6,1*/(63(('

32:(56+,)7
75$160,66,21
DESCRIPTION AND OPERATION
S/H2.00/2.50/3.00/3.20XM
(S/H40/45/50/60/65XM)
[D187, D177];
H2.00/2.50/3.20XM (H45/50/55/60/65XM) [H177]

PART NO. 897481

1300 SRM 500

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR
When lifting parts or assemblies, make sure all slings, chains, or cables are correctly
fastened, and that the load being lifted is balanced. Make sure the crane, cables, and
chains have the capacity to support the weight of the load.
Do not lift heavy parts by hand, use a lifting mechanism.
Wear safety glasses.
DISCONNECT THE BATTERY CONNECTOR before doing any maintenance or repair
on electric lift trucks.
Disconnect the battery ground cable on internal combustion lift trucks.
Always use correct blocks to prevent the unit from rolling or falling. See HOW TO PUT
THE LIFT TRUCK ON BLOCKS in the Operating Manual or the Periodic Maintenance section.
Keep the unit clean and the working area clean and orderly.
Use the correct tools for the job.
Keep the tools clean and in good condition.
Always use HYSTER APPROVED parts when making repairs. Replacement parts
must meet or exceed the specifications of the original equipment manufacturer.
Make sure all nuts, bolts, snap rings, and other fastening devices are removed before
using force to remove parts.
Always fasten a DO NOT OPERATE tag to the controls of the unit when making repairs,
or if the unit needs repairs.
Be sure to follow the WARNING and CAUTION notes in the instructions.
Gasoline, Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG), Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), and Diesel fuel
are flammable. Be sure to follow the necessary safety precautions when handling these
fuels and when working on these fuel systems.
Batteries generate flammable gas when they are being charged. Keep fire and sparks
away from the area. Make sure the area is well ventilated.
NOTE: The following symbols and words indicate safety information in this
manual:

WARNING
Indicates a condition that can cause immediate death or injury!

CAUTION
Indicates a condition that can cause property damage!

Single-Speed Powershift Transmission

Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS
General ...............................................................................................................................................................
Description and Operation ................................................................................................................................
General ...........................................................................................................................................................
Torque Converter ...........................................................................................................................................
Description.................................................................................................................................................
Operation ...................................................................................................................................................
Clutch Assemblies .........................................................................................................................................
Description.................................................................................................................................................
Operation ...................................................................................................................................................
Hydraulic System ..........................................................................................................................................
General.......................................................................................................................................................
Control Valve..................................................................................................................................................
General.......................................................................................................................................................
Clutch Pressure Regulator........................................................................................................................
Inching Spool Assembly ............................................................................................................................
Direction Spool ..........................................................................................................................................
Modulator Circuit......................................................................................................................................
Torque Converter Regulator .....................................................................................................................
MONOTROL Pedal......................................................................................................................................
MONOTROL Pedal Start Circuit .............................................................................................................
Direction Control Lever.................................................................................................................................
Differential.....................................................................................................................................................
Oil Flow Diagrams .............................................................................................................................................
Neutral ...........................................................................................................................................................
Modulator Operation .....................................................................................................................................
Forward ..........................................................................................................................................................
Forward-Inching ............................................................................................................................................

1
1
1
2
2
2
4
4
5
6
6
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
12
12
12
16
16

This section is for the following models:

S/H2.00/2.50/3.00/3.20XM (S/H40/45/50/60/65XM) [D187, D177];
H2.00/2.50/3.20XM (H45/50/55/60/65XM) [H177]

2002 HYSTER COMPANY

1300 SRM 500

Description and Operation

General
This section has the description and operation of the single-speed powershift transmission. Repair information
is in the section Single-Speed Powershift Transmission (Troubleshooting and Repair) 1300 SRM 501.

Description and Operation

GENERAL
The single-speed powershift transmission is a
constant mesh transmission that has one forward
and one reverse speed. The transmission has two
clutches, a forward and reverse clutch, that are
applied hydraulically and released by spring force.

The single-speed powershift transmission has a

torque converter, transmission pump, forward and
reverse clutch assemblies, control valve, and differential assembly. See Figure 1. There is a chain drive
arrangement on the front cover of the transmission.
The chain is driven by the torque converter and
causes the rotation of the transmission pump and
the hydraulic system pump.

NOTE: H2.00-3.20XM (H40-65XM) SHOWN. S2.00-3.20XM (S40-65XM) SIMILAR.

1. TORQUE
CONVERTER
HOUSING
2. INPUT SHAFT

3.
4.
5.
6.

STATOR
DRIVE SPROCKET
CONTROL VALVE
FORWARD CLUTCH

7.
8.
9.
10.

RING GEAR
PINION
REVERSE CLUTCH
CHAIN

11. PUMP SPROCKET

Figure 1. Transmission

Description and Operation

TORQUE CONVERTER
Description
The torque converter hydraulically connects the engine to the transmission. There is no direct mechanical connection between the engine and the transmission. See Figure 2.

1300 SRM 500

direction of engine rotation. The oil then flows from
the outer circumference toward the center of the turbine. The turbine blades change the direction of the
oil flow so that the oil leaving the center of the turbine is going in the direction opposite of engine rotation. This oil now has a lower velocity because it has
given most of its energy to rotate the turbine.

The torque converter has an impeller, a turbine, and

a stator with a stator clutch. The impeller is fastened
to the flywheel and has a set of curved blades. The
turbine also has blades, and is connected to the input shaft (forward clutch housing) of the transmission by splines. The stator is between the turbine
and the impeller. The stator clutch is a single-direction clutch that permits the stator to turn freely in
the direction of engine rotation, but locks to prevent
rotation in the opposite direction of engine rotation.
When the turbine is rotating at the same speed as
the impeller, the stator clutch permits the stator to
rotate as a unit with the impeller and turbine.

Operation
The torque converter has two main functions. It
operates as a fluid clutch to smoothly transfer power
from the engine to the transmission. The torque
converter will multiply the torque from the engine.
When the engine works against a load, the torque
converter can multiply the torque from the engine
and send more torque to the transmission. The
maximum torque multiplication is available just
before the torque converter stalls. If the need for
torque multiplication is not required, the torque
converter operates as a fluid clutch. See Figure 3.
The impeller has a set of curved blades that accelerate the oil from the center of the impeller when the
impeller turns. The volume of the impeller decreases
toward the outer circumference. This decreasing volume increases the speed and energy of the oil as it
leaves the impeller and flows into the outer circumference of the turbine. The force from the high-speed
oil hitting the blades in the turbine transfers most of
the energy to the turbine and causes it to move in the

NOTE: GM 2.2L ENGINE SHOWN.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

CRANKSHAFT
FLYWHEEL
DRIVE PLATE
IMPELLER
INPUT SHAFT

6.
7.
8.
9.

STATOR SUPPORT
DRIVE SPROCKET
TURBINE
STATOR CLUTCH

Figure 2. Torque Converter Arrangement

1300 SRM 500

Description and Operation

that remains in the oil flow as it leaves the stator is
added to the new energy being added to the impeller
by the engine. This use of energy, controlled by the
stator, permits the torque converter to multiply the
torque of the engine.

1. OUTER RACE
2. ROLLERS

3. SPLINES ON
INNER RACE

Figure 4. Stator Clutch

Resistance to the flow of oil in the turbine, because
of centrifugal force, increases as the speed of the turbine increases. This resistance decreases the energy
and amount of oil flow to the impeller from the stator. When the flow to the impeller decreases, the additional force added to the impeller decreases. Less
torque is generated when less torque is needed.
A. VORTEX FLOW

B. ROTARY FLOW

Figure 3. Flow Types

The stator is between the turbine and impeller in the
center of the torque converter. When the oil hits the
stator blades, the stator clutch prevents the stator
from turning in the direction opposite of engine rotation. The blades of the stator change the direction
of the oil so that the oil enters the impeller in the direction of engine rotation. See Figure 4. The energy

When the lift truck is traveling at a constant speed

on level ground, the turbine and impeller rotate at
approximately the same speed. See Figure 5. The
centrifugal force of the oil is the same for both the
impeller and turbine. The oil does not flow through
the stator, and torque is not multiplied. The rotating
oil hits the back of the stator blades and turns the
stator in the direction of engine rotation. The stator
clutch permits the stator to turn with engine rotation. The impeller, turbine, stator, and oil rotate as
a unit when torque multiplication is not required.

Description and Operation

1300 SRM 500

with the output shaft. Hydraulic pressure is used to
apply one of the clutches so that power is transmitted from the engine through the transmission to the
drive wheels.

Figure 5. Lift Truck at Constant Speed (No

Torque Multiplication)
When the lift truck begins to travel up a ramp, the
resistance to turning the turbine increases. The
centrifugal force of the oil in the turbine decreases.
When the speed of the turbine is less than the speed
of the impeller, the stator locks in place. Torque is
multiplied only when the stator is held by the stator
clutch. The oil flows from the impeller, through
the turbine and stator, and enters the impeller to
multiply the torque. The torque converter again
increases the torque when more torque is needed.

CLUTCH ASSEMBLIES
Description
The transmission has two clutch assemblies, a forward clutch and a reverse clutch. See Figure 6. The
forward clutch housing has an input shaft connected
to the turbine of the torque converter. The forward
and reverse gears are always engaged. Also, the forward and reverse clutch hubs are always engaged

Each clutch assembly has a housing, piston, friction

discs, and separator plates. The friction discs and
separator plates are installed in the housing in a sequence. Each friction disc is next to a separator plate.
The separator plates have a smooth metal surface.
The friction discs have a friction material on the surface. The hub in each clutch assembly engages with
the inner splines of the friction discs. The splines in
the outer circumference of the separator plates engage the splines in the clutch housing. A reaction
ring holds the friction discs and separator plates in
the housing. A large return spring keeps the piston
retracted against the housing. There is enough clearance in the clutch assembly to permit the friction
discs to rotate when a clutch is not applied. When
hydraulic pressure is applied to the piston, the friction discs and separator plates are pressed together
and the clutch assembly rotates as a single unit. The
hydraulic pressure for the clutches is 690 to 860 kPa
(100 to 125 psi) measured at the test port for the
clutch regulator.
An orifice in each clutch piston permits a small continuous oil flow from the pressure chamber in the
clutch. This orifice makes sure that the clutch will
completely release. The orifice makes sure oil does
not stay in the pressure chamber of the clutch because of centrifugal force after the clutch is released.
Both clutch shafts in the transmission have an oil
passage that connects the clutch assembly to the control valve. There are also oil passages in the transmission housing and the clutch assemblies for the lubrication and cooling of the clutch assemblies. Seal
rings on one end of each clutch shaft seal the oil passages so that oil can flow from the passages in the
transmission housing to the passages in the clutch
shafts.

1300 SRM 500

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

CLUTCH HOUSING
CLUTCH PISTON
PISTON SEAL
O-RING
CLUTCH SPRING
SPRING RETAINER

Description and Operation

7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

SNAP RING
BALL BEARING
SEAL RING
SEPARATOR DISC
FRICTION DISC
REACTION RING

13.
14.
15.
16.
17.

SNAP RING
HUB AND GEAR
BALL BEARING
SEAL RINGS
THRUST BEARING ASSEMBLY

Figure 6. Clutch Assembly

Operation
When the forward clutch is applied, the power from
the engine is sent through the forward clutch assembly to the output pinion. See Figure 7. The flow of
power is from the input shaft (part of the forward
clutch housing) through the applied clutch to the forward hub. The gear on the hub of the forward clutch
is engaged with the output gear on the pinion of the
differential. The power flows from the applied clutch
in the transmission through the pinion to the differential.
The gear on the outside of the forward clutch housing is engaged with the gear on the outside of the reverse clutch housing. The gear on the reverse clutch

hub is engaged with the output gear on the pinion.

These gears are always engaged so that they rotate,
but when the reverse clutch is released, they do not
transfer power.
When the reverse clutch is applied, the forward
clutch is released. The flow of power is from the
input shaft (forward clutch housing) to the reverse
clutch housing. The power is transferred through
the applied reverse clutch to the hub. The hub gear
transfers the power to the output gear and pinion.
The pinion will rotate in the opposite direction as
it did when the forward clutch was applied. See
Figure 7.

Description and Operation

1300 SRM 500

1. INPUT SHAFT
2. FORWARD CLUTCH
2A. FORWARD CLUTCH (ENGAGED)
2B. FORWARD CLUTCH (NOT ENGAGED)

3. REVERSE CLUTCH
3A. REVERSE CLUTCH (ENGAGED)
3B. REVERSE CLUTCH (NOT ENGAGED)
4. OUTPUT SHAFT

Figure 7. Clutch Operation

HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
General
The powershift transmission has a hydraulic system
for control and lubrication of the transmission. The

oil pump for the transmission is driven by the torque

converter through a chain drive arrangement. See
Figure 8. The transmission pump turns with the
torque converter when the engine is running.

1300 SRM 500

Description and Operation

transmission pump prevents large particles from entering the hydraulic system of the transmission. The
oil flows through the screen in the sump, through
the transmission pump, by the relief valve, and then
through the filter. See Figure 9. The pressure, controlled by the relief valve for the transmission pump,
is 965 to 1170 kPa (140 to 170 psi). A bypass valve in
the oil filter opens at a difference in pressure of approximately 140 kPa (20 psi) when the filter is dirty.
From the filter, the oil flows through passages in the
transmission housing to the control valve. None of
the pressure regulators are adjustable.

1.
2.
3.
4.

INPUT SHAFT
STATOR SUPPORT
DRIVE SPROCKET
CHAIN

5. PUMP SPROCKET
6. TRANSMISSION
PUMP
7. HYDRAULIC
SYSTEM PUMP

Figure 8. Pump Drive Arrangement

The oil supply for the system is kept in the sump of
the transmission. A screen in the suction line to the

1.
2.
3.
4.

PUMP INLET
PUMP FLANGE
PUMP OUTLET
CHECK PORT FOR
PUMP PRESSURE

5. CHECK PORT
FOR TORQUE
CONVERTER
PRESSURE
6. PUMP RELIEF
VALVE
7. TO OIL COOLER

Figure 9. Transmission Front Cover

Description and Operation

1. VALVE BODY
2. PRESSURE
REGULATOR,
TORQUE
CONVERTER
3. PRESSURE
REGULATOR,
CLUTCH

1300 SRM 500

4. SPRING
5. PLUG AND O-RING
6. INCHING SPOOL
PLUNGER
7. OIL SEAL
8. FITTING
9. COPPER GASKET
10. SNAP RING

11.
12.
13.
14.

SPRING CAP
DIRECTION SPOOL
INCHING SPOOL
MODULATOR
REGULATOR
15. MODULATOR VALVE
16. MODULATOR
PISTON

17. FORWARD
SOLENOID
18. REVERSE
SOLENOID
19. MANIFOLD
20. TUBE
21. GASKET

Figure 10. Control Valve

CONTROL VALVE
General

spool is controlled by the inching pedal. The oil filter

for the transmission is also mounted on the control
valve.

The control valve is installed on the top of the

transmission. See Figure 10. The inching spool, direction spool, modulator circuit, regulator for clutch
pressure, and regulator for the torque converter are
part of the control valve. The position of the inching

A manifold with two solenoid valves is installed

on top of the control valve. The solenoid valves
are actuated by the direction control lever or the
MONOTROL pedal. The solenoids control the
position of the direction spool.

1300 SRM 500

Clutch Pressure Regulator

The regulator for clutch pressure controls the oil
pressure for applying the clutches to engage the
transmission. See Figure 10. The control pressure of
the regulator is 724 to 860 kPa (105 to 125 psi). Oil
that flows to the regulator for clutch pressure flows
to the torque converter circuit and oil lubrication
circuit. An orifice in the valve body makes sure there
is always some oil flow to the torque converter.

Inching Spool Assembly

Inching is the slow movement of a lift truck while
a high engine speed is used for faster operation of
the hydraulic system. The inching function is normally used for fine movements of the lift truck when
handling a load. Operation of the inching pedal decreases the oil pressure to a clutch so that the clutch
is not completely applied.
The inching spool assembly has an inching spool,
an inching spool plunger, and three springs. See
Figure 10. Oil flows to the inching spool from the
transmission pump. The inching spool controls the
oil flow and pressure to the direction spool. When
the inching function is not used, the oil flows through
the inching spool to the direction spool. Operation
of the inching function causes a restriction of the
oil flow to the direction spool and the clutch. This
operation decreases the oil pressure to the direction
spool (and clutch) as the inching spool plunger
is extended. When the inching spool plunger is
completely extended, the oil pressure to the direction spool (and clutch) is approximately zero. The
clutch is then released and the transmission is in
NEUTRAL.

Direction Spool
The direction spool controls the oil flow to the direction clutches. See Figure 10. The direction spool
has three positions: Forward, Neutral, and Reverse.
When the direction spool is in its Forward position,
oil flow and pressure is sent to apply the forward
clutch. When the direction spool is in its Reverse position, oil flow and pressure is sent to apply the reverse clutch. When the direction spool is in its Neutral position, oil pressure to both of the clutches is
reduced to approximately zero. Both clutches are released and the transmission is in NEUTRAL. When
the direction spool is moved to control a direction of
travel, oil flows to and from the clutch assemblies and
also to the modulator circuit.

Description and Operation

Two electric solenoids control the position of the direction spool in the transmission control valve. Electric switches in the MONOTROL pedal or direction
control lever energize and de-energize the solenoids.
The solenoids open and close small valves that send
oil flow to the ends of the direction spool. Only one
solenoid is energized for each direction. When a direction solenoid is energized, the oil pressure to one
end of the direction spool moves the direction spool
so that a clutch is applied. The oil flow and pressure
on the ends of the direction spool move the spool to
either its Forward or Reverse position.

Modulator Circuit
A modulator circuit is used to control the rate of application of the clutches. See Figure 10. When the
direction spool is moved to select a direction of travel,
the modulator circuit controls the application of the
clutch during a 1.5- to 2.0-second period. The modulator circuit controls the pressure increase to apply the clutch smoothly. This delay and smooth application of pressure reduce the shock and stress to
the drive train when engaging the transmission or
changing directions.

Torque Converter Regulator

When the engine speed is low, the oil flows to the
torque converter through an orifice in the bore in the
clutch pressure regulator. See Figure 10. The pressure regulator for the torque converter stays closed
until the pressure to the torque converter increases
to 724 to 827 kPa (105 to 120 psi). When the pressure regulator for the torque converter opens, the oil
that does not go to the torque converter flows directly
to the passage to cool and lubricate the parts of the
transmission. The oil that flows to the torque converter goes through the oil cooler before entering the
passage to cool and lubricate the clutches.

MONOTROL PEDAL
The MONOTROL pedal controls the speed of the
engine and the operation of the direction solenoids.
See Figure 11. The pedal pad is held to the pedal
frame by a pivot shaft. The pedal pad rotates on the
shaft and is held in the forward or reverse position
by magnets in the pedal frame. There are two
switches in the MONOTROL pedal assembly. When
the MONOTROL pedal is in the forward position,
both pedal switch buttons are actuated. Battery
power flows through both pedal switches to energize
the forward solenoid. When the MONOTROL is in
the reverse position, both pedal switch buttons are

Description and Operation

1300 SRM 500

released. Battery power flows through both pedal

switches to energize the reverse solenoid.

MONOTROL Pedal Start Circuit

A switch in the hand lever for the parking brake
supplies electrical power to the MONOTROL pedal.
The MONOTROL pedal energizes the solenoid
valves. When the hand lever for the parking brake
is in the released position, the switch in the hand
lever is closed so that electric power is supplied to
the MONOTROL pedal. The forward and reverse
solenoid valves are controlled by the MONOTROL
pedal. When the hand lever for the parking brake
is in the applied position, the switch is open so that
both of the solenoid valves close. When both of the
solenoid valves close (de-energize), the centering
spring moves the direction spool to the Neutral
position.

A switch in the hand lever for the parking brake energizes and de-energizes the start circuit on the ignition switch. When the hand lever for the parking brake is in the applied position, the start circuit can be energized so that the lift truck can be
started. When the hand lever for the parking brake
is in the released position, the start circuit is de-energized and the engine cannot be started.
When the inching/brake pedal is fully pushed down,
the service brakes are applied and a disc on the end
of the inching spool actuates the neutral start switch.
The neutral start switch is in series electrically with
a pressure switch in the brake system. The disc actuates the neutral start switch, and the pressure in the
brake system closes the brake switch. The pressure
switch in the brake system makes sure the brakes are
applied. When the neutral start switch and the brake
switch are both closed, the start circuit, controlled
by the ignition switch, can be energized. When the
inching/brake pedal is fully pushed down, oil pressure to the clutch pack is reduced to zero. This operation makes sure the transmission clutch is disengaged and the brakes are applied when the engine is
started.

DIRECTION CONTROL LEVER

The direction control lever is used to control the operation of the direction solenoids. See Figure 12. When
the lift truck has a direction control lever, an accelerator pedal is used to control the speed of the engine.
The control lever actuates four switches. In the Neutral position, all of the switches are closed. The lever
must be in this position to start the lift truck. When
the lever is moved to the Forward position, the forward switch is open and the reverse switch is closed.
In this position the forward solenoid is energized. In
the Reverse position, the reverse switch is open and
the forward switch is closed, energizing the circuit
for the reverse solenoid.

DIFFERENTIAL

1.
2.
3.
4.

PEDAL PAD
PEDAL FRAME
MAGNET
PIVOT SHAFT

5. SPRING
6. MAGNET PLATE
7. SWITCH

Figure 11. MONOTROL Pedal

10

The ring and pinion gears transfer power to the axle

shafts at right angles to the transmission. The ring
and pinion is also a gear reduction which increases
the torque to the drive wheels. The differential assembly permits the drive wheels to turn at different
speeds when the lift truck is turning a corner. See
Figure 13.

1300 SRM 500

Description and Operation

COLOR CODES: Y = WHITE, W = GREEN, X = RED, CB = LIGHT GREEN (REV SOLENOID), CC =

ORANGE/BLACK (FWD SOLENOID)
1. CONTROL LEVER
2. SWITCH ACTUATOR
3. REVERSE CONTROL SWITCH

4. NEUTRAL START SWITCH

5. FORWARD CONTROL SWITCH
6. CONNECTOR TO COWL WIRING HARNESS
Figure 12. Direction Control Lever

A. H2.00-3.20XM (H40-65XM)

B. S2.00-3.20XM (S40-65XM)

1. RING GEAR
2. PINION

3. SHIMS
4. BEARING ASSEMBLY

5. OIL SEAL
6. OUTPUT GEAR

Figure 13. Differential Assembly

11

Oil Flow Diagrams

1300 SRM 500

The ring and pinion gears are held in position in the

transmission case by the differential housing. The
housing for the drive axle is fastened to the differential housing. The output gear for the transmission is

installed on the pinion shaft. The output gear is in

constant mesh with the gears of the forward and reverse clutch hubs.

Oil Flow Diagrams

The following diagrams describe the oil flow through
the transmission hydraulic system in four different
conditions: neutral, operation of the modulator circuit when the direction is changed from forward to
reverse, forward, and forward-inching. In each condition, the engine is running. The following description for the oil flow from the transmission pump is
the same for all four conditions:
Oil from the transmission pump flows by the
pump relief valve and through the filter to the
clutch pressure regulator and the inching spool.
The pump relief valve controls the maximum oil
pressure to 965 to 1170 kPa (140 to 170 psi) at
2000 rpm.
The clutch pressure regulator controls the oil
pressure to the clutches at 724 to 860 kPa (105 to
125 psi).
An orifice in the transmission valve body at the
clutch pressure regulator makes sure there is always a supply of oil to the torque converter.
The oil flows through the torque converter, through
the oil cooler, and to the clutches for lubrication and
cooling. The pressure regulator for the torque converter controls the pressure to the torque converter
at 724 to 827 kPa (105 to 120 psi).

NEUTRAL
When the engine is running and the direction spool
is in the neutral position, both clutches are released
and the transmission is disengaged. See Figure 14
and Figure 15. The inching function is not applied,
and oil flows through the inching spool to the direction spool. With the direction spool in the neutrral
position, the oil flow is stopped at the direction spool
and all the oil flows to the clutch pressure regulator. At the clutch pressure regulator, the oil has two
paths for flow. One path is through the orifice in the
valve body to the torque converter and the lubrication circuits. The clutch regulator spool opens a second path to the torque converter. The torque converter regulator then controls the oil pressure and
flow to the torque converter. If the oil pressure is
too high, the torque converter regulator opens a path

12

directly to the lubrication circuits. The torque converter regulator is a bypass for the torque converter
and the oil cooler. The modulator circuit is not in operation in the neutral position.

MODULATOR OPERATION
The modulator controls the rate of increase in hydraulic pressure to apply a clutch. This delay reduces
the shock and stress to the drive train when engaging
the transmission or changing the direction of travel.
Figure 16 shows the operation when the direction
spool is moved from forward to reverse. The operation of the modulator circuit is the same for each
movement of the direction spool that causes the application of a clutch.
The graph in Figure 16 shows the pressure changes
in the modulator circuit (and clutch pressure circuit)
when a clutch is applied. The following steps refer to
the numbers on the pressure graph (Figure 16) and
indicate what is happening at that time.
1. When the direction spool is moved from forward
to reverse, the direction spool opens a path from
the forward clutch to the sump. The oil pressure
to the forward clutch decreases rapidly to zero.
The oil pressure in the passage to the reverse
clutch is already zero. An orifice in the clutch
piston makes sure that oil does not stay in the
clutch because of centrifugal force. Oil pressure
in the bore of the modulator piston moves the
spool of the modulator valve and opens a path to
the sump. The oil in the bore of the modulator
piston drains rapidly to the sump.
2. Oil flows through the direction spool and fills
the cavity behind the reverse clutch piston to apply the clutch. When the pressure increases to
approximately 205 kPa (30 psi) to the reverse
clutch, the pressure causes the modulator regulator to open a path to the sump. This action
prevents the pressure from increasing rapidly to
apply the clutch.

1300 SRM 500

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

Oil Flow Diagrams

SCREEN
PUMP
PUMP RELIEF VALVE
FILTER
CHECK PORT FOR TORQUE CONVERTER
TORQUE CONVERTER
TORQUE CONVERTER REGULATOR
OIL COOLER
CHECK PORT FOR LUBRICATION CIRCUIT
CLUTCH PRESSURE REGULATOR
CHECK PORT FOR MODULATOR PRESSURE
MODULATOR CONTROL VALVE

13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.

MODULATOR REGULATOR
INCHING SPOOL
DIRECTION SPOOL
REVERSE SOLENOID
FORWARD SOLENOID
CHECK PORT FOR REVERSE CLUTCH
PRESSURE
CHECK PORT FOR FORWARD CLUTCH
PRESSURE
REVERSE CLUTCH
FORWARD CLUTCH
CHECK PORT FOR PUMP PRESSURE

Figure 14. Neutral Schematic

13

Oil Flow Diagrams

1300 SRM 500

A. SUCTION
B. SYSTEM PRESSURE
C. TORQUE CONVERTER PRESSURE

D. LUBRICATION
E. DRAIN

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

SCREEN
PUMP
PUMP RELIEF VALVE
FILTER
TORQUE CONVERTER
TORQUE CONVERTER REGULATOR
OIL COOLER

CLUTCH PRESSURE REGULATOR

MODULATOR CONTROL VALVE
MODULATOR REGULATOR
INCHING SPOOL
DIRECTION SPOOL
REVERSE CLUTCH
FORWARD CLUTCH

Figure 15. Neutral Position Oil Flow

14

1300 SRM 500

Oil Flow Diagrams

Figure 16. Modulator Operation

15

Oil Flow Diagrams

1300 SRM 500

Legend for Figure 16

1. CLUTCH DISENGAGES
2. OTHER CLUTCH FILLS WITH OIL

3. MODULATOR CONTROLS INCREASE IN

PRESSURE
4. OTHER CLUTCH ENGAGED

3. When the oil pressure in the circuit between the

modulator valve and the modulator piston decreases to zero, the spring at the modulator valve
moves the modulator valve to close the path to
the sump. The oil must now flow through the
orifice in the spool of the modulator valve to the
modulator piston. When the pressure in the modulator circuit is approximately 205 kPa (30 psi),
the oil pressure begins to push the modulator piston in the bore. As the pressure increases, the
movement of the modulator piston increases the
force of the spring between the modulator piston and the modulator regulator. The modulator
regulator moves to keep a constant difference in
pressure of 103 kPa (15 psi) across the orifice in
the modulator valve. This constant difference in
pressure permits the modulator piston to move
at a constant rate and causes the controlled application of the clutch.

controls clutch engagement to cause a smooth change

in direction and reduce the stress in the drive train.
Operation of the modulator clutch is described in Figure 16.

4. When the modulator piston pushes the modulator regulator closed [approximately 480 kPa
(70 psi)], the path to the sump is completely
closed. The oil pressure then increases rapidly
to the normal clutch pressure of 724 to 860 kPa
(105 to 125 psi). The transmission is engaged to
move the lift truck.

FORWARD
When the direction spool is moved from the neutral
to forward position, oil pressure is now available to
the forward clutch circuit and the modulator circuit.
See Figure 17 and Figure 18. The modulator circuit

16

The hydraulic operation in reverse is similar to forward except for the position of the direction control
lever and the clutch that is applied.

FORWARD-INCHING
Inching permits fine adjustments in the position
of the lift truck while a higher rpm of the engine
increases the speed of operation of the hydraulic
system. See Figure 19 and Figure 20. The inching
function operates when the operator pushes on the
inching pedal. The direction spool must be in either
the forward or reverse position. When the operator
pushes on the inching pedal, the inching pedal pulls
the inching plunger from the control valve and
decreases the spring force on the inching spool. As
the spring force decreases, the inching spool moves
to decrease the flow of oil to the direction spool. The
inching spool also opens a passage to the sump so
that the pressure to the clutch will decrease. The
position of the inching spool is controlled by the
pressure on the inching spool and the force of the
springs on both ends of the inching spool. The inching spool will move to a position that will balance oil
pressure and spring pressure. The decrease in oil
pressure permits the applied clutch to slip. When
the inching plunger is fully extended, the inching
spool stops the flow of oil to the direction spool and
the clutch is released.

1300 SRM 500

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

Oil Flow Diagrams

SCREEN
PUMP
PUMP RELIEF VALVE
FILTER
CHECK PORT FOR TORQUE CONVERTER
TORQUE CONVERTER
TORQUE CONVERTER REGULATOR
OIL COOLER
CHECK PORT FOR LUBRICATION CIRCUIT
CLUTCH PRESSURE REGULATOR
CHECK PORT FOR MODULATOR PRESSURE
MODULATOR CONTROL VALVE

13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.

MODULATOR REGULATOR
INCHING SPOOL
DIRECTION SPOOL
REVERSE SOLENOID
FORWARD SOLENOID
CHECK PORT FOR REVERSE CLUTCH
PRESSURE
CHECK PORT FOR FORWARD CLUTCH
PRESSURE
REVERSE CLUTCH
FORWARD CLUTCH
CHECK PORT FOR PUMP PRESSURE

Figure 17. Forward Schematic

17

Oil Flow Diagrams

1300 SRM 500

A. SUCTION
B. SYSTEM PRESSURE
C. TORQUE CONVERTER PRESSURE

D. LUBRICATION
E. DRAIN

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

SCREEN
PUMP
PUMP RELIEF VALVE
FILTER
TORQUE CONVERTER
TORQUE CONVERTER REGULATOR
OIL COOLER

CLUTCH PRESSURE REGULATOR

MODULATOR CONTROL VALVE
MODULATOR REGULATOR
INCHING SPOOL
DIRECTION SPOOL
REVERSE CLUTCH
FORWARD CLUTCH

Figure 18. Forward Oil Flow

18

1300 SRM 500

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

Oil Flow Diagrams

SCREEN
PUMP
PUMP RELIEF VALVE
FILTER
CHECK PORT FOR TORQUE CONVERTER
TORQUE CONVERTER
TORQUE CONVERTER REGULATOR
OIL COOLER
CHECK PORT FOR LUBRICATION CIRCUIT
CLUTCH PRESSURE REGULATOR
CHECK PORT FOR MODULATOR PRESSURE
MODULATOR CONTROL VALVE

13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.

MODULATOR REGULATOR
INCHING SPOOL
DIRECTION SPOOL
REVERSE SOLENOID
FORWARD SOLENOID
CHECK PORT FOR REVERSE CLUTCH
PRESSURE
CHECK PORT FOR FORWARD CLUTCH
PRESSURE
REVERSE CLUTCH
FORWARD CLUTCH
CHECK PORT FOR PUMP PRESSURE

Figure 19. Forward-Inching Schematic

19

Oil Flow Diagrams

1300 SRM 500

A. SUCTION
B. SYSTEM PRESSURE
C. TORQUE CONVERTER PRESSURE

D. LUBRICATION
E. DRAIN
F. INCHING PRESSURE

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

SCREEN
PUMP
PUMP RELIEF VALVE
FILTER
TORQUE CONVERTER
TORQUE CONVERTER REGULATOR
OIL COOLER

CLUTCH PRESSURE REGULATOR

MODULATOR CONTROL VALVE
MODULATOR REGULATOR
INCHING SPOOL
DIRECTION SPOOL
REVERSE CLUTCH
FORWARD CLUTCH

Figure 20. Forward-Inching Oil Flow

20

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS
1300 SRM 500

8/02 (1/96)(5/94)(4/93) Printed in U.S.A.