The CANCORR Procedure

Chapter 20
The CANCORR Procedure
Chapter Table of Contents

OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635
Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636
GETTING STARTED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637
SYNTAX . . . . . . . . . . . .
PROC CANCORR Statement .
BY Statement . . . . . . . . .
FREQ Statement . . . . . . .
PARTIAL Statement . . . . .
VAR Statement . . . . . . . .
WEIGHT Statement . . . . .
WITH Statement . . . . . . .
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641
641
647
648
648
648
649
649
DETAILS . . . . . . . . .
Missing Values . . . . .
Test Criterion . . . . . .
Output Data Sets . . . .
Computational Resources
Displayed Output . . . .
ODS Table Names . . .
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649
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EXAMPLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 656
Example 20.1 Canonical Correlation Analysis of Fitness Club Data . . . . . . 656
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662
634
Chapter 20. The CANCORR Procedure
SAS OnlineDoc: Version 8
Chapter 20

Overview
The CANCORR procedure performs canonical correlation, partial canonical correlation, and canonical redundancy analysis.
Canonical correlation is a technique for analyzing the relationship between two sets of
variableseach set can contain several variables. Canonical correlation is a variation
on the concept of multiple regression and correlation analysis. In multiple regression
and correlation, you examine the relationship between a linear combination of a set
of X variables and a single Y variable. In canonical correlation analysis, you examine
the relationship between a linear combination of the set of X variables with a linear
combination of a set of Y variables. Simple and multiple correlation are special cases
of canonical correlation in which one or both sets contain a single variable.
The CANCORR procedure tests a series of hypotheses that each canonical correlation
and all smaller canonical correlations are zero in the population. PROC CANCORR
uses an F approximation (Rao 1973; Kshirsagar 1972) that gives better small sample
results than the usual 2 approximation. At least one of the two sets of variables
should have an approximate multivariate normal distribution in order for the probability levels to be valid.
Both standardized and unstandardized canonical coefficients are produced, as well as
all correlations between canonical variables and the original variables. A canonical
redundancy analysis (Stewart and Love 1968; Cooley and Lohnes 1971) can also be
performed. PROC CANCORR provides multiple regression analysis options to aid in
interpreting the canonical correlation analysis. You can examine the linear regression
of each variable on the opposite set of variables. PROC CANCORR uses the leastsquares criterion in linear regression analysis.
PROC CANCORR can produce a data set containing the scores of each observation
on each canonical variable, and you can use the PRINT procedure to list these values.
A plot of each canonical variable against its counterpart in the other group is often
useful, and you can use PROC PLOT with the output data set to produce these plots.
A second output data set contains the canonical correlations, coefficients, and most
other statistics computed by the procedure.
636
Background
Canonical correlation was developed by Hotelling (1935, 1936). The application of
canonical correlation is discussed by Cooley and Lohnes (1971), Tatsuoka (1971),
and Mardia, Kent, and Bibby (1979). One of the best theoretical treatments is given
by Kshirsagar (1972).
Consider the situation in which you have a set of p X variables and
The CANCORR procedure finds the linear combinations
q Y variables.
w1 = a1 x1 + a2 x2 + ::: + apxp
v1 = b1 y1 + b2y2 + ::: + bq yq
such that the correlation between the two canonical variables, w1 and v1 , is maximized. This correlation between the two canonical variables is the first canonical
correlation. The coefficients of the linear combinations are canonical coefficients or
canonical weights. It is customary to normalize the canonical coefficients so that each
canonical variable has a variance of 1.
PROC CANCORR continues by finding a second set of canonical variables, uncorrelated with the first pair, that produces the second highest correlation coefficient.
The process of constructing canonical variables continues until the number of pairs
of canonical variables equals the number of variables in the smaller group.
Each canonical variable is uncorrelated with all the other canonical variables of either set except for the one corresponding canonical variable in the opposite set. The
canonical coefficients are not generally orthogonal, however, so the canonical variables do not represent jointly perpendicular directions through the space of the original variables.
The first canonical correlation is at least as large as the multiple correlation between
any variable and the opposite set of variables. It is possible for the first canonical
correlation to be very large while all the multiple correlations for predicting one of the
original variables from the opposite set of canonical variables are small. Canonical
redundancy analysis (Stewart and Love 1968; Cooley and Lohnes 1971; van den
Wollenberg 1977), which is available with the CANCORR procedure, examines how
well the original variables can be predicted from the canonical variables.
PROC CANCORR can also perform partial canonical correlation, which is a multivariate generalization of ordinary partial correlation (Cooley and Lohnes 1971; Timm
1975). Most commonly used parametric statistical methods, ranging from t tests to
multivariate analysis of covariance, are special cases of partial canonical correlation.
Getting Started
637
Getting Started
The following example demonstrates how you can use the CANCORR procedure to
calculate and test canonical correlations between two sets of variables.
Suppose you want to determine the degree of correspondence between a set of job
characteristics and measures of employee satisfaction. Using a survey instrument for
employees, you calculate three measures of job satisfaction. With another instrument
designed for supervisors, you calculate the corresponding job characteristics profile.
Your three variables associated with job satisfaction are

career track satisfaction: employee satisfaction with career direction and the
possibility of future advancement, expressed as a percent
management and supervisor satisfaction: employee satisfaction with supervisors communication and management style, expressed as a percent
financial satisfaction: employee satisfaction with salary and other benefits, using a scale measurement from 1 to 10 (1=unsatisfied, 10=satisfied)
The three variables associated with job characteristics are

task variety: degree of variety involved in tasks, expressed as a percent

feedback: degree of feedback required in job tasks, expressed as a percent
autonomy: degree of autonomy required in job tasks, expressed as a percent
The following statements create the SAS data set Jobs and request a canonical correlation analysis:
options ls=120;
data Jobs;
input Career Supervisor Finance Variety Feedback Autonomy;
label
Career
=Career Satisfaction Variety =Task Variety
Supervisor=Supervisor Satisfaction Feedback=Amount of Feedback
Finance
=Financial Satisfaction Autonomy=Degree of Autonomy;
datalines;
72 26 9
10 11 70
63 76 7
85 22 93
96 31 7
83 63 73
96 98 6
82 75 97
84 94 6
36 77 97
66 10 5
28 24 75
31 40 9
64 23 75
45 14 2
19 15 50
42 18 6
33 13 70
79 74 4
23 14 90
39 12 2
37 13 70
54 35 3
23 74 53
60 75 5
45 58 83
63 45 5
22 67 53
;
638
proc cancorr data=Jobs

vprefix=Satisfaction wprefix=Characteristics
vname=Satisfaction Areas wname=Job Characteristics;
var Career Supervisor Finance;
with Variety Feedback Autonomy;
run;
The DATA= option in the PROC CANCORR statement specifies Jobs as the SAS
data set to be analyzed. The VPREFIX and WPREFIX options specify the prefixes
for naming the canonical variables from the VAR statement and the WITH statement,
respectively. The VNAME option specifies Satisfaction Areas to refer to the set
of variables from the VAR statement. Similarly, the WNAME option specifies Job
Characteristics to refer to the set of variables from the WITH statement.
The VAR statement defines the first of the two sets of variables to be analyzed as
Career, Supervisor and Finance. The WITH statement defines the second set of
variables to be Variety, Feedback, and Autonomy. The results of this analysis are
displayed in the following figures.
The SAS System
Canonical Correlation Analysis
Canonical
Correlation
Adjusted
Canonical
Correlation
Approximate
Standard
Error
Squared
Canonical
Correlation
0.919412
0.418649
0.113366
0.898444
0.276633
.
0.042901
0.228740
0.273786
0.845318
0.175267
0.012852
1
2
3
Test of H0: The canonical correlations in the

current row and all that follow are zero
Eigenvalues of Inv(E)*H
= CanRsq/(1-CanRsq)
1
2
3
Eigenvalue
Difference
Proportion
Cumulative
Likelihood
Ratio
Approximate
F Value
Num DF
Den DF
Pr > F
5.4649
0.2125
0.0130
5.2524
0.1995
0.9604
0.0373
0.0023
0.9604
0.9977
1.0000
0.12593148
0.81413359
0.98714819
2.93
0.49
0.13
9
4
1
19.621
18
10
0.0223
0.7450
0.7257
Figure 20.1.
Canonical Correlations, Eigenvalues, and Likelihood Tests
Figure 20.1 displays the canonical correlation, adjusted canonical correlation, approximate standard error, and squared canonical correlation for each pair of canonical variables. The first canonical correlation (the correlation between the first pair
of canonical variables) is 0.9194. This value represents the highest possible correlation between any linear combination of the job satisfaction variables and any linear
combination of the job characteristics variables.
Figure 20.1 also lists the likelihood ratio and associated statistics for testing the hypothesis that the canonical correlations in the current row and all that follow are zero.
The first approximate F value of 2.93 corresponds to the test that all three canonical
correlations are zero. Since the p-value is small (0.0223), you would reject the null
hypothesis at the 0.05 level. The second approximate F value of 0.49 corresponds to
Getting Started
639
the test that both the second and the third canonical correlations are zero. Since the
p-value is large (0.7450), you would fail to reject the hypothesis and conclude that
only the first canonical correlation is significant.
Figure 20.2 lists several multivariate statistics and F test approximations for the null
hypothesis that all canonical correlations are zero. These statistics are described in the
section Multivariate Tests in Chapter 3, Introduction to Regression Procedures.
Multivariate Statistics and F Approximations
S=3
Statistic
Wilks Lambda
Pillais Trace
Hotelling-Lawley Trace
Roys Greatest Root
M=-0.5
N=3
Value
F Value
Num DF
Den DF
Pr > F
0.12593148
1.03343732
5.69042615
5.46489324
2.93
1.75
4.76
18.22
9
9
9
3
19.621
30
9.8113
10
0.0223
0.1204
0.0119
0.0002
NOTE: F Statistic for Roys Greatest Root is an upper bound.
Figure 20.2.
Multivariate Statistics and Approximate F Tests
The small p-values for these tests (< 0.05), except for Pillais Trace, suggest rejecting
the null hypothesis that all canonical correlations are zero in the population, confirming the results of the preceding likelihood ratio test (Figure 20.1). With only one of
the tests resulting in a p-value larger than 0.05, you can assume that the first canonical
correlation is significant. The next step is to interpret or identify the two canonical
variables corresponding to this significant correlation.
Even though canonical variables are artificial, they can often be identified in terms
of the original variables. This is done primarily by inspecting the standardized coefficients of the canonical variables and the correlations between the canonical variables
and their original variables. Since only the first canonical correlation is significant,
only the first pair of canonical variables (Satisfaction1 and Characteristics1) need
to be identified.
PROC CANCORR calculates and displays the raw canonical coefficients for the job
satisfaction variables and the job characteristic variables. However, since the original
variables do not necessarily have equal variance and are not measured in the same
units, the raw coefficients must be standardized to allow interpretation. The coefficients are standardized by multiplying the raw coefficients with the standard deviation
of the associated variable.
The standardized canonical coefficients in Figure 20.3 show that the first canonical
variable for the Satisfaction group is a weighted sum of the variables Supervisor
(0.7854) and Career (0.3028), with the emphasis on Supervisor. The coefficient for
the variable Finance is near 0. Thus, a person satisfied with his or her supervisor and
with a large degree of career satisfaction would score high on the canonical variable
Satisfaction1.
640

Standardized Canonical Coefficients for the Satisfaction Areas
Career
Supervisor
Finance
Career Satisfaction
Supervisor Satisfaction
Financial Satisfaction
Satisfaction1
Satisfaction2
Satisfaction3
0.3028
0.7854
0.0538
-0.5416
0.1305
0.9754
1.0408
-0.9085
0.3329
Standardized Canonical Coefficients for the Job Characteristics
Variety
Feedback
Autonomy
Characteristics1
Characteristics2
Characteristics3
-0.1108
0.5520
0.8403
0.8095
-0.7722
0.1020
0.9071
0.4194
-0.8297
Task Variety
Amount of Feedback
Degree of Autonomy
Figure 20.3.
Standardized Canonical Coefficients from the CANCORR Procedure
The coefficients for the job characteristics variables show that degree of autonomy
(Autonomy) and amount of feedback (Feedback) contribute heavily to the Characteristics1 canonical variable (0.8403 and 0.5520, respectively).
Figure 20.4 shows the table of correlations between the canonical variables and the
original variables.
Canonical Structure
Correlations Between the Satisfaction Areas and Their Canonical Variables
Career
Supervisor
Finance
Career Satisfaction
Satisfaction1
Satisfaction2
Satisfaction3
0.7499
0.9644
0.2873
-0.2503
0.0362
0.8814
0.6123
-0.2618
0.3750
Correlations Between the Job Characteristics and Their Canonical Variables
Variety
Feedback
Autonomy
Task Variety
Amount of Feedback
Degree of Autonomy
Characteristics1
Characteristics2
Characteristics3
0.4863
0.6216
0.8459
0.6592
-0.5452
0.4451
0.5736
0.5625
-0.2938
Correlations Between the Satisfaction Areas and the Canonical Variables of the Job Characteristics
Career
Supervisor
Finance
Career Satisfaction
Characteristics1
Characteristics2
Characteristics3
0.6895
0.8867
0.2642
-0.1048
0.0152
0.3690
0.0694
-0.0297
0.0425
Correlations Between the Job Characteristics and the Canonical Variables of the Satisfaction Areas
Variety
Feedback
Autonomy
Task Variety
Amount of Feedback
Degree of Autonomy
Figure 20.4.
Satisfaction1
Satisfaction2
Satisfaction3
0.4471
0.5715
0.7777
0.2760
-0.2283
0.1863
0.0650
0.0638
-0.0333
Canonical Structure Correlations from the CANCORR Procedure
PROC CANCORR Statement
641
Although these univariate correlations must be interpreted with caution since they do
not indicate how the original variables contribute jointly to the canonical analysis,
they are often useful in the identification of the canonical variables.
Figure 20.4 shows that the supervisor satisfaction variable Supervisor is strongly
associated with the Satisfaction1 canonical variable with a correlation of 0.9644.
Slightly less influential is the variable Career, which has a correlation with the
canonical variable of 0.7499. Thus, the canonical variable Satisfaction1 seems to
represent satisfaction with supervisor and career track.
The correlations for the job characteristics variables show that the canonical variable
Characteristics1 seems to represent all three measured variables, with degree of
autonomy variable (Autonomy) being the most influential (0.8459).
Hence, you can interpret these results to mean that job characteristics and job satisfaction are relatedjobs that possess a high degree of autonomy and level of feedback
are associated with workers who are more satisfied with their supervisor and their
career. While financial satisfaction is a factor in job satisfaction, it is not as important
as the other measured satisfaction-related variables.
Syntax
The following statements are available in PROC CANCORR.
PROC CANCORR < options > ;

WITH variables ;
BY variables ;
FREQ variable ;
PARTIAL variables ;
VAR variables ;
WEIGHT variable ;
The PROC CANCORR statement and the WITH statement are required. The rest
of this section provides detailed syntax information for each of the preceding statements, beginning with the PROC CANCORR statement. The remaining statements
are covered in alphabetical order.

PROC CANCORR < options > ;
The PROC CANCORR statement starts the CANCORR procedure and optionally
identifies input and output data sets, specifies the analyses performed, and controls
displayed output. Table 20.1 summarizes the options.
642

Table 20.1.
PROC CANCORR Statement Options
Task
Specify computational details
Options
EDF=
NOINT
RDF=
SINGULAR=
Specify input and output data sets
DATA=
OUT=
OUTSTAT=
Specify labeling options
VNAME=
VPREFIX=
WNAME=
WPREFIX=
Control amount of output
ALL
CORR
NCAN=
NOPRINT
REDUNDANCY
SHORT
SIMPLE
Request regression analyses
VDEP
VREG
WDEP
WREG
Description
specify error degrees of freedom
if input observations are regression
residuals
omit intercept from canonical correlation and regression models
specify regression degrees of freedom if input observations are regression residuals
specify the singularity criterion
specify input data set name
specify output data set name
specify output data set name containing various statistics
specify a name to refer to VAR statement variables
specify a prefix for naming VAR
statement canonical variables
specify a name to refer to WITH
statement variables
specify a prefix for naming WITH
statement canonical variables
produce simple statistics, input variable correlations, and canonical redundancy analysis
produce input variable correlations
specify number of canonical variables for which full output is desired
suppress all displayed output
produce
canonical
redundancy
analysis
suppress default output from canonical analysis
produce means and standard
deviations
request multiple regression analyses
with the VAR variables as dependents
and the WITH variables as regressors
request multiple regression analyses with the VAR variables as regressors and the WITH variables as
dependents
same as VREG
same as VDEP

Table 20.1.
643
(continued)
Task
Specify regression statistics
Options
ALL
B
CLB
CORRB
INT
PCORR
PROBT
SEB
SMC
SPCORR
SQPCORR
SQSPCORR
STB
T
Description
produce all regression statistics and
includes these statistics in the OUTSTAT= data set
produce raw regression coefficients
produce 95% confidence interval limits for the regression coefficients
produce correlations among regression coefficients
request statistics for the intercept
when you specify the B, CLB, SEB,
T, or PROBT option
display partial correlations between
regressors and dependents
display probability levels for t
statistics
display standard errors of regression
coefficients
display squared multiple correlations
and F tests
display semipartial correlations between regressors and dependents
display squared partial correlations
between regressors and dependents
display squared semipartial correlations between regressors and
dependents
display standardized regression
coefficients
display t statistics for regression
coefficients
Following are explanations of the options that can be used in the PROC CANCORR
statement (in alphabetic order):
ALL
displays simple statistics, correlations among the input variables, the confidence limits for the regression coefficients, and the canonical redundancy analysis. If you
specify the VDEP or WDEP option, the ALL option displays all related regression
statistics (unless the NOPRINT option is specified) and includes these statistics in the
OUTSTAT= data set.
B
produces raw regression coefficients from the regression analyses.
644
CLB
produces the 95% confidence limits for the regression coefficients from the regression
analyses.
CORR
C
produces correlations among the original variables. If you include a PARTIAL statement, the CORR option produces a correlation matrix for all variables in the analysis,
the regression statistics (R2 , RMSE), the standardized regression coefficients for both
the VAR and WITH variables as predicted from the PARTIAL statement variables,
and partial correlation matrices.
CORRB
produces correlations among the regression coefficient estimates.

DATA=SAS-data-set
names the SAS data set to be analyzed by PROC CANCORR. It can be an ordinary
SAS data set or a TYPE=CORR, COV, FACTOR, SSCP, UCORR, or UCOV data set.
By default, the procedure uses the most recently created SAS data set.
EDF=error-df
specifies the error degrees of freedom if the input observations are residuals from a
regression analysis. The effective number of observations is the EDF= value plus
one. If you have 100 observations, then specifying EDF=99 has the same effect as
omitting the EDF= option.
INT
requests that statistics for the intercept be included when B, CLB, SEB, T, or PROBT
is specified for the regression analyses.
NCAN=number
specifies the number of canonical variables for which full output is desired. The
number must be less than or equal to the number of canonical variables in the analysis.
The value of the NCAN= option specifies the number of canonical variables for which
canonical coefficients and canonical redundancy statistics are displayed, and the number of variables shown in the canonical structure matrices. The NCAN= option does
not affect the number of displayed canonical correlations.
If an OUTSTAT= data set is requested, the NCAN= option controls the number of
canonical variables for which statistics are output. If an OUT= data set is requested,
the NCAN= option controls the number of canonical variables for which scores are
output.
NOINT
omits the intercept from the canonical correlation and regression models. Standard
deviations, variances, covariances, and correlations are not corrected for the mean.
If you use a TYPE=SSCP data set as input to the CANCORR procedure and list the
variable Intercept in the VAR or WITH statement, the procedure runs as if you also
specified the NOINT option. If you use NOINT and also create an OUTSTAT= data
set, the data set is TYPE=UCORR.
645
NOPRINT
suppresses the display of all output. Note that this option temporarily disables the
Output Delivery System (ODS). For more information, see Chapter 15, Using the
Output Delivery System.
OUT=SAS-data-set
creates an output SAS data set to contain all the original data plus scores on the
canonical variables. If you want to create a permanent SAS data set, you must specify a two-level name. The OUT= option cannot be used when the DATA= data set
is TYPE=CORR, COV, FACTOR, SSCP, UCORR, or UCOV. For details on OUT=
data sets, see the section Output Data Sets on page 649. Refer to SAS Language
Reference: Concepts for more information on permanent SAS data sets.
OUTSTAT=SAS-data-set
creates an output SAS data set containing various statistics, including the canonical
correlations and coefficients and the multiple regression statistics you request. If you
want to create a permanent SAS data set, you must specify a two-level name. For
details on OUTSTAT= data sets, see the section Output Data Sets on page 649.
Refer to SAS Language Reference: Concepts for more information on permanent
SAS data sets.
PCORR
produces partial correlations between regressors and dependent variables, removing

from each dependent variable and regressor the effects of all other regressors.
PROBT
produces probability levels for the t statistics in the regression analyses.
RDF=regression-df
specifies the regression degrees of freedom if the input observations are residuals
from a regression analysis. The effective number of observations is the actual number minus the RDF= value. The degrees of freedom for the intercept should not be
included in the RDF= option.
REDUNDANCY
RED
produces canonical redundancy statistics.

SEB
produces standard errors of the regression coefficients.

SHORT
suppresses all default output from the canonical analysis except the tables of canonical correlations and multivariate statistics.
SIMPLE
S
produces means and standard deviations.
646
SINGULAR=p
SING=p
specifies the singularity criterion, where 0 < p < 1. If a variable in the PARTIAL
statement has an R2 as large as 1 , p (where p is the value of the SINGULAR= option)
when predicted from the variables listed before it in the statement, the variable is
assigned a standardized regression coefficient of 0, and the LOG generates a linear
dependency warning message. By default, SINGULAR=1E,8.
SMC
produces squared multiple correlations and F tests for the regression analyses.
SPCORR
produces semipartial correlations between regressors and dependent variables, removing from each regressor the effects of all other regressors.
SQPCORR
produces squared partial correlations between regressors and dependent variables, removing from each dependent variable and regressor the effects of all other regressors.
SQSPCORR
produces squared semipartial correlations between regressors and dependent variables, removing from each regressor the effects of all other regressors.
STB
produces standardized regression coefficients.

T
produces t statistics for the regression coefficients.
VDEP
WREG
requests multiple regression analyses with the VAR variables as dependent variables
and the WITH variables as regressors.
VNAME=label
VN=label
specifies a character constant to refer to variables from the VAR statement on the
output. Enclose the constant in single quotes. If you omit the VNAME= option,
these variables are referred to as the VAR Variables. The number of characters in the
label should not exceed the label length defined by the VALIDVARNAME= system
option. For more information on the VALIDVARNAME= system option, refer to SAS
Language Reference: Dictionary.
VPREFIX=name
VP=name
specifies a prefix for naming canonical variables from the VAR statement. By default, these canonical variables are given the names V1, V2, and so on. If you specify
VPREFIX=ABC, the names are ABC1, ABC2, and so forth. The number of characters in the prefix plus the number of digits required to designate the variables should
not exceed the name length defined by the VALIDVARNAME= system option. For
more information on the VALIDVARNAME= system option, refer to SAS Language
Reference: Dictionary.
BY Statement
647
WDEP
VREG
requests multiple regression analyses with the WITH variables as dependent variables
and the VAR variables as regressors.
WNAME=label
WN=label
specifies a character constant to refer to variables in the WITH statement on the output. Enclose the constant in quotes. If you omit the WNAME= option, these variables
are referred to as the WITH Variables. The number of characters in the label should
not exceed the label length defined by the VALIDVARNAME= system option. For
more information, on the VALIDVARNAME= system option, refer to SAS Language
Reference: Dictionary.
WPREFIX=name
WP=name
specifies a prefix for naming canonical variables from the WITH statement. By default, these canonical variables are given the names W1, W2, and so on. If you
specify WPREFIX=XYZ, then the names are XYZ1, XYZ2, and so forth. The number of characters in the prefix plus the number of digits required to designate the
variables should not exceed the label length defined by the VALIDVARNAME= system option. For more information, on the VALIDVARNAME= system option, refer
to SAS Language Reference: Dictionary.
BY Statement
BY variables ;
You can specify a BY statement with PROC CANCORR to obtain separate analyses on observations in groups defined by the BY variables. When a BY statement
appears, the procedure expects the input data set to be sorted in order of the BY
variables.
If your input data set is not sorted in ascending order, use one of the following alternatives:

Sort the data using the SORT procedure with a similar BY statement.
Specify the BY statement option NOTSORTED or DESCENDING in the BY
statement for the CANCORR procedure. The NOTSORTED option does not
mean that the data are unsorted but rather that the data are arranged in groups
(according to values of the BY variables) and that these groups are not necessarily in alphabetical or increasing numeric order.
Create an index on the BY variables using the DATASETS procedure.
648

For more information on the BY statement, refer to the discussion in SAS Language
Reference: Concepts. For more information on the DATASETS procedure, refer to
the discussion in the SAS Procedures Guide.
FREQ Statement
FREQ variable ;
If one variable in your input data set represents the frequency of occurrence for other
values in the observation, specify the variables name in a FREQ statement. PROC
CANCORR then treats the data set as if each observation appeared n times, where
n is the value of the FREQ variable for the observation. If the value of the FREQ
variable is less than one, the observation is not used in the analysis. Only the integer
portion of the value is used. The total number of observations is considered to be
equal to the sum of the FREQ variable when PROC CANCORR calculates significance probabilities.
PARTIAL Statement
PARTIAL variables ;
You can use the PARTIAL statement to base the canonical analysis on partial correlations. The variables in the PARTIAL statement are partialled out of the VAR and
WITH variables.
VAR Statement
VAR variables ;
The VAR statement lists the variables in the first of the two sets of variables to be
analyzed. The variables must be numeric. If you omit the VAR statement, all numeric
variables not mentioned in other statements make up the first set of variables. If,
however, the DATA= data set is TYPE=SSCP, the default set of variables used as
VAR variables does not include the variable Intercept.
Output Data Sets
649
WEIGHT Statement
WEIGHT variable ;
If you want to compute weighted product-moment correlation coefficients, specify
the name of the weighting variable in a WEIGHT statement. The WEIGHT and
FREQ statements have a similar effect, except the WEIGHT statement does not alter
the degrees of freedom or number of observations. An observation is used in the
analysis only if the WEIGHT variable is greater than zero.
WITH Statement
WITH variables ;
The WITH statement lists the variables in the second set of variables to be analyzed.
The variables must be numeric. The WITH statement is required.
Details
Missing Values
If an observation has a missing value for any of the variables in the analysis, that
observation is omitted from the analysis.
Test Criterion
The CANCORR procedure uses an F approximation (Rao 1973; Kshirsagar 1972)
that gives better small sample results than the usual 2 approximation. At least one of
the two sets of variables should have an approximate multivariate normal distribution
in order for the probability levels to be valid.
PROC CANCORR uses the least-squares criterion in linear regression analysis.
Output Data Sets

OUT= Data Set
The OUT= data set contains all the variables in the original data set plus new variables containing the canonical variable scores. The number of new variables is twice
that specified by the NCAN= option. The names of the new variables are formed by
concatenating the values given by the VPREFIX= and WPREFIX= options (the defaults are V and W) with the numbers 1, 2, 3, and so on. The new variables have mean
0 and variance equal to 1. An OUT= data set cannot be created if the DATA= data
set is TYPE=CORR, COV, FACTOR, SSCP, UCORR, or UCOV or if a PARTIAL
statement is used.
650
OUTSTAT= Data Set

The OUTSTAT= data set is similar to the TYPE=CORR or TYPE=UCORR data set
produced by the CORR procedure, but it contains several results in addition to those
produced by PROC CORR.
The new data set contains the following variables:

the BY variables, if any

two new character variables, TYPE and NAME
Intercept, if the INT option is used

the variables analyzed (those in the VAR statement and the WITH statement)
Each observation in the new data set contains some type of statistic as indicated by
the TYPE variable. The values of the TYPE variable are as follows:
TYPE
USTD
Contents
uncorrected standard deviations. When you specify the NOINT
option in the PROC CANCORR statement, the OUTSTAT=
data set contains standard deviations not corrected for the mean
( TYPE =USTD).
number of observations on which the analysis is based. This value
is the same for each variable.
SUMWGT
sum of the weights if a WEIGHT statement is used. This value is

the same for each variable.
CORR
correlations. The NAME variable contains the name of the variable corresponding to each row of the correlation matrix.
UCORR
uncorrected correlation matrix. When you specify the NOINT option in the PROC CANCORR statement, the OUTSTAT= data set
contains a matrix of correlations not corrected for the means.
CANCORR
canonical correlations
SCORE
standardized canonical coefficients. The NAME variable contains the name of the canonical variable.
RAWSCORE
raw canonical coefficients
USCORE
scoring coefficients to be applied without subtracting the mean

from the raw variables. These are standardized canonical coefficients computed under a NOINT model.
STRUCTUR
canonical structure
RSQUARED
ADJRSQ
LCLRSQ
UCLRSQ
R2s for the multiple regression analyses

adjusted R2 s
approximate 95% lower confidence limits for the R2 s
approximate 95% upper confidence limits for the R2 s
PROBF
F statistics for the multiple regression analyses

probability levels for the F statistics
CORRB
correlations among the regression coefficient estimates
STB
standardized regression coefficients. The NAME variable contains the name of the dependent variable.
raw regression coefficients
SEB
standard errors of the regression coefficients
LCLB
95% lower confidence limits for the regression coefficients
MEAN
means
STD
standard deviations
UCLB
95% upper confidence limits for the regression coefficients
651
t statistics for the regression coefficients

probability levels for the t statistics
T
PROBT
SPCORR
semipartial correlations between regressors and dependent variables
SQSPCORR
squared semipartial correlations between regressors and dependent

variables
PCORR
partial correlations between regressors and dependent variables
SQPCORR
squared partial correlations between regressors and dependent variables
Notation
n
v
w
p
q
b
t
= number of observations
= number of variables
= number of WITH variables
= max(v; w)
= min(v; w)
= v+w
= total number of variables (VAR, WITH, and PARTIAL)
Time Requirements
The time required to compute the correlation matrix is roughly proportional to
n(p + q)2
The time required for the canonical analysis is roughly proportional to
1 p3 + p2 q + 3 pq2 + 5q3
6
2
652

but the coefficient for q 3 varies depending on the number of QR iterations in the
singular value decomposition.
Memory Requirements
The minimum memory required is approximately
4(v2 + w2 + t2 )
bytes. Additional memory is required if you request the VDEP or WDEP option.
Displayed Output
If the SIMPLE option is specified, PROC CANCORR produces means and standard
deviations for each input variable. If the CORR option is specified, PROC CANCORR produces correlations among the input variables. Unless the NOPRINT option
is specified, PROC CANCORR displays a table of canonical correlations containing
the following:

Canonical Correlations. These are always nonnegative.

Adjusted Canonical Correlations (Lawley 1959), which are asymptotically less
biased than the raw correlations and may be negative. The adjusted canonical
correlations may not be computable, and they are displayed as missing values
if two canonical correlations are nearly equal or if some are close to zero. A
missing value is also displayed if an adjusted canonical correlation is larger
than a previous adjusted canonical correlation.
Approx Standard Errors, which are the approximate standard errors of the
canonical correlations
Squared Canonical Correlations
Eigenvalues of INV(E)*H, which are equal to CanRsq/(1,CanRsq), where

CanRsq is the corresponding squared canonical correlation. Also displayed
for each eigenvalue is the Difference from the next eigenvalue, the Proportion
of the sum of the eigenvalues, and the Cumulative proportion.
Likelihood Ratio for the hypothesis that the current canonical correlation and
all smaller ones are 0 in the population. The likelihood ratio for all canonical
correlations equals Wilks lambda.
Approx F statistic based on Raos approximation to the distribution of the likelihood ratio (Rao 1973, p. 556; Kshirsagar 1972, p. 326)
Num DF and Den DF (numerator and denominator degrees of freedom) and
Pr > F (probability level) associated with the F statistic
Unless you specify the NOPRINT option, PROC CANCORR produces a table of
multivariate statistics for the null hypothesis that all canonical correlations are zero
in the population. These statistics are described in the section Multivariate Tests in
Chapter 3, Introduction to Regression Procedures. The statistics are as follows.
Displayed Output

653
Wilks Lambda
Pillais Trace
Roys Greatest Root
For each of the preceding statistics, PROC CANCORR displays
an F approximation or upper bound

Num DF, the numerator degrees of freedom
Den DF, the denominator degrees of freedom
Pr > F , the probability level
Unless you specify the SHORT or NOPRINT option, PROC CANCORR displays the
following:
both Raw (unstandardized) and Standardized Canonical Coefficients normalized to give canonical variables with unit variance. Standardized coefficients
can be used to compute canonical variable scores from the standardized (zero
mean and unit variance) input variables. Raw coefficients can be used to compute canonical variable scores from the input variables without standardizing
them.
all four Canonical Structure matrices, giving Correlations Between the canonical variables and the original variables
If you specify the REDUNDANCY option, PROC CANCORR displays
the Canonical Redundancy Analysis (Stewart and Love 1968; Cooley and
Lohnes 1971), including Raw (unstandardized) and Standardized Variance and
Cumulative Proportion of the Variance of each set of variables Explained by
Their Own Canonical Variables and Explained by The Opposite Canonical
Variables
the Squared Multiple Correlations of each variable with the first m canonical
variables of the opposite set, where m varies from 1 to the number of canonical
correlations
If you specify the VDEP option, PROC CANCORR performs multiple regression
analyses with the VAR variables as dependent variables and the WITH variables as
regressors. If you specify the WDEP option, PROC CANCORR performs multiple
regression analyses with the WITH variables as dependent variables and the VAR
variables as regressors. If you specify the VDEP or WDEP option and also specify the
ALL option, PROC CANCORR displays the following items. You can also specify
individual options to request a subset of the output generated by the ALL option; or
you can suppress the output by specifying the NOPRINT option.
654

if you specify the SMC option, Squared Multiple Correlations and F Tests.
For each regression model, identified by its dependent variable name, PROC
CANCORR displays the R-Squared, Adjusted R-Squared (Wherry 1931), F
Statistic, and Pr > F . Also for each regression model, PROC CANCORR displays an Approximate 95% Confidence Interval for the population R2 (Helland
1987). These confidence limits are valid only when the regressors are random
and when the regressors and dependent variables are approximately distributed
according to a multivariate normal distribution.
The average R2 s for the models considered, unweighted and weighted by variance, are also given.
if you specify the CORRB option, Correlations Among the Regression Coefficient Estimates
if you specify the STB option, Standardized Regression Coefficients
if you specify the B option, Raw Regression Coefficients
if you specify the SEB option, Standard Errors of the Regression Coefficients
if you specify the CLB option, 95% confidence limits for the regression coefficients
if you specify the T option, T Statistics for the Regression Coefficients
if you specify the PROBT option, Probability > |T| for the Regression Coefficients
if you specify the SPCORR option, Semipartial Correlations between regressors and dependent variables, Removing from Each Regressor the Effects of
All Other Regressors
if you specify the SQSPCORR option, Squared Semipartial Correlations between regressors and dependent variables, Removing from Each Regressor the
Effects of All Other Regressors
if you specify the PCORR option, Partial Correlations between regressors and
dependent variables, Removing the Effects of All Other Regressors from Both
Regressor and Criterion
if you specify the SQPCORR option, Squared Partial Correlations between
regressors and dependent variables, Removing the Effects of All Other Regressors from Both Regressor and Criterion
ODS Table Names

PROC CANCORR assigns a name to each table it creates. You can use these names
to reference the table when using the Output Delivery System (ODS) to select tables
and create output data sets. These names are listed in the following table. For more
information on ODS, see Chapter 15, Using the Output Delivery System.
ODS Table Names

Table 20.2.
CanCorr
CanStructureVCan
CanStructureWCan
ConfidenceLimits
Corr
CorrOnPartial
CorrRegCoefEst
MultStat
NObsNVar
ParCorr
ProbtRegCoef
RawCanCoefV
RawCanCoefW
RawRegCoef
Redundancy
Regression
RSquareRMSEOnPartial
SimpleStatistics
SqMultCorr
SqParCorr
655
ODS Tables Produced in PROC CANCORR
ODS Table Name

AvgRSquare
SemiParCorr
Description
Average R-Squares (weighted
and unweighted)
Canonical correlations
Correlations between the
VAR canonical variables and
the VAR and WITH variables
Correlations between the
WITH canonical variables
and the WITH and VAR
variables
95% Confidence limits for the
regression coefficients
Correlations among the original variables
Partial correlations
Correlations among the regression coefficient estimates
Multivariate statistics
Number of observations and
variables
Partial correlations
Statement
PROC CANCORR
Prob > |t| for the regression

coefficients
Raw canonical coefficients
for the var variables
Raw canonical coefficients
for the with variables
Raw regression coefficients
PROC CANCORR
Canonical
redundancy
analysis
Squared multiple correlations
and F tests
R-Squares and RMSEs on
PARTIAL
Semi-partial correlations
PROC CANCORR
Simple statistics
Canonical
redundancy
analysis: squared multiple
correlations
Squared partial correlations
PROC CANCORR
PROC CANCORR
PROC CANCORR
PROC CANCORR
Option
VDEP (or WDEP)
SMC (or ALL)
default
default
(unless
SHORT)
PROC CANCORR
default
SHORT)
PROC CANCORR
VDEP (or WDEP)

CLB (or ALL)
CORR (or ALL)
PROC CANCORR
PARTIAL
PROC CANCORR
default
PROC CANCORR
PROC CANCORR
PROC CANCORR
PROC CANCORR
PROC CANCORR
PROC CANCORR
PARTIAL
PROC CANCORR
PROC CANCORR
(unless
CORR (or ALL)

VDEP (or WDEP)
CORRB (or ALL)
SIMPLE (or ALL)
VDEP (or WDEP)
PCORR (or ALL)
VDEP (or WDEP)
PROBT (or ALL)
default
(unless
SHORT)
default
(unless
SHORT)
VDEP (or WDEP) B
(or ALL)
REDUNDANCY
(or ALL)
VDEP (or WDEP)
SMC (or ALL)
CORR (or ALL)
VDEP (or WDEP)
SPCORR (or ALL)
SIMPLE (or ALL)
REDUNDANCY
(or ALL)
VDEP (or WDEP)
SQPCORR
(or
ALL)
656
Table 20.2.
(continued)
ODS Table Name

SqSemiParCorr
Description
Squared
correlations
StdCanCoefV
Standardized Canonical coefficients for the VAR variables

Standardized
Canonical
coefficients for the WITH
variables
Standard errors of the raw regression coefficients
Standardized
regression
coefficients
Standardized regression coefficients on PARTIAL
t values for the regression
coefficients
StdCanCoefW
StdErrRawRegCoef
StdRegCoef
StdRegCoefOnPartial
tValueRegCoef
semi-partial
Statement
PROC CANCORR
PROC CANCORR
PROC CANCORR
PROC CANCORR
PROC CANCORR
PARTIAL
PROC CANCORR
Option
VDEP (or WDEP)
SQSPCORR
(or
ALL)
default
(unless
SHORT)
default
(unless
SHORT)
VDEP (or WDEP)
SEB (or ALL)
VDEP (or WDEP)
STB (or ALL)
CORR (or ALL)
VDEP (or WDEP) T
(or ALL)
Example
Example 20.1. Canonical Correlation Analysis of Fitness
Club Data
Three physiological and three exercise variables are measured on twenty middle-aged
men in a fitness club. You can use the CANCORR procedure to determine whether the
physiological variables are related in any way to the exercise variables. The following
statements create the SAS data set Fit:
data Fit;
input Weight Waist Pulse Chins Situps Jumps;
datalines;
191 36 50
5 162
60
189 37 52
2 110
60
193 38 58 12 101 101
162 35 62 12 105
37
189 35 46 13 155
58
182 36 56
4 101
42
211 38 56
8 101
38
167 34 60
6 125
40
176 31 74 15 200
40
154 33 56 17 251 250
169 34 50 17 120
38
166 33 52 13 210 115
154 34 64 14 215 105
247 46 50
1
50
50
Example 20.1.
193
202
176
157
156
138
;
proc
36
37
37
32
33
33
46
62
54
52
54
68
Canonical Correlation Analysis of Fitness Club Data

6
12
4
11
15
2
70
210
60
230
225
110
657
31
120
25
80
73
43
cancorr data=Fit all

vprefix=Physiological vname=Physiological Measurements
wprefix=Exercises wname=Exercises;
var Weight Waist Pulse;
with Chins Situps Jumps;
title Middle-Aged Men in a Health Fitness Club;
title2 Data Courtesy of Dr. A. C. Linnerud, NC State Univ;
run;
Output 20.1.1.
Correlations among the Original Variables
Middle-Aged Men in a Health Fitness Club

Data Courtesy of Dr. A. C. Linnerud, NC State Univ
Correlations Among the Original Variables
Correlations Among the Physiological Measurements
Weight
Waist
Pulse
Weight
Waist
Pulse
1.0000
0.8702
-0.3658
0.8702
1.0000
-0.3529
-0.3658
-0.3529
1.0000
Correlations Among the Exercises
Chins
Situps
Jumps
Chins
Situps
Jumps
1.0000
0.6957
0.4958
0.6957
1.0000
0.6692
0.4958
0.6692
1.0000
Correlations Between the Physiological Measurements and the Exercises
Weight
Waist
Pulse
Chins
Situps
Jumps
-0.3897
-0.5522
0.1506
-0.4931
-0.6456
0.2250
-0.2263
-0.1915
0.0349
Output 20.1.1 displays the correlations among the original variables. The correlations between the physiological and exercise variables are moderate, the largest being
,0:6456 between Waist and Situps. There are larger within-set correlations: 0.8702
between Weight and Waist, 0.6957 between Chins and Situps, and 0.6692 between
Situps and Jumps.
658

Output 20.1.2.
Canonical Correlations and Multivariate Statistics

Canonical
Correlation
Adjusted
Canonical
Correlation
Approximate
Standard
Error
Squared
Canonical
Correlation
0.795608
0.200556
0.072570
0.754056
-.076399
.
0.084197
0.220188
0.228208
0.632992
0.040223
0.005266
1
2
3
Eigenvalues of Inv(E)*H
= CanRsq/(1-CanRsq)
Eigenvalue
Difference
Proportion
Cumulative
1.7247
0.0419
0.0053
1.6828
0.0366
0.9734
0.0237
0.0030
0.9734
0.9970
1.0000
1
2
3
Test of H0: The canonical correlations in the

current row and all that follow are zero
1
2
3
Likelihood
Ratio
Approximate
F Value
Num DF
Den DF
Pr > F
0.35039053
0.95472266
0.99473355
2.05
0.18
0.08
9
4
1
34.223
30
16
0.0635
0.9491
0.7748
Multivariate Statistics and F Approximations

S=3
Statistic
Wilks Lambda
Pillais Trace
Roys Greatest Root
M=-0.5
N=6
Value
F Value
Num DF
Den DF
Pr > F
0.35039053
0.67848151
1.77194146
1.72473874
2.05
1.56
2.64
9.20
9
9
9
3
34.223
48
19.053
16
0.0635
0.1551
0.0357
0.0009
NOTE: F Statistic for Roys Greatest Root is an upper bound.
As Output 20.1.2 shows, the first canonical correlation is 0.7956, which would appear
to be substantially larger than any of the between-set correlations. The probability
level for the null hypothesis that all the canonical correlations are 0 in the population
is only 0.0635, so no firm conclusions can be drawn. The remaining canonical correlations are not worthy of consideration, as can be seen from the probability levels
and especially from the negative adjusted canonical correlations.
Because the variables are not measured in the same units, the standardized coefficients rather than the raw coefficients should be interpreted. The correlations given
in the canonical structure matrices should also be examined.
Example 20.1.
Output 20.1.3.
659
Raw and Standardized Canonical Coefficients

Raw Canonical Coefficients for the Physiological Measurements
Weight
Waist
Pulse
Physiological1
Physiological2
Physiological3
-0.031404688
0.4932416756
-0.008199315
-0.076319506
0.3687229894
-0.032051994
-0.007735047
0.1580336471
0.1457322421
Raw Canonical Coefficients for the Exercises
Chins
Situps
Jumps
Exercises1
Exercises2
Exercises3
-0.066113986
-0.016846231
0.0139715689
-0.071041211
0.0019737454
0.0207141063
-0.245275347
0.0197676373
-0.008167472

Standardized Canonical Coefficients for the Physiological Measurements
Weight
Waist
Pulse
Physiological1
Physiological2
Physiological3
-0.7754
1.5793
-0.0591
-1.8844
1.1806
-0.2311
-0.1910
0.5060
1.0508
Standardized Canonical Coefficients for the Exercises
Chins
Situps
Jumps
Exercises1
Exercises2
Exercises3
-0.3495
-1.0540
0.7164
-0.3755
0.1235
1.0622
-1.2966
1.2368
-0.4188
The first canonical variable for the physiological variables, displayed in Output 20.1.3, is a weighted difference of Waist (1.5793) and Weight (,0:7754), with
more emphasis on Waist. The coefficient for Pulse is near 0. The correlations between Waist and Weight and the first canonical variable are both positive, 0.9254 for
Waist and 0.6206 for Weight. Weight is therefore a suppressor variable, meaning
that its coefficient and its correlation have opposite signs.
The first canonical variable for the exercise variables also shows a mixture of signs,
subtracting Situps (,1:0540) and Chins (,0:3495) from Jumps (0.7164), with the
most weight on Situps. All the correlations are negative, indicating that Jumps is
also a suppressor variable.
660

It may seem contradictory that a variable should have a coefficient of opposite sign
from that of its correlation with the canonical variable. In order to understand how
this can happen, consider a simplified situation: predicting Situps from Waist and
Weight by multiple regression. In informal terms, it seems plausible that fat people
should do fewer sit-ups than skinny people. Assume that the men in the sample do
not vary much in height, so there is a strong correlation between Waist and Weight
(0.8702). Examine the relationships between fatness and the independent variables:

People with large waists tend to be fatter than people with small waists. Hence,
the correlation between Waist and Situps should be negative.
People with high weights tend to be fatter than people with low weights. Therefore, Weight should correlate negatively with Situps.
For a fixed value of Weight, people with large waists tend to be shorter and
fatter. Thus, the multiple regression coefficient for Waist should be negative.
For a fixed value of Waist, people with higher weights tend to be taller and
skinnier. The multiple regression coefficient for Weight should, therefore, be
positive, of opposite sign from the correlation between Weight and Situps.
Therefore, the general interpretation of the first canonical correlation is that Weight
and Jumps act as suppressor variables to enhance the correlation between Waist and
Situps. This canonical correlation may be strong enough to be of practical interest,
but the sample size is not large enough to draw definite conclusions.
The canonical redundancy analysis (Output 20.1.4) shows that neither of the first pair
of canonical variables is a good overall predictor of the opposite set of variables, the
proportions of variance explained being 0.2854 and 0.2584. The second and third
canonical variables add virtually nothing, with cumulative proportions for all three
canonical variables being 0.2969 and 0.2767.
Example 20.1.
Output 20.1.4.
661
Canonical Redundancy Analysis

Standardized Variance of the Physiological Measurements Explained by
Their Own
The Opposite
Canonical Variables
Canonical Variables
Canonical
Variable
Cumulative
Canonical
Cumulative
Number
Proportion
Proportion
R-Square
Proportion
Proportion
1
2
3
0.4508
0.2470
0.3022
0.4508
0.6978
1.0000
0.6330
0.0402
0.0053
0.2854
0.0099
0.0016
0.2854
0.2953
0.2969
Standardized Variance of the Exercises Explained by

Their Own
The Opposite
Canonical Variables
Canonical Variables
Canonical
Variable
Number
Proportion
Cumulative
Proportion
Canonical
R-Square
Proportion
Cumulative
Proportion
1
2
3
0.4081
0.4345
0.1574
0.4081
0.8426
1.0000
0.6330
0.0402
0.0053
0.2584
0.0175
0.0008
0.2584
0.2758
0.2767

Squared Multiple Correlations Between the Physiological Measurements
and the First M Canonical Variables of the Exercises
M
Weight
Waist
Pulse
0.2438
0.5421
0.0701
0.2678
0.5478
0.0702
0.2679
0.5478
0.0749
Squared Multiple Correlations Between the Exercises and the First

M Canonical Variables of the Physiological Measurements
M
Chins
Situps
Jumps
0.3351
0.4233
0.0167
0.3374
0.4365
0.0536
0.3396
0.4365
0.0539
662

The squared multiple correlations indicate that the first canonical variable of the physiological measurements has some predictive power for Chins (0.3351) and Situps
(0.4233) but almost none for Jumps (0.0167). The first canonical variable of the
exercises is a fairly good predictor of Waist (0.5421), a poorer predictor of Weight
(0.2438), and nearly useless for predicting Pulse (0.0701).
References
Cooley, W.W. and Lohnes, P.R. (1971), Multivariate Data Analysis, New York: John
Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Fisher, R.A. (1938), Statistical Methods for Research Workers, Tenth Edition, Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd.
Hanson, R.J. and Norris, M.J. (1981), Analysis of Measurements Based on the Singular Value Decomposition, SIAM Journal of Scientific and Statistical Computing, 2, 363373.
Helland, I.S. (1987), On the Interpretation and Use of R2 in Regression Analysis,
Biometrics, 43, 6169.
Hotelling, H. (1935), The Most Predictable Criterion, Journal of Educational Psychology, 26, 139142.
Hotelling, H. (1936), Relations Between Two Sets of Variables, Biometrika, 28,
321377.
Kshirsagar, A.M. (1972), Multivariate Analysis, New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.
Lawley, D.N. (1959), Tests of Significance in Canonical Analysis, Biometrika, 46,
5966.
Mardia, K.V., Kent, J.T., and Bibby, J.M. (1979), Multivariate Analysis, London:
Academic Press, Inc.
Mulaik, S.A. (1972), The Foundations of Factor Analysis, New York: McGraw-Hill
Book Co.
Rao, C.R. (1964), The Use and Interpretation of Principal Component Analysis in
Applied Research, Sankhya A, 26, 329358.
Rao, C.R. (1973), Linear Statistical Inference, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Stewart, D.K. and Love, W.A. (1968), A General Canonical Correlation Index,
Psychological Bulletin, 70, 160163.
Tatsuoka, M.M. (1971), Multivariate Analysis, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Thompson, B. (1984), Canonical Correlation Analysis, Sage University Paper series in Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences, 07-047, Beverly Hills
and London: Sage Publications.
Timm, N.H. (1975), Multivariate Analysis, Monterey, CA: Brooks-Cole Publishing
Co.
References
663
van den Wollenberg, A.L. (1977), Redundancy AnalysisAn Alternative to Canonical Correlation Analysis, Psychometrika, 42, 207219.
Wherry, R.J. (1931), A New Formula for Predicting the Shrinkage of the Coefficient
of Multiple Correlation, Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 2, 440457.
The correct bibliographic citation for this manual is as follows: SAS Institute Inc.,
SAS/STAT Users Guide, Version 8, Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc., 1999.
SAS/STAT Users Guide, Version 8

Copyright 1999 by SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA.
ISBN 1580254942
All rights reserved. Produced in the United States of America. No part of this publication
may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior written
permission of the publisher, SAS Institute Inc.
U.S. Government Restricted Rights Notice. Use, duplication, or disclosure of the
software and related documentation by the U.S. government is subject to the Agreement
with SAS Institute and the restrictions set forth in FAR 52.22719 Commercial Computer
Software-Restricted Rights (June 1987).
SAS Institute Inc., SAS Campus Drive, Cary, North Carolina 27513.
1st printing, October 1999
SAS and all other SAS Institute Inc. product or service names are registered trademarks
or trademarks of SAS Institute Inc. in the USA and other countries. indicates USA
registration.
Other brand and product names are registered trademarks or trademarks of their
respective companies.
The Institute is a private company devoted to the support and further development of its
software and related services.

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Chapter 20

The CANCORR Procedure

Chapter Table of Contents

Chapter 20. The CANCORR Procedure

SAS OnlineDoc: Version 8

The CANCORR Procedure

Chapter 20. The CANCORR Procedure

SAS OnlineDoc: Version 8

The three variables associated with job characteristics are

task variety: degree of variety involved in tasks, expressed as a percent

SAS OnlineDoc: Version 8

Chapter 20. The CANCORR Procedure

proc cancorr data=Jobs

Test of H0: The canonical correlations in the

Canonical Correlations, Eigenvalues, and Likelihood Tests

NOTE: F Statistic for Roys Greatest Root is an upper bound.

Multivariate Statistics and Approximate F Tests

SAS OnlineDoc: Version 8

Chapter 20. The CANCORR Procedure

Standardized Canonical Coefficients for the Job Characteristics

Standardized Canonical Coefficients from the CANCORR Procedure

Correlations Between the Job Characteristics and Their Canonical Variables

SAS OnlineDoc: Version 8

Canonical Structure Correlations from the CANCORR Procedure

PROC CANCORR Statement

PROC CANCORR < options > ;

PROC CANCORR Statement

SAS OnlineDoc: Version 8

Chapter 20. The CANCORR Procedure

PROC CANCORR Statement Options

Specify labeling options

Control amount of output

SAS OnlineDoc: Version 8

PROC CANCORR Statement

produces raw regression coefficients from the regression analyses.

SAS OnlineDoc: Version 8

Chapter 20. The CANCORR Procedure

produces correlations among the regression coefficient estimates.

SAS OnlineDoc: Version 8

PROC CANCORR Statement

produces partial correlations between regressors and dependent variables, removing

produces probability levels for the t statistics in the regression analyses.

produces canonical redundancy statistics.

produces standard errors of the regression coefficients.

produces means and standard deviations.

SAS OnlineDoc: Version 8

Chapter 20. The CANCORR Procedure

produces standardized regression coefficients.

produces t statistics for the regression coefficients.

SAS OnlineDoc: Version 8

SAS OnlineDoc: Version 8

Chapter 20. The CANCORR Procedure

SAS OnlineDoc: Version 8

Output Data Sets

Output Data Sets

SAS OnlineDoc: Version 8

Chapter 20. The CANCORR Procedure

OUTSTAT= Data Set

the BY variables, if any

an F approximation or upper bound