SELECCIN DE MATERIALES

Realizacin de ejercicios de Materials Selection in Mechanical Desing de Michael F. Ashby. Tercera

edicin.

EJERCICIO 3. 16
The window through which the beam emerges from a high-powered laser must obviously be transparent to light. Even then,
some of the energy of the beam is absorbed in the window and can cause it to heat and crack. This problem is minimized by
choosing a window material with a high thermal conductivity (to conduct the heat
away) and a low expansion coefcient (to reduce thermal strains), that is, by seeking a window material with a high value of:

Use the

M=
- chart of Figure 4.12 to identify the best material for an ultra-high powered laser window.

El mejor material en base al valor de M es el Invar. Sin embargo debido a que por requerimiento se
desea un material para una ventana, se recurre a CES, con lo que se obtiene que in invar es un material
opaco, y silica glass puede ser usado en aplicaciones de alta temperatura, y es un material
transparente.

EJERCICIO 4.1.
A material is required for the windings of an electric air-furnace capable of temperatures up to 1000 C. Think out what
attributes a material must have if it is to be made into windings and function properly in a furnace. List the function and the
constraints; set the objective to minimize cost and the free variables to choice of material.

Material para devanados de un horno elctrico. ATRIBUTOS

Conductivida
d trmica
Resistivida
d

Maleabilidad

Modulo de
tensin y
elasticidad

material?
?

Temperatura
mxima de
servicio

Expansi
n trmica

Ductilidad
Durabilida
d

FUNCIN

Devanado de horno elctrico de alta temperatura

RESTRICCIN

OBJETIVO
VARIABLES INDEPENDIENTES

Resistividad baja, para evitar prdidas de potencia.

Temperatura mxima de servicio mayor a 1000C
Fcil de fabricar
Capacidad de enrrollamiento
Elevada conductividad trmica
Resistente a la corrosin

Minimizar el costo
Escoger el material

EJERCICIO 5.5.
Indices for stiff plates and shells (Figure). Aircraft and space structures make use of plates and shells. The index depends on
the conguration. Here you are asked to derive the material index for
(a) a circular plate of radius a carrying a central load W with a prescribed stiffness S =W/ and of minimum mass,
(b) a hemispherical shell of radius a carrying a central load W with a prescribed stiffness S =W/ and of minimum mass, as
shown in the gure.

Use the two results listed below for the mid-point deection of a plate or spherical shell under a load W applied over a small
central, circular area.

in which A=0.35 is a constant. Here E is Youngs modulus, t is the thickness of the plate or shell and v is Poissons ratio.
Poissons ratio is almost the same for all structural materials and can be treated as a constant. The table summarizes the
requirements:

a.

Plato circular

Objetivo minimizar la masa

m=
Para el volumen del plato (un cilindro)

Y de la ecuacin dada para un plato circular

k= constante al remplazar la expresin que contiene el mdulo de poisson

Remplazando la condicin para S =W/

Entonces para minimizar la masa

El ndice M entonces es:

Los posibles materiales se presentan en la grfica

Ceramic Foam, bamboo, softwood, plywood, hardwood, CFRP(matriz epxica)

b.

Plato semiesferico

Objetivo minimizar la masa

m=

Para el volumen del plato (una semiesfera)

Y de la ecuacin dada para un plato circular

k= constante al remplazar la expresin que contiene el mdulo de poisson

Remplazando la condicin para S =W/

Entonces para minimizar la masa

El ndice M entonces es:

Aluminio y sus aleaciones, CFRP (matriz epxica)

EJERCICIO 6.6.
Complex structural channels (Figure). Channel sections for window frames, for slide-together sections for versatile
assembly and for ducting for electrical wiring can be complex in shape. The gure shows an example. The order is for 10,000

such sections, each 1 m in length and weighing 1.2 kg, with a minimum section of 4 mm. A tolerance of 0.2 mm and a surface
roughness of less than 1 mm must be achieved without any additional nishing operation.
(a) List the function and constraints, leave the objective blank and enter choice of process for the free variable.
(b) Use the charts of Chapter 7 to identify possible processes to make the casing.
(c) Use the CES software to select materials for the casing.

FUNCIN
RESTRICCIN

OBJETIVO
VARIABLES INDEPENDIENTES

Perfil de seccin compleja

Perfil de aluminio
Seccin de forma compleja
Longitud de 1 m
Masa de 1.2 kg
Seccin mnima de 4mm
Tolerancia de 0.2mm
Rugosidad menor a 1mm, sin operacin de acabado
Lote de 10000

Escoger el material

OPERACIONES PARA METALES

SAND CASTING
DIE CASTING
INVESTMENT CASTING
LOW PRESURE CASTING
FORGING
EXTRUSION
SHEET FORMING
POWDER METHODS
ELECTRO-MACHINING
CONVENTIONAL MACHINING
INJECTION MOLDING

PROCESOS
PARA
PROCESOS QUE
FORMAS SOPORTAN
3D
MASA DE 1.2 KG

PROCESOS
QUE
SOPORTAN
SECCIN DE
4MM

Las operaciones viables son die casting, y conventional machining

c) Usando CES Edupack

Los procesos obtenidos dadas las especificaciones son:

EJERCICIO 7.1.

PROCESOS
QUE
ENTREGAN
RUGOSIDA PRODUCCI
D MENOR A N DE 10000

Multiple constraints: a light, stiff, strong tie (Figure). A tie, of length L loaded in tension, is to support a load F, at minimum
weight without failing (implying a constraint on strength) or extending elastically by more than
implying a constraint on
stiffness, F/ ). The table summarizes the requirements:

(a) Follow the method of Chapter 9 to establish two performance equations for the mass, one for each constraint, from
which two material indices and one coupling equation linking them are derived. Show that the two indices are

and that a minimum is sought for both.

(b) Use these and the material chart of Figure E., which has the indices as axes, to identify candidate materials for the tie (i)
when L/ =100 and (ii) when L/ =103

Objetivo
Condicin de esfuerzo:

Condicin de fluencia:
A

M
Para que se cumplan las dos ecuaciones: m1=m2

1000

100

EJERCICIO 8.3.
E Deriving shape factors for strength-limited design. (a) Determine the shape-efciency factor
for strength limited
design in bending, for the same three sections shown in Exercise E8.2, Figure E.29. You will need the results for I for the
sections derived in Exercise E8.2. (b) A beam of length L, loaded in bending, must support a specied bending moment M
without failing and be as light as possible. Show that to minimize the mass of the beam per unit length, m/L, one should select a
material and a sectionshape to maximize the quantity

where is the failure stress and p the density of the material of the beam, and
bending.

is the shape-efciency factor for failure in

VALORES DE I PARA CADA TIPO DE SECCIN (Segn tabla 11.2)

a. Modulo Z para seccin circular1

Modulo Z para seccin en forma de canal o C

Modulo Z para seccin en forma de caja rectangular

b. Minimizar la masa, maximizar la calidad

Remplazando Z, por el factor de forma

Entonces el ndice M para minimizar masa es:

M=

EJERCICIO 9.5.
Natural hybrids that act as springs. The table lists the moduli and strengths of spring materials. Plot these onto a copy of the
E- chart for natural materials of Figure 14.13, and compare their energy-storing performance with that of natural materials,
using the
as the criterion of choice. Here is the failure stress, E is Youngs modulus and p is the density.

Un material puede almacenar ms energa mientras mayor sea la curva E- , por lo tanto, se
obtendra mejores resultados con una pendiente de 2, es decir con
Spring steel

Copper-Beryllium
CFRP

EJERCICIO 15.2-6
Suponga que tiene una barra de 99% de peso de Sn, con impureza de Pb. Determine el nivel de impureza
despus de un paso de refinacin. (Recuerde la Figura 5.5-13)

Es necesario conocer a que temperatura se va a desarrollar la refinacin y realizar el anlisis en la

curva

No puede obtenerse ningun material totalmente puro, lo mximo que se puede llegar a obtener es
99.9999% de pureza de un compuesto
Analizando la grfica, se aproxima el comportamiento de slidos y lquidos mediante ecuaciones
de la lnea recta entre la composicin en estado slidos y lquido.
(

Para la lnea de lquidos:

Evaluando en los puntos; composicin de Sb-Temperatura (61.9%,183) y (100%,231)

Para la lnea de slidos:

Evaluando en los puntos; composicin de Sb-Temperatura (97.5%,183) y (100%,231)

Una barra con 99 % de composicin en lquido tendra una temperatura de:

La composicin viene dada por:

C=99,935%