Lecture 1 Introduction

CE 72.
52 Advanced Concrete
Lecture 1:
Introduction
August - 2014
Naveed Anwar
Executive Director, AIT Consulting

Director, ACECOMS
Affiliate Faculty, Structural Engineering, AIT
Structural Design
Concept
Structural Design Office: Activities

Conception
Client Dealing
Analysis
Coordination
Principle
Structural
Designer
Design
Office
Management
Detailing
Design
Management
Costing
Advanced Concrete l Dr. Naveed Anwar
Overall Design Process

Conception
Modeling
Analysis
Design
Detailing
Drafting
Costing
Integrated Design
Process
Architectural
Functional Plan
Final Design
Structural System
Detailing
Design and Detailing
Conceptual Design
Structural Design Process
Modeling and Analysis
Connection Design
Trial Sections
YES
Modeling
Analysis
Revise Sections
NO
Acceptable
Member Design
Structural Engineering Spectrum

Activity
Structure
Code
Material
Model
Conception Analysis Design Detailing ...

Buildings Bridges Trusses Shells Towers ...
American British European Japanese ...
Concrete PSC Steel Timber ...
2D Frame/Truss 3D Frame/Truss Full 3D FEM ....
Analysis
Linear Static NL Static Linear Dynamic Large Disp. ....
Solution
Equation Solution Finite Elements Programming ...
CAD in Structural Engineering

3%
8%
5%
3%
8%
14%
59%
Conception
Detailing
Analysis
Integrated
Design
Expert Systems
Structural Forms
and
Material
Reinforced Concrete Building Elements
Reinforced Concrete Building Elements
Reference: James G. Macgregor

Reinforced Concrete: Mechanics and Design, 3rd Edition.
10
Structural Analysis
and
Design
11
Structural Analysis vs Design

Structural Analysis
Structural Design
Fairly General, Unified

(FEM, BEM ...)
Structural Material
(RC, PSC, HRS, CFS, timber ...
)
Design Code (ACI, BS
Codes, EuroCode, JIS ... )
Design Approach (working
stress, ultimate strength, limit
state ... )
Structural Members
(beams, columns, slabs, foot
ings ... )
Local Construction
Techniques and Practices
Output: Element/ Member
Crosssection, Reinforcement ... 12
Output: Element/ Member

Actions, Displacements ...
The structural System
EXCITATION
Loads
Vibrations
Settlements
Thermal
Changes
STRUCTURE
RESPONSES
pv
Displacements
Strains
Stress
Stress Resultants
13
The need for Analysis

We need to determine the Response of the
Structure to Excitations
Analysis
so that:
We can ensure that the structure can
sustain the excitation with an acceptable
level of response
Design
14
Analysis of Structure
xx yy zz
+
+
+ pvx = 0
x
y
z
Real Structure is governed by Partial
Differential Equations of various order
pv
Direct Solution is only Possible for:

Simple Geometry
Simple Boundary
Simple Loading
15
Need for Structural Model
EXCITATION
Loads
Vibrations
Settlements
Thermal
Changes
STRUCTURE
RESPONSES
pv
Displacements
Strains
Stress
Stress Resultants
STRUCTURAL
MODEL
16
Structural Design
Structural idealization into load bearing frame
elements for analysis and design
Estimation of loads
Structural analysis
Design of sections and reinforcement for
beams, column, slabs and etc.
Production of arrangement and detail
drawings and bar schedules
17
Design Philosophy and Process

Structural Design is the process of
proportioning the structure to safely resist the
applied forces in the most cost effective
and friendly manner
Load Effects
Requirements
Constraints
Design
Member Sizes
Material Specs
Reinforcement
Details
18
Proportioning for Safety

Prime Concern: Balance External Actions
with Internal Stress Resultants with
adequate margin for safety
Sd > = FOS * Fa
And Check for
Deflections, Deformations, Vibrations, Crack

Width
Fire Protections, Permeability, Chemical Attacks
Ductility and Other special considerations
19
Proportioning for Safety

S>A
S
=A
FOS
Working Strength Design
A = Actions due to loads

S = Strength of member
FOS = Factor of safety
S = A FOS
S
= A FOS L
FOSs
Load Factor Design
Ultimate Strength Design

Limit State Design
Partial FOS Design
20
Various Methods of
Structural Designs
21
Various Methods of Structural Design

Working Stress Design
Allowable Stress Design (ASD)

Working Stress Design (WSD)
Load Factor Design

Ultimate Strength Design
Ultimate Strength Design (USD)

Strength Design (SD)
Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)
Performance Based Design

Pushover Analysis
Capacity Based Design
22
Loads and Stress Resultants
Loads
Obtained from
analysis
Actions
Depends on
Stiffness
Deformation
Depends on
Sections and Rebars
(Sections & Readers)
FOS
Stress
Resultants
Stresses
Strains
23
Applied Loads
Material Response
Building Analysis
Section Response
Member Actions
Member Response
Cross-Section Actions
Building Response
Material Stress/Strain
Load Capacity
From Materials to Load Capacity
From Loads to Materials
The Response and Design
24
From Serviceability to Performance
Strength
Design
Serviceability
Ability
Allowable
material
Control on
deformation
limits for design
loads
Performance
Design
Material failure
criteria
Section capacity
for factored
loads
Ductility
considerations
Deformation
capacity
Load Capacity at
large
deformations
Extraordinary
load
considerations
25
From Serviceability to Performance

Satisfying one design level does not ensure
that other design levels will be satisfied
Serviceability design only ensures that deflections
and vibrations etc. for service loads are within limits
but says nothing about strength
Strength design ensures that a certain factor of
safety against overload is available within a
member or a cross-section but says nothing about
what happens if load exceeds design level
Performance design ensures that structure as a
whole reaches a specified demand level.
Performance design can include, both service and
strength design levels
26
Design Philosophies
and Methods
27
Limit State Design Concept

Types of Limit State
Description
Ultimate Limit states
Serviceability limit
states
Excessive deflections
Excessive crack width
Undesirable Vibration
Special limit states
Due to abnormal conditions and abnormal loading such as

Damage or collapse in extreme earthquakes
Structural effects of fire, explosion
Corrosion or deterioration
Loss of equilibrium
Rupture
Progressive Collapse
Formation of plastic mechanism
Instability
Fatigue
28

Limit state design involves
Identification of all potential modes of failure
(i.e. identify significant limit states
Determination of acceptable levels of safety
against occurrence of each limit state
Consideration by the designer of significant
limit states
29

Safety Factors
Material safety Factor

Member Factor
Load Factor
Structural Analysis Factor
Structure Factor
m
b
f
a
i
30
Section Design Process
Characteristic value of
material basic strength
Ym
Design Strength
Yb
Design member
capacity
Verification
Yi
Characteristic value of
Load
Yf
Design load
Ya
Design member
capacity
31

Material/Stress Type
Reinforcement
1.15
Concrete in flexure or axial load
1.50
Concrete shear strength without shear

reinforcement
1.25
Concrete bond strength
1.40
Concrete other
>1.50
Values of m (BS 8110)
32

Load Type
Load Combination
Dead Load
Imposed Load
Wind
Adverse
Beneficial
Dead and Imposed
1.4
1.6
Dead and wind
1.4
1.4
Dead , wind and imposed
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
Adverse Beneficial
Design Load = f x Characteristic Load

Values of m (BS 8110)
33
What is Advanced
in this course?
34
Advanced Concepts
Go before and beyond the Code
Integrated, Unified and Generalized approaches
Main Topics
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Material Behavior (Stress-strain, creep, shrinkage etc.)

Section Behavior and Design (flexure, shear, torsion)
Member Behavior and Design (Slabs, Beams, Columns)
Deep and Special Members (Strut and Tie, Deep
beams, shear walls)
Joints and Connections
Material, Section and Member Ductility
Seismic Detailing
Pre-stressed Concrete
35
36

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CE 72.

Executive Director, AIT Consulting

Structural Design Office: Activities

Advanced Concrete l Dr. Naveed Anwar

Overall Design Process

Design and Detailing

Structural Design Process

Modeling and Analysis

Advanced Concrete l Dr. Naveed Anwar

Structural Engineering Spectrum

Conception Analysis Design Detailing ...

Linear Static NL Static Linear Dynamic Large Disp. ....

Equation Solution Finite Elements Programming ...

Advanced Concrete l Dr. Naveed Anwar

CAD in Structural Engineering

Advanced Concrete l Dr. Naveed Anwar

Advanced Concrete l Dr. Naveed Anwar

Reinforced Concrete Building Elements

Advanced Concrete l Dr. Naveed Anwar

Reinforced Concrete Building Elements

Reference: James G. Macgregor

Advanced Concrete l Dr. Naveed Anwar

Advanced Concrete l Dr. Naveed Anwar

Structural Analysis vs Design

Fairly General, Unified

Output: Element/ Member

Advanced Concrete l Dr. Naveed Anwar

The structural System

Advanced Concrete l Dr. Naveed Anwar

The need for Analysis

Advanced Concrete l Dr. Naveed Anwar

Direct Solution is only Possible for:

Need for Structural Model

Design Philosophy and Process

Advanced Concrete l Dr. Naveed Anwar

Proportioning for Safety

Deflections, Deformations, Vibrations, Crack

Advanced Concrete l Dr. Naveed Anwar

Proportioning for Safety

A = Actions due to loads

Advanced Concrete l Dr. Naveed Anwar

Load Factor Design

Ultimate Strength Design

Advanced Concrete l Dr. Naveed Anwar

Various Methods of Structural Design

Allowable Stress Design (ASD)

Load Factor Design

Ultimate Strength Design (USD)

Performance Based Design

Advanced Concrete l Dr. Naveed Anwar

Loads and Stress Resultants

(Sections & Readers)

Advanced Concrete l Dr. Naveed Anwar

Advanced Concrete l Dr. Naveed Anwar

From Materials to Load Capacity

From Loads to Materials

The Response and Design

From Serviceability to Performance

Advanced Concrete l Dr. Naveed Anwar