THE BENEFITS OF BAN THE BOX

A CASE STUDY OF DURHAM, NC

The Southern Coalition for Social Justice

1415 West Highway 54, Suite 101
Durham, NC 27707
www.scsj.org 919-323-3380

INTRODUCTION
For many job applicants around the country, one question blocks them from gainful employment and economic
opportunity. A single question, often posed as a checkbox on the front of most job applications, asks about an applicants
criminal history. For many employers, it has become a way to weed out applicants before ever considering qualifications
such as education and job history. This practice is widespread, and its effects on job applicants and their communities
are staggering. A movement to Ban the Box (remove the checkbox from applications) was birthed as a response to the
structural discrimination faced by people with criminal records. This report details:
1. the need for Ban the Box policies in communities directly impacted by mass incarceration;
2. the history and core strategy of the Ban the Box movement;
3. how Ban the Box polices increase the tax base, reduce recidivism, and expand the qualified applicant pool for
employers;
4. the critical components of the campaign in Durham, North Carolina; and
5. the employment outcomes since adoption of Ban the Box policies in Durham.

COMMUNITY NEED FOR BAN THE BOX

Over ninety percent of human resource professionals conduct some sort of criminal background check during the hiring
process.1 Applicants who indicate their criminal record on the initial job application are less likely to receive a callback
interview.2 For example, noted sociologist Dr. Devah Pager found that among white applicants, 34% of applicants
without a criminal record and 17% of those with criminal records were later contacted about a callback interview.3
Among African Americans applicants, 14% of applicants without a criminal record and only 4% of those with criminal
records were later contacted about a callback interview.4 The fact that a higher
percentage of white applicants with a criminal record were contacted about a
After an incarcerated
callback interview than black applicants without criminal records illustrates the
father is released, the
extreme structural disadvantages that black applicants with criminal records face in
total family income
the employment market.5

drops by approximately

There are an estimated 65 million adults in the United States with a criminal
15% from what it was
history.6 It has been well-documented that African Americans and Latinos are
before incarceration.
disproportionately represented at every stage of the criminal justice system.
Application questions about criminal records guarantee that these Americans will
have difficulty finding employment, especially members of minority communities. The inability to find employment has
a marked effect on these community members and their families. One study found that in the year after an incarcerated
father is released, the total family income drops by approximately 15% from what it was before incarceration.7 Because of
the stunted upward mobility of people with criminal records, they must often rely on family members and communities
for support. Research has shown that 83% of the families of formerly incarcerated men had recently provided financial
support to their family member, with half of those families reporting that this support was a financial challenge and 30%
of these families reporting that this support was a financial hardship.8 In sum, these studies and statistics illustrate the
structural barriers faced by people with criminal records a need that birthed the Ban the Box Movement.

HISTORY AND CORE STRATEGY OF THE MOVEMENT

The Ban the Box Movement was started in 2004 by All of Us or None, a national civil and human rights coalition
comprised of formerly incarcerated people. The primary objective of the Movement is to dismantle the structural
discrimination faced by people with criminal records in society.9 Ban the Box was found to be a powerful issue that
spurred community organizing for neighborhoods directly impacted by mass incarceration. According to Dorsey Nunn,

By removing questions
about criminal history
from the early stages of
the employment process,
employers are able to
select the most qualified
applicants without the
distraction of the criminal
record and its attendant
stigma.

one of the founders of All of Us or None and the patriarch of the Ban the Box
movement, we decided to push Ban the Box to organize people with criminal
records, not the other way around, meaning we did not organize people with
records to only pass Ban the Box policies. That was not our primary objective.
For us the larger objective was to get people with criminal records to become
organized and active in the fight against mass incarceration and the 2nd class
status that comes with a criminal record.

The movements central strategy is to advocate for the removal of questions

about criminal history from the early stages of the employment process. Initial
questions about criminal history create a chilling effect on qualified applicants
with criminal records. Many applicants report they are discouraged from
applying for jobs because they doubt their job application will receive serious consideration once they check the box. In
addition, early inquiry about criminal history encourages employers to disqualify otherwise qualified applicants without
considering their qualifications. By removing questions about criminal history from the early stages of the employment
process, employers are able to select the most qualified applicants without the distraction of the criminal record and its
attendant stigma.
However, removing the question about criminal history from the early stages of the employment process is not the only
strategy involved with a successful Ban the Box campaign, just one necessary component. The movement also seeks to
ensure that criminal background checks are used in a fair manner. Ban the Box advocates recommend delaying a criminal
background check until after an applicant has been screened for qualifications. Moreover, once the background check
is done, advocates recommend instituting a series of procedural protections to ensure that the results of the criminal
background check are used fairly. For example, common best practices include:
1. ensuring the applicant has a chance to check the accuracy of the record before the hiring authority makes an adverse
hiring decision;
2. limiting the number of people who come in contact with the applicants record;
3. making sure the people who come in contact with the record are trained to read criminal records; and
4. giving the applicant the opportunity to present evidence of rehabilitation prior to the hiring decision.
In sum, delaying the criminal background check gives employers the ability to make individualized assessments about the
relevance of a criminal record, rather than making blanket exclusions at the outset of the employment process, which may
run afoul of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act.
Since the start of the Ban the Box movement, 13 states and over 70 cities and counties have implemented fair hiring
policies.10 In August 2014, New Jersey, under the leadership of Republican governor Chris Christie, became the most
recent state to codify a Ban the Box policy, and like many other states, it applies to both public and private employers.11
However, government is not alone in adopting fair hiring policies. Two major corporations Target and Wal-Mart have
also removed questions about criminal record history from their initial job applications.

FAIR HIRING INCREASES THE TAX BASE, DECREASES CRIME, AND HELPS EMPLOYERS
Local and state governments can increase their tax coffers by removing barriers to employment for people with criminal
records. For example, a study in Washington state showed that providing job training and employment to a formerly
incarcerated person returned more than $2,600 to taxpayers.12 A similar study in Philadelphia found that hiring 100
formerly incarcerated people would increase income tax contributions by $1.9 million, boost sales tax revenue by
$770,000, and save $2 million annually by reducing criminal justice costs associated with recidivism.13
Hiring people with criminal records facilitates public safety by reducing recidivism rates. Studies show that gainful
employment is the most successful intervention in decreasing recidivism. One study showed that two years after release,
employed people were more than twice as likely to have not committed any additional crimes when compared to

formerly incarcerated people who were unable to secure employment.14 Another

study, conducted over three years, found that formerly incarcerated people
who were consistently employed throughout the year had a 16% recidivism rate
compared to a 52.3% recidivism rate for all other Department of Correction
releases.15

Employees with
criminal backgrounds
are 1 to 1.5 percent
more productive on the
job than people without
criminal records.

Employers benefit from fair hiring policies. A study of human resources statistics
found that employees with criminal backgrounds are 1 to 1.5 percent more
productive on the job than people without criminal records.16 Pamela Paulk, Vice President of Human Resources for the
Johns Hopkins Health Resource Center, has known anecdotally about this fact for the last decade. After ten years, Johns
Hopkins reviewed the employment files of nearly 500 of their justice-involved employees and found that these employees
had significantly higher retention rates as compared to employees without a criminal record.17 In Cleveland, Richard
Friedlander, CEO of Red Restaurant Group, described his employees with criminal records as model employees,
frequently the most dedicated, and conscientious.18

CRITICAL COMPONENTS OF THE DURHAM CAMPAIGN

The Durham Second Chance Alliance (DSCA) successfully advocated for the city of Durham (2011) and the Durham
county (2012) to remove questions about criminal record history from the early stages of the employment process for
public employment. The components of the Durham campaign highlight the key pieces of a Ban the Box campaign that
is led by an organization grounded in a community lawyering model, where the major objective is building power in
directly affected communities. The three major components of the Durham campaign were:
1. leadership by directly affected people;
2. policy development through the iterative process of community lawyering; and
3. organizing directly affected communities to flex their power for this policy issue and others in the future.
The campaign in Durham was driven by the idea that effective, lasting social change can only result from an oppressed
group itself identifying its grievances and developing demands and a strategy for achieving them.19 As such, the
movement was led by the DSCA, a coalition of people with criminal records, reentry service providers, community
advocates, and faith-based organizations.20 Because the leadership of directly affected people was central to the campaign,
the alliance provided spokesperson training for people with criminal records. The goal of the training was to help justiceinvolved people advocate for themselves. This intentional involvement of directly impacted individuals assured the power
of the movement resided with those most impacted by its results. The spokesperson training stressed three main messages
for the trainees:
1. do not re-litigate the past take accountability for your actions;
2. talk about the rehabilitative measures you have taken since your conviction, such as skills training or substance abuse
treatment; and
3. highlight the fact that you will make a stellar employee.
The policy work for the Durham campaign was informed by directly impacted communities. The Southern Coalition
for Social Justice (SCSJ) worked with a focus group of people with criminal records and other Durham Second Chance
Alliance members to create a model ordinance and administrative policy, with the goal of having the City and County
governments use the model policies as a template for the final legislation. People with criminal records shaped the
contours of the policy choices throughout the campaign, which allowed the coalition to adapt its strategy to meet the
needs of the community while simultaneously responding to the government.
For example, DSCA initially advocated for a city ordinance to Ban the Box for public employment and independent
contractors with the City of Durham. This choice was made because an ordinance was considered to be a more
permanent policy solution than an administrative policy or executive order. For instance, municipal ordinances are

passed through a public process. Each member of the city or county government votes on the record, which gives
the community the ability to hold that elected representative accountable for their voting record. Conversely, an
administrative policy or executive order promulgated by a city or county manager does not have the same level of public
transparency. Elected representatives do not vote on the record for administrative policies because the sole decision is
made by the executive branch; consequently these decisions are less susceptible to public scrutiny. Moreover, the terms of
a municipal ordinance can easily be extended to vendors and independent contractors with the government, whereas the
same is not true for administrative policies. Over the course of the campaign the coalition learned through negotiations
with the government that a city ordinance was not likely to succeed. As a result, a shift in strategy was warranted, which
prompted the directly affected leadership within the coalition to default to the next best option an administrative policy.
Another example, demonstrating how the model policies developed by the
DSCA were shaped by people with criminal records, dealt with where the
People with criminal
government would get its criminal background information official state
records shaped the
criminal justice databases or private data providers. Official state criminal
contours of the policy
justice databases provide the most accurate and timely criminal justice data.
choices throughout the
For example, if someone goes to court and their case gets dismissed, the court
campaign, which allowed
record of that dismissal is immediately reflected in the dataset. However, under
the coalition to adapt
these same set of facts, the dataset for a private data provider may not reflect
its strategy to meet the
a change in criminal disposition for a few days and in some cases, can take
needs of the community
weeks, months, or never be updated at all. In an employment context, this
while simultaneously
matters greatly because an employer may be less likely to hire someone with a
responding to the
pending theft charge as opposed to someone whose theft charge was recently
government.
dismissed because they were wrongly identified. Thus, the official state criminal
justice database, which provides the most accurate and timely criminal justice
data, gives job applicants the best opportunity for employment because an employer has the most accurate information
on which to base the hiring decision.
However, official criminal justice databases are not governed by the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA).21 FCRA governs
the dissemination of consumer reports and mandates that employers and consumer reporting agencies adhere to certain
obligations.22 The legislation defines criminal records as consumer reports and third party data providers as consumer
reporting agencies.23 However, official state criminal justice databases are not defined as consumer reporting agencies,
thus they are not governed by FCRA.24 FCRA mandates that consumer reporting agencies report accurate criminal
justice information and that they adopt reasonable procedures to ensure accurate dissemination.25 If a consumer reporting
agency does not adhere to the law they can be sued for damages.26
This issue became relevant in the Durham campaign as model legislation was drafted, and details were being decided
as to where the government should get its criminal justice information. To ensure that directly affected people led the
campaign in every aspect, including public policy formation, a meeting was held with the focus group of individuals with
criminal records within the DSCA. The following questions were posed:
1. Do you want the government to get its criminal record information from official state criminal justice databases,
which are more accurate and will probably put you in the best position to get a job?; or
2. Do you want the government to get its criminal justice information from private data providers, which are less
accurate but are covered by FCRA, thus potentially giving you a private right of action if they incorrectly report your
information?
Clarence Stephenson, one of the coalitionss directly affected leaders, answered the question succinctly when he said,
I would rather have a job than a lawsuit. Ask that the government get the data from the official state criminal justice
database.
Throughout the campaign the movement stayed wedded to the communitys needs and the critical procedural protections
that would increase the employment opportunities for people with criminal records. First, the campaign demanded that
the question about criminal history be removed from the initial stages of the employment process. Next, the criminal

record check must occur after an applicant was identified as an otherwise qualified applicant and recommended for hire.
Then, the county agency responsible for the job announcement would send the name of the person recommended for
hire to the county human resources (HR) department to conduct a background check. A discrete number of HR staff
members are trained to read criminal records, which limits the number of people who come in contact with the record,
thereby protecting the privacy of the applicant. Prior to the background check the applicants consent and authorization
are obtained by HR staff. Once the background check is pulled, the applicant has the opportunity to check the record for
accuracy. If the applicant has a criminal record, the County must send the applicant written correspondence alerting them
of the potential for adverse employment action. The applicant then has seven working days to submit written evidence of
rehabilitation. Finally, the employer assesses the relevance of the criminal record through a balancing test, which includes
looking at the nature of the offense, how much time has passed since the commission of the offense, and whether there
is a direct relationship between the underlying criminal conduct of the applicant and the prospective job. Ultimately,
the DSCA was able to pressure the City and County of Durham to adopt Ban the Box policies through a combination of
direct action community organizing, the persuasive testimony of trained spokespersons, and successful policy advocacy.

EMPLOYMENT OUTCOMES OF THE DURHAM CAMPAIGN

Since the Durham government removed barriers to employment for people with criminal records, the employment
outcomes for justice involved people have improved tremendously. Since 2011, the percentage of people with records
hired by the City of Durham has increased each year.

Percentage of new hires of with criminal records

18%

15.53%

16%
14%
12%

Since the Ban the Box initiative began in

2011, the overall proportion of people with
criminal records hired by the City of Durham
has increased nearly 7 fold.
9.36%

10%
8%
4.46%

6%
4%

2.25%

2%
0%

2011

2012

2013

2014

The results for Durham County are equally as impressive. Since 2012, the number of people with criminal records
hired by the County nearly tripled. In addition, 96% of Durham County applicants with criminal records, who were
recommended for hire prior to the criminal record check, were ultimately hired after the results of the record check
revealed some criminal history. An explanation is required to highlight the significance of this statistic. Pursuant to the
county policy, when a county department seeks to hire someone for a position, they post a job announcement. Applicants
complete a job application, go through the interview process, and are recommended for hire, if they are the most

qualified candidate prior to the criminal history check. Then, the county department sends the name of the candidate to
the HR department to check the criminal history. Ninety-six percent of the applicants with criminal records referred to
HR by a county department were ultimately hired despite some criminal history. This data demonstrates that the skills
and qualifications of qualified applicants with criminal records outweigh any potential concerns that may be triggered
by the applicants conviction history. Further, none of the people with a criminal record who were hired have been
terminated because of illegal conduct. Moreover, the Durham government has improved the employment outcomes of
people with criminal records without compromising public safety, as there has not been any increase in workplace crime.

97

Number of applicants with a criminal record

100

Number of applicants with a criminal record

recommended for hire by Durham County

80

Number of applicants with a criminal record

denied employment by Durham County
60

52

40

35

20

2011

2012

2013

The positive employment outcomes of Durhams Ban the Box campaigns are not isolated. The City of Minneapolis
removed the question about criminal record history from the initial employment application in 2007. After the policy
was implemented, Minneapolis officials reported that the transactional work associated with the hiring process decreased.
Moreover, delaying the question about criminal history did not slow the hiring process down, and it resulted in the
employment of more than half of the applicants with a criminal conviction.27

CONCLUSION
Statistical and anecdotal evidence illustrate that Ban the Box policies help dismantle the structural discrimination faced
by people with records in the employment market. Moreover, fair hiring policies benefit our communities in the form of
increased tax revenue and public safety. Most notably, Ban the Box policies benefit the bottom line of private businesses
by increasing their productivity, as well as the retention of qualified, well trained-employees.
For more information about Ban the Box, please visit the Southern Coalition for Social Justice online at www.scsj.org, or
call 919-323-3380.

AUTHORS
Daryl V. Atkinson, Southern Coalition for Social Justice Senior Staff Attorney, Criminal Justice
Kathleen Lockwood, Third-Year Law Student, UNC-Chapel Hill

REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.

See SOCIETY FOR HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT, BACKGROUND CHECKING: CONDUCTING CRIMINAL BACKGROUND CHECKS 3 (2010).
Devah Pager, The Mark of a Criminal Record, AM. 108(5) J. OF SOCIOLOGY 937, 94749.
Id.
Id.
Harry J. Holzer, Collateral Costs: The Effects of Incarceration on the Employment Earnings of Young Workers, FORSCHUNGSINSTITUT ZUR ZUKUNFT DER ARBEIT INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF LABOR, DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES, DISCUSSION PAPER NO. 3118 (2007).
Michelle Natividad Rodriguez. See Ban the Box Research Summary, NATIONAL EMPLOYMENT LAW PROJECT (2014) http://
nelp.3cdn.net/5a46a52e15014e5a4b_23m6b0k40.pdf (last visited Oct. 10, 2014)
Western & Becky Pettit, Collateral Costs: Incarcerations Effects on Economic Mobility, THE PEW CHARITABLE TRUSTS (2010).
Rebecca L. Nasser & Christy A. Visher, Family Members Experiences with Incarceration and Reentry, 7(2) W. CRIMINOLOGY
REV. (2006).
Interview by Dean Becker with Dorsey Nunn, Founder, All of Us or None (May 8, 2011).
Michelle Navidad Rodriguez, Ban the Box Fact Sheet, NATIONAL EMPLOYMENT LAW PROJECT (2014) available at http://nelp.3cdn.
net/9950facb2d5ea29ece_jsm6i6jn8.pdf.
John McDonald & Joel Barras, N.J. Latest State to Limit Employers Ability to Ask If Job Applicant Has Criminal Record, FORBES
(Aug. 12, 2014) available at http://www.forbes.com/sites/theemploymentbeat/2014/08/12/new-jersey-becomes-latest-toban-the-box-prohibiting-employers-from-inquiring-about-applicants-criminal-record-during-initial-application-process/.
Western & Becky Pettit, Collateral Costs: Incarcerations Effects on Economic Mobility, THE PEW CHARITABLE TRUSTS (2010)
available at http://www.pewtrusts.org/~/media/legacy/uploadedfiles/pcs_assets/2010/CollateralCosts1pdf.pdf.
Economic Benefits of Employing Formerly Incarcerated Individuals in Philadelphia, ECONOMY LEAGUE OF GREATER PHILADELPHIA
(2011) available at http://economyleague.org/files/ExOffenders_-_Full_Report_FINAL_revised.pdf.
Mark T. Berg & Beth M. Heubner, Reentry and the Ties that Bind: An Examination of Social Ties, Employment, and Recidivism,
28 JUST. Q. 382 (2011).
Safe Foundation Three-Year Recidivism Study, SAFER FOUNDATION (2008) available at http://saferfoundation.org/files/documents/Safer%20Recidivism%20Study%202008%20Summary.pdf.
Eamon Javers, Inside the Wacky World of Weird Data: Whats Getting Crunched, CNBC (Feb. 12 2014) available at http://
www.cnbc.com/id/101410448.
Paula Paulk Honored as Champion of Change, JOHN HOPKINS MEDICINE (2014) available at http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/
news/stories/pamela_paulk_champions_of_change.html.
Brad Friedlander, Give Criminals Another Employment Shot, CRAIN CLEVELAND BUSINESS, (May 21, 2012) available at http://
www.crainscleveland.com/article/20120521/SUB1/305219985&template=mobile#ATHS.
Charles Elsesser, Community LawyeringThe Role of Lawyers in the Social Justice Movement, 14 LY. J. PUB. INT. L. 375
(2013).
See SECOND CHANCE ALLIANCE, NORTH CAROLINA JUSTICE CENTER, http://www.ncjustice.org/?q=second-chance-alliance/join-ncsecond-chance-alliance (last visited Oct. 10, 2014).
Fair Credit Reporting Act, 15 U.S.C. 1681 (2014).
Id.
Id. 1681a.
Id.
Id. 1681e.
Id. 1681n.
Michelle Navidad Rodriguez, Ban the Box Fact Sheet, NATIONAL EMPLOYMENT LAW PROJECT (2014) http://nelp.3cdn.
net/9950facb2d5ea29ece_jsm6i6jn8.pdf (last visited Oct. 10, 2014).