FLARE -> A flare, also sometimes called a fusee, is a type of pyrotechnic that p

roduces a brilliant light

orintense heat without an explosion.Flares are used for signalling, illu
mination,
or defensive countermeasures in civilian and military applications.
PYROTECHNICS -> Pyrotechnics is the science of using materials capable of underg
oing
self-contained and self-sustained exothermic chemical reactions
for the production of heat, light, gas, smoke and/or sound.
GAS FLARE -> A gas flare, alternatively known as a flare stack, is a gas combust
ion device,used in industrial plants such as petroleum refineries,
chemical plants, natural gas processing plants as well as at oil
or gas production sites having oil wells, gas wells,
offshore oil and gas rigs and landfills.
CASES of GAS Flaring ->
1. For burning off flammable gas released by pressure relief valves during unpla
nned over-pressuring of plant equipment.
2. During plant or partial plant startups and shutdowns.
3. For the planned combustion of gases over relatively short periods.
(When petroleum crude oil is extracted and produced from onshore or offs
hore oil wells, raw natural gas associated with the oil
is produced to the surface as well. Especially in areas of the world lac
king pipelines and other gas transportation infrastructure,
vast amounts of such associated gas are commonly flared as waste or unus
able gas.)
4. During well production testing after drilling is completed
After a shale oil/gas well is drilled and hydraulically fractured, a tem
porary flare is used during well production testing.
Testing is important in order to determine the pressure, flow and compos
ition of the gas or oil from the well.
Flaring at the well site can last for several days or weeks, until the f
low of liquids and gas from the well and pressures are stabilized.
5.For safety and during emergencies and maintenance
A flare is an important safety device, particularly at gas processing pl
ants. In an emergency situation where equipment
or piping becomes over-pressured, special valves on the equipment automa
tically release gas through piping to flare stacks.
In the absence of safety flares, plants would be at higher risk for fire
s and explosions. Flares are also used as an outlet for gas
during maintenance and equipment repairs. In these scenarios, the flare
is operated temporarily until the emergency situation is resolved,
or until maintenance activities have been completed.
EMERGENICES MAYBE---1.General Power Failure
2.Component Failure
3.Plant Fires
4.Overpressure situations
5.Venting of Tank and loading platforms (Limited Application)
6.For managing gas during compression and processing
Flare gas systems are used to manage small volumes of waste gas that can
not be efficiently captured and returned to the system for processing. For examp
le,
some natural gas compressor stations have small dehydrator units that re
move water from the gas stream before it enters the pipeline system.
There may be a small flare at the compressor station to burn off gas vap
ors captured by the dehydrator unit.
These flares are typically small and not visible off site.

7.Flaring at well sites to recover oil

OIL WELL -- An oil well is a boring in the Earth that is designed to bring petro
leum oil hydrocarbons to the surface.
Usually some natural gas is produced along with the oil.
GAS WELL -- A well that is designed to produce mainly or only gas may be termed
a gas well.
OIL RIG -- An Oil rig may refer to drilling rig, an aapparatus for on-land oil d
rilling.
PETROLEUM CRUDE OIL -- Latin Petra (rock) + Latin: Oleum (oil)is a naturally occ
urring, yellow-to-black liquid found in geologic formations
beneath the Earth's surface, which is commonly refined i
nto various types of fuels. It consists of hydrocarbons of
various molecular weights and other organic compounds.th
e name petroleum covers both naturally occurring unprocessed
crude oil and petroleum products that are made up of ref
ined crude oil.
CHEMICAL PLANT -- A chemical plant is an industrial process plant that manufactu
res (or otherwise processes) chemicals, usually on a large scale.
The general objective of a chemical plant is to create new mater
ial wealth via the chemical or biological transformation
and or separation of materials
COMBUSTION EFFICIENCY -- Combustion efficiency is a measurement of how well the
fuel being burned is being utilized in the combustion process.
This is different from the efficiency number produced on
the analyzer, which is reflective of the total amount
of heat available from the fuel minus the losses from th
e gasses going up the stack.
DEPRESSURISATION-- (DEPRESSURIZE - To reduce the pressure of air or gas within (
a chamber or vESSEL, for example))
DEBOTTLENECKING -- This is a term used to describe the act of remeding or removi
ng the problems or constraints within a piece of equipment or a process.
To de-bottleneck is to remove obstacles that are prevent
ing a process from being more efficient or workable.however they all
come down to 4 different fundamentals
repair, optimizati
on, upgrading, and expansions.
DOWNSTREAM -- The downstream sector commonly refers to the refining of petroleum
crude oil and the processing and purifying of raw natural gas,
as well as the marketing and distribution of products derived fr
om crude oil and natural gas. The downstream sector touches
consumers through products such as gasoline or petrol, kerosene,
jet fuel, diesel oil, heating oil, fuel oils, lubricants, waxes,
asphalt, natural gas, and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) as well
as hundreds of petrochemicals.
DOWNWIND -- In the direction in which the wind is blowing.
ELEVATED FLARE -- Elevated flares, where the flare tip is between 20 to 150 mete
rs above ground.
ENCLOSED GROUND FLARE --

MULTIPOINT GROUND FLARE -FLARE TIP -- The tip includes a flame retention device along with a pilot. The u
pper portion is typically
constructed of 310SS and the lower portion of carbon steel. Flare Tip in
cludes Pipe Tip and Sonic Tips.
The pipe flare is the most basic type of flare tip. It is sometimes call
ed a "utility flare".
FLARING -- Flaring is the controlled burning of natural gas in the course of rou
tine oil and gas production
operations. This burning occurs at the end of a fl are stack or boom.
FLASH BACK PREVENTION SYSTEM -- Flashback protection (the possibility that the f
lame will travel upstream into
the system) should be considered for all disposa
l systems because flashback can
result in pressure buildup in upstream piping an
d vessels.
FLAME ARRESTORS -- lame arrestors are used primarily on atmospheric vents and ar
e not recommended on
pressurized systems. Because of the acceleration of the flame, t
he flame arrestor
must be installed approximately 10 pipe diameters from the exit,
which prevents
the flame from blowing through the arrestor.The length of the tu
be and surface area provided
keep the metal cool.
FLUIDIC SEAL -- Fluidic seals are an alternative to gas seals. Fluidic seals use
an open wall-less venturi,
which permits flow out of the flare in one direction with very l
ittle resistance but strongly
resists counterflow of air back into the stack. The venturi is a
series of baffles,
like open-ended cones in appearance, mounted with the flare tip.
FPSO -- Floating, production, storage and offloading is a type of oil platform
GAS PROCESSING PLANT -GROUND FLARE -- Ground flares, where the flare tip is about two to three meters
above ground,
which is fenced off with a high heat-shield fencing, which also
acts as a safety zone.
The ground flare is not visible in the day. At night, it may cas
t an orange glow in the night
sky, depending on cloud cover.
IGNITION SYSTEM -ISBL -- InSide Battery Limits,with reference to the initial development of proce
ss plant projects in the construction industry.ISBL is considered
as the process area where the real product is created.
KNOCKOUT DRUM (Relief Drums or Flare or Vent Scrubbers) -- The knockout drum rem
oves any liquid droplets that carry over with the gas relief sent to the flare.
LIQUID SEAL DRUM --

LEL/LFL --Lower flammable limit (LFL) or Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) is minimum
vapor concentration in air which a mixture will burn when an
ignition source is present. Upper flammable limit (UFL) or Upper Explosi
ve Limit (UEL) is maximum vapor concentration in air which a
mixture will burn when an ignition source is present. Concentration of m
ixture of vapor in air below LFL/LEL (too lean) or
above UFL/UEL (too rich), mixture will not burn even an ignition source
is present.
Therefore, flammable range or explosive range is concentrations between
LFL/UFL and UFL/UEL.
MIDSTREAM -- The midstream sector involves the transportation (by pipeline, rail
, barge, oil tanker or truck), storage, and wholesale marketing of
crude or refined petroleum products. Pipelines and other transpo
rt systems can be used to move crude oil from production sites to
refineries and deliver the various refined products to downstrea
m distributors.
MOLECULAR SEAL -- Molecular seals cause flow reversal. They normally are located
below the flare tip and serve to prevent air entry into the stack.
Molecular seals depend on the density difference between air and
hydrocarbon gas. Light gas is trapped at the top of the U-tube. A continuous st
ream of purge gas is required for proper functioning of the gas seal
OSBL -- OutSide Battery Limits, with reference to the initial development of pro
cess plant projects in the construction industry.OSBL is considered
as the non-process/infrastructure.
PILOT BURNER -PILOT FLAME -PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE -PRESSURE SAFETY VALVE -PURGE GAS -- Purge gas is injected into the relief header at the upstream end an
d at the major branches to
maintain a hydrocarbon-rich atmosphere in each branch, into the
off-plot relief system,
and into the flare stack.When there is enough PSV leakage or pro
cess venting to maintain the
desired backpressure, no purge gas is injected.
RAW NATURAL GAS -- It is the gas extracted from underground gas fields and broug
ht up to the surface by gas wells.
Raw natural gas typically consists primarily of methane,
the shortest and lightest hydrocarbon molecule alongwith other hydrocarbons, ac
id gases, liquid hydrocarbons, water and other gases (N2 and He) with a very sma
ll amount of mecury.
REFIENRY -- A refinery is a production facility composed of a group of chemical
engineering unit processes and
unit operations refining certain materials or converting raw mat
erial into products of value.
REVAMPING -- (REVAMP - give new and improved form, structure, or appearance to)T
his is a term used to describe the act of improving,
modifying, or re-structuring a process in order to obtain improv

ed (or increased) production from it.

It also can mean changes made to a process for the purpose of ch
anging the operation or production of other products.
SEAL DRUMS -- Liquid seal drums are vessels that are used to separate the relief
gases and the flare/header stack
by a layer of liquid. Water (or water/glycol mixture) is normall
y the sealing fluid.
The flare gas (or purge gas) is forced to bubble through a layer
of water before it reaches the
flare stack. This prevents air or gas from flowing backward beyo
nd the water seal.
Seal drums serve as a final knockout drum to separate liquid fro
m the relief gases.
TURNAROUNDS -- Turnarounds (or TAR's) are scheduled events wherein an entire pro
cess unit of an industrial plant (refinery, petrochemical plant,
power plant, pulp and paper mill, etc.) is taken offstream for a
n extended period for revamp and/or renewal. Turnaround is a
blanket term that encompasses more specific terms such as I&Ts (
Inspection & Testing), debottlenecking projects, revamps and
catalyst regeneration projects. Turnaround can also be used as a
synonym of shutdowns and outages.
UPSTREAM -- The upstream oil sector is also commonly known as the exploration an
d production (E&P) sector. The upstream sector includes the
searching for potential underground or underwater crude oil and
natural gas fields, drilling of exploratory wells, and subsequently
drilling and operating the wells that recover and bring the crud
e oil and/or raw natural gas to the surf there has been a significant
shift toward including unconventional gas as a part of the upstr
eam sector, and corresponding developments in LNG processing and transport.
UPWIND -- Against the direction of the wind.
VENTING -- Venting is the controlled release of gases into the atmosphere in the
course of oil and gas production operations.
These gases might be natural gas or other hydrocarbon vapours, water vap
our, and other gases, such as
carbondioxide, separated in the processing of oil or natural gas.
In venting, the natural gases associated with the oil production are rel
eased directly to the
atmosphere and not burned. Safe venting is assured when the gas is relea
sed at high pressure and is
lighter than air. Because of the strong mixing potential of high-pressur
e jets, the hydrocarbon
gases discharged mix well with the air down to safe concentrations at wh
ich there is no risk of
explosion. Venting is normally not a visible process. However, it can ge
nerate some noise,
depending on the pressure and flow rate of the vented gases.
OIL PLATFORM -- An oil platform may refer to anapparatus for offshore drilling r
ig, or a large structure with facilities to drill wells,to extract
and process oil and natural gas,or to temporarily store product
until it can be brought to shore for refining and marketing.
-> Depending on the circumstances, the platform may be fixed to
the ocean floor, may consist of an artificial island, or may float.
Remote subsea wells may also be connected to a platform by flow
lines and by umbilical connections.

TYPES OF OIL PLATFORMS-->

1.Fixed platforms -->These platforms are built on concrete or steel legs, or bot
h, anchored directly onto the seabed,
supporting a deck with space for drilling rigs, producti
on facilities and crew quarters.
Such platforms are, by virtue of their immobility, desig
ned for very long term use.
2.Compliant towers-->These platforms consist of slender flexible towers and a pi
le foundation supporting a conventional deck for drilling
and production operations. Compliant towers are designed
to sustain significant lateral deflections and forces,
and are typically used in water depths ranging from 370
to 910 metres (1,210 to 2,990 ft).
3.Semi-submersible platform-->These platforms have hulls (columns and pontoons)
of sufficient buoyancy to cause the structure to float,
but of weight sufficient to keep the structure upright.S
emi-submersible platforms can be moved from place to place;
can be ballasted up or down by altering the amount of fl
ooding in buoyancy tanks; they are generally anchored by combinations
of chain, wire rope or polyester rope, or both, during d
rilling or production operations, or both, though they can also be kept
in place by the use of dynamic positioning. Semi-submers
ibles can be used in water depths from 60 to 3,000 metres (200 to 10,000 ft).
4.Jack-up drilling rigs--> Jack-up Mobile Drilling Units (or jack-ups), as the n
ame suggests, are rigs that can be jacked up above
the sea using legs that can be lowered, much like jacks.
These MODUs (Mobile Offshore Drilling Units) are typically used in
water depths up to 120 metres (390 ft), although some de
signs can go to 170 m (560 ft) depth.
They are designed to move from place to place, and then
anchor themselves by deploying the legs
to the ocean bottom using a rack and pinion gear system
on each leg.
5.Drillships--> A drillship is a maritime vessel that has been fitted with drill
ing apparatus. It is most often used for exploratory drilling
of new oil or gas wells in deep water but can also be used for s
cientific drilling.Most drillships are outfitted with a
dynamic positioning system to maintain position over the well. T
hey can drill in water depths up to 3,700 m (12,100 ft).
6.Floating production systems-->The main types of floating production systems ar
e FPSO (floating production, storage, and offloading system).
FPSOs consist of large monohull structures, gene
rally (but not always) shipshaped, equipped with processing facilities.
Some variants of these applications, called FSO
(floating storage and offloading system)
or FSU (floating storage unit), are used exclusi
vely for storage purposes, and host very little process equipment.
This is one of the best sources for having float
ing production.
7.Tension-leg platform--> TLPs are floating platforms tethered to the seabed in
a manner that eliminates most vertical movement of the structure.
TLPs are used in water depths up to about 2,000 meters (
6,600 feet).
8.Gravity-based structure--> A GBS can either be steel or concrete and is usuall
y anchored directly onto the seabed.
Steel GBS do not usually provide hydrocarbon sto
rage capability.
9.Spar platforms--> Spars are moored to the seabed like TLP's, but whereas a TLP

has vertical tension tethers, a spar has more conventional mooring lines.
Spars have to-date been designed in three configurations: the "c
onventional" one-piece cylindrical hull, the "truss spar" where the
midsection is composed of truss elements connecting the upper bu
oyant hull (called a hard tank) with the bottom soft tank
containing permanent ballast, and the "cell spar" which is built
from multiple vertical cylinders.
10.Condeep platforms
11.Normally unmanned installations (NUI)-->These installations are then added to
the sea water.(sometimes called toadstools) are small platforms,
consisting of little more than a well ba
y, helipad and emergency shelter.They are designed to be operated
remotely under normal conditions, only t
o be visited occasionally for routine maintenance or well work.
12.Conductor support systems-->These installations, also known as satellite plat
forms, are small unmanned platforms consisting of
little more than a well bay and a small process
plant. They are designed to operate in conjunction with a
static production platform which is connected to
the platform by flow lines or by umbilical cable, or both.