School of Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering
School of Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering
School of Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering
Page 1 of 7
Question 1
The measured mean annual wind speed at a prospective wind turbine site at
30m above ground level is 7.6 m/s. Assuming the vertical windshear follows a
logarithmic wind profile estimate the mean annual wind speed at 100 m above
ground level if the surface roughness around the site is a uniform 0.1 m. If the
standard deviation of the wind speed is 2.5 times the friction velocity find the
turbulence intensity at 100 m above ground level.
Question 2
If the annual wind speed distribution in Question 1 is a Rayleigh distribution
find the mean annual power density in the wind at 100 m above ground level.
Question 3
Using momentum theory, write down an expression for the thrust force on the
actuator disk where u 0 is the free stream wind speed, u w is the wind speed in
the wake, a is the axial flow induction factor and Ad is the disk area.
Show that the thrust coefficient is given by C f 4a1 a and calculate the
thrust coefficient at the Betz condition.
Question 4
The mean for the Weibull distribution is given by:
1
u A1
C
Use the properties of the gamma function to show that for a Rayleigh
distribution
u mp
C 1 C
A
2 .
u
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Question 5.
It is observed that the annual wind speed distribution at a prospective wind
turbine site is a Rayleigh distribution and that the most probable wind at the
site is 6.5 m/s at 50 m a.g.l. Find the percentage time for which the winds are
above 5 m/s but less than 15 m/s.
Figure 1
Table I
Induction generator and compensation capacitors.
nominal voltage 0.69 kV, rating 2.2MVA
equivalent circuit parameters (rotor quantities are referred to stator turns)
Rs 0.0022, Rr 0.0018, X s 0.0376, X r 0.0155, X m 0.9209
Line
Grid
rated voltage LV
0.69kV, uRr 1%, ukr 6%
specific resistance
0.309/km
nominal voltage 20
kV, frequency 50
Hz,
short circuit
capacity 50MVA,
X/R =2
Question 6
A wind turbine generator is connected to an MV grid via a transformer and a
distribution line as shown in Figure 1. Details of the system components are
provided in Table I. If the wind turbine generator is operating at a slip of s= 0.008 p.u. and the grid is represented as a 1 p.u. voltage source behind its
Page 3 of 7
short circuit impedance find the voltage and the active and reactive power
exported by the wind farm as would be measured at the MV terminals of the
transformer.
Question 7
A wind farm (represented by generator G) is connected to a large power
system via a transformer as shown in Figure 2. The transformer is rated at
200 MVA with rated voltages 33 kV on the MV side and 150 kV on the HV
side. The transformer rated short circuit voltage is 20% and its rated resistive
voltage drop is 0.5%.
Figure 2
It can be shown that the steady state operation of the system is described by
the following equations:
VG VG 2RPexp XQexp VS
4
VG tan 1
XP
exp
UG
2
exp
2
Qexp
R2 X 2 0
RQexp
RPexp XQexp
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are the transformer resistance and reactance on the MV side and Pexp and
Qexp are the exported active and reactive powers as measured on the MV side
of the transformer.
If the wind farm is operating at active power PG 196MW and reactive power
QG 39.8MVAR and the ideal compensator is controlled to ensure unity
10%
50%
(c) the active and reactive power supplied to the power system as
measured on the HV side of the transformer.
(d) Comment on the active and reactive power balances
30%
10%
Question 8
(a)
Explain with the aid of clearly labelled diagrams what is meant by the
axial flow induction factor and the tangential flow induction factor.
(b)
15%
section showing the axial and tangential components of the relative wind
speed vector and distinguish clearly between the angle of incidence, the blade
pitch angle and the angle of attack
(c)
15%
Draw a clearly labelled force diagram for a wind turbine airfoil section
showing the incremental lift and drag forces and the components of these
incremental forces in the axial and tangential directions and write out the
equations for axial force and the torque produced by a wind turbine with B
blades.
(d)
30%
Draw typical lift coefficient and drag coefficient versus angle of attack
for a blade airfoil section and explain the shape of these characteristics as the
blade goes into stall.
(e)
25%
Explain why typical wind turbine blades are twisted and tapered along
15%
Page 5 of 7
1.225 kg/m3
power in the wind
Pwind
1
Ad u 03
2
torque coefficient
CT
tip speed ratio
CP
X
CF
F
1
Ad u 02
2
weibull distribution
u0
Cu
f u
A A
C 1
exp
gamma function
F u f u du
e t t 1 dt
rayleigh distribution
u 2
u
Gu 1 F u
f u
2u 2
exp 2
4u
m
u m A m 1
C
u mp
C 2 C
u A
C 1C
A
mean power
P Pu f u du
u
3
u
error function
erf z
t 2
, x e t t 1dt
dt
u z
turbulence intensity:
z
I u z u
u z
z
ln
z0
u*
capacity factor
P
Pr
A
i1 i
P 1 i N 1
N
F 1 i N 1
P
1
F 1 i N
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phasor transformation
at 2 A cost A e j A
active power
reactive power
Q3 3V I sin
apparent power
S 3 3V I
2 A cost at
complex power:
*
S 3 ph 3V ph I 3V ph I e j P3 ph jQ3 ph
SCC
S SC
Z sc
P3 3V I cos
VLLn
Z pu
Z sc
1
R
Z sc
j
2
2
X
X
1
R
R
Z base
3
generator
Tm
2 s
Vs
Z
Z base
VLLbase
S 3base
Rr
Rs2 X s X r
Generator
Rs2 X s X r Rs
2
oOo
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sm
Rr
R X s X r
2
s