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    Three-Dimensional Simulation of The Temperature Field

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    Three-Dimensional Simulation of The Temperature Field

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    Three-dimensional Simulation of the Temperature Field

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    Three-Dimensional Simulation of The Temperature Field

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    FEA

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    of 4

    Optik 122 (2011) 932935

    Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

    Optik
    journal homepage: www.elsevier.de/ijleo

    Three-dimensional simulation of the temperature eld in high-power


    double-clad ber laser
    Dong Xue
    Physics and Electronic Engineering Department, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang 277100, China

    a r t i c l e

    i n f o

    Article history:
    Received 13 December 2009
    Accepted 11 June 2010

    Keywords:
    Double-clad
    Fiber laser
    Temperature eld
    Transient heat conduction equation

    a b s t r a c t
    The 3D temperature distribution in high-power double-clad ber laser (DCFL) and the evolution of the
    temperature eld in the ber are analyzed, according to the transient heat conduction equation. The
    temperature in the ber reaches the maximum after opening the pump light about 20 s, and cools down
    to the room temperature after shutting down for also about 20 s. The shape of the inner-clad can only
    affect the spacial distribution of the temperature outside of the core, but have no effect on the maximum
    temperature in the core.
    2010 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

    1. Introduction
    high-power ber lasers are now mature products and have
    numerous applications in medical, military, industrial processing
    and modern telecommunication because of some unique advantages including high conversion efciency, excellent beam quality,
    less thermal effect, small volume and weight, etc. [13]. In the
    continuous-wave (cw) regim, Yb-doped double-clad ber laser
    (DCFL) with an output power of 1.36 kW has been reported by
    using large mode area (LMA) bers [3]. Although the thermal effects
    can be ignored in low-power ber lasers, the heat dissipation is
    an important feature and affects laser performance in kilowatt
    power domain [4,5]. So the thermal effect in high-power ber laser
    attracted much attention recently [6,7]. However, few investigations focus on the evolution of the temperature and the inuence
    of the inner-clad shape. In this paper, a theoretical and numerical analysis of 3D temperature eld is investigated by solving the
    transient heat conduction equation.
    2. Structure of the ber laser
    The conguration of a typical Yb-doped DCFL under CW end
    pump is schematically shown in Fig. 1. Both ends of the ber were
    perpendicularly cleaved relative to the ber axis. The ber was
    cladding-pumped by high-power diode stacks. Dichroic mirrors are
    attached at input and output ends of the ber to pass the pump light
    and reect the laser output [2].

    E-mail address: [email protected].


    0030-4026/$ see front matter 2010 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
    doi:10.1016/j.ijleo.2010.06.021

    A ber laser based on an ordinary doped single-mode ber can


    generate a diffraction-limited output, but it restricts the pump
    sources to those with diffraction-limited beam quality and thus
    normally to those with low power. On the other hand, the use of
    multimode bers usually leads to poor beam quality. This dilemma
    has been resolved with the invention of DCFL. Here, the laser light
    propagates in a single-mode (or multimode) core, which is surrounded by an inner-clad in which the pump light propagates. Only
    the core (or sometimes a ring around the core) is rare-earth-doped.
    The pump light is restricted to the inner-clad by an outer-clad
    with lower refractive index, and also partly propagates in the core,
    where it can be absorbed by the laser-active ions. Improvement
    in high-power multimode diode combined with double-clad ber
    technology permit DCFLs to be very efcient and promising.
    However, most DCFs made to date use polymer as the outer-clad
    material in order to achieve the desired high numerical aperture.
    These polymers have much poorer thermal stability than glass. In
    high-power applications, the polymer near the innerouter-clad
    interface can easily burn or gradually degrade during the highpower pump.
    The most common rare-earth dopant in silica glass ber is
    ytterbium (Yb3+ ), which is becoming the geometry of choice for
    high-power ber lasers for its high efciency and low heat effect.

    3. Theoretical model
    Since the ber length is much larger than the ber cross section, the capability of heat dissipation from the ber end facet is
    a lot lower than that from the ber side. Therefore the transverse
    temperature distributions in the DCF at room temperature are gov-

    D. Xue / Optik 122 (2011) 932935

    933

    Fig. 1. The setup of Yb-doped double-clad ber laser with end pump scheme.

    Fig. 3. Temperature evolution in the core center at the pump-end: (a) heating
    period, (b) cooling period.

    pumped power along the ber can be written:


    P(z) = P0 exp(z)

    (2)

    The absorption of pumped power at ber core from z to z + z is:


    P = P0 exp(z) P0 exp((z + z)) = P0 exp(z)z

    (3)

    Then q is given by:


    q=

    P 

    (4)

    zr12

    where  denote the conversion coefcient. If we only consider the


    heat loss from quantum defect, then:
    =1

    p
    s

    (5)

    The pump light is absorbed by Yb3+ in the ber core, thus the
    heat source only exist in the core, Therefore, the expression of q in
    ber laser become:

    P0 exp(z)(1

    p
    )/r12 , r < r1
    s
    ,
    r > r1

    Fig. 2. Radial temperature distribution in the cross section of the pump-end when
    t = 60 s: (a) 2-dimension graph, (b) 3-dimension graph, (c) prole of (b).

    q=

    erned by the following thermal conductive equations in symmetric


    cylindrical coordinates (r, z) [5,6]

    where r1 is the radius of ber core, and P0 are the absorption


    coefcient and launched power of pump light, respectively. p and
    s are the wavelength of pump and signal, respectively.
    The temperature at the interface of different materials must
    be continuous. And we assume the surface of the ber satisfy the
    Newtons law of cooling [7]:

    2 T
    1 T
    q
    C T
    +
    + =
    r r
    k
    k t
    r 2

    (1)

    where T is the temperature, t is the time, r is the radius, k is the


    thermal conductivity,  is the density, C is the heat capacity, and q
    is the heat dissipated in unit volume, which can be calculated by
    considering all input and output lights into and out of a unit volume
    in the ber. If we pump the ber laser with lunched power of P0 ,
    and the pump absorption coefcient is , then the distribution of

    h
    T
    = (T0 T )
    k
    r

    (6)

    (7)

    where h is the convective coefcient of surface, T0 is the room


    temperature.

    934

    D. Xue / Optik 122 (2011) 932935

    Fig. 4. 3D temperature evolution at the pump-end: (a) heating period, t = 0.0001 s, 0.01 s, 1 s and 10 s; (b) cooling period, t = 0.0001 s, 0.001 s, 10 s and 40 s.

    4. Simulation and discussion


    The evolution of the temperature and the inuence of the innerclad shape can be obtained by solving the transient heat conduction
    Eq. (1) and boundary condition (7) with nite element method
    (FEM). The parameters used for simulation are listed in Table 1.
    The subscripts 1, 2, 3 represent the core, inner-clad and outer-clad,
    respectively.
    Solving the transient heat conduction equation with t = 60 s, we
    can get the radial temperature distribution in the pump-end, as
    shown in Fig. 2.
    The circles in the 2-dimension graph are isotherms, and the
    arrows present the direction of heat ow. It is shown that the temperature of the core center is 473 K, and the ber surface is 462 K.
    Therefore the temperature difference in the radial direction is much
    small, only about 10 K at a pump power of 4000 W.
    Comparing the results to the solution of steady-state heat
    equation, one can conclude that the temperature eld has
    come to steady-state at the time of 60 s. Solving the transient heat conduction equation with t = 060 s, we can get the
    evolution character of the temperature in ber, as shown in
    Figs. 3 and 4.

    Table 1
    The parameters for simulation.
    Parameter

    Value

    Parameter

    Value

    r1
    r2
    r3
    k1
    k2
    k3
    1
    2
    3

    15 m
    225 m
    325 m
    1.38 W m1 K1
    1.38 W m1 K1
    0.2 W m1 K1
    2400 kg m3
    2400 kg m3
    1000 kg m3

    C1
    C2
    C3
    h
    T0

    p
    s
    P0

    700 J kg1 k1
    700 J kg1 k1
    1200 J kg1 k1
    50 W m2 K1
    300 K
    0.05 m1
    975 nm
    1064 nm
    4000 W

    Fig. 3 shows the evolution of maximum temperature at pumpend when the pump light is opening (a) and closed (b). The
    temperature in the ber core reaches the maximum at the time
    of 20 s when the pump light is open, and cools down to the room
    temperature when the pump light is shut down for also about 20 s.
    Fig. 4 shows the 3D distribution of the temperature at different
    time. We can see that in the heating period, the temperature of
    the core rst increases, because the heat source lies only in the
    core, then the heat transfer to outer layer gradually, nally the

    Fig. 5. Radial temperature distribution in the ber with different inner-clad shape: (a) D-shaped, (b) rectangular, (c) triangular, and (d) pentagonal.

    D. Xue / Optik 122 (2011) 932935

    temperature come to a steady ared distribution. In the cooling


    period however, the temperature of the core decreases rapidly at
    rst because of the large temperature gradient, then cools down
    with the inner-clad to room temperature gradually.
    The inuence of the inner-clad shape on the temperature distribution can be obtained by carefully dening the boundary
    condition according to the size and shape of the inner-clad. We
    assume that the ber with different shape of inner-clad have a same
    absorption coefcient , so as to only investigate the inuence of
    the inner-clad shape itself on temperature. Fig. 5 gives the results of
    the simulation by solving the heat conduction equation with different boundary condition according to different shape. It shows that
    the maximum temperatures in the core of different ber are all the
    same, 476 K. Therefore we can make the conclusion that the shape
    of inner-clad can only affect the spacial distribution of the temperature outside of the core, but have no effect on the maximum
    temperature in the core.
    5. Conclusion
    The three-dimensional and transient heat conduction equation
    is solved in cylinder coordinates for high-power Yb-doped doubleclad ber laser. The time-dependent term physical properties, both
    convective and radiative heat transmission, and the shape of innerclad are taken into account. The evolution of the temperature eld
    in the ber is simulated: it reaches the maximum after opening the
    pump light about 20 s, and cools down to the room temperature
    after shutting down for also 20 s. The shape of the inner-clad can
    only affect the spacial distribution of the temperature outside of
    the core, but have no effect on the temperature in the core.

    935

    It is worth noting that the absorption coefcient and the convective coefcient h are assumed to be uniform in the simulation so
    as to simplify the issues for discussion. In fact, the varies slightly
    with the shape of inner-clad [8] and the h is always temperature
    dependant [5]. These should be taken into account in designing
    high-power ber lasers.
    Acknowledgments
    The authors acknowledge support from the China Foundation for Outstanding Young Scientist in Shandong Province (no.
    2008BS01021).
    References
    [1] M. Reich, A. Liem, H. Zelimer, et al., High-power ber lasers and ampliers
    perspectives and limitations, Proc. SPIE 5777 (2005) 398403.
    [2] D. Xue, Q.-H. Lou, J. Zhou, Comparison of Yb-doped ber laser with one-end and
    double-end, Optik Laser Technol. 39 (2006) 871874.
    [3] Y. Jeong, J.-K. Sahu, D.-N. Payne, et al., Ytterbium-doped large-core ber
    laser with 1.36 kW continuous-wave output power, Optik Exp. 25 (2004)
    60886092.
    [4] M.-K. Davis, M.-J. Digonnet, R.-H. Pantell, Thermal effects in doped bers, J.
    Lightwave Technol. 16 (1998) 10131023.
    [5] D.-C. Brown, H.-J. Hoffman, Thermal, stress, and thermo-optic effects in high
    average power double-clad silica ber lasers, IEEE J. Quant. Electron. 37 (2001)
    207217.
    [6] Y. Wang, Thermal effects in kilowatt ber lasers, IEEE J. Photon. Technol. Lett.
    (2004) 6365.
    [7] P.-X. Li, C. Zhu, S.-Z. Zou, Theoretical and experimental investigation of thermal
    effects in a high power Yb3+ -doped double-clad ber laser, Optik Laser Technol.
    40 (2008) 360364.
    [8] D. Kouznetsov, J.-V. Moloney, Efciency of pump absorption in double-clad ber
    ampliers, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 19 (2002) 13041309.

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