MATH 304 Linear Algebra Vector Spaces

MATH 304
Linear Algebra
Lecture 11:
Vector spaces.
Linear operations on vectors

Let x = (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) and y = (y1 , y2 , . . . , yn ) be
n-dimensional vectors, and r R be a scalar.
Vector sum: x + y = (x1 + y1 , x2 + y2 , . . . , xn + yn )
Scalar multiple:
Zero vector:
r x = (rx1 , rx2 , . . . , rxn )

0 = (0, 0, . . . , 0)
Negative of a vector:
y = (y1 , y2 , . . . , yn )
Vector difference:
x y = x + (y) = (x1 y1 , x2 y2 , . . . , xn yn )
Properties of linear operations

x+y =y+x
(x + y) + z = x + (y + z)
x+0=0+x=x
x + (x) = (x) + x = 0
r (x + y) = r x + r y
(r + s)x = r x + sx
(rs)x = r (sx)
1x = x
0x = 0
(1)x = x
Linear operations on matrices

Let A = (aij ) and B = (bij ) be mn matrices,
and r R be a scalar.
Matrix sum:
A + B = (aij + bij )1im,
Scalar multiple:
rA = (raij )1im,
Zero matrix O:
all entries are zeros
Negative of a matrix:
Matrix difference:
1jn
1jn
A = (aij )1im,
1jn
A B = (aij bij )1im,
1jn
As far as the linear operations are concerned,

the mn matrices have the same properties as
mn-dimensional vectors.
Vector space: informal description

Vector space = linear space = a set V of objects
(called vectors) that can be added and scaled.
That is, for any u, v V and r R expressions
u + v and r u
should make sense.
Certain restrictions apply. For instance,
u + v = v + u,
2u + 3u = 5u.
That is, addition and scalar multiplication in V
should be like those of n-dimensional vectors.
Vector space: definition

Vector space is a set V equipped with two
operations : V V V and : R V V
that have certain properties (listed below).
The operation is called addition. For any
u, v V , the element (u, v) is denoted u + v.
The operation is called scalar multiplication. For
any r R and u V , the element (r , u) is
denoted r u.
Properties of addition and scalar multiplication

(brief)
A1.
A2.
A3.
A4.
a+b=b+a
(a + b) + c = a + (b + c)
a+0=0+a=a
a + (a) = (a) + a = 0
A5.
A6.
A7.
A8.
r (a + b) = r a + r b
(r + s)a = r a + sa
(rs)a = r (sa)
1a = a
Properties of addition and scalar multiplication (detailed)
A1. a + b = b + a for all a, b V .

A2. (a + b) + c = a + (b + c) for all a, b, c V .
A3. There exists an element of V , called the zero
vector and denoted 0, such that a + 0 = 0 + a = a
for all a V .
A4. For any a V there exists an element of V ,
denoted a, such that a + (a) = (a) + a = 0.
A5.
A6.
A7.
A8.
r (a + b) = r a + r b for all r R and a, b V .

(r + s)a = r a + sa for all r , s R and a V .
(rs)a = r (sa) for all r , s R and a V .
1a = a for all a V .
Associativity of addition implies that a multiple

sum u1 + u2 + + uk is well defined for any
u1 , u2 , . . . , uk V .
Subtraction in V is defined as usual:
a b = a + (b).
Addition and scalar multiplication are called
linear operations.
Given u1 , u2 , . . . , uk V and r1 , r2 , . . . , rk R,
r1 u1 + r2 u2 + + rk uk
is called a linear combination of u1 , u2 , . . . , uk .
Examples of vector spaces

In most examples, addition and scalar multiplication
are natural operations so that properties A1A8 are
easy to verify.
Rn : n-dimensional coordinate vectors
Mm,n (R): mn matrices with real entries
R : infinite sequences (x1 , x2 , . . . ), xi R
For any x = (x1 , x2 , . . . ), y = (y1 , y2 , . . . ) R and r R
let x + y = (x1 + y1 , x2 + y2 , . . . ), r x = (rx1 , rx2 , . . . ).
Then 0 = (0, 0, . . . ) and x = (x1 , x2 , . . . ).
{0}: the trivial vector space

0 + 0 = 0, r 0 = 0, 0 = 0.
Functional vector spaces

F (R): the set of all functions f : R R
Given functions f , g F (R) and a scalar r R, let
(f + g )(x) = f (x) + g (x) and (rf )(x) = rf (x) for all x R.
Zero vector: o(x) = 0. Negative: (f )(x) = f (x).
C (R): all continuous functions f : R R

Linear operations are inherited from F (R). We only need to
check that f , g C (R) = f +g , rf C (R), the zero
function is continuous, and f C (R) = f C (R).
C 1 (R): all continuously differentiable functions

f :RR
C (R): all smooth functions f : R R
P: all polynomials p(x) = a0 + a1 x + + an x n
Some general observations

The zero is unique.
If z1 and z2 are zeros then z1 = z1 + z2 = z2 .
For any a V , the negative a is unique.

Suppose b and b are negatives of a. Then
b = b + 0 = b + (a + b) = (b + a) + b = 0 + b = b.
0a = 0 for any a V .
Indeed, 0a + a = 0a + 1a = (0 + 1)a = 1a = a.
Then 0a + a = a = 0a + a a = a a = 0a = 0.
(1)a = a for any a V .

Indeed, a + (1)a = (1)a + a = (1)a + 1a = (1 + 1)a
= 0a = 0.
Counterexample: dumb scaling

Consider the set V = Rn with the standard
addition and a nonstandard scalar multiplication:
r a = 0 for any a Rn and r R.
Properties A1A4 hold because they do not involve
scalar multiplication.
A5. r (a + b) = r a + r b 0 = 0 + 0
A6. (r + s) a = r a + s a 0 = 0 + 0
A7. (rs) a = r (s a)
0 = 0
A8. 1 a = a
0 = a
A8 is the only property that fails. As a consequence,
property A8 does not follow from properties A1A7.
Counterexample: lazy scaling

Consider the set V = Rn with the standard
addition and a nonstandard scalar multiplication:
r a = a for any a Rn and r R.
Properties A1A4 hold because they do not involve
scalar multiplication.
A5. r (a + b) = r a + r b a + b = a + b
A6. (r + s) a = r a + s a a = a + a
A7. (rs) a = r (s a)
a = a
A8. 1 a = a
a = a
The only property that fails is A6.

MATH 304 Linear Algebra Vector Spaces

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MATH 304

Linear operations on vectors

r x = (rx1 , rx2 , . . . , rxn )

Properties of linear operations

Linear operations on matrices

A + B = (aij + bij )1im,

all entries are zeros

A B = (aij bij )1im,

As far as the linear operations are concerned,

Vector space: informal description

Vector space: definition

Properties of addition and scalar multiplication

Properties of addition and scalar multiplication (detailed)

A1. a + b = b + a for all a, b V .

r (a + b) = r a + r b for all r R and a, b V .

Associativity of addition implies that a multiple

Examples of vector spaces

{0}: the trivial vector space

Functional vector spaces

C (R): all continuous functions f : R R

C 1 (R): all continuously differentiable functions

Some general observations

For any a V , the negative a is unique.

(1)a = a for any a V .

Counterexample: dumb scaling

Counterexample: lazy scaling

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