SPI Sizing Equations

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SmartPlant Instrumentation

Sizing Equations

Version 2013
March 2013
DSPI2-PE-200008B

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Contents
Preface .................................................................................................................................3
1
2

Nomenclature .....................................................................................................4
Control Valve Sizing..........................................................................................7
2.1
2.2

Liquid, Water............................................................................................................ 7
Gas, Steam ................................................................................................................ 9

3 Noise Calculation....................................................................................................11
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

Hydrodynamic Noise: Masoneilan Standard .......................................................... 11


Hydrodynamic Noise: IEC Standard ...................................................................... 11
Aerodynamic Noise: ISA Standard ........................................................................ 14
Aerodynamic Noise: IEC Standard ........................................................................ 17

4 Flow Meter Sizing ..................................................................................................20


4.1
4.2
4.3

Calculation of Beta Ratio ....................................................................................... 20


Calculation of Flow rate ......................................................................................... 22
Calculation of Differential range ............................................................................ 23

5 Restriction Device Sizing .......................................................................................26


5.1
5.2
5.3

Calculation of Beta Ratio ....................................................................................... 26


Calculation of Flow Rate ........................................................................................ 30
Calculation of Pressure Loss .................................................................................. 33

6 Relief Valve Sizing .................................................................................................35


6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5

Blocked Flow: Liquid Relief .................................................................................. 35


Blocked Flow: Gas Relief ...................................................................................... 36
Blocked Flow: Steam Relief ................................................................................... 38
Fire Case: Gas Expansion....................................................................................... 39
Fire Case: Liquid Filled Vessel .............................................................................. 40

7 Thermowell Calculation .........................................................................................42


Kf
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3

Define Initial Value of


Constant:................................................................... 42
Calculate Ratio of Frequency at Fluid Temperature to Frequency at 70 F: ....... 42
Calculate Maximum Thermowell Length Based on Vibration Limitation: ......... 42

7.1.4

Define

7.1.5

Paragraphs 7.1.3 - 7.1.4 are repeated until current

7.1.6
7.1.7
7.1.8

43
Calculate Natural Frequency for L=L1 ................................................................ 43
Calculate Wake Frequency .................................................................................. 43
Calculate Magnification Factor for L1(R 0.8)................................................... 44

Kf

Constant: ............................................................................................ 42

Kf

value equals previous K f value

7.1.9 Define K1 , K 2 , 3 constants .............................................................................. 44


7.1.10 Calculate Maximum Allowable Static Gage Pressure....................................... 44
7.1.11 Calculate Maximum thermowell length based on Steady State Stress Consideration
44
7.2.1 Calculate Mounting factor ................................................................................... 45
7.2.2 Calculate Reynolds number ................................................................................. 45
7.2.3 Calculate Strouhal number ................................................................................... 45
7.2.4 Calculate Natural frequency ................................................................................ 45
7.2.5 Calculate Vortex shedding frequency .................................................................. 46

Sizing Equations 1

Contents
7.2.6
7.2.7.
7.2.8
7.2.9
7.2.10
7.2.11
7.2.12

Calculate Scruton number .................................................................................... 47


Calculate miscellaneous parameters .................................................................... 47
Calculate Frequency Limit ................................................................................... 48
Compliance with the Frequency Limit requirement ............................................ 48
Compliance with the Static Stress Limit requirement ....................................... 50
Compliance with the Dynamic Stress Limit requirement ................................. 52
Compliance with the Hydrostatic Pressure Limit requirement ......................... 53

8 Standards.................................................................................................................54
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5

Control Valve Sizing .............................................................................................. 54


Noise Calculation ................................................................................................... 54
Flow Meter Sizing .................................................................................................. 54
Relief Valve Sizing................................................................................................. 55
Thermowell Calculation ......................................................................................... 55

9 Appendix.................................................................................................................56
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

Square Edge Orifice ............................................................................................... 56


Quarter of Circle (Quadrant Edge) Orifice ............................................................. 57
Conical Entrance Orifice ........................................................................................ 57
Lo-Loss Tube ......................................................................................................... 57
Venturi Tube........................................................................................................... 57
Nozzle ..................................................................................................................... 58
Eccentric Orifice..................................................................................................... 58
Segmental Orifice ................................................................................................... 58
Restriction Device .................................................................................................. 58

2 Sizing Equations

Preface
This document is a reference for sizing equations used by the SmartPlant
Instrumentation Calculation module.
Send documentation comments or suggestions to [email protected].

Sizing Equations 3

1
A
A1
Ad
B
b
bs
C
CV
Cr
Cs
Cp
D
D0
Dt
D1
D2
Dd2
DP
DPA
DPloss
DPn
Dbh
Dj
d
db
d0
E
Ef
Eref
Eps
F
F1
F2
Fd
Fe
FF
Fk
FL
FLP
Fp
FR
Fs
fp
fo
fr
fw
Gf

Nomenclature

Nomenclature
Required effective discharge area, inch2
Exposed surface area, inch2
Root diameter of thermowell, m
Diameter at tip, in
Fillet radius at root, m
Fillet radius at base for stepped thermowell, m
Discharge coefficient
Valve flow coefficient, US gallon per minute of water (60 F) at 1 psi pressure drop
Coefficient for critical flow equation, dimensionless
Speed of sound, m/s
Speed of sound in pipe wall, m/s
Internal pipe diameter (upstream) at flow temperature, mm
Internal pipe diameter (upstream) at ambient temperature, mm
Nominal size of sensing element, in
Inlet internal diameter of the pipe, mm
Outlet internal diameter of the pipe, mm
Outlet outside diameter of the pipe, m
Pressure differential, P1-P2 , or differential pressure transmitter range, bar
Maximum allowable pressure drop, bar
Pressure loss, bar
Differential pressure at normal flow rate, bar
Bleed/Vent hole diameter, mm
Diameter of the jet, m
Valve inlet diameter or orifice (throat) diameter at flow temperature, mm
Bore diameter of thermowell, m
Orifice (throat) diameter at ambient temperature, mm
Module of Elasticity at 70 F, psi-g
Acoustical efficiency factor, dimensionless
Reference value for module of elasticity, Pa-g
Gas expansion factor, ratio of flow coefficient for a gas to that for a liquid at the same Reynolds
number, dimensionless
Environment Factor, dimensionless
Heat Absorption Factor, dimensionless
Coefficient for subcritical flow equation, dimensionless
Valve style modifier, dimensionless
Environmental factor for thermowell calculation, dimensionless
Liquid critical pressure ratio factor, dimensionless
Ratio of specific heats factor, 1/K, dimensionless
Liquid pressure recovery factor, dimensionless
Product of the liquid pressure recovery factor of a valve with attached fittings and the piping
geometry factor, dimensionless
Piping geometry factor, dimensionless
Reynolds number factor, dimensionless
Correction factor for steam quality, dimensionless
Peak frequency, Hz
Coincidence or Natural frequency, Hz
Ring frequency, Hz
Wake frequency, Hz
Liquid specific gravity (ratio of density of liquid at flowing temperature to density of water at 15.6
C), dimensionless

4 Sizing Equations

Preface1
Gg
Hc
HS
HS0
HV
K
K1,K2,Kb1,Kb2
KC
KCD
KCV
Kb
Kcc
Kd
Kf
Kn
Kp
Ksh
Kv
Kw
L
La
Lg
Lpi
Ls
M
MN
MN0
Mj
No
Ns
Nsc
P
PC
PV
PVC, PVCC
P2c, P2b, P2ce
Pa
Pb
Pb1
Pb2
Pb3
Pcf
Pover
Ps
Pup
R
RO
ROm
ROp
ROs
Rf
RS0
Re
Remax, Ren

Nomenclature

Gas specific gravity (ratio of density of flowing gas to density of air with both at standard
conditions, which is equal to the ratio of molecular weight of gas to the molecular weight of air),
dimensionless
Mounting factor, dimensionless
Segmental height at flow temperature, mm
Segmental height at ambient temperature, mm
Heat of vaporization, J/kg
Specific Heat Ratio, Cp/Cv dimensionless
Effective velocity head coefficients, dimensionless
Cavitation index, dimensionless
Relative capacity, CV/d2
Valve cavitation index, dimensionless
Capacity correction factor due to back pressure, dimensionless
Combination capacity factor for rupture disk at the relief valve inlet, dimensionless
Effective coefficient of discharge, dimensionless
Constant for thermowell calculation, dimensionless
Correction factor for Napier equation, dimensionless
Correction factor for overpressure, dimensionless
Superheat steam correction factor, dimensionless
Correction factor for viscosity, dimensionless
Correction factor for back pressure, dimensionless
Maximum thermowell length or unsupported length of thermowell, in
A-weighted sound level, dB(A)
Correction for pipe Mach number, dB
Internal sound pressure level, dB
Length of reduced-diameter shank for stepped thermowell, m
Molecular weight, atomic mass units
Mach number in pipe, dimensionless
Mach number in valve outlet, dimensionless
Mach number in the jet, dimensionless
Number of flow passages , dimensionless
Strouhal number
Scruton number
Absolute static pressure, bar
Absolute thermodynamic critical pressure, bar
Absolute vapor pressure of liquid at inlet temperature, bar
Absolute pressure in vena contracts at subsonic and critical flow conditions, Pa
Border pressures for different noise regimes, Pa
Absolute outside pipe pressure, Pa
Total back pressure, psi-g
Constant back pressure, psi-g
Variable back pressure, psi-g
Built-up back pressure, psi-g
Critical flow throat pressure, psi-a
Overpressure, %
Set pressure, psi-g
Upstream relieving pressure, psi-a
Limitation on Wake to Natural frequency ratio, dimensionless
Density at flow conditions (upstream), kg/m3
Density of well material at ambient temperature, kg/m3
Density of pipe material, kg/m3
Density of the thermowell sensor at ambient temperature, kg/m3
Ratio of frequency at fluid temperature to frequency at 70 F, dimensionless
Segmental radius at ambient temperature, mm
Valve (pipe) Reynolds number, dimensionless
Pipe Reynolds number at maximum and normal flow rate, dimensionless

Sizing Equations 5

Nomenclature

Rq
S
Sf
SRF
St
T
T1
T0
Tc
TL
TLfo
TLfr
Tw
t
U
V
W
Wmax, Wn
Wa
Wm, Wms
wall
X
XT
XTP
Z
Zb
p, pe

Lf
TLfp

Subscripts
0
1
2
VC

Radius of upstream profile of Quarter of Circle (Quadrant Edge) orifice, mm


Maximum allowable working stress, Pa-g
Fatigue endurance limit, Pa-g
Scale reading factor, 10Wn/Wmax
Water in steam, %wt
Flow temperature, K
Gas temperature at relieving conditions, R
Ambient temperature, K
Thermodynamic critical temperature,
Transmission loss, dB
Transmission loss at coincidence frequency, dB
Transmission loss across the pipe wall at the ring frequency, dB
Vessel Wall Temperature, R
Minimum tip thickness of thermowell, m
Velocity, m/s
Velocity, ft/s
Flow rate, kg/h
Maximum and normal flow rate, kg/s
Sound power, W
Stream powers, W
Pipe wall thickness, m
Ratio of pressure drop to absolute inlet pressure (DP/P 1), dimensionless
Pressure drop ratio factor, dimensionless
Value of XT for valve-fitting assembly, dimensionless
Compressibility at operating conditions, dimensionless
Compressibility at base conditions, dimensionless
Linear expansion coefficient of pipe and primary element material, 1/C
Diameter ratio of orifice or throat and inside diameter of line
Correction value for cavitating flow, dB
Correction for ratio of peak frequency and coincidence frequency, dB
Acoustic efficiency factor, dimensionless
Absolute (dynamic) viscosity, Pas
Kinematic viscosity, centistokes
Damping factor, dimensionless

First estimate
Upstream conditions
Downstream conditions
Vena Contracta

6 Sizing Equations

Preface2

Control Valve Sizing

Control Valve Sizing

2.1 Liquid, Water


2.1.1

Calculate

FF :
PV
PC

FF 0.96 0.28
2.1.2

Calculate

10 6 / RO
2.1.3

Calculate K C :

P1 P2
P1 PV

KC
2.1.4

Calculate effective velocity head coefficients:

K1 0.5 1 d 2 / D12
K b1 1 d / D1

2.1.5

Ki K1 Kb1

W
27.3

P1 P2 RO

FP :

Calculate

2.1.7

K CV0 2

FP
1
0.00214 d 4

Calculate KCV :

1/ 2

KCV FL FL 166667
.
FL 2.428571 1869048
.
0.3077143
Calculate FLP :
FLP
Calculate

Ki FL 2 CV0 2

FL
1
4
0.00214 d

1/ 2

Re :
Re

2.1.10

Calculate first value of CV:

2.1.6

2.1.9

Kb 2 1 d / D2

K K1 K 2 K b1 K b 2

CV0

2.1.8

K 2 1 d 2 / D2 2

76000 FD W

RO FL CV0

0.5

FL CV0 2

1
0.00214 d 4

0.25

Calculate DPA :

F
DPA LP
FP

P1 FF PV

Sizing Equations 7

2
2.1.11

Control Valve Sizing


Calculate FR .
At this stage, the following cases for different Re are possible
2.1.11.1
Case Re 56 - Laminar flow
2.1.11.2
2.1.11.2.1

FR 0.019 Re 0.67
Case 56 Re 40000 - Transitional flow
56 Re 620
Az Re/ 56 1
5
4
FR 6.082774 10 Az 2.212891 10 3 Az 3 2.844539 10 2 Az 2
01708764
.
Az 0.2925969

Az Re/ 620 1
620 Re 2470
3
2
FR 9.121 10 Az 6.684 10 2 Az 0.7614
Az Re/ 2470 1
2.1.11.2.3
2470 Re 10200
3
2
FR 9184
.
10 Az 5.43 10 2 Az 088
.
2.1.11.2.4
10200 Re 20000
FR 0.97
20000 Re 30000
2.1.11.2.5
FR 0.98
30000 Re 40000
2.1.11.2.6
FR 0.99
2.1.11.3 Case Re 40000 - Turbulent flow
FR 1
2.1.12 The condition P1 P2 DPA determines:
2.1.11.2.2

Case A - Cavitation and Flashing


A1
Cavitation case takes place if
flashing case takes place.
A2
Calculate new CV .
A2.1
ISA standard:

CV
A2.2

P2 PV , otherwise

27.3 FLP ( P1 FF PV ) RO

IEC standard:

CV

W
27.3 FR FLP ( P1 FF PV ) RO

Case B ( P1 P2 DPA ) - Usual


B1
ISA standard:
B1.1
FR 1

CV
B1.2

W
27.3 FP

P1 P2 RO

IEC standard:

CV

8 Sizing Equations

P1 P2 RO

FR 1

CV
B2

27.3 FR

W
27.3 FR FP

P1 P2 RO

Preface2
2.1.13

Control Valve Sizing

Calculate the relative change in the CV:

CV
2.1.14
2.1.15
2.1.16

CV0 CV
CV0

; CV0 CV

Paragraphs 2.1.6 - 2.1.13 are repeated until the relative change in the CV is less than 0.001.
Define Incipient case. The Incipient case takes place if
P1 P2 DPA and KC KCV
Calculate outlet pipe velocity:
*W [kg/s], D2 [m]

U2

W
31416
.
(D2 / 2 ) 2 RO

2.2 Gas, Steam


2.2.1

Calculate XT :

X T 0.84 FL2
2.2.2

Calculate effective velocity head coefficients:

K1 0.5 1 d 2 / D12
Kb1 1 d / D1

2.2.3
2.2.4
2.2.5

K 2 1 d 2 / D2 2

Kb 2 1 d / D2

Ki K1 Kb1

K K1 K 2 K b1 K b 2

Calculate FK :

FK K / 14
.
Calculate X :
X P1 P2 / P1
Calculate first value of CV:
*d [in]

CV0 KCD d 2
2.2.6

Calculate FP:

K CV0 2

FP

1
0.00214 d 4

1/ 2

2.2.7

Calculate XTP:

2.2.8

X T X T Ki CV0

X TP 2

1
FP 0.00241 d 4

The condition X FK X TP determines:

Case A - Critical flow


A1
Eps 0.667 .
A2

Calculate new

CV

CV :
W

27.3 FP Eps Fk X TP P1 RO

Sizing Equations 9

Control Valve Sizing


Case B ( X FK X TP ) - Usual

X
.
3 FK X TP
Calculate new CV :
Eps 1

B1
B2

CV
2.2.9

W
27.3 FP Eps X P1 RO

Calculate the relative change in CV:

CV

CV0 CV
; CV0 CV
CV0

2.2.10

Paragraphs 2.2.6 - 2.2.9 are repeated until the relative change in CV


is less than 0.001.
2.2.11 Calculate outlet pipe velocity:
*W [kg/s], D2 [m]

RO2 RO
U2
2.2.12

P2
P1

W
31416
.
( D2 / 2) 2 RO2

Calculate outlet Max number:

Cs2 8314 K T / M

MN U 2 / Cs2

10 Sizing Equations

Preface3 Noise Calculation

3 Noise Calculation
3.1 Hydrodynamic Noise: Masoneilan Standard
3.1.1

Calculate dPi , dPC :

dPi KCV ( P1 PV )

dPC FL ( P1 PV )
2

3.1.2

Calculate hydrodynamic noise.


3.1.2.1 Case DP dPi - Flow Noise:

La 10 log CV 20 log DP 30 log( wall ) 705


.
3.1.2.2 Case dPi DP dPC - Incipient Cavitation Noise:
La 10 log CV 20 log DP 30 log(wall )

DP

P P KCV
log 14.5 P2 0.07 PV 70.5
5 1 2 V
FL KCV

3.1.2.3 Case DP dPC and P2 PV - Cavitation Noise:


La 10 log CV 20 log DP 30 log( wall )

DP

P P K CV
log 14.5 P2 0.07 PV +
5 1 2 V
FL K CV

70.7 - [5 log(DP + 0.07 - dPC ) + 6]


3.1.2.4 Case P2 PV - Flashing Noise:
There is no method to predict Noise for flashing case.

3.2 Hydrodynamic Noise: IEC Standard


3.2.1

*D2 [m], P1 [Pa-a], P2 [Pa-a], Pv [Pa-a], Pc [Pa-a], W[kg/s]


Calculate the downstream speed of sound:

Cs2
3.2.2

8314 K T1
M

Calculate Characteristic pressure ratio

X fz 0.84 FL
3.2.3

Calculate Differential pressure ratio

Xf

P1 P2
P1 Pv

Sizing Equations 11

3 Noise Calculation
3.2.4

Calculate Ring frequency

F fz
3.2.5

Cp
31416
.
Dd 2

Calculate Internal sound power level


3.2.5.1 Case Xf < Xfz - Non-cavitating flow

Lwi 120 10 log( E f ) 10 log(W ) 10 log( P1 P2) 10 log( RO)

3.2.5.2 Case Xf => Xfz - Cavitating flow


3.2.5.2.1 Calculate Liquid critical pressure ratio factor

Ff 0.96 0.28 ( Pv / Pc )
3.2.5.2.2 Calculate Differential pressure
3.2.5.2.2.1

Case

3.2.5.2.2.2

Case

P1 P2 FL P1 FF Pv
DP P1 P2
2

P1 P2 FL P1 FF Pv
2

DP FL P1 FF Pv
2

3.2.5.2.3 Calculate Lwi.

Lwi 120 10 log( E f ) 10 log(W ) 10 log( P1 P2 ) 10 log( RO)


L f 180

X fz

0.0625

Xf

X fz

12 Sizing Equations

1 X f

0.8

log

1 X fz
1 X f

Preface3 Noise Calculation


3.2.6

Calculate Un-weighted external sound power levels

TL1 10 10 log

Lwe1

TL 2

TL 3

TL 4

TL5

3.2.7

C p RO p wall
Cs 2 RO Dd 2

1.5
F
500
fr

20 log

500 F fr

Lwi1 Lwi 2.9


15
.
12
Lwi1 17.37
10 0.1TL1 TL1 10 log
Dd 2
Dd 2

1.5
F
1000
fr

10 10 log
20 log

Cs 2 RO Dd 2
1000 F fr

Lwi 2 Lwi 10 log2 2.9


15
.
12
Lwe 2 Lwi 2 17.37
10 0.1TL 2 TL 2 10 log
Dd 2
Dd 2

C p RO p wall

1.5
F
2000
fr

10 10 log
20 log

Cs 2 RO Dd 2
2000 F fr

Lwi 3 Lwi 10 log4 2.9


15
.
12
Lwe 3 Lwi 3 17.37
10 0.1TL 3 TL 3 10 log
Dd 2
Dd 2

C p RO p wall

1.5
F
4000
fr

10 10 log
20 log

Cs 2 RO Dd 2
4000 F fr

Lwi 4 Lwi 10 log8 2.9


15
.
12
Lwe 4 Lwi 4 17.37
10 0.1TL 4 TL 4 10 log
Dd 2
Dd 2

C p RO p wall

1.5
F
8000
fr

10 10 log
20 log

Cs 2 RO Dd 2
8000 F fr

Lwi 5 Lwi 10 log16 2.9


15
.
12
Lwe5 Lwi 5 17.37
10 0.1TL 5 TL5 10 log
Dd 2
Dd 2

C p RO p wall

Calculate External A-weighted sound power level

Lwae 10 log 10 0.1( Lwe1 3.2 ) 10 0.1( Lwe 2 0.0) 10 0.1( Lwe 3 1.2 ) 10 0.1( Lwe 4 1.0) 10 0.1( Lwe 5 1.1)
3.2.8

Calculate External A-weighted sound pressure level

La Lwae 10 log 31416


.
3 2 1
Dd 2

Sizing Equations 13

3 Noise Calculation

3.3 Aerodynamic Noise: ISA Standard


*D2 [m], P1 [Pa-a], P2 [Pa-a], W[kg/s]
*FL=FLP/Fp
3.3.1

Calculate the downstream parameters:

RO2 RO P2 / P1

8314 K T1
M
W
U2
2
3.1416 RO2 D2 / 2
Cs 2

MN 2 U 2 / C s 2
3.3.2

Calculate the following pressures:


Pvc = P1 - (P1-P2)/FL2
K

PVCC

2 K 1

P1
K 1

P2c = P1 - FL2(P1-Pvcc)

= Pvcc/P2c
K

P 1 K 1
P2b 1
K
P2ce = P1/(22)
3.3.3

Calculate Fd, Dj, Mj:

Fd N o1/2
D j 0.0046 Fd CV FL
K 1

P
2

1
M j
1

K 1 P2

14 Sizing Equations

1/2

Preface3 Noise Calculation


3.3.4

Now 5 regimes are possible:


3.3.4.1 Regime I - P1 P2 P2 c

P
TVC T1 VC
P1
C sVC

U VC

K 1

8314 K TVC

0.5

K 1


2 K PVC K P1


RO
K 1 P1

W U VC
Wm
2
U
MN VC
C sVC

1/ 2

0.0001 MN 3.6
Wa Wm FL
f P 0.2 U VC / D j
2

3.3.4.2 Common calculations for II-V Regimes:

TVCC

2T1
K 1

8314 KTVCC
C sVCC

0.5

K 1


2 K PVCC K P1
U VCC

1
RO
K 1 P1

2
W U VCC
Wms
2

1/ 2

3.3.4.3 Regime II - P2 c P2 Pvcc :

0.0001 M 6j .6 F

P P2
Wa Wms 1
.
P1 PVCC
fP

0.2 M j C sVCC
Dj

Sizing Equations 15

3 Noise Calculation
3.3.4.4 Regime III - Pvcc P2 P2 b :

0.0001 M 6j .6 F
Wa Wms
0.2 M j C sVCC
fP
Dj

3.3.4.5 Regime IV - P2b P2 P2 ce :

0.0001

Mj

6.6 FL 2

Wa Wms
0.35C sVCC
fP
1/ 2
2
125
. Dj M j 1

3.3.4.6 Regime V - P2 ce P2 0 :

2 K 1

K
M j
22


K 1

0.0001

Mj

1/ 2

6.6 FL 2

2
Wa Wms
0.35C sVCC
fP
1/ 2
2
125
. Dj M j 1

3.3.5

Calculate Lpi: :

L pi 10 log 8 10 8 Wa RO2 Cs2 / D2


3.3.6

Calculate TLfo :

11

. 10 7 D23
Pa
TLfo 10 log

2
1 D2 / 2 wall ( P2 101325)
3.3.7
3.3.8

3.3.9

Calculate fo :
fo = 5000/(12.5664D2)
Three cases are possible when calculating TLfp:
3.3.8.1 fpfo

TLfp = 20log(fo/fp)
3.3.8.2 fo<fp4fo

TLfp = 13log(fp/fo)
3.3.8.3 fp>4fo

TLfp = 20log(fp/4fo) + 7.8


Calculate transmission loss:
TL = TLfo - TLfp

16 Sizing Equations

Preface3 Noise Calculation


3.3.10

Calculate Lg :

L g 16 log
5
1.3 10 P1 CV FL
1

D2 2 P2
3.3.11

Calculate sound level


La = 5 + Lpi +TL +Lg

3.4 Aerodynamic Noise: IEC Standard


3.4.1

*D2 [m], d [m], P1 [Pa-a], P2 [Pa-a], W[kg/s]


*FL=FLP/Fp
Calculate the downstream parameters:

RO2 RO P2 / P1
8314 K T1
M
4 W
MN 2
2
3.1416 C s 2 RO2 D2

Cs 2

MN 0
3.4.2

4 W
3.1416 C s 2 RO2 d 2

Calculate the following pressures:


Pvc = P1 - (P1-P2)/FL2
K

PVCC

2 K 1

P1
K 1

P2c = P1 - FL2(P1-Pvcc)

= Pvcc/P2c
K

P 1 K 1
P2b 1
K
P2ce = P1/(22)
3.4.3

Calculate Fd, Dj, Mj:

Fd N o1/2
D j 0.0046 Fd CV FL
K 1

2 P1 K

M j
1

K 1 P2

1/2

Sizing Equations 17

3 Noise Calculation
3.4.4
Now 5 regimes are possible:
3.4.4.1 Regime I - P1 P2 P2 c

P
TVC T1 VC
P1

8314 K TVC

C sVC

U VC

K 1

0.5

K 1


2 K PVC K P1


RO
K 1 P1

W U VC
Wm
2
U
MN VC
C sVC

0.0001 MN 3.6
Wa Wm FL
f P 0.2 U VC / D j
2

3.4.4.2 Common calculations for II-V Regimes:

TVCC

2 T1
K 1

8314 K TVCC
C sVCC

M
2
W C sVCC
Wms
2
3.4.4.3 Regime II - P2 c P2 Pvcc :

0.0001 M j6.6F

P P2
Wa Wms 1
.
P1 PVCC
fP

0.2 M j C sVCC
Dj

3.4.4.4 Regime III - Pvcc P2 P2 b :

0.0001 M 6j .6 F
Wa Wms
0.2 M j C sVCC
fP
Dj

18 Sizing Equations

0.5

1/ 2

Preface3 Noise Calculation


3.4.4.5 Regime IV - P2b P2 P2 ce :

0.0001

Mj

6. 6 FL 2

2
Wa Wms
0.35 C sVCC
fP
1/ 2
2
125
. Dj M j 1

3.4.4.6 Regime V - P2 ce P2 0 :

2 K 1

M j
22 K 1

K 1

0.0001

Mj

1/ 2

6.6 FL 2

Wa Wms
0.35 C sVCC
fP
1/ 2
2
125
. Dj M j 1

3.4.5

Calculate Lpi: :

L pi 10 log 8 10 8 Wa RO2 Cs2 / D2


3.4.6

Calculate TLfr:
2
2

3 10 13 Cs 2 D2
Pa
TLfr 10 log

2
1 Cs 2 RO2 / 415 wall 101325

3.4.7

3.4.8

3.4.9
3.4.10

Calculate fr and fo :
fr = 5000/(3.1416D2)
fo = fr Cs2/1372
Three cases are possible when calculating TLfp:
3.4.8.1 fp<fo

TLfp = 20log(fo/fp) + 13log(fo/fr)


3.4.8.2 fofpfr

TLfp = 13log(fp/fr)
3.4.8.3 fp>fr

TLfp = 20log(fp/fr)
Calculate transmission loss:
TL = TLfr - TLfp
Calculate Lg :

1
Lg 16 log

1 M 2
3.4.11
3.4.12

Calculate sound level at the outside diameter of the pipe


La0 = 5 + Lpi +TL +Lg
Calculate sound level at a distance of 1 m from the pipe wall

La La 0 10 log

D2 2
D2

Sizing Equations 19

4 Flow Meter Sizing

4 Flow Meter Sizing


4.1 Calculation of Beta Ratio
4.1.1

4.1.2

Calculate Internal pipe diameter at flow temperature:

D D0 1 p T T0

Calculate Correction factor for Steam quality (For Liquid, Water,


and Gas, Fs=1):

Fs 1 0.0074 S t
4.1.3

Calculate Scale reading factor:

4.1.4

Calculate Differential pressure at normal flow rate:

SRF 10 Wn / Wmax

DPn DP SRF / 10

4.1.5

Calculate Pipe Reynolds number at normal flow rate:

4.1.6

12732
.
10 3 Wn
Re n
D
Calculate first estimate for - ratio.
4.1.6.1 For Venturi tubes:

Wn2
0
7
4
2
. 10 D DPn RO Wn
123

0.25

4.1.6.2 For other Flow meters:


0.25

4.1.7

Wn2
0
8
4
2
4.6 10 D DPn RO Wn
Calculate Gas expansion factor (for Liquid and Water, Eps 1 ).
4.1.7.1 For square edge orifice with 2D & 8D pipe taps:

Eps 1 0.333 1145


.
0 0.7 0 12 0
2

13

DP

P1 K 1

4.1.7.2 For Lo-Loss tube, Venturi tubes and Nozzles:


2

K Q K

Eps
K 1

where

4
1 0

2

4
1 0 Q K

K 1

1 Q K
1 Q

0.5

P1 DPn
P1

4.1.7.3 For Eccentric orifices:

Eps 1 01926
.
0574
.
0 0.9675 0 4.24 0 3.62 0
2

( DP

/ P1 ) K 1

4.1.7.4 For square-edge orifices specified in ISO 5167 2003 (flange tappings, corner tappings, and
radius tappings):

Eps 1 0.351 0.256 0 0.93 0 (1 ( P2 / P1 )1 / K )


4

4.1.7.5 For other Flow meters:

Eps 1 0.41 0.35 0

20 Sizing Equations

( DP

/ P1 ) K 1

Preface4 Flow Meter Sizing


4.1.8

Calculate Discharge coefficient. See 9 Appendix.

4.1.9

Calculate new

- ratio:

2847.05 W 1 4
n
0

2
D Eps Fs C DPn RO

4.1.10

Calculate the relative change in


4.1.11
4.1.12

0
0

0. 5

- ratio:

;0

Paragraphs 4.1.7 - 4.1.10 are repeated until the relative change in


the - ratio is less than 0.0001.
Calculate Orifice diameter at flow temperature.
4.1.12.1 For all Flow Meters except Segmental orifices:

d D

4.1.12.2
4.1.12.2.1
4.1.12.2.2

Segmental orifices.
Calculate Segmental radius:

RS 0 0.49 D0

Calculate Segmental height at flow temperature


using the equation:

arccos 1 2 HS 2 1 2 HS HS HS

D
D D D

0.5

For further calculation of Segmental orifices, HS and HS0 are analogous to d and d0 respectively.
4.1.13

Calculate Orifice diameter at ambient temperature.


4.1.13.1
For Lo-Loss tube, Nozzles, and Venturi tubes:

d0
4.1.13.2

1 pe

For other orifices:

d0 d
4.1.14

d
T T0

1 0.55 Dbh d

1 pe T T0

For Quarter of Circle (Quadrant Edge) orifice, calculate Radius of upstream profile:

0.07571 0.06253
Rq d

0.68286

Sizing Equations 21

4 Flow Meter Sizing

4.2 Calculation of Flow rate


4.2.1

4.2.2

Calculate Internal pipe diameter at flow temperature:

D D0 1 p T T0

Calculate Correction factor for Steam quality (For Liquid, Water,


and Gas, Fs=1):

Fs 1 0.0074 S t
4.2.3

Calculate Orifice diameter at flow temperature.


4.2.3.1 For Lo-Loss tube, Nozzles, and Venturi tubes:

d d 0 1 pe T T0

4.2.3.2 For other orifices:

d d 0 1 0.55 Dbh d 0 1 pe T T0
2

Calculate - ratio.
4.2.4.1 For all Flow Meters except Segmental orifices:

4.2.4

d
D

4.2.4.2 Segmental orifices.


4.2.4.2.1 Calculate Segmental radius:

RS 0 0.49 D0

4.2.4.2.2 Calculate - ratio:

4.2.5

arccos 1 2 HS 2 1 2 HS HS HS

D
D D D

0.5

Note: HS is calculated with the help of HS0 in accordance with paragraph 4.2.3.2.
Calculate Gas expansion factor (for Liquid and Water, Eps 1 ).
4.2.5.1 For square edge orifice with 2D & 8D pipe taps:

Eps 1 0.333 1145


. 2 0.7 5 12 13 DP P1 K 1
4.2.5.2 For Lo-Loss tube, Venturi tubes and Nozzles:
2

K
K

Eps
K 1

where Q

1 4

2

4
1 Q K

K 1

K
1

1 Q

0.5

P1 DP
P1

4.2.5.3 For Eccentric orifices:

Eps 1 01926
.
0.574 0.9675 2 4.24 3 3.62 4 ( DP / P1 ) K 1
4.2.5.4 For square-edge orifices specified in ISO 5167 2003 (flange tappings, corner tappings, and
radius tappings):

Eps 1 0.351 0.256 4 0.93 8 (1 ( P2 / P1 )1 / K )

22 Sizing Equations

Preface4 Flow Meter Sizing


4.2.5.5 For other Flow meters:

Eps 1 0.41 0.35 4 ( DP / P1 ) K 1


4.2.6

Calculate first estimate for Flow rate:


*W0 [kg/s]

DP RO
1 4

W0 2.107 10 4 Eps d 2
4.2.7

Calculate Pipe Reynolds number:


*W0 [kg/s]

Re
4.2.8
4.2.9

12732
.
10 3 W0
D

Calculate Discharge coefficient. See 9 Appendix.


Calculate new Flow rate:
*W [kg/s]

W 35124
.
10 4 C Fs Eps d 2

DP RO
1 4

4.2.10 For Quarter of Circle (Quadrant Edge) orifices, Lo-loss tube, Venturi tubes, and Segmental orifices, go to
the paragraph 4.2.13.
4.2.11

Calculate the relative change in Flow rate:

W
4.2.12

4.2.13

W 0 W
W0

;W 0 W

Paragraphs 4.2.7 - 4.2.11 are repeated until the relative change in


the flow rate is less than 0.0001.
For Quarter of Circle (Quadrant Edge) orifice, calculate Radius of upstream profile:

0.07571 0.06253
Rq d

0.68286

4.3 Calculation of Differential range


4.3.1

4.3.2

Calculate Internal pipe diameter at flow temperature:

D D0 1 p T T0

Calculate Correction factor for Steam quality (For Liquid, Water, and
Gas, Fs=1):

Fs 1 0.0074 S t
4.3.3

Calculate Orifice diameter at flow temperature.


4.3.3.1 For Lo-Loss tube, Nozzles, and Venturi tubes:

d d 0 1 pe T T0

4.3.3.2 For other orifices:

d d 0 1 0.55 Dbh d 0 1 pe T T0
2

Sizing Equations 23

4 Flow Meter Sizing


4.3.4

Calculate Pipe Reynolds number:


*W [kg/s]

Re
4.3.5

12732
.
10 3 W

Calculate - ratio.
4.3.5.1 For all Flow Meters except Segmental orifices:

d
D

4.3.5.2 Segmental orifices.


4.3.5.2.1 Calculate Segmental radius:

RS 0 0.49 D0
4.3.5.2.2 Calculate - ratio:

arccos 1 2 HS 2 1 2 HS

D
D

HS HS 2

D D

0.5

Note: HS is calculated with the help of HS0 in accordance with paragraph 4.3.3.2.
4.3.6
Calculate Discharge coefficient. See 9 Appendix.
4.3.7
First estimate for Differential range:

DP0 P1

4.3.8

Calculate Gas expansion factor (for Liquid and Water, Eps 1 ).


4.3.8.1 For square edge orifice with 2D & 8D pipe taps:

Eps 1 0.333 1145


. 2 0.7 5 12 13 DP P1 K 1
4.3.8.2 For Lo-Loss tube, Venturi tubes and Nozzles:
2

K Q K

Eps
K 1

where Q

1 4

2

4
1 Q K

K 1

1 Q K
1 Q

0.5

P1 DP
P1

4.3.8.3 For Eccentric orifices:

Eps 1 01926
.
0.574 0.9675 2 4.24 3 3.62 4 ( DP / P1 ) K 1
4.3.8.4 For square-edge orifices specified in ISO 5167 2003 (flange tappings, corner tappings, and
radius tappings):

Eps 1 0.351 0.256 4 0.93 8 (1 ( P2 / P1 )1 / K )


4.3.8.5 For other Flow meters:

Eps 1 0.41 0.35 4 ( DP / P1 ) K 1


4.3.9

Calculate new Differential range:


*W [kg/s]
2

W 1 4
RO 1
DP
2
4
3.5124 10 C Eps D Fs

24 Sizing Equations

Preface4 Flow Meter Sizing


4.3.10
4.3.11

For Liquid and Water, go to paragraph 4.3.13.


Calculate the relative change in Differential range:

DP
4.3.12
4.3.13

DP 0 DP
DP 0

; DP 0 DP

Paragraphs 4.3.8 - 4.3.11 are repeated until the relative change in the differential range is less
than 0.0001.
For Quarter of Circle (Quadrant Edge) orifice, calculate Radius of upstream profile:

0.07571 0.06253
Rq d

0.68286

Sizing Equations 25

5 Restriction Device Sizing

5 Restriction Device Sizing


5.1 Calculation of Beta Ratio
5.1.1

Calculate Internal pipe diameter at flow temperature:

5.1.2

Calculate Correction factor for Steam quality (For Liquid, Water, and Steam, Fs=1):

5.1.3

Calculate Scale reading factor:

5.1.4

Calculate Differential pressure at normal flow rate:

D D0 1 p T T0

Fs 1 0.0074 S t

SRF 10 Wn / Wmax

DPn DPloss SRF / 10

5.1.5

Calculate Pipe Reynolds number at normal flow rate:

Re n
5.1.6

1.2732 103 Wn
D

Checking for Critical flow.


5.1.6.1 Liquid / Water case
P1 DPloss
If

Pv

then the flow is critical.


5.1.6.2 Gas/Steam case
5.1.6.2.1 Calculate first estimate for
For Venturi tubes:

- ratio.

Wn2
0
7
4
2
. 10 D DPn RO Wn
123

0.25

For other Restriction Devices:

Wn2
0
8
4
2
4.6 10 D DPn RO Wn

26 Sizing Equations

0.25

Preface5 Restriction Device Sizing


5.1.6.2.2 Calculate Critical Pressure Ratio and define whether the flow is critical.

Fttp

k 1 / k 1

k 2
4

1
0

2 k 1

DPrat

P1 DPloss
Fttp P1
k / k 1

2
A

k 1
A DPrat
If
5.1.7

then the flow is critical. If not, the flow is Sub-Critical.


Calculate - ratio.
Case A. Liquid / Water Critical flow
A1
Calculate DP.

DP P1 Pv
A2

Calculate first estimate for


For Venturi tubes:

- ratio

Wn2
0
7
4
2
. 10 D DPn RO Wn
123

0.25

For other Restriction Devices:

Wn2
0
8
4
2
4.6 10 D DPn RO Wn
A3
A4
A5

A6

0.25

Eps = 1.
Calculate Discharge coefficient. See 9 Appendix.
Calculate new - ratio:

2847.05 W 1 4
n
0

2
D Eps Fs C DPn RO

Calculate the relative change in - ratio:


0

; 0

0. 5

A7
Paragraphs A4 A6 are repeated until the relative change in the - ratio is less than 0.0001.
Case B. Gas / Steam Critical flow
B1
Calculate Gas expansion factor

k
Eps
Z

B2

k 1

k 1 / k 1

1/ 2

Calculate Discharge coefficient. See 9 Appendix.

Sizing Equations 27

5 Restriction Device Sizing


B3

- ratio (Wn[lb/h], T[R], P1[psi-a], D[in]):


Wn T
aa
2195.591 C ( M / 28.9625) P1 D 4 Eps

Calculate first estimate for

k 2
am aa

2 k 1

k 1 / k 1

cm aa D 4

d2

1 1 4 am cm
2 am
d2

B4

Calculate Orifice diameter at flow temperature:

B5

Calculate Bore Reynolds number at normal flow rate:

d D

Re n

1.2732 10 3 Wn
d

B6
Calculate Discharge coefficient. See 9 Appendix.
B7
Calculate new - ratio in accordance with equations in paragraph B3.
Case C. Sub-Critical flow
C1
First estimate for DPn:

DPn0 DPloss
C2

Calculate first estimate for


For Venturi tubes:

- ratio

Wn2
0
7
4
2
1.23 10 D DPn0 RO Wn

0.25

For other Restriction Devices:

Wn2
0
8
4
2
4.6 10 D DPn0 RO Wn
C3

0.25

Calculate Gas expansion factor (for Liquids/Water, Eps = 1)


For Venturi tubes and Nozzles:
2

K Q K

Eps
K 1

where

For Orifice Plates:

4
1 0

2

4
1 0 Q K

K 1

1 Q K
1 Q

( DP

Calculate Discharge coefficient. See 9 Appendix.

28 Sizing Equations

0.5

P1 DPn
P1

Eps 1 0.41 0.35 0


C4

/ P1 ) K 1

Preface5 Restriction Device Sizing


C5

Calculate new

- ratio:

2847.05 W 1 4
n
0

2
D Eps Fs C DPn RO

C6

0. 5

Calculate new DP
For Classical Venturi Tube:

DP

DPloss
0.218 0.42 0.38 2

DP

DPloss
1 0.014 2.06 2 1.18 3

For Nozzles:

For Orifice Plates:

DP
C7

DPloss 1 4 C 2

4 0.5

C 2

Calculate new DPn:

W
DPn DP n
Wmax
C8

0.5

Calculate the relative change in DPn:

DPn

DPn0 DPn
; DPn0 DPn ; 0
DPn0

Paragraphs C3 C8 are repeated until the relative change in the DPn is less
than 0.0001
Calculate Orifice diameter at flow temperature:
C9

5.1.8
5.1.9

d D

Calculate Orifice diameter at ambient temperature.


For Venturi tubes and Nozzles:

d0

1 pe

For Orifice Plates:

d0 d

d
T T0

1 0.55 Dbh d

1 pe T T0

Sizing Equations 29

5 Restriction Device Sizing

5.2 Calculation of Flow Rate


5.2.1

Calculate Internal pipe diameter at flow temperature:

5.2.2

Calculate Correction factor for Steam quality (For Liquid, Water, and Steam, Fs=1):

5.2.3

Calculate Orifice diameter at flow temperature.


For Venturi tubes and Nozzles:

D D0 1 p T T0

Fs 1 0.0074 S t

d d 0 1 pe T T0

For Orifice Plates:

d d 0 1 0.55 Dbh d 0 1 pe T T0

5.2.4

Calculate - ratio:

5.2.5

d
D

Checking for Critical flow and some initial calculations.


5.2.5.1 Liquid / Water case
5.2.5.1.1 Calculate downstream pressure:

P2 P1 DPloss
5.2.5.1.2 Identify Critical flow:
P2 Pv
If
then the flow is critical. If not, the flow is Sub-Critical
5.2.5.1.3 Calculate Differential Pressure to be used in Flow Rate calculation.
For Critical flow:

DP P1 Pv
For Sub-Critical flow:
Classical Venturi Tube:

DPloss
0.218 0.42 0.38 2
DPloss
DP
1 0.014 2.06 2 1.18 3

DP

Nozzles:
Orifice Plates:

DP

DPloss 1 4 C 2

0.5

4 0.5

C 2

5.2.5.1.4 Calculate first estimate for Flow Rate (W0 [kg/s]):

W0 2.107 10 4 d 2

30 Sizing Equations

DP RO
1 4

Preface5 Restriction Device Sizing


5.2.5.2 Gas/Steam case
5.2.5.2.1 Calculate Critical Pressure Ratio and define whether the flow is critical.

Fttp

DPrat

k 1 / k 1

k 2

1
4

2 k 1

P1 DPloss
Fttp P1
k / k 1

2
A

k 1
A DPrat
If

then the flow is critical. If not, the flow is Sub-Critical


5.2.5.2.2 Initial calculations for Critical flow.
Gas expansion factor:

k 2 k 1 / k 1

Eps
Z k 1

1/ 2

First estimate for Flow Rate (W0 [lb/h], T[R], D[in], P1[psi-a]):

W0 2195.591 d

28.9625 T

0.5

P1 Eps Fttp

5.2.5.2.3 Initial calculations for Sub-Critical flow.


Differential Pressure to be used in Flow Rate calculation:
For Classical Venturi Tube:

DP

DPloss
0.218 0.42 0.38 2

For Nozzles:

DP

DPloss
1 0.014 2.06 2 1.18 3

For Orifice Plates:

DP

DPloss 1 4

4 0.5

0.5

C 2

C 2

Gas expansion factor:


For Venturi tubes and Nozzles:
2

K Q K

Eps
K 1

where Q

1 4

4
1 Q K

P1 DP
P1

1 Q KK1

1 Q

0.5

Sizing Equations 31

5 Restriction Device Sizing


For Orifice Plates:

Eps 1 0.41 0.35 4 ( DP / P1 ) K 1

First estimate for Flow Rate (W0 [kg/s]):

W0 2.107 10 4 d 2
5.2.6

DP RO
1 4

Calculate Reynolds number.


For Gas / Steam Critical flow (Bore Reynolds number):

Re

1.2732 103 W0
d

For Liquid / Water and Gas / Steam Sub-Critical flow (Pipe Reynolds number):

1.2732 10 3 W0
Re
D
5.2.7
5.2.8

Calculate Discharge coefficient. See 9 Appendix.


For Orifices in the case of Gas / Steam Sub-Critical flow, calculate DP and Gas Expansion factor:

DP

DPloss 1 4 C 2

0.5

4 0.5

C 2

Eps 1 0.41 0.35 ( DP / P1 ) K 1


4

5.2.9

Calculate new Flow rate:


For Gas / Steam at Critical flow:

W 2195.591 C d 2

28.9625 T

0.5

P1 Eps Fttp

For other cases (W [kg/s]):

W 35124
.
10 4 C Fs Eps d 2

DP RO
1 4

5.2.10 Calculate the relative change in Flow rate:

W 0 W
W0

;W 0 W

5.2.11 Paragraphs 5.2.6 5.2.10 are repeated until the relative change in the Flow rate is less
than 0.0001.

32 Sizing Equations

Preface5 Restriction Device Sizing

5.3 Calculation of Pressure Loss


5.3.1

Calculate Internal pipe diameter at flow temperature:

5.3.2

Calculate Correction factor for Steam quality (For Liquid, Water, and Steam, Fs=1):

5.3.3

Calculate Orifice diameter at flow temperature.


For Venturi tubes and Nozzles:

D D0 1 p T T0

Fs 1 0.0074 S t

d d 0 1 pe T T0

For Orifice plates:

d d 0 1 0.55 Dbh d 0 1 pe T T0
5.3.4

Calculate Pipe Reynolds number (W [kg/s]):

Re
5.3.5

12732
.
10 3 W

Calculate - ratio.

5.3.6
5.3.7

d
D

Calculate Discharge coefficient. See 9 Appendix.


Calculate Critical flow rate.
For Liquid / Water:

DP P1 Pv
Wcr 3.5124 10 4 C Fs Eps d 2

DP RO
1 4

For Gas / Steam

k 2 k 1 / k 1

Eps
Z k 1

1/ 2

Wcr 2195.591 C d

28.9625 T
2

5.3.8

0.5

P1 Eps Fttp

Checking for Critical flow and Pressure Loss calculation.


Case A. Critical flow: W>0.999*Wcr and W<1.001*Wcr.
For this case, Pressure Loss:

DPloss P1 Pv
Case B. Wrong data: W=>1.001*Wcr.
Flow rate cannot be achieved. User has to check his data.
Case C. Sub-Critical flow: W<=0.999*Wcr
C1
First estimate for Differential range:

DP0 P1 Pv
C2
C3

Calculate Discharge coefficient. See 9 Appendix.


Calculate Gas expansion factor (for Liquid and Water,
For Venturi tubes and Nozzles:

Eps 1 ).

Sizing Equations 33

5 Restriction Device Sizing


2

K Q K

Eps
K 1

where Q

1 4

2

4
1 Q K

P1 DP0
P1

K 1

1 Q K
1 Q

0.5

For Orifice Plates:

Eps 1 0.41 0.35 4 ( DP0 / P1 ) K 1

C4

Calculate new Differential range (W [kg/s]):


2

W 1 4
RO 1
DP
2
4
3.5124 10 C Eps D Fs
C5

Calculate the relative change in Differential range:

DP
C6
C7

DP 0 DP
DP 0

; DP 0 DP

Paragraphs C3 C5 are repeated until the relative change in the DP is less


than 0.0001.
Calculate Pressure Loss

DPloss

34 Sizing Equations

DP 1 4 C 2

0.5

4 0.5

C2

Preface6 Relief Valve Sizing

6 Relief Valve Sizing


6.1 Blocked Flow: Liquid Relief
6.1.1

Requiring ASME capacity certification


6.1.1.1 Calculate Total back pressure:

Pb Pb1 Pb 2 Pb3
6.1.1.2 Effective coefficient of discharge: Kd 0.65 (if K d is not entered by user).
6.1.1.3 Determine Correction factor for back pressure.
6.1.1.3.1 For Conventional and Pilot operated valves,
Kw 1 .
6.1.1.3.2 For Bellows valve:
Case Pb / Ps 016
. :
Kw 1
Case 016
. Pb / Ps 0.5 :

Case Pb / Ps 0.5 :
6.1.1.4 Calculate Upstream relieving pressure:
*Pup [psi-g]

Kw 1152
.
0.95 Pb / Ps
Kw 0.677

Pup 1 0.01 Pover Ps

6.1.1.5 Estimate Required effective discharge area:


*W [US gal/min], Pup [psi-g]

A0

38 K d KW

Gf
pup pb

6.1.1.6 Calculate Reynolds number:


*W [US gal/min], [cP]

Re

2800 W G f

A0

6.1.1.7 Calculate Correction factor for viscosity:

Y ln Re / ln10
Case Re 35 :
Case 35 Re 100 :

Kv 0.3
Kv 0.62838 Y 0.6611

Case:
Case Re 50000 :
6.1.1.8 Calculate Required effective discharge area.
6.1.1.8.1 With Rupture disk:

A A0 / Kv K cc

6.1.1.8.2 Without Rupture disk:

A A0 / Kv
6.1.2

Not requiring ASME capacity certification


6.1.2.1 Calculate Total back pressure:

Pb Pb1 Pb 2 Pb3

Sizing Equations 35

6 Relief Valve Sizing


6.1.2.2 Effective coefficient of discharge: Kd 0.62 (if K d is not
entered by user).
6.1.2.3 Determine Correction factor for back pressure.
6.1.2.3.1 For Conventional and Pilot operated valves,
Kw 1 .
6.1.2.3.2 For Bellows valve:
Case Pb / Ps 016
. :
Kw 1
Case 016
. Pb / Ps 0.5 :

Case Pb / Ps 0.5 :
6.1.2.4 Calculate correction factor for overpressure:

Kw 1152
.
0.95 Pb / Ps
Kw 0.677

Y Pover / 10

Case

K p 0.2 Y 2 0.8 Y

Y 1:

1 Y 2.5 :
Case 2.5 Y 5 :
Case Y 5 :
Case

K p 0.037641 Y 3 0.30196 Y 2 0.95464 Y 0.08544


K p 0.034664 Y 0.91334
K p 1086
.

6.1.2.5 Estimate Required effective discharge area:


*W [US gal/min]

A0

Gf
W

38 Kd KW K p 125
. ps pb

6.1.2.6 Calculate Reynolds number:


*W [US gal/min], [cP]

Re

2800 W G f

A0

6.1.2.7 Calculate Correction factor for viscosity:

Y ln Re / ln10
Case Re 35 :
Kv 0.3
Case 35 Re 100 :
Kv 0.62838 Y 0.6611
Case 100 Re 50000 :
Kv 0.023362 Y 4 0.35578 Y 3 2.037 Y 2 5.2507 Y 4.2228
Case Re 50000 :
Kv 1.
6.1.2.8 Calculate Required effective discharge area.
6.1.2.8.1 With Rupture disk:

A A0 / Kv Kcc

6.1.2.8.2 Without Rupture disk:

A A0 / Kv

6.2 Blocked Flow: Gas Relief


6.2.1

Calculate Upstream relieving pressure:


*Pa [psi-a]

Pup 1 0.01 Pover Ps Pa

36 Sizing Equations

Preface6 Relief Valve Sizing


6.2.2

Calculate Total back pressure:

Pb Pb1 Pb 2 Pb3
6.2.3

Calculate Critical flow throat pressure:

2
Pcf Pup
K 1

K / K 1

6.2.4

Effective coefficient of discharge: Kd 0.975 .

6.2.5

The condition

Pb Pcf (Pb [psi-a] ) determines:

Case A - Critical flow.


A1
Calculate Coefficient for critical flow equation:
Case K 101
. :
Cr 317
K 1

Case 101
. K 2:

2 K 1
Cr 520 K

K 1
Cr 400

Case K 2 :
A2
Calculate Capacity correction factor due to back
pressure (if Kb is not entered by user).
A2.1
For Conventional and Pilot operated valves, Kb 1 .
A2.2
For Bellows valve:
A2.2.1 Y Pb / Ps

Y 0.315 :
Case Y 0.315 :
A2.2.3 Case Y 0.325 :
Case Y 0.325 :
A2.2.4 Case Pover 20 :
Case 10 Pover 20 :
Case Pover 10 :
A2.2.2 Case

A3

Estimate Required effective discharge area:


*W [lb/h], T [R]

A0
Case B ( Pb
B1

Kb10 153
. 168
. Y
Kb10 1.
Kb20 114
. 0.43 Y
Kb20 1.
Kb Kb 20
Kb Kb10 01
. Pover 10 Kb20 Kb10
Kb Kb10

W
TZ

Cr K d Pup Kb
M

Pcf ) - Subcritical flow: Bellows valve.


Calculate Cr:
. :
Case K 101

Cr 317
K 1

Case 101
. K 2:

B2

2 K 1
Cr 520 K

K 1
Cr 400

Case K 2 :
If Capacity correction factor due to back pressure is
not entered by user, Kb 1 .

Sizing Equations 37

6 Relief Valve Sizing


B3

Estimate Required effective discharge area:


*W [lb/h], T [R]

A0
Case C ( Pb

Pcf ) - Subcritical flow: Conventional and Pilot operated valves.

C1

Calculate Coefficient for subcritical flow equation:


*Pb [psi-a]

C1.1

R Pb / Pup

C1.2

K 2/ K
F2
R
K 1

C2

1 R K 1 / K

1 R

Estimate Required effective discharge area:


*W [lb/h], Pb [psi-a], T [R]

A0
6.2.6

W
TZ

Cr K d Pup Kb
M

735 F2 K d

TZ

M Pup Pup Pb

For Rupture disk application, calculate Required effective discharge area:

A A0 / K cc

6.3 Blocked Flow: Steam Relief


6.3.1

Calculate Upstream relieving pressure:


*Pa [psi-a]

Pup 1 0.01 Pover Ps Pa

6.3.2

6.3.3

Calculate Correction factor for Napier equation:


Case Pup 1515 :
Kn 1

Case

1515 Pup 3215 :

K n 01916
.
Pup 1000 / 0.2292 Pup 1061

Case

Pup 3215 :

Kn 1

Calculate Superheat steam correction factor:

Y1 T 27316
. 18
. 32 / 1000
6.3.3.2 Y 2 Pup / 1000
6.3.3.1

6.3.3.3

K sh 0.201 Y12 Y 2 2 0168


.
Y12 Y 2 0.291 Y12 0.389 Y1 Y 2 2 0.256 Y1 Y 2
6.3.4
6.3.5

0.838 Y1 0164
.
Y 2 2 0.025Y 2 1276
.
Effective coefficient of discharge: Kd 0.975 .
Estimate Required effective discharge area:
*W [lb/h]

A0
6.3.6

W
515
. Pup Kd K n K sh

For Rupture disk application, calculate Required effective discharge area:

A A0 / K cc

38 Sizing Equations

Preface6 Relief Valve Sizing

6.4 Fire Case: Gas Expansion


6.4.1

Calculate Upstream relieving pressure:


*Pa [psi-a]

Pup 1 0.01 Pover Ps Pa

6.4.2

Calculate Coefficient for critical flow equation:


Case K 101
. :
Cr 317
K 1

2 K 1
Cr 520 K

K 1
Cr 400

Case 101
. K 2:

6.4.3
6.4.4
6.4.5

Case K 2 :
If Heat absorption factor is entered, go to paragraph 6.4.8.
If Normal pressure is not entered or Normal temperature is not entered, a message appears: Please enter
Heat absorption factor or Normal pressure and Normal temperature.
Calculate Gas temperature at relieving conditions:
*Pa [psi-a], T [R]

T1 T

Pup
P

6.4.6

If Vessel Wall temperature is not entered, the following message appears:


Please enter Heat absorption factor or Vessel wall temperature.

6.4.7

Calculate Heat absorption factor:


T [R]

F1 01406
.

6.4.8

Tw T11.25

Cr K d T10.6506

Estimate Required effective discharge area:


*W [lb/h], T [R]

A0

F1 A1
Pup

6.4.9

If Normal pressure is not entered or Normal temperature is not entered


or Molecular Mass is not entered or Vessel wall temperature is not
entered, a message appears: Maximum discharge cannot be calculated
because Normal pressure or Normal temperature or Molecular Mass or
Vessel wall temperature is not entered. Then go to paragraph 6.4.11.

6.4.10

Calculate Maximum discharge:


*Pa [psi-a], W[lb/h]

W 01406
.
A1
6.4.11

M P
up

Tw T11.25
T11.1506

For Rupture disk application, calculate Required effective discharge


area:

A A0 / K cc

Sizing Equations 39

6 Relief Valve Sizing

6.5 Fire Case: Liquid Filled Vessel


6.5.1

Calculate Maximum discharge:


*HV [Btu/lb], W[lb/h]

W 21000
6.5.2

F A1

0.82

HV

Calculate Upstream relieving pressure:


*Pa [psi-a]

Pup 1 0.01 Pover Ps Pa

6.5.3

Calculate Total back pressure:

Pb Pb1 Pb 2 Pb3
6.5.4

Calculate Critical flow throat pressure:

2
Pcf Pup
K 1

K / K 1

6.5.5

Effective coefficient of discharge: Kd 0.975 .

6.5.6

The condition

Pb Pcf (Pb [psi-a] ) determines:

Case A - Critical flow.


A1
Calculate Coefficient for critical flow equation:
Case K 101
. :
Cr 317
K 1

Case 101
. K 2:

2 K 1
Cr 520 K

K 1
Cr 400

Case K 2 :
Calculate Capacity correction factor due to back
pressure (if Kb is not entered by user).
A2.1
For Conventional and Pilot operated valves, Kb 1 .
A2.2
For Bellows valve:
A2.2.1 Y Pb / Ps
A2

Y 0.315 :
Case Y 0.315 :
A2.2.3 Case Y 0.325 :
Case Y 0.325 :
A2.2.4 Case Pover 20 :
Case 10 Pover 20 :
Case Pover 10 :
A2.2.2 Case

A3

Estimate Required effective discharge area:


*W [lb/h], T [R]

A0
Case B ( Pb

Kb10 153
. 168
. Y
Kb10 1.
Kb20 114
. 0.43 Y
Kb20 1.
Kb Kb 20
Kb Kb10 01
. Pover 10 Kb20 Kb10
Kb Kb10

W
TZ

Cr K d Pup Kb
M

Pcf ) - Subcritical flow: Bellows valve.

B1

40 Sizing Equations

Calculate Cr:
Case K 101
. :

Cr 317

Preface6 Relief Valve Sizing


K 1

Case 101
. K 2:

Case K 2 :
If Capacity correction factor due to back pressure is
not entered by user, Kb 1 .

B2
B3

Estimate Required effective discharge area:


*W [lb/h], T [R]

A0
Case C ( Pb

Calculate Coefficient for subcritical flow equation:


*Pb [psi-a]

C1.1

R Pb / Pup

C1.2

K 2/ K
F2
R
K 1

1 R K 1 / K

1 R

Estimate Required effective discharge area:


*W [lb/h], Pb [psi-a], T [R]

A0
6.5.7

W
TZ

Cr K d Pup Kb
M

Pcf ) - Subcritical flow: Conventional and Pilot operated valves.

C1

C2

2 K 1
Cr 520 K

K 1
Cr 400

735 F2 K d

TZ

M Pup Pup Pb

For Rupture disk application, calculate Required effective discharge


area:

A A0 / K cc

Sizing Equations 41

7 Thermowell Calculation

7 Thermowell Calculation
7.1 ASME PTC 1974
7.1.1

7.1.2

Define Initial Value of

Kf

If Dt =1/4

then

If Dt =3/8

then

If Dt =9/16

then

If Dt =11/16

then

If Dt =7/8

then

Constant:

Kf
Kf
Kf
Kf
Kf

=2.075
=2.445
=3.02
=3.40
=3.965

Calculate Ratio of Frequency at Fluid Temperature to Frequency at 70 F:


* T[F]
For Austenitic steel,

R f 0.99996 - 0.0000036111 T - 0.0000000742 T 2


For Ferrite steel,
7.1.3

R f 1.0101 - 0.000138 T + 0.000000267 T 2 - 0.000000000336 T 3

Calculate Maximum Thermowell Length Based on Vibration Limitation:


* ROmaterial[lb/in3]

L1 ( R K f E B R f ) /( 2.64 ROmaterial V )
7.1.4

Define

Kf

Constant:

Case L 3.5
If Dt =1/4

then

If Dt =3/8

then

If Dt =9/16

then

If Dt =11/16

then

If Dt =7/8

then

Case 3.5<L 6
If Dt =1/4

then

If Dt =3/8

then

If Dt =9/16

then

If Dt =11/16

then

If Dt =7/8

then

Case 6<L 9
If Dt =1/4

then

If Dt =3/8

then

42 Sizing Equations

Kf
Kf
Kf
Kf
Kf

=2.06

Kf
Kf
Kf
Kf
Kf

=2.07

=2.42
=2.97
=3.32
=3.84

=2.45
=3.01
=3.39
=3.96

K f =2.08
K f =2.46

Preface7 Thermowell Calculation


If Dt =9/16

then

If Dt =11/16

then

If Dt =7/8

then

Case 9<L 13.25


If Dt =1/4

then

If Dt =3/8

then

If Dt =9/16

then

If Dt =11/16

then

If Dt =7/8

then

Case 13.25<L 20
If Dt =1/4

then

If Dt =3/8

then

If Dt =9/16

then

If Dt =11/16

then

If Dt =7/8
Case 20<L
If Dt =1/4

then

If Dt =3/8

then

If Dt =9/16

then

If Dt =11/16

then

If Dt =7/8

then

then

K f =3.05
K f =3.44
K f =4.03
Kf
Kf
Kf
Kf
Kf

=2.09

Kf
Kf
Kf
Kf
Kf

=2.09

Kf
Kf
Kf
Kf
Kf

=2.09

=2.47
=3.06
=3.46
=4.06

=2.47
=3.07
=3.47
=4.08

=2.47
=3.07
=3.48
=4.09

7.1.5

Paragraphs 7.1.3 - 7.1.4 are repeated until current

7.1.6

Calculate Natural Frequency for L=L1

Kf

value equals previous

K f value

* ROmaterial[lb/in3]

fn
7.1.7

2
1

K f E Rf
ROmaterial

Calculate Wake Frequency

fW 2.64

V
B

Sizing Equations 43

7 Thermowell Calculation
7.1.8

Calculate Magnification Factor for L1(R 0.8)

FM

7.1.9

7.1.10

fw

fn

R2

2
1 R 2
fw

1
f
n

Define

K1 , K 2 , K 3 constants

If Dt =1/4

then

If Dt =3/8

then

If Dt =9/16

then

If Dt =11/16

then

If Dt =7/8

then

{ K1 =0.412;

K 2 =37.5;
{ K1 =0.334; K 2 =42.3;
{ K1 =0.223; K 2 =46.8;
{ K1 =0.202; K 2 =48.7;
{ K1 =0.155; K 2 =50.1;

K 3 =0.116}
K 3 =0.205}
K 3 =0.389}
K 3 =0.548}
K 3 =0.864}

Calculate Maximum Allowable Static Gage Pressure


*Pmax [psi-g]. Convert from UOM used for pressure.
*S [psi-g]

P max K1 S
7.1.11

Calculate Maximum thermowell length based on Steady State Stress Consideration


*L2 [inch]
*ROfluid [lb/ft3]
*P [psi-g] operating pressure

L2

K2

44 Sizing Equations

S K 3 P
ROfluid 1 FM

Preface7 Thermowell Calculation

7.2 ASME PTC 2010


7.2.1

Calculate Mounting factor


*L [m]
7.2.1.1 Threaded connection: H c

1 0.9

Ad
L

7.2.1.2 Other connection types:

H c 1 0.61
7.2.2

Ad / L
[1 1.5 (b / Ad )]2

Calculate Reynolds number


*B [m]

Re U B RO /
7.2.3

Calculate Strouhal number


7.2.3.1 Re < 1,300

N s 0.22 (1 22 / Re)

7.2.3.2 Re > 500,000

N s 0.22

7.2.3.3 1,300 Re 500,000

N s 0.213 0.0248 [ Log10 (Re/ 1300]2 0.0095 [ Log10 (Re/ 1300]3


7.2.4

Calculate Natural frequency


*L [m], B[m], E[Pag]
7.2.4.1 Calculate average outside diameter
7.2.4.1.1

Tapered thermowell:

Da ( Ad B) / 2

7.2.4.1.2

Other thermowells:

Da Ad

7.2.4.2 Calculate approximate natural frequency

I 3.1416 ( Da d b ) / 64
4

m 3.1416 ROm ( Da d b ) / 4
2

1.867 2
E I 0.5 1
fa
(
) 2
2 3.1416
m
L
7.2.4.3 Calculate correction factor Hf
7.2.4.3.1 Tapered and straight thermowell:

Sizing Equations 45

7 Thermowell Calculation

Hf

0.99 [1 (1 B / Ad ) (1 B / Ad ) 2 ]
1 1.1 ( Da / L) 3[10.8( db / Da )]

7.2.4.3.2 Stepped thermowell:


Case A: db = 0.66 cm
Case A1: B = 2.22cm:
c1=1.41, c2=-0.949, c3=-0.091, c4=1.132, c5=-1.714, c6=0.865, c7=0.861,
c8=1.00, c9=9.275, c10=-7.466
Case A2: B = 1.27cm:
c1=1.407, c2=-0.839, c3=-0.022, c4=1.022, c5=-2.228, c6=1.594, c7=1.313,
c8=0.362, c9=8.299, c10=-5.376
For both A1 and A2:

y1 [c1 ( Ad / B) c2 ] ( Ls / L) [c3 ( Ad / B) c4 ]
y2 [c5 ( Ad / B) c6 ] ( Ls / L) [c7 ( Ad / B) c8 ]
Bet [c9 ( Ad / B) c10 ]
H f ( y1

Bet

y2

Bet

) 1/ Bet

Case A3: Other values of db:

H f 1
Case B: Other values of B: H f

7.2.4.4 Calculate correction factor Haf

H af 1

RO
2 ROm

7.2.4.5 Calculate correction factor Has

H as 1

ROs
1
[
]
2 ROm ( Da / d b ) 2 1

7.2.4.6 Calculate natural frequency with ideal support

f n 0 f a H f H af H as
7.2.4.7 Calculate natural frequency of the mounted thermowell

f n f n0 H c
7.2.5

Calculate Vortex shedding frequency


*B[m]

f s N s U / B

46 Sizing Equations

Preface7 Thermowell Calculation


7.2.6

Calculate Scruton number


*B [m]

N sc 3.1416 2 ( ROm / RO) [1 (d b / B) 2 ]


7.2.7.

Calculate miscellaneous parameters


*B [m], L[m], E[Pag]
7.2.7.1 Parameter Gsp
7.2.7.1.1 Tapered and straight thermowell:

Gsp

16 L2 (1 2 B / Ad )
2
3 3.1416 Ad [1 (d b / Ad ) 4 ]

7.2.7.1.2 Stepped thermowell:

Gsp

16 L2 [ B / Ad (1 B / Ad ) (1 Ls / L) 2 ]
2
3.1416 Ad [1 (d b / Ad ) 4 ]

7.2.7.2 Parameter Grd (for stepped thermowell only):

16 Ls

3.1416 B 2 [1 (d b / B) 4 ]
2

Grd

7.2.7.3 Stress concentration factor


7.2.7.3.1 Threaded connections:

K t 2.3
7.2.7.3.2 Other connections
Case A: b is unknown or Ad/b > 33:

K t 2.2
Case B: b is known and Ad/b 33:

K t 1.1 0.033 Ad / b
7.2.7.4 Stress concentration factor at support plane (for stepped thermowell only)
Case A: bs is unknown or B/bs > 33:

K t1 2.2

Sizing Equations 47

7 Thermowell Calculation
Case B: bs is known and B/bs 33:

K t1 1.1 0.033 B / bs
7.2.7.5 Temperature de-rating factor:

Ft E / Eref
7.2.8

Calculate Frequency Limit


7.2.8.1 Low density gases: Nsc > 2.5 and Re < 100000

FrL 0.8 f n
7.2.8.2 General case: other values of Nsc and Re

FrL 0.4 f n
7.2.9

Compliance with the Frequency Limit requirement


7.2.9.1 Initial evaluation of compliance
7.2.9.1.1 The thermowell is in compliance with the Frequency Limit requirement, if

f s FrL
Go to 7.2.10
7.2.9.1.2 The thermowell is in non-compliance with the Frequency Limit requirement if

f s FrL and

( N sc 2.5)and (Re 100000)

Go to 7.2.10
7.2.9.2 Evaluate compliance with Cyclic Stress Limit for General case
7.2.9.2.1 Calculate velocity for in-line resonance
7.2.9.2.1.1

VR
7.2.9.2.1.2

Re < 1,300

B fn
22
22
(1
)
2 Ns
B RO U
B RO
1,300 Re < 500,000

R Log10 (Re/ 1300)


aR 0.0285 R 2 0.0496 R

VR

48 Sizing Equations

B fn
B fn
aR
[1
Log10 (
)]
2 Ns
Ns
2 N s U

Preface7 Thermowell Calculation


7.2.9.2.1.3

VR

Re 500,000

B fn
2 Ns

7.2.9.2.2 Calculate cyclic drag stress at the root

Fm 1/( 2 )
Pd 0.05 RO VR 2
Sd Gsp Fm Pd
7.2.9.2.3 Calculate combined drag and lift stresses

S max K t Sd
7.2.9.2.4 Calculate fatigue stress limit

Limit Ft Fe S f
7.2.9.2.5 Compliance with cyclic stress limit
7.2.9.2.5.1

Tapered and straight thermowell

7.2.9.2.5.1.1

Not complied with the cyclic stress limit and frequency limit if

S max Limit
Go to 7.2.10
7.2.9.2.5.1.2

Complied with the cyclic stress limit if


Set new frequency limit: FrL1

S max Limit

0.8 f n

Go to 7.2.9.3
7.2.9.2.5.2

Stepped thermowell

7.2.9.2.5.2.1

Not complied with the cyclic stress limit and frequency limit if

S max Limit
Go to 7.2.10

S max Limit

7.2.9.2.5.2.2

Case

7.2.9.2.5.2.2.1

Calculate:

Sd1 Grd Fm Pd
S max 1 K t1 Sd1

Sizing Equations 49

7 Thermowell Calculation
7.2.9.2.5.2.2.2

Not complied with the cyclic stress limit and frequency limit if

S max 1 Limit
Go to 7.2.10
7.2.9.2.5.2.2.3

Complied with the cyclic stress limit if


Set new frequency limit: FrL1

S max 1 Limit

0.8 f n

Go to 7.2.9.3
7.2.9.3 Re-evaluate compliance with the frequency limit requirement if cyclic stress is acceptable
7.2.9.3.1 The thermowell is in compliance with the Frequency Limit requirement, if

f s FrL1
7.2.9.3.2 The thermowell is in non-compliance with the Frequency Limit requirement if

f s FrL1
7.2.10

Compliance with the Static Stress Limit requirement


*B [m], P[Pag], S[Pag]
7.2.10.1 Calculate radial, tangential, and axial stresses due to the external pressure:

Sr P

St P
Sa

1 (d b / Ad ) 2
1 (d b / Ad ) 2

P
1 (d b / Ad ) 2

7.2.10.2 Calculate steady-state drag stress at the root:

PD 0.7 RO U 2
7.2.10.3 Calculate steady-state stress due to the drag force:

Sd Gsp PD
7.2.10.4 Calculate maximum stress

S max Sd Sa
7.2.10.5 Calculate left-hand side of the Von Mises criteria:

LHS

0.5 [(S max Sr ) 2 ( S max St ) 2 ( St Sr ) 2

7.2.10.6 Calculate right-hand side of the Von Mises criteria:

RHS 1.5 S

50 Sizing Equations

Preface7 Thermowell Calculation


7.2.10.7 Compliance
7.2.10.7.1

Tapered and straight thermowell

7.2.10.7.1.1

Not complied with the static stress limit if

LHS RHS
7.2.10.7.1.2

Complied with the static stress limit if

LHS RHS
7.2.10.7.2

Stepped thermowell

7.2.10.7.2.1

Not complied with the static stress limit if

LHS RHS
Go to 7.2.11
7.2.10.7.2.2

Case

7.2.10.7.2.2.1

LHS RHS
Calculate:

St1 P
Sa1

1 (d b / B) 2
1 (d b / B) 2

P
1 (d b / B) 2

Sd1 Grd PD
S max 1 Sd1 Sa1
LHS1
7.2.10.7.2.2.2

0.5 [(S max 1 Sr ) 2 ( S max 1 St1) 2 ( St1 Sr ) 2

Not complied with the static stress limit if

LHS1 RHS
7.2.10.7.2.2.3

Complied with the static stress limit if

LHS1 RHS

Sizing Equations 51

7 Thermowell Calculation
7.2.11

Compliance with the Dynamic Stress Limit requirement


7.2.11.1 Calculate parameters:

r fs / fn

Fm1

1
1 r 2

r1 2 f s / f n

Fm 2

1
1 r12

7.2.11.2 Calculate drag and lift stresses at the root:

PD1 0.05 RO U 2
P1 0.5 RO U 2
Sd Gsp Fm2 PD1
S1 Gsp Fm1 P1
7.2.11.3 Calculate combined drag and lift stresses:

S max K t Sd 2 S12
7.2.11.4 Calculate fatigue stress limit:

Limit Ft Fe S f
7.2.11.5 Compliance
7.2.11.5.1

Tapered and straight thermowell

7.2.11.5.1

Not complied with the dynamic stress limit if

S max Limit
7.2.11.5.2

Complied with the dynamic stress limit if

S max Limit
7.2.11.5.2

Stepped thermowell

7.2.11.5.1

Not complied with the dynamic stress limit if

S max Limit
Go to 7.2.12

52 Sizing Equations

Preface7 Thermowell Calculation


7.2.11.5.2

Case

7.2.11.5.2.1

S max Limit
Calculate:

Sd1 Grd Fm2 PD1


S11 Grd Fm1 P1
S max 1 K t1 Sd12 S112
7.2.11.5.2.2

Not complied with the dynamic stress limit if

S max 1 Limit
7.2.11.5.2.3

Complied with the dynamic stress limit if

S max 1 Limit
7.2.12

Compliance with the Hydrostatic Pressure Limit requirement


*B [m], P[Pag], S[Pag]
7.2.12.1 Calculate pressure rating for the shank:

Pc 0.66 S [

2.167
0.0833]
2 B /( B d b )

7.2.12.2 Calculate external pressure rating for the tip:

Pt

S
t
( )2
0.13 d b

7.2.12.3 Calculate pressure rating of the thermowell:

Pr ating MIN ( Pc, Pt )


7.2.12.4 Compliance
7.2.12.4.1

Not complied with the hydrostatic pressure limit if

Pr ating P
7.2.12.4.2

Complied with the hydrostatic pressure limit if

Pr ating P

Sizing Equations 53

8 Standards

8 Standards
8.1 Control Valve Sizing
ISA S75.01 (1995)
IEC 60534-2-1 (1998)

8.2 Noise Calculation


Masoneilan OZ 3000E (1984) - Hydrodynamic Noise
ISA S75.17 (1991) - Aerodynamic Noise
IEC 534-8-3 (1995)
IEC 534-8-4 (1994)

8.3 Flow Meter Sizing


8.3.1 Square Edge Orifice
Standard
Flange Tappings
ISO*/ Miller**
Corner Tappings
ISO / Miller
Radius Tappings
ISO / Miller
Small-Bore Honed-Orifice Meter Run with Corner Tappings
Miller
Small-Bore Honed-Orifice Meter Run with Flange Tappings
Miller
Pipe Tappings (2.5D & 8D)
Miller
AGA Report 3 (Flange Tappings)
AGA Rep.3***
AGA Report 3 (Pipe Tappings)
AGA Rep.3
8.3.2 Quarter of Circle (Quadrant Edge) Orifice
Flange Tappings
BS 1042****
Corner Tappings
BS 1042
Radius Tappings
BS 1042
8.3.3 Conical Entrance Orifice
Miller
8.3.4 Lo-Loss Tube
Miller
8.3.5 Venturi Tube
Classical venturi tube with an as cast convergent section
ISO / Miller
Classical venturi tube with a machined convergent section
ISO / Miller
Classical venturi tube with a rough-welded sheet-iron convergent section
ISO / Miller
Universal Venturi Tube
Miller
8.3.6 Nozzle
ISO Long Radius Nozzle
ISO
ASME Long Radius Nozzle
Miller
ISA 1932 Nozzle
ISO / Miller
Venturi Nozzle
ISO / Miller
8.3.7 Eccentric Orifice
Diametrically Opposite Flange Tappings
Miller
Side (90) Flange Tappings
Miller
Diametrically Opposite Vena Contracta Tappings
Miller
Side (90) Vena Contracta Tappings
Miller

54 Sizing Equations

Preface8 Standards
8.3.8 Segmental Orifice
Flange Tappings
Miller
Vena Contracta Tappings
Miller
Note: *
ISO 5167-1 (1991), ISO 5167-1 (1998), or ISO 5167 (2003)
**
Flow Measurement Engineering Handbook by R.W. Miller, 3rd edition
(1996)
***
ANSI/API 2530 (1991) [AGA Report 3]
****
British standard 1042. Section 1.2 (1989)

8.4 Relief Valve Sizing


API RP 520, seventh edition (January 2000)

8.5 Thermowell Calculation


ASME PTC 19.3 (1974)
ASME PTC 19.3 TW (2010)

Sizing Equations 55

9 Appendix

9 Appendix
Formulae for Discharge Coefficient
Notation
B
- ratio
C
Discharge Coefficient
D
Internal Pipe Diameter, mm
Di
Internal Pipe Diameter, inch
Re
Pipe Reynolds Number at Normal Flow Rate
Rd
Bore Reynolds Number at Normal Flow Rate

9.1 Square Edge Orifice


9.1.1
Flange Tappings
9.1.1.1 ISO 5167-1 (1991) and Miller
If D<58.62
C = 0.5959+0.0312*B^2.1-0.184^B^8+0.0029*B^2.5*(10^6/Re)^0.75-0.85598*B^3/D+
0.039*B^4/(1-B^4)
Else
C = 0.5959+0.0312*B^2.1-0.184^B^8+0.0029*B^2.5*(10^6/Re)^0.75-0.85598*B^3/D+
2.286*B^4/(D*(1-B^4))
9.1.1.2 ISO 5167-1 (1998) and ISO 5167 (2003)
If D<71.12
C = 0.5961+0.0261*B^2-0.216B^8+0.000521*(10^6*B/Re)^0.7+(0.0188+0.0063*(19000*B/
Re)^0.8)*B^3.5*(10^6/Re)^0.3+(0.043+0.080*exp(-10*25.4/D)-0.123*exp(-7*25.4/D))*(10.11*(19000*B/Re)^0.8))*(B^4/(1-B^4))-0.031*(2*25.4/D/(1-B)-0.8*(2*25.4/D/(1B))^1.1)*B^1.3+0.011*(0.75-B)*(2.8-D/25.4)
Else
C = 0.5961+0.0261*B^2-0.216B^8+0.000521*(10^6*B/Re)^0.7+(0.0188+0.0063*(19000*B/
Re)^0.8)*B^3.5*(10^6/Re)^0.3+(0.043+0.080*exp(-10*25.4/D)-0.123*exp(-7*25.4/D))*(10.11*(19000*B/Re)^0.8))*(B^4/(1-B^4))-0.031*(2*25.4/D/(1-B)-0.8*(2*25.4/D/(1B))^1.1)*B^1.3
9.1.2
Corner Tappings
9.1.2.1 ISO 5167-1 (1991) and Miller
C = 0.5959+0.0312*B^2.1-0.184^B^8+0.0029*B^2.5*(10^6/Re)^0.75
9.1.2.2ISO 5167-1 (1998) and ISO 5167 (2003)
If D<71.12
C = 0.5961+0.0261*B^2-0.216B^8+0.000521*(10^6*B/Re)^0.7+(0.0188+0.0063*(19000*B/
Re)^0.8)*B^3.5*(10^6/Re)^0.3+(0.043+0.080-0.123)*(1- 0.11*(19000*B/Re)^0.8))*(B^4/(1B^4))-0.031*(2*0/(1-B)-0.8*(2*0/(1-B))^1.1)*B^1.3+0.011*(0.75-B)*(2.8-D/25.4)
Else
C = 0.5961+0.0261*B^2-0.216B^8+0.000521*(10^6*B/Re)^0.7+(0.0188+0.0063*(19000*B/
Re)^0.8)*B^3.5*(10^6/Re)^0.3+(0.043+0.080-0.123)*(1- 0.11*(19000*B/Re)^0.8))*(B^4/(1B^4))-0.031*(2*0/(1-B)-0.8*(2*0/(1-B))^1.1)*B^1.3
9.1.3
Radius Tappings
9.1.3.1 ISO 5167-1 (1991) and Miller
C = 0.5959+0.0312*B^2.1-0.184^B^8+0.0029*B^2.5*(10^6/Re)^0.75+0.039*B^4/(1-B^4)0.015839*B^3
9.1.3.2 ISO 5167-1 (1998) and ISO 5167 (2003)
If D<71.12
C = 0.5961+0.0261*B^2-0.216B^8+0.000521*(10^6*B/Re)^0.7+(0.0188+0.0063*(19000*B/
Re)^0.8)*B^3.5*(10^6/Re)^0.3+(0.043+0.080*exp(-10*1)-0.123*exp(-7*1))*(10.11*(19000*B/Re)^0.8))*(B^4/(1-B^4))-0.031*(2*0.47/(1-B)-0.8*(2*0.47/(1B))^1.1)*B^1.3+0.011*(0.75-B)*(2.8-D/25.4)

56 Sizing Equations

Preface9 Appendix
Else

9.1.4

9.1.5
9.1.6
9.1.7

9.1.8

C = 0.5961+0.0261*B^2-0.216B^8+0.000521*(10^6*B/Re)^0.7+(0.0188+0.0063*(19000*B/
Re)^0.8)*B^3.5*(10^6/Re)^0.3+(0.043+0.080*exp(-10*1)-0.123*exp(-7*1))*(10.11*(19000*B/Re)^0.8))*(B^4/(1-B^4))-0.031*(2*0.47/(1-B)-0.8*(2*0.47/(1-B))^1.1)*B^1.3

Small-Bore Honed-Orifice Meter Run with Corner Tappings


C = (0.5991+0.0044/Di+(0.3155+0.0175/Di)*(B^4+2^B^16)+(0.52/Di-0.192+
(16.48-1.16/Di)*(B^4+4*B^16))*(Re^(-0.5)))*((1-B^4)^0.5)
Small-Bore Honed-Orifice Meter Run with Flange Tappings
C = (0.5980+0.468*(B^4+10^B^12)+(0.87+8.1*B^4)*(Re^(-0.5)))*((1-B^4)^0.5)
Pipe Tappings (2.5D & 8D)
C = 0.5959+0.461*B^2.1+0.48^B^8+0.039*B^4/(1-B^4)+0.0029*B^2.5*(10^6/Re)^0.75
AGA Report 3 (Flange Tappings)
A0 = 830-5000*B+9000*B^2-4200*B^3+530/Di^0.5
A1 = 0.5993+0.007/Di+(0.364+0.076/Di^0.5)*B^4
A2 = 0
If B<(0.07+0.5/Di)
A2 = 0.4*(1.6-1/Di)^5*(0.07+0.5/Di-B)^(5/2)
A3 = 0
If B<0.5
A3 = (0.5-B)^(3/2)*(0.009+0.034/Di)
A4 = 0
If B>0.7
A4 = (B-0.7)^(5/2)*(65/Di^2+3)
K0 = (A1+A2-A3+A4)/(1+0.000015*A0)
EF = A0*Di*B
C = (1-B^4)^0.5*K0*(1+EF*B/Re)
AGA Report 3 (Pipe Tappings)
A0 = 905-5000*B+9000*B^2-4200*B^3+875/Di
A1 = 0
If B<0.25
A1 = (0.25-B)^(5/2)*(1.43/Di^0.5)
K0 = 0.5925+0.0182/Di+(0.440-0.06/Di)*B^2+(0.935+0.225/Di)*B^5+1.35*B^14+A1
EP = A0*Di*B
C = (1-B^4)^0.5*K0*(1+EP*B/Re)

9.2 Quarter of Circle (Quadrant Edge) Orifice


C = 0.73823+0.3309*B-1.1615^B^2+1.5084*B^3

9.3 Conical Entrance Orifice


If Re5000*B
Else

C = 0.734
C = 0.730

9.4 Lo-Loss Tube


C = 1.005-0.471*B+0.564^B^2-0.514*B^3

9.5 Venturi Tube


9.5.1
9.5.2
9.5.3
9.5.4

Classical venturi tube with an as cast convergent section


C = 0.984
Classical venturi tube with a machined convergent section
C = 0.995
Classical venturi tube with a rough-welded sheet-iron convergent section
C = 0.985
Universal Venturi Tube
C = 0.9797

Sizing Equations 57

9 Appendix

9.6 Nozzle
9.6.1
9.6.2
9.6.3

9.6.4

ISO Long Radius Nozzle


C = 0.9965-0.00653*(B^0.5)*(10^6/Re)^0.5
ASME Long Radius Nozzle
C = 0.9975-6.53*B^0.5*Re^-0.5
ISA 1932 Nozzle
C = 0.99-0.2262*B^4.1-( 0.00175*B^2-0.0033*B^4.15)*(10^6/Re)^1.15
Venturi Nozzle
C = 0.9558-0.196*B^4.5

9.7 Eccentric Orifice


9.7.1

9.7.2

9.7.3

9.7.4

Diametrically Opposite Flange Tappings


If D 100
C = 0.5875+0.3813*B^2.1+0.6898^B^8-0.1963*B^4/(1-B^4)-0.3366*B^3+
(7.3-15.7*B+170.8^B^2-399.7*B^3+332.2*B^4)/(Re)^0.75
Else
C = 0.5949+0.4078*B^2.1+0.0547^B^8+0.0955*B^4/(1-B^4)-0.5608*B^3+
(-139.7+1328.8*B-4228.2^B^2+5691.9*B^3-2710.4*B^4)/(Re)^0.75
Side (90) Flange Tappings
If D 100
C = 0.6284+0.1462*B^2.1-0.8464^B^8+0.2603*B^4/(1-B^4)-0.2886*B^3+
(69.1-469.4*B+1245.6^B^2-1287.5*B^3+486.2*B^4)/(Re)^0.75
Else
C = 0.6276+0.0828*B^2.1+0.2739^B^8-0.0934*B^4/(1-B^4)-0.1132*B^3+
(-103.2+898.3*B-2557.3^B^2+2977*B^3-1131.3*B^4)/(Re)^0.75
Diametrically Opposite Vena Contracta Tappings
If D 100
Dp1 100
DC = 0.6261+0.1851*Bet0^2.1-0.2879*Bet0^8+0.1170*Bet0^4/(1Bet0^4)- 0.2845*Bet0^3+(23.3 - 207*Bet0+821.5*Bet0^21388.6*Bet0^3+900.3*Bet0^4)/(Re1)^0.75
Else
DC = 0.6276+0.0828*Bet0^2.1+0.2739*Bet0^8-0.0934*Bet0^4/(1-Bet0^4)0.1132*Bet0^3+( 55.7-471.4*Bet0+1721.8*Bet0^2-2722.6*Bet0^3+
1569.4*Bet0^4)/(Re1)^0.75
Side (90) Vena Contracta Tappings
If D 100
DC = 0.5917+0.3061*Bet0^2.1+0.3406*Bet0^8-0.1019*Bet0^4/(1-Bet0^4)0.2715*Bet0^3+(-69.3+556.9*Bet0-1332.2*Bet0^2+1303.7*Bet0^3394.8*Bet0^4)/(Re1)^0.75
Else
DC = 0.6016+0.3312*Bet0^2.1-1.5581*Bet0^8+0.6510*Bet0^4/(1-Bet0^4)0.7308*Bet0^3+( 52.8-434.2*Bet0+1571.2*Bet0^2-2460.9*Bet0^3+
1420.2*Bet0^4)/(Re1)^0.75

9.8 Segmental Orifice


9.8.1

9.8.2

Flange Tappings
If D 100
C = 0.5866+0.3917*B^2.1+0.7586^B^8-0.2273*B^4/(1-B^4)-0.3343*B^3
Else
C = 0.6037+0.1598*B^2.1-0.2918^B^8+0.0244*B^4/(1-B^4)-0.0790*B^3
Vena Contracta Tappings
If D 100
C = 0.5925+0.3380*B^2.1+0.4016^B^8-0.1046*B^4/(1-B^4)-0.3212*B^3
Else
C = 0.5922+0.3932*B^2.1+0.3412^B^8-0.0569*B^4/(1-B^4)-0.4628*B^3

9.9 Restriction Device


9.9.1

Critical Flow

58 Sizing Equations

Preface9 Appendix
9.9.1.1
9.9.1.2
9.9.1.3
9.9.1.4
9.9.1.5
9.9.1.6

Square Edge Orifice (Liquid/Water)


C = 0.6
Thick Plate Square Edge Orifice (Liquid/Water) C = 0.899
Classical Venturi Tube
C = 0.985
Square Edge Orifice (Gas/Steam)
C = 0.83932
Toroidal Throat Venturi Nozzle
C = 0.99354 - 1.525/Rd^0.5
Cylindrical Throat Venturi Nozzle
If Rd<3.5*10^5
C = 1 - 7.21/Rd^0.5
If 3.5*10^5<=Rd<2.5*10^6
C = 0.9887
If 2.5*10^6<Rd
C = 1 - 0.222/Rd^0.2
9.9.1.7 ASME Long Radius Nozzle
If Rd<3.5*10^5
C = 1 - 7.21/Rd^0.5
If 3.5*10^5<=Rd<2.5*10^6
C = 0.9887
If 2.5*10^6<Rd
C = 1 - 0.222/Rd^0.2
9.9.2
Sub-Critical Flow
9.9.2.1 Square Edge Orifice (Liquid/Water), Thick Plate Square Edge Orifice (Liquid/Water) , and Square
Edge Orifice (Gas/Steam)
L1 = 25.4/D
L2 = 25.4/D
A = (19000 * B/Re)^0.8
M = 2 * L2 / (1 - B)
C = 0.5961 + 0.0261*B^2 - 0.216 *B^8 + 0.000521*(1000000*B/Re)^0.7 +
(0.0188+0.0063*A) * B^3.5 * (1000000/Re)^0.3 + (0.043+0.080*exp(-10*L1) 0.123*exp(-7*L1)) * (1 - 0.11*A)*(B^4/(1 - B^4)) - 0.031*(M - 0.8*M^1.1)*B^1.3.
IF
D < 71.12 THEN C = C +0.011*(0.75 - B) * (2.8 - Di)
9.9.2.2
9.9.2.3
9.9.2.4
9.9.2.5

Classical Venturi Tube


Toroidal Throat Venturi Nozzle
Cylindrical Throat Venturi Nozzle
ASME Long Radius Nozzle

C = 0.984
C = 0.9558-0.196*B^4.5
C = 0.9558-0.196*B^4.5
C = 0.9975-6.53*(B^0.5)*(1/Re)^0.5

Sizing Equations 59

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