M 2K2 CANADA

I/Q Gain Imbalance

This impairment, shown as a rectangular constellation, is due to a

gain that is different in the I port with respect to the Q port, i.e. the
power of RF drive signals (RF3 and RF4) is not optimized.

I/Q Modulator Bias Error

T: +1 418 683-0211
F: +1 418 683-2170

In 2012s $1.8 trillion worldwide telecom market, OPEX consumed

$1.4 trillion. Source: Infonetics, April 2013

Challenge
Network Complexity

Result: New Impairments

ROADMs

PMD pulse spreading

Coherent

Crosstalk

Various modulation formats

Nonlinear effects (NLE)

Various bandwidths

Carrier leakage (CL)

Polarization-based in-band OSNR does not work, because the signal

appears unpolarized (two orthogonal polarizations).

Data rate

ROADM

Modulation format

OSNR method

Many sources of noise to identify and mitigate.

WDM-Aware does not work

10 Gbit/s

No

OOK

IEC

10 Gbit/s

Yes

OOK

In-band

40 Gbit/s noncoherent

Yes or No

DQPSK or other

In-band

40 Gbit/s coherent

Yes or No

DP-QPSK, DP-BPSK

Pol-Mux

100 Gbit/s coherent

Yes or No

DP-QPSK

Pol-Mux

Less dark fiber testing

Why In-Band OSNR Fails in Coherent Networks

Polarization-nulling does not work

EXFO INDIA
308, IRIS Tech Park, Sector-48
Sohna Road, Gurgaon-122018
Haryana, INDIA

A rhombic constellation appears when the I and Q phases

do not show a perfect 90 phase shift, which occurs when
bias B5 is not optimized.

Tel: + 91 124 4868370

Fax: +91 124 4868378

This impairment, caused by an incorrect bias in the I-branch

of the I/Q modulator (bias B1), results in an overshoot in the
I direction and an undershoot in the Q direction.

[email protected]

2014 EXFO Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in Canada

Fiber Type

10G Networks

40G and 100G Networs

ASE

ASE, instantaneous PMD, NLE,

crosstalk and CL

Optical amplifiers

Amplifiers, fiber properties, neighboring channels, filters

and transmitters

Troubleshooting
Noise Issues

Easier

More complex, time consuming

and expensive

Troubleshooting
Procedure for
Noise Issues

Check amplifier-noise
figure

Check amplifiers, channel power (NLE), channel spacing

(crosstalk + NLE), transmitter CL, chromatic dispersion and PMD
values (NLE), and filtering (OSNR)

Noise Types
Noise Sources

14/02

20110794v3

SAP1066048

I/Q Data Skew

Deterministic Data-Dependent Jitter

Required Test Tools

Optical spectrum
analyzer

WDM Investigator

The Solution: WDM Investigator

The opening in the center of the constellation is caused by a constant
time delay between the I and Q RF drive signals (RF3 and RF4).

The I and Q RF drive signals (RF3 and RF4) may contain

deterministic jitter originating from driver circuits or SERDES that
leads to a delay in the transitions.

Identifies new sources of noise, such as interchannel crosstalk, nonlinear effects and carrier leakage.
Measures PMD on live signals (dark fiber is no longer a requirement for PMD measurement)

Advantages

Random Data Clock Jitter

Enables you to diagnose your network

Helps you identify more probable
causes of noise
Speeds up troubleshooting
Reduces truck rolls
Helps you regain control of your OPEX

An equal delay in the I and Q phases due to clock jitter

(RF3 and RF4 drive signals) leads to an impairment that is
only visible in the eye diagram.

Summary of OSNR Methods

FTB-5240S/BP Spectrum Analyzer

EXFOs PSO-200 Modulation Analyzer

First third-party 40G/100G Pol-Mux OSNR option on the market

Supports data rates of 40 Gbit/s, 100 Gbit/s, 400 Gbit/s,

1 Tbit/s and beyond

Intelligent in-band OSNR measurement for 40 Gbit/s and

ROADM deployments

For NRZ, RZ, DPSK, DQPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM

Automatic impairment identification for faster troubleshooting

Single- or dual-polarization transmission

Fast and cost-effective

in-service PMD analysis
option

Distortion-free signal recovery

100 GigE Packet Transmission

Packetization
MAC

Simplified 802.3 stack

Packetization
Symbols > Lanes
MAC
PCS

Media Access Control (MAC)

IEEE 802.3ba Highlights

IEEE 802.3
S
Preamble O
F
7
1

Destination
Address

Source
Address

Length

FCS

46-1500

802.2
Header

PCS Lane Skew

> Skew is the difference in time it takes
the signals traveling down one lane
compared to the others
> Each element along the data path will
contribute to the overall skew (i.e., CFP,
fiber, etc.)

Ethernet Interface

DATA

100G Ethernet

103.125 Gbit/s

40G Ethernet

41.25 Gbit/s

Maximum
Skew (ns)

Maximum
Skew for
40GBASE-R
PCS Lane (UI)

Maximum
Skew for
100GBASE-R
PCS Lane (UI)

29

299

150

SP2

43

443

222

SP3

54

557

278

SP4

134

1382

691

SP5

145

1495

748

SP6

160

1649

824

1856

928

180

40 km over SMF

100GBASE-ER4

10 km over SMF

100GBASE-LR4

40GBASE-LR4

100 m over OM3 MMF

100GBASE-SR10

40GBASE-SR4

10 m over copper cable

100GBASE-CR10

40GBASE-CR4

1 m over backplane

SP1

At PCS
receive

Line Rate

FCS

46-1500

Skew
Points

> Provide appropriate support for OTN

40G Ethernet

The maximum skew and skew variation at physically instantiated interfaces

is specified at skew points SP1, SP2, and SP3 for the transmit direction
and SP4, SP5 and SP6 for the receive direction.

Legend
CAUI
CGMII
FEC
MAC
MDI
PCS
PMA
PMD
XLAUI
XLGMII
n

100 Gbit/s Attachment Unit Interface

100 Gbit/s Media Independent Interface
Forward Error Correction
Media Access Control
Medium Dependent Interface
Physical Coding Sublayer
Physical Medium Attachment
Physical Medium Dependent
40 Gbit/s Attachment Unit Interface
40 Gbit/s Media Independent Interface
4 or 10

CGMII

CFP

In the receive direction, the skew

points are defined in the following
locations:

> SP1 on the XLAUI/CAUI

interface, at the input of the PMA
closest to the PMD;

> SP4 at the MDI, at the input of

the PMD;

> SP2 on the PMD service

interface, at the input of the
PMD;
> SP3 at the output of the PMD,
at the MDI.

Note 1: Optional or omitted depending on PHY type.

100GBASE-R PCS
MAC and
higher
layers

PMA (20:10)

FEC1

PMA (20:10)

SP2

SP6
PMA (4:4)

PMA (4:4)

FEC1

PMA (4:4)

> SP6 on the XLAUI/CAUI

interface, at the output of the
PMA closest to the PCS.

XLAUI

XLGMII

100/40 GigE Mapping

into ODU Multiplexing

100/40 GigE Mapping

into OTU4/OTU3

OTU
OH

GMP
ODU4
104.794G

OCh Payload Unit (OPU) Payload

ODU
OH

OCh Data Unit (ODU) Payload

OCh Transport Unit (OTU) Payload

OTLk.n

OTLk.n

40.117G

OPU4

OPU4 (L)

OPU4

OPU4 (H)

or OTU4

0Ch

111.809G

OH

ODU3
40.319G

104.355G
1x
OTU4

OH

40.15052G

Bit Rate

OTL3.4

10.7 Gbit/s

OTL4.4

27.95 Gbit/s

OTL4.10

11.18 Gbit/s

F
2

512 block payload

P F F
1 2

512 block payload

P = Odd parity over the

two block flag bits

512 block payload

Interface

Attributes

Interface

Attributes

CFP

100GBASE-ER4
4 x 25G WDM, 1305 nm, NRZ
G.694.1, 800GHz spacing (~4.5nm)
Data rate: 25.78125 Gbit/s per lane

Optical

Reach

WDM

CXP

10 km
over SMF

CFP

100 m over
OM3 MMF1

QSFP

100 GE, 10 x 10G,

parallel optics/electrical

40 GE, 4 x 10G, parallel optics/electrical

Dimensions: 18.4 x 72 x 8.5 mm

Electrical

Dimensions: 20 x 54 x 11 mm

QSFP

Client

x4

OPU2

OPU2 (L)

10 m over
copper
cable

QSFP

1 m over
backplane

OPU1 (L)

OPU1

OPU1 (H)

OPU0

x2

ODTUG1

40GBASE-LR4
4 x 10G, CWDM, G.694.2, NRZ
1305 nm, 20 nm spacing
Data rate: 10.3125 Gbit/s per lane

CFP

40GBASE-SR4
4 x 10G, NRZ
Parallel optics, 850 nm
Data rate: 10.3125 Gbit/s per lane

CXP

40GBASE-CR4
4 x 10G electrical, NRZ
Data rate: 10.3125 Gbit/s per lane

CXP

40GBASE-KR4
4 x 10G electrical, NRZ
Data rate: 10.3125 Gbit/s per lane

OTU
Frame

or OTU2

0Ch

0Ch

2.666G

ODUk (L) = Low-Order ODU

15
16

ODUk (H) = High-Order ODU

31
32
63

100GBASE-SR10
10 x 10G, NRZ,
Parallel optics, 850 nm
Data rate: 10.3125 Gbit/s per lane

Optical Specifications: WDM Channel Definition

Parameter

Symbol

Min

Typ

Max

Unit

Conditions

Wavelength

L1

1520

1523

1526

nm

Channel 1

Lane

Center
Frequency

Center
Wavelength

Wavelength
Range

L0

231.4 THz

1295.56 nm

1294.53 to 1296.59 nm

L2

1528

1531

1534

nm

Channel 2

L1

230.6 THz

1300.05 nm

1299.02 to 1301.09 nm

L3

1536

1539

1542

nm

Channel 3

L2

229.8 THz

1304.58 nm

1303.54 to 1305.63 nm

L4

1544

1547

1550

nm

Channel 4

L3

229 THz

1309.14 nm

1308.09 to 1310.19 nm

L5

1552

1555

1558

nm

Channel 5

L6

1560

1563

1566

nm

Channel 6

L7

1568

1571

1574

nm

Channel 7

L8

1576

1579

1582

nm

Channel 8

L9

1584

1587

1590

nm

Channel 9

L10

1592

1595

1598

nm

Channel 10

40 GigE/OTU3
Lane

Center
Wavelength

Wavelength
Range

100GBASE-CR10
10 x 10G electrical, NRZ
Data rate: 10.3125 Gbit/s per lane

L0

1271 nm

1264.5 to 1277.5 nm

L1

1291 nm

1284.5 to 1297.5 nm

L2

1311 nm

1304.5 to 1317.5 nm

L3

1331 nm

1324.5 to 1337.5 nm

10

* This approach is still not ratified by IEEE 802.3ba.

2 3 4
BEI/BIAE

6 7 8

DAPI
OperatorSpecific

7 8
RES

9 10 11 12 13 14
SM

GCCO

33 34

BIP3

41 42
M4

ODU OH

3824-3825
OPU Payload
(Client Signal)

TCMi 1

15

4080

1
2
3
4

PSI

5 6

M6

65

> Skew tolerance is 180 nsec maximum

for both the 40G and 100G

Forward

7 8
STAT
Byte 3

2 3 4 5 6 7 8
BEI/BIAE
STAT

1
FIF

128 129
Backward

PCS Lane 0
PCS Lane 1
PCS Lane 2

PCS Lane n-1

16383 blocks between alignment markers

43.018 Gbit/s

OC-768/STM-256
40 GigE

OTU3e1

44.57 Gbit/s

4 x ODU2e
(uses 2.5 Gig TS;
total of 16)

OTU3e2

44.58 Gbit/s

4 x ODU2e
(uses 1.25 Gig
(ODU0) TS;
total of 32)

GbE
GbE

ODU0

ODU1

ODU0

100 GigE

PT

Size

Newly defined OTN container in G.709 of 1.25 Gig

Virtual container with no physical instance

9-10
Operator
Identifier
137-138

Operator
Identifier
FIF = Fault Identification Field

FIF

OTNODU0

OTU3

111.81 Gbit/s

Alignment marker

> Bandwidth for the alignment markers is

created by periodically deleting IPG

BIP7

Corresponding
Service

3
0

Alignment markers are inserted every 16383 66b blocks

on each PCS lanes or 210 sec

> Markers are not scrambled in order to

allow the receiver to search and find
the markers

Line Rate

255

2 3 4
BEI

M5

57 58

OTU FEC
(4 x 256 bytes)

0
1

16

2:1

> A BIP field is used for calculation of

the BER per PCS lane

OTN
Interface

OTU4

PM 1

49 50

RES

14-15-16-17

OTU OH

TCM
RES
TCM6
TCM5
TCM4
FTFL
ACT
TCM3
TCM2
TCM1
PM
EXP
APS/PCC
RES
GCC1 GCC2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

SAPI

5 6

2:1

> The lane number is coded in the M1

byte field

OperatorSpecific

OperatorSpecific

127

255

FTFL

CFP2 Adapter

10x10 MSA* Optical

Wavelengths

100GBASE-LR4
4 x 25G WDM, 1305 nm, NRZ
G.694.1, 800GHz spacing, (~4.5nm)
Data rate: 25.78125 Gbit/s per lane

4 5

FAS OH

1
2
3
4

PM and TCMi (i= 1 to 6)

1
2
TTI
BIP-8
0

Multiplexing

OPU0 (L)

9
BIP-8

10.709G
2
3
4

or OTU1

Mapping

FAS

x4

OPU1

M2

Byte 10

43.018G

ODTUG2

Client

M1

25 26

SMF Fiber

Frame Rates

OperatorSpecific

OPU2 (H)
10.037G

100 GigE/OTU4

100 GE, 10 x 10G, WDM

Dimensions: 82 x 154 x 14 mm

OPU3 (H)

0Ch

ODTUG3

CFP MSA Optical

Wavelengths

100G Ethernet

40 GE, 4 x 10G,

OPU3

or OTU3

1.244G

40G Ethernet

40 km
over SMF

Client

1024B / 1027B block

100G/40G Interfaces and Reach

31
32

8
TTI

DAPI

1 2

2.499G

512 block payload

Interface

WDM

x8

2nd 513B block

CFP optical transceiver

100 GE, 4 x 25G,

x16

1x
OTU3

100G/40G Interfaces
Pluggable Modules

x32

1024B/1027B block construction

F
1

TTI

63

OPU3 (L)

17 18

(optical mux)

2:1

M4-M6 are bit-wise inversion of M0-M2

BIP7 is the bit-wise inversion of BIP3

SAPI

15
16

x4

OPU3

40GBASE-R

M0

MDI

40.319G

GMP

1st 513B block

OTL Type

41.25G

OPU2

FEC

Optical Channel Transport Layer (OTL)

OTLk.n

40GE

103.125G

100GE

Client
OPU
OH

40 GigE with 64B/66B

Transcoding
Using 1024B/1027B

Client

10

9 10

LAN
WDM

10:4

2:1

#39 #19 M19 PCS Lane #19

OTN Frame Structure

ODTUG4

x10

0 1 2

SP3

PMD
Service
Interface

Client

x40

Medium

SP2

XLAUI

2:1

2:1

4. The 4 optical lanes

are transmitted over
singlemode fiber

... #22 #2 M2 PCS Lane #2

#41 #21 #1 M1 PCS Lane #1
...
...
...
... #22 #2 M2 PCS Lane #2
#39 #19 M19 PCS Lane #19
...
...
...

Round robin
distribution

Bit Position

PMD

SP1

#0

3. The PMD converts each

PMD lane into optical NRZ
and multiplexes them

> The marker has the form of a specially defined 66b block (to maintain 1s density)
and its format is as follows:

SP4

PMA (4:4)

#0

2:1

PCS lane marker is the mechanism used to reorder and realign the PCS lanes

100GBASE-R

SP3

SP5

104.794G

OTU4/OTU3 Over Parallel Optics

Medium

PMD

Reconciliation
40GBASE-R PCS

x80

SP4

PMA (10:n)

M0 PCS Lane #0

2:1

2. The PMA next to the PMD

multiplexes 10 CAUI lanes
into 4 PMD lanes

PCS Lane Markers

MDI
SP5

PMA (20:10)

#1

#1

Round robin
> Add PCS lane markers periodically to ensure reordering and
realignment
distribution

PMD
Service
Interface

CAUI

SP1

> SP5 on the PMD service

interface, at the output of the
PMD;

OTU4/OTU3 (ITU-T G.709)

... #41 #40 #39 ... #22 #21 #20 #19 ... #2

PMD

SP6
In the transmit direction, the skew
points are defined in the following
locations:

... #41 #40 #39 ... #22 #21 #20 #19 ... #2

PMD

CFP

> Transmit 4 PMD lanes

on SMF using LAN WDM

CAUI

PMA
10:4

#0

PMD Lanes

2:1

1. The PMA next to the PCS

multiplexes 20 PCS lanes
into 10 CAUI lanes

Idle
Symbol

FCS

CAUI/Physical
Lanes
2:1

Idle
Symbol

#41 #21 #1 M1 PCS Lane #1

#40 #20 #0 M0 PCS Lane #0

PMA
10:4

> Mux 10:4 (CAUI lanes

into PMD lanes)

Physical Medium Dependent (PMD)

Payload (46 - 1500 bytes)

PMA
20:10

100G Attachment Unit Interface (CAUI)

40GBASE-KR4

Payload (46 - 1500 bytes)

FCS
AA 55 2D 9B 9B 3C 7A F1

#40 #20

> Mux 20:10 (PCS lanes

into CAUI lanes)

Physical Medium Attachment (PMA)

EtherType

AA 55 2D 9B 9B 3C 7A F1

Mapping

DATA

100G Ethernet

Physical Medium Attachment (PMA)

Source
MAC Address

Mapping

Length

802.2
Header

Physical Coding Sublayer (PCS)

> Provide physical-layer specifications which support:

> Provide a BER < 10-12 at the MAC layer

> Convert packets into 20 parallel

streams of 64b/66b symbols

Destination
MAC Address

OPU OH

Source
Address

100G Media Independent Interface (CGMII)

80 03 01 7C 9F 3E 80 03 01 20 FB 1D 08 00 45 58
PreDestination
Source
amble
EtherType
Address
MAC
80 03 01 7CMAC
9F 3E
80 03 01 20
FB Address
1D 08 00 45 58

> Converted to 64b/66b symbols, and send to PCS lanes

MFAS

Preamble

Destination
Address

Symbols > Lanes

PCS PMA
20:10

Reconciliation Sublayer

BDI

> Support a MAC data rate of 40 Gbit/s and 100 Gbit/s

Ethernet

Preamble

BDI

Ethernet Frame Format and Rates

PCS/Logical
Lanes

> Packetize Data

BDI
IAE

100G/40G Ethernet (IEEE 802.3ba)

The CFP2 module is a hot-pluggable form factor designed for optical networking applications. The
module size has been chosen to accommodate a wide range of power dissipations and applications,
and the CFP2 module is half the size of a CFP module. The modules electrical interface has been
generically specified to allow support of 4 x 25 Gbit/s, 10 x 10 Gbit/s, and subsequently 8 x 50 Gbit/s.
To reduce the size, the gearbox IC is now part of the host interface. EXFOs CFP2 adapter allows
support of both 4 x 25G and 10 x 10G high-speed link interfaces, with a latch bypassing the gearbox
interface to support both the 4 x 25G and the 10 x 10G CFP2 module.

Client

Perfectly fits GigE, OC-3/STM-1 and OC-12/STM-4 services

Benefits

Removes dependency on SONET/SDH for carrying GigE services

Provides OTN OAM capabilities