Risk Deloitte Key Challenges Facing Central Banks
Risk Deloitte Key Challenges Facing Central Banks
Risk Deloitte Key Challenges Facing Central Banks
Contents
Foreword
Reputational risk
Valuation challenges
10
12
Conclusion
13
Editors
15
Foreword
Since the inception of the Bank of England in 1694,1 a central banks core duty has been the sustainable
development of a nations economy. Over the years and across different geographies, the role of central banks
has evolved to cater to different socio-economic needs. Today, although there are numerous differences between
central banks around the world, they are commonly the lenders of last resort and lynchpins of economic stability.
In times of economic crisis, there is a heightened awareness and scrutiny of central banks and their accountability
to a nation at large, and the impact their decisions have on the stability of the global financial system.
Central banks face many challenges. Some of these issues include detailed operational and internal control matters,
preparation of financial reporting and disclosure statements, and continued action via monetary policy and financial
stability measures to improve a nations economic health. These cross-organizational issues rank high on the
agendas of central banks governing committees.
This report is based on consultations with central banks around the world and highlights key challenges that are
faced by many central banks. Not every challenge will apply to every central bank and there are other challenges
not explored herein. In summary, the key challenges identified are:
1. Reputational risk
2. Accounting framework challenges and harmonization
3. Valuation challenges
4. Managing currency in circulation
5. Confidentiality versus transparency
6. Governance, risk management and compliance functions
7. Attracting and retaining people
Frank Dubas
Global Leader Sovereign Financial Institutions
Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited
As used in this communication, Deloitte means Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited and its member firms.
5 Organisation and
activities Foreign
exchange policy and
international relations
http://www.banquefrance.fr/gb/instit/sebc/4a.
htm, Banque de France,
2004
About CEMLA
http://www.cemla.org/
about.htm, CEMLA, 2010
10 Technical Notes
Proposal to the IAS
(standards such as IAS 2,
7, 21, 37)
http://www.cemla.org/
Budgetary.htm, CEMLA
4
Valuation challenges
Valuation became one of the most difficult issues for
financial institutions to deal with during and following
the financial crisis. Not only have the markets made it
very difficult to price transactions, but numerous
accounting and auditing guidance statements have also
been issued in an attempt to provide clarity. The reality is
that this has continued to be one of the most
challenging areas for central banks.
One key area of concern is that the initial
assumptions used to design financial models have
been based on a historical trend of economic growth
and stability. These may not be relevant in todays
world. Analysts could point out that the conclusions
drawn from these models may not be appropriate
given the increased interconnectedness, the increased
sensitivity to systemic failure, and the increased risk
of a recession that we face in todays globalized
economy. Model risk has become an issue in some
central banks where rescue packages launched
following the recent financial crisis resulted in a
variety of atypical assets on the balance sheets of
central banks.
One example would be Maiden Lane LLC (ML LLC),
which was created as a financial vehicle by the Federal
Reserve Bank of New York in March 2008 to facilitate
JPMorgan Chase & Co.s (JPMC) merger with Bear
Stearns Companies Inc. (Bear Stearns), and to prevent
the likely severe impact of Bear Stearns collapse on
market functioning and the broader economy.
The Federal Reserve Bank of New York loaned
approximately US$28.8 billion to ML LLC in the form of
a senior loan, which, together with funding from JPMC
of approximately US$1.15 billion in the form of a
subordinate loan, was used to purchase a portfolio
from Bear Stearns of mortgage-related securities,
residential and commercial mortgage whole loans and
associated hedges (derivatives).11 At 31 December 2009,
ML LLC held approximately US$9 billion of assets for
which the determination of fair value was based on
proprietary valuation models because external price
information was not available. Key inputs to the models
considered factors such as market spread data for each
credit rating, collateral type, collateral value, and other
relevant contractual features.12
11
Conclusion
26 Financial Regulation
and Supervision after
the Crisis: The Role of
he Federal Reserve,
speech by Chairman
Ben S. Bernanke at the
Federal Reserve Bank of
Boston 54th Economic
Conference, Chatham,
Massachusetts,
23 October 2009
Key challenges facing central banks Adapting to a new era
13
14
Editors
Authors
Karen Bowman
Hong Kong
+852 2852 6786
[email protected]
Karen Grieve
Tokyo
+81 90 6560 5580
[email protected]
David Pulido
New York
+1 212 436 2420
[email protected]
Key contributors
Pengiran Izam Ryan Bahrin
Singapore
+65 6538 6166
[email protected]
Miguel Angel Bailon
Madrid
+34 9 1514 5000 x1734
[email protected]
Frank Dubas
New York
+1 212 436 4219
[email protected]
Mary Fulton
Dublin
+353 1 4172379
[email protected]
Aase-Aamdal Lundgaard
Oslo
+47 23 27 92 82
[email protected]
Roger Furholm
Oslo
+47 23 27 93 27
[email protected]
Tara Matthews
Richmond
+1 804 697 1828
[email protected]
Alastair Morley
London
+44 20 7303 4785
[email protected]
Tsuyoshi Oyama
Tokyo
+81 90 9834 4302
[email protected]
Martin Kopatschek
Frankfurt
+49 69 75695 6105
[email protected]
Andre Salz
New York
+1 212 436 4545
[email protected]
Michael Lait
Moscow
+7 495 787 0600 x2303
[email protected]
Clifford Smout
London
+44 20 7303 6390
[email protected]
Carol Larson
Pittsburgh
+1 412 338 7210
[email protected]
Henrik Woxholt
Oslo
+47 23 27 93 42
[email protected]
A special thanks to many others in the Deloitte Central Banking Network who also contributed to this report.
15
Notes
16
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