Topocad

Table Of Contents
Contents ..................................................................................................................... 1

Topocad 10.0 help system .................................................................................. 1

General installation..................................................................................................... 3

General commands................................................................................................. 3

General functions.................................................................................................... 5

Installation............................................................................................................... 6

Select object ........................................................................................................... 7

Shortcut keys .......................................................................................................... 8

Snap...................................................................................................................... 10

To start.................................................................................................................. 12

File menu.................................................................................................................. 13

New document ...................................................................................................... 14

Open.................................................................................................................. 16

Close ................................................................................................................. 16

Save .................................................................................................................. 16

Save as... .......................................................................................................... 16

Return to saved..................................................................................................... 17

Select project ........................................................................................................ 18

Registration........................................................................................................... 20

Print out................................................................................................................. 22

Printer settings ...................................................................................................... 24

Exit ........................................................................................................................ 25

Settings..................................................................................................................... 27

Angles ................................................................................................................... 28

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Axis ....................................................................................................................... 30

Decimals ............................................................................................................... 32

Co-ordinates ......................................................................................................... 34

Display .................................................................................................................. 35

Drawing................................................................................................................. 37

Folders .................................................................................................................. 38

Import/Export ........................................................................................................ 39

Language .............................................................................................................. 40

Point info ............................................................................................................... 41

Snap...................................................................................................................... 43

Map ....................................................................................................................... 45

Database............................................................................................................... 47

Instrument ............................................................................................................. 49

Tolerances ............................................................................................................ 50

Railway ................................................................................................................. 51

ArcSDE settings .................................................................................................... 52

Roadline................................................................................................................ 55

Survey................................................................................................................... 56

System files........................................................................................................... 58

Toolbars ................................................................................................................ 59

View.......................................................................................................................... 61

Zoom..................................................................................................................... 62

Toolbox ................................................................................................................. 65

Entities............................................................................................................... 65

Filter .................................................................................................................. 65

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Co-ordinates...................................................................................................... 66

Roadline/section ................................................................................................ 66

Roadline current point ....................................................................................... 67

Edit as text......................................................................................................... 67

Point info ............................................................................................................... 68

Co-ordinates ......................................................................................................... 69

Measurement/distance.......................................................................................... 70

Area ...................................................................................................................... 71

Show nodes .......................................................................................................... 72

3D View................................................................................................................. 73

Communication......................................................................................................... 77

File import and export ........................................................................................... 78

Communication ..................................................................................................... 78

Import files......................................................................................................... 78

Export files......................................................................................................... 79

File format ......................................................................................................... 79

Generic import................................................................................................... 80

Generic export................................................................................................... 82

What do the files contain? ................................................................................. 83

Import from Sokkia ................................................................................................ 84

Import from Psion.................................................................................................. 85

Import from Leica .................................................................................................. 87

Import from Trimble............................................................................................... 90

Export to Sokkia.................................................................................................... 92

Export to Psion...................................................................................................... 93

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Export to Leica ...................................................................................................... 94

Export to Trimble................................................................................................... 95

Leica configuration................................................................................................ 96

Geodimeter label configuration ............................................................................. 98

Export roadline to instrument .............................................................................. 100

Import map sheet ................................................................................................ 101

Import points from database ............................................................................... 102

Leica, port settings .............................................................................................. 103

Importing and exporting .dwg files ...................................................................... 104

Survey .................................................................................................................... 105

Presentation of the survey data window.............................................................. 106

Survey data - Settings, calculation...................................................................... 110

Traverse .......................................................................................................... 116

Create traverse................................................................................................ 116

Traverse document.......................................................................................... 117

Traverse settings ............................................................................................. 118

Information about stations in traverse.............................................................. 119

Calculate traverse............................................................................................ 120

Construction ........................................................................................................... 123

Draw line ............................................................................................................. 125

Draw point........................................................................................................... 127

Draw Circle ......................................................................................................... 128

Draw arc.............................................................................................................. 130

Clothoid/spiral ..................................................................................................... 132

Construct text...................................................................................................... 133

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Insert symbol....................................................................................................... 134

Fill area (with symbol) ......................................................................................... 136

Slope hatches ..................................................................................................... 137

Copy object ......................................................................................................... 138

Offset .................................................................................................................. 139

Fillet .................................................................................................................... 140

Divide line ........................................................................................................... 141

Mirror................................................................................................................... 142

Create symbol..................................................................................................... 143

Create line type................................................................................................... 146

Attribute definition ............................................................................................... 147

Convert symbols to points................................................................................... 149

Sheet/Drawing sheet........................................................................................... 150

View/Drawing view .............................................................................................. 151

Co-ordinates grid ................................................................................................ 152

Draw profile form................................................................................................. 154

Create section drawing ....................................................................................... 155

Method selection ............................................................................................. 159

Layout.............................................................................................................. 160

Text ................................................................................................................. 160

Field................................................................................................................. 161

Sections........................................................................................................... 162

Form method ................................................................................................... 162

Layout.............................................................................................................. 163

Text ................................................................................................................. 164

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Field................................................................................................................. 164

Selecting layers ............................................................................................... 165

Sections........................................................................................................... 165

Polar stake out (set out) ...................................................................................... 167

Dimension ........................................................................................................... 168

Group .................................................................................................................. 170

Point difference ................................................................................................... 171

Subdivide area .................................................................................................... 173

Insert raster......................................................................................................... 174

Modify ..................................................................................................................... 175

Delete object ....................................................................................................... 176

Move object......................................................................................................... 177

Rotate object....................................................................................................... 179

Scale ................................................................................................................... 181

Transformation.................................................................................................... 183

Join ..................................................................................................................... 185

Break................................................................................................................... 186

Explode ............................................................................................................... 187

Extend................................................................................................................. 188

Trim..................................................................................................................... 189

Lengthen ............................................................................................................. 190

Stretch................................................................................................................. 191

Change ............................................................................................................... 192

Change object order............................................................................................ 193

Change properties .............................................................................................. 194

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Edit polyline......................................................................................................... 195

Edit attribute........................................................................................................ 197

Edit text ............................................................................................................... 200

Change group ..................................................................................................... 202

Gtransformation .................................................................................................. 204

Modify raster ....................................................................................................... 206

Drawing .................................................................................................................. 207

Layer Control ...................................................................................................... 208

Entity Modes ....................................................................................................... 211

UCS .................................................................................................................... 212

Scale ................................................................................................................... 214

Symbols .............................................................................................................. 215

Line types............................................................................................................ 217

External references ............................................................................................. 218

Co-ordinate system ............................................................................................. 219

Find entity ........................................................................................................... 220

System.................................................................................................................... 221

Edit codetable ..................................................................................................... 222

Control codes...................................................................................................... 230

Attribute............................................................................................................... 233

Symbols .............................................................................................................. 235

Roadline manager............................................................................................... 237

Point code toolbars ............................................................................................. 238

Add-on modules ..................................................................................................... 240

Statistics .......................................................................................................... 240

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Edit DTM ............................................................................................................. 242

Create DTM ........................................................................................................ 245

Create contours .................................................................................................. 247

Height on contours... ........................................................................................... 250

Heights from DTM... ............................................................................................ 251

Volume model... .................................................................................................. 252

Volume from cross sections ................................................................................ 255

Extract DTM ........................................................................................................ 256

Update DTM........................................................................................................ 257

Add DTM............................................................................................................. 258

Move DTM .......................................................................................................... 259

External references in DTM ................................................................................ 260

External references in DTM ................................................................................ 260

Import and export DTM ....................................................................................... 261

Railway ................................................................................................................... 262

Slew/lift ................................................................................................................... 263

Overlap measurement......................................................................................... 266

Roadline ................................................................................................................. 267

Save roadline ...................................................................................................... 268

Roadline - Sections ............................................................................................. 269

Roadline - calculate points .................................................................................. 271

Road line - section/offset..................................................................................... 272

Surface check ..................................................................................................... 273

Quick profile ........................................................................................................ 274

Offset / Roadline stake out.................................................................................. 275

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Tunnel ................................................................................................................. 277

Create tunnel terrain model................................................................................. 278

Create tunnel sections ........................................................................................ 279

Theoretical tunnel section ................................................................................... 280

Calculated tunnel section .................................................................................... 282

Design .................................................................................................................... 285

Road profile......................................................................................................... 286

Road profile - import/export................................................................................. 288

Profile form.......................................................................................................... 289

Area component .............................................................................................. 297

Create camber diagram ...................................................................................... 303

Section template - TST ....................................................................................... 304

Calculated sections - TCS................................................................................... 315

Construct............................................................................................................. 315

Create sections ............................................................................................... 316

Delete sections................................................................................................ 318

Substitute sections .......................................................................................... 319

Recalculate/update.......................................................................................... 319

Create lines in plan.......................................................................................... 320

Create multiple lines ........................................................................................ 321

Create slope edge ........................................................................................... 321

Create sections in drawing .............................................................................. 322

Create DTM from sections............................................................................... 322

Modify menu.................................................................................................... 323

Edit/Interpolate ................................................................................................ 323

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Delete point in cross section............................................................................ 323

Edit layers........................................................................................................ 324

Edit side lines (TCS)........................................................................................ 324

Edit outer slopes.............................................................................................. 325

View in sections............................................................................................... 325

Print volumes ...................................................................................................... 328

Net adjustment ....................................................................................................... 329

Correction data................................................................................................ 333

Detailed settings: (active for the speed setting Open Settings) ....................... 333

Use centering error for new points................................................................... 334

Explanations for Observations......................................................................... 334

Points .............................................................................................................. 336

Instruments...................................................................................................... 337

Calculating of net............................................................................................. 338

View screen settings........................................................................................ 338

Tests................................................................................................................ 339

Search for gross errors.................................................................................... 339

Connection error.............................................................................................. 340

Double measured distances ............................................................................ 340

Double measured heights................................................................................ 340

Connection error between known heights ....................................................... 340

Automatic test of height loops ......................................................................... 340

Post checking of calculated heights................................................................. 340

Point numbering .............................................................................................. 340

Measurements................................................................................................. 341

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Known points................................................................................................... 341

Summary ......................................................................................................... 344

Results ............................................................................................................ 344

Report.............................................................................................................. 345

Total ................................................................................................................ 345

Statistics .......................................................................................................... 345

Known points................................................................................................... 346

New points....................................................................................................... 346

Observations ................................................................................................... 346

Save polygon points ........................................................................................ 347

Lock all calculated heights............................................................................... 347

Save net adjustment to drawing ...................................................................... 348

Simulation of net adjustment............................................................................... 349

Import known points ........................................................................................ 349

New points....................................................................................................... 349

Observations ................................................................................................... 350

Database connector for ArcGIS.............................................................................. 351

Open map........................................................................................................ 352

Disconnect....................................................................................................... 353

Add data .......................................................................................................... 353

Save data ........................................................................................................ 354

Refresh data.................................................................................................... 355

Reconcile and Post.......................................................................................... 355

Version manager ............................................................................................. 355

Edit Attributes .................................................................................................. 356

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Group object.................................................................................................... 356

ISM adapter ............................................................................................................ 357

Roadline document ............................................................................................. 359

Index....................................................................................................................... 361

Glossary ................................................................................................................. 385

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Contents

Topocad 10.0 help system

Function Description
Installation How to install.
Registration Registering your license.
Getting started Starting to use Topocad
What is Topocad? What is Topocad and what does it do?
Shortcut keys Shortcut keys - Useful information
General commands General commands - Useful information
Snap commands The snap commands!
Select object How to select objects in a drawing
Settings Project and general settings
Communication How to communicate with instruments and import/export files.
File menu Open, New document, Print etc
View menu Zoom, Toolboxes, Area etc.
Construct menu All functions for creating new objects.
Modify menu All functions used to modify an object.
Drawing menu Layers, Symbols, Sine types, External references etc.
System menu Code table, Attributes, Control codes, Symbols etc.
Design menu Volumes, Profiles, Earthworks etc
Net Adjustment The Net Adjustment add-on module.
Tunnel module The Tunnel module.

Other modules:
Railway module The module for railway measurement.
ISM database connector The module for saving data to the oracle Spatial database via
the ISM adapter.
ArcGIS database connector The module for saving data to the ESRI ArcGIS environment
either via the ArcSDE database or the personal geo database.

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General installation
General commands

To get you started in Topocad there are a few things that are useful to know.

Right mouse button

A right click can be used at all times. This is an intelligent feature and it knows
whether or not you have selected objects, whether you are currently executing a
command etc and will always try to provide the most appropriate commands for the
situation.

If there are no objects selected and you make a right click you will see: Repeat (the
latest used command), Select, Zoom, Pan, Drag, Redraw, Regen (regenerate), and
the most common construct commands; Polyline, Point, Circle, Arc, Text and Cancel,
which cancels current command and also clears all selected objects.

When you have selected an object and click on the right mouse button a different
menu appears. Commands connected to the screen are still here; Zoom, Drag,
Redraw and Regen, but also the most common Modify commands like Copy, Move,
Rotate, Scale and Erase.

When selecting a command we will see a further menu when clicking the right mouse
button. First and foremost the Snap function appeared here and also as an icon in
the menu to the left. The snap function follows by the most common screen
commands and after that the most common commands of the Modify command you
selected.

Some general function commands

Start point
In most of the modify commands you need a start point. This is what the command
will relate to.

Select object
There are several ways to select an object and it can be done before or during the
command.

Escape, release
You can quit the operation with the Escape button. You can quit the selection with
the Escape button.

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Toolbox/Dialogue box
You can close the toolbox but still continue working with the command.

See also

Shortcut keys

Select object

Snap

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 General installation

General functions

Topocad is a CAD application for surveys, calculations, designing and mapping. It is used in graphic
mode while working on drawings or in other graphic windows. Some documents are in text mode, e.g.
roadline, road profile, camber diagram etc.

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Topocad

Installation

Windows

Installation of Topocad requires Windows NT 3.5, 4.0, Windows 98, Windows 2000 or Windows XP.

Disk storage space

Topocad requires about 100 MB of hard disk space.

Memory
At least 64 MB RAM memory. We recommend 256 MB.

To install Topocad

See special instructions. These can be downloaded from our Internet site.

See also

Registration

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 General installation

Select object

There are several ways to select objects.

You can select them one at a time by clicking on each one individually. To select all
the objects that are completely inside an area, click to the left of them and drag the
mouse to the right. Click again. All the objects that were completely inside the
rectangle are now selected.

To select all objects that are partly inside the rectangle, click on the right-hand side
first and drag the rectangle to the left. All the objects that were partly inside the
rectangle are now selected.

Objects can be deselected by pressing the Ctrl key when selecting one or more
objects. You can deselect objects individually, using the window or cross command.

Select by polygon

You can select objects inside, partly inside (crossing), outside or partly outside a
polygon. This is done by right clicking.

See also

Toolbox - Selected objects.

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Topocad

Shortcut keys

The following shortcut keys are used in Topocad:

File commands:
Ctrl + S Save
Ctrl + O Open
Ctrl + N New document
Ctrl + F4 Close current document
Alt + F4 Exit
Enter, space bar Repeat last command
Escape Aborts current command, exits selection
F2 Done
F12 Save as...

Zoom or similar
Ctrl + D Drag
Ctrl + W Zoom window
Ctrl + P Zoom previous
Ctrl + A Max. zoom
Home Zoom in everything
Ctrl + Page Up Zoom scale 4x
Ctrl + Page Down Zoom scale 0.25x
Page Up Zoom scale 2x
Page Down Zoom scale 0.5x
Ctrl + R Redraw
Shift + F5 Regenerate
Ctrl + I Point info
C View co-ordinates
Shift + U Edit as text
D Measurement
Ctrl + F Filter

Edit command (texts)

Copy (text Det finns flera funktioner som bearbetar text
i Topocad. Du Creater text genom Construct|Text (Ctrl
+ T). Du redigerar textmassa genom Modify|Redigera
Ctrl + C Text (Shift + T). Att redigera orientering, storlek,
teckensnitt, lager, etc gör du genom
Modify|Ändra|Egenskaper (Ctrl + E) or höger
musknapp. )
Ctrl + V Paste (text)
Ctrl + X Cut (text)
Del Delete (text)
Ctrl + Del Delete all, delete row (text)
Ctrl + Ins Add, add row

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 General installation

Construct & Modify

Ctrl + L Draw line (right click )
P Draw point (right click)
K Create spiral (clothoid)
T Write text (right click)
H Slope hatching
D Dimension
Ctrl + C Copy
Ctrl + Q Fillet
O (Offset
S Insert symbol
F Fill area
Ctrl + T Create DTM
Z Create contour lines
Delete Delete
Ctrl + M Move
Ctrl + R Rotate
Ctrl + J Join
Ctrl + B Break
Shift + E Extend
Shift + X Explode
Ctrl + X Trim
Ctrl + E Change properties
Shift + O Change object order
Shift + G Change group
Shift + A Edit attribute
Shift + T Edit text
Shift + D Edit DTM
Shift + L Edit line

Misc.
Ctrl + Z Undo
Shift + Ctrl + Z Redo
L Layer manager

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Snap

Snap

If the command you are using supports snap mode you can access the snap menu
by right clicking, e.g. all construction and modifying commands. There are also icons
for snap commands in the toolbar for easy access.

Centre
Snaps to the centre point in a circle or radius.

End point
Snaps to the end point of a polyline or radius.

Insertion point
Snaps to the insertion point in a text, attribute or symbol.

Intersection point
Snaps to the intersection point of two polylines or radii.

Mid point
Snaps to the mid point of a polyline or radius. Note that mid point between two points
is not the complete polyline.

Perpendicular
Snaps to a perpendicular angle to a line at the last point you clicked it.

Near
Snaps to the nearest point.

Node
Snaps to the node point in a polyline, point or radius.

None
No snap at all.

Snap lock
Locks the snap until another snap command is selected. Be aware that the snap
feature may be locked for some commands where snap commands are not available.
For example if you are using the Offset command and need to click on one side.

Orthogonal snap
Snap using orthogonal settings. See Settings and Baseline for more details.

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 General installation

Perpendicular snap
Snap using perpendicular settings. See Settings for more details.

Length snap
Snap by length.The settings are created in Settings (for example you can set the
length snap to every 0.1m).

Snap settings
The settings for the snap can be accessed using the relevant buttons.

Snap in profile form

In the profile form you are able to snap on the terrain models, and on inserted
profiles. Implemented snap functions are snap nearest, snap endpoint, snap
midpoint, snap length and polar tracking. You find the functions in the toolbar.

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To start

The easiest way to start is to attend a Topocad training course. It is also possible to purchase training
materials.

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File menu
File

Function Description
New document Creates a new document.
Open Opens an existing document (drawing, survey file, etc)
Close Closes the current document.
Save Saves the current document.
Save as... Allows you to save the current document under a
different name.
Return to saved Returns to the last saved drawing.
Import See separate menu
Export See separate menu
Settings See separate menu
Select project Project selection
Register program Register or re-register Topocad.
Preview Preview your printout.
Print out
Printer settings
Exit Exits the application.

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New document

File|New

Creates a new document in a new window. The following types of document can be
created:

Drawing (.top)
Creates a new drawing - this is the most important component of Topocad. It is a
graphic view of the map and drawing. You can change to the text edit view from the
graphic view. See also Default drawing

Co-ordinate files (.pxy)

This is a window for entering co-ordinate files in .pxy format. It is possible to import
.pxy files into .top format, and export .top file to .pxy format, but other than this the
two file types are not compatible.

Survey data (.sur)

A survey data document contains all of the survey data. This file type can be used to
import files from different overall stations and to edit new survey data. When
calculating survey data for co-ordinates, a drawing document will be needed and this
can be created from the survey document.

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 File info

Traverse document (.trv)

The traverse document contains all values relating to the traverse. The traverse can
automatically load data from the Survey data file (.sur) or the data can be entered
manually.

Topocad Roadlines (.trl)

Topocad Roadlines is the format for roadlines and they are created in this format. It is
also possible to import the .trl format into Topocad drawings.

Text files (*.*)

This is a simple word processor. You can edit your drawing text here before copying
it into the drawing.

PP files (.pp)
This is a special kind of document in which polygon points can be entered. This file
can be imported to and exported from the Topocad drawing format .top.

Road Profile (.trp)

Contains section and height data for road profiles.

Digital terrain model (.dtm)

Created digital terrain models. Not available by selecting New.

Section Template (.tst)

This is used to build up road sections etc. to be used for volume calculations.

Cross Sections (.tcs)

The calculated sections are saved as this file type.

Camber diagram (.tcf)

The camber settings can be saved in a file for use in the profile form etc.

Profile Form (.tpf)

The form for longitudinal sections and terrain longitudinal sections.

Net Adjustment (.tna)

The net adjustment is stored in a special file format.

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Open

File|Open

Shortcut key Ctrl + O

Opens your document. A path list appears on the left. Select the file format you want
to open - see New document for a table of file formats.

Close

File|Close

Closes the current document. Asks whether you want to save it.

Save

File|Save

Shortcut key Ctrl + S

Saves the current document. See also Windows - close all.

Save as...

File|Save as...

Shortcut key F12.

Allows you to save the file under a different name and/or to a new location.

You can also save the file in an older version:

 Drawing - version 8.0 and 9.0

 Survey data - version 8.0
 Roadline - version 8.0
 Net adjustment - version 8.0
 Terrain model - version 8.0
 Profile - version 8.0

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 File info

Return to saved

File|Return to saved

Undoes the changes that have been made since the drawing was last saved and
returns to the last saved copy of the drawing. No undo.

Preview

File|Preview

Preview of current plot view.

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Select project

File|Select project

It is possible to save files and drawings anywhere but we recommend that you save
all files in the project to the same folder. The current folder can easily be specified in
Select project.

The directory list is on the left and the Quick list is on the right. It is possible to select
different hard drives or units from the Quick list

Why work with a defined project?

This action means that:

 The default folder for open files will be the project folder.
 The default folder for saving new files will be the project folder.
 You can use the project folder as the default for files containing known points.
See Settings for more information. This makes it possible to use the same
name for every file containing known points.
 You can define your specific project settings, and they will be stored in the
project.

To select a project:

1. In the list of directories on the left, select the directory you want to use for
your project by clicking on it.
2. Click Add to create a new Quick list entry. In this dialogue box the directory is
shown at the top, with the name of the quick list below. Enter a name for your
project. Click OK.
3. Click on the project in the quick list. You have now selected this directory as
the directory for the project. Click OK. You only need to select another project
in this dialogue box if you start work on a different project. The selection is
saved when you quit Topocad.

Explanations of the dialogue box

New directory
To create a new directory, click on New on the right-hand side.

Quick list
The Quick list works as a pointer for the project and helps you to find your project
more easily. You can use any name in the quick list.

Add to Quick list

Adds a Quick list name - see above.

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 File info

Delete project in Quick list

Click here to delete a Quick list name. Note that this does not delete the directory -
only the quick list entry.

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Registration

File|Registration

The first time you run Topocad you will be asked to register. Click Yes. There are two ways to register:
online or by fax.

Online registration
Type in your control code. Your registration is then complete.

Fax registration
Print out the registration form - fill in the form. It is especially important to provide your contact details.
Your lock code appears. Print out the completed form and send it to us. You will receive a fax back
from us with your authorisation code.

Input license information - When you have the authorisation code you should return to the registration
screen to input the license information. You can then begin to use Topocad.

License number
Your license number has the format A-BBB-C-XXXX
where:

A = Type of license, 1 for standard

B = Country code
C = Type of lock
X = Number

Control code
The control code is entered during online registration.

The add-on modules are:

Design 01
Profile 02
Volume model 03
Net adjustment 04
Tunnel 05
Topocad survey 08
Topocad earthworks 09
and more...

A design Topocad installation will include modules 01 02 03 08 and 09.

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 File info

Borrow licence

Borrow licence is used to borrow/check out a licence from a common licence server.
The function is active only for network licences. The user chooses end date for
borrowing the licence in the dialogue box and clicks OK. Maximum time for borrowing
a licence is 30 days. The borrowed licence will expire at midnight. If choosing today's
date as end date the licence can be borrowed until midnight. When the end date has
passed the licence will return automatically to the licence pool.

Return licence is used to return a borrowed licence earlier than the end date. It is
only the person borrowing the licence who is able to return it.

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Topocad

Print out

File|Print out

Print out your documents. You can also select the printer and change the print options from this
window.

Select
To set up and select the printer. See Printer settings. In the setup you select the paper orientation and
paper size. You may also be able to specify paper cartridges etc.

Plot type

Display
Plots everything that is currently displayed on screen. (The active zoom command.)

Extents
Plots everything you have in the document. This is the same end result as if you had zoomed to
Extents.

Window
Select with the mouse or enter the window you want to plot. If you want to select the window with the
mouse, click on Window or Orientation. You can select the window with the mouse first and adjust the
values in the dialogue box afterwards if necessary. It is also possible to select the size by right
clicking.

Scale
Select Auto scale if you want the plotted area to fit into the plot. You can also select a scale. If a scale
is selected the printer will start with the selected lower left corner and plot/print the area that the paper
format will cover with the set scale. The default scale is the one set in Drawing|Drawing scale.

If you plot a drawing sheet the scale should be 01:01.

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 File info

Colour
Choose between Use pen map and Use object colour. Pen settings gets the information from project
or system settings under Drawing|Default pen map, or from Pen settings (the dialogue below). Object
settings takes information from the drawing, in other words the objects' colours in the drawing.

Line width
The same values are valid as for color (see text above). Notice that it is possible to select different
settings for color and for line width.

Pen
For a better quality printout you should select a pen. Pen settings can be saved and opened/loaded. If
you want to use specific pen settings or colours above 18 you will need to define them in Pen settings.

See also

Construction|Drawing sheet.

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Topocad

Printer settings

File|Printer settings

You can select printers and plotters here and also edit the printer settings.

The procedure is as follows:

1. Go to File|Printer Setup. You can also click on Select in the print dialogue box.
2. Select printer.
3. Select the paper format and orientation - portrait or landscape. Note that the
default value for printers is portrait and the default value for plotters is
landscape.
4. Click OK.

Note that there are different device drivers for different printers and plotters.

24
 File info

Exit

File|Exit

Shortcut key Alt + F4

If you try to exit without saving a document you will be asked whether you want to
save the file before closing it.

25
Settings

File|Settings

Function Project Description

settings
Axes Yes Settings for axis names, edit order.
Angle Yes Settings for angles, clockwise, anticlockwise
etc.
Co-ordinates Yes Co-ordinate systems settings.
Decimals Yes Settings for number of decimal places to
display.
Display Settings for how objects are viewed on the
screen/display.
Snap Snap settings.
Drawing Yes Settings for default drawing and snap mode.
Roadline Yes Settings for different characteristics of
roadlines.
System Yes System files There are four different types of
system files - attribute (tat), symbol file (tsy),
code table (tct) and line type file (tlt) are
entered here, including those for high priority
projects.
Language Language settings
Point info Settings for how the point info will be
displayed in the drawing.
Import/Export Settings for import and export.
Toolbars Settings for toolbars, on/off, buttons.
Folders /Directories Settings for the folders to be used for drawing
sheet templates.
Tolerances/Threshold Yes Settings for tolerance /threshold values
values
Survey Yes Settings for polygon points, known points file.
Instrument Instrument settings
Railway Railway settings - only used in the Railway
module.
Map Map sheet settings, Map sheet module.
Database Yes Database settings, database module
ArcSDE

27
Topocad

Angles

File|Settings|System settings

It is possible to use any kind of angle system in Topocad. Select 360 degrees, 400
GONS or 6.28 mills. Select which angle you want to identify as 0 and the direction of
rotation that will increase the angle values.

Settings for angles

Angle direction
Select the direction you want to set as 0 using the mouse or on the relevant tab.

Angle setting
Select 400 GON, 6.28 Mills (radians) or 360 degrees.

Rotation
Select whether it should be clockwise or anticlockwise.

28
 Settings

These settings do not affect stored data.

See also

Settings menu

29
Topocad

Axis

File|Settings|System settings

Under Co-ordinate axis enter the name of the axis you want to use.

Name of co-ordinate axis:

Select the name for your co-ordinate axis. X and Y are the default names. Select the
name for delta axes.

Long name/Short name:

Different words will appear in the application and print settings. Enter the names you
want to use as the long and short names respectively.

Editing order:

Select the order for editing. This can be changed whenever required.

Select whether you want to increase the height upwards or downwards. The height
will increase downwards in mines and when measuring seas and lakes.

30
 Settings

See also

Settings menu.

31
Topocad

Decimals

File|Settings|System settings

This is where you select the number of decimal places for co-ordinates, heights,
lengths and angles. It is also possible to select which character you want to use as
the decimal separator.

Co-ordinate decimals
Select how many decimal places you want to use for co-ordinates. This has no effect
on the accuracy of the calculations. Topocad always calculates using 18 units. Note
that X and Y (North and East) follow each other.

Angles and lengths

Select how many decimal places you want to use for angles and lengths. This has no
effect on the accuracy of the calculations. Topocad always calculates using 18 units.

Decimal separator
Select whether you want to use. (point) or , (comma) as the decimal separator. This
is important when transferring data to some field collectors or instruments. Check
which option is used in your field collector or instrument.

32
 Settings

See also

Settings menu.

33
Topocad

Co-ordinates

File|Settings|System settings

Settings for the co-ordinate system to be used in this project. Refraction and average height.

You can use the average height if you want to compensate for heights but do not know the actual
height. Entering a height here will cause Topocad to compensate for this height in length calculations.

Ellipsoid correction can be used if selected.

Co-ordinate systems can be added. Enter a name, origin for X and Y (North and East), ellipsoid type
and average meridian.

34
 Settings

Display

File|Settings|System settings

This is where you select how many radius segments are used and how points are
displayed.

Radius, circle segment:

Enter a value for the number of segments you want to use for a lap. The default
setting is 200 but a lower value such as 40 or 50 is recommended. The lower the
value entered here, the faster the drawing will be plotted in the display.

Font, segments:
As above but for fonts. This will only apply to Topocad ISO and Topocad ISO-F fonts.
TrueType fonts are displayed in their own way.

Point, style:
You can select how you want points to be plotted on the drawing (screen) by clicking

35
Topocad

in the different boxes. You can choose from point, line, plus, cross, box and circle or
a combination of these.

Point, size:
You can select the size for points as a percentage of the screen or as a value in
meters (or feet). The default value is 2% but 1% is recommended.

Display scale bar

In drawings, in terrain models and in the viewer of survey data, a scale bar is
viewable at the right bottom of the window.

Use black background

Click the checkbox if you want black background in drawing windows. Default is white
background. Entire white colours will be black and vice versa.

Line width (Lineweight in dialogue)

The line width is useful for graphic representation of different objects and information.
It works for polylines, points, circles, spirals, and road lines in the drawing. Objects
has the line width "According to point code" as default while layers have "Default".
The value of Default sets under System Settings|Display.

Display line width - Display line width or not. Displaying line width affects time and
drawing in a negative way.
Default - Select which value the default line width shall be.
Display scale - The scale of the line width in the drawing.

Transparent dialogues
Select between Only inactive dialogues, On and Off. Select transparency on the
scaler.

See also

Settings menu.

36
 Settings

Drawing

File|Settings|System settings

This is where the settings for default drawings are made. This is also where the
perpendicular snap is set to either 2D or 3D.

Allow duplicate Point IDs:

Select whether or not you want the system to allow duplicate point IDs.

Start ID for control code created points:

If you have decided not to allow duplicate Point IDs it is best to use a number here
that cannot be duplicated by mistake.

See also

Settings menu.

37
Topocad

Folders

File|Settings|System settings

This is where you select the folder to use for the drawing sheet templates. The
templates should be created for a paper size of A1 (841 x 594mm) only.

See also

Insert drawing sheet.

This is where report templates folders are set. The default folder is
"C:\Program\Chaos systems AB\Topocad\Reports\"

The settings for the folder containing the tolerance files are also made here.

See also

Settings menu.

38
 Settings

Import/Export

File|Settings|System settings

This setting aids the conversion of dxf and dwg format to and from the Topocad
drawing format.

Default drawing:
The default drawing Topocad.dwg makes sure that the scale and orientation remain
correct. It is possible to select another default drawing. This file version will also set
the version for exporting DWG files. If this is a R14 file the export will be R14.

Use DOS character set:

Click here if you are importing from or exporting to a DOS program.

Export line as 3D poly:

Tick this box if you want to use the heights in the destination system. If so, polylines
will be 3D.

See also Settings menu.

39
Topocad

Language

File|Settings|System settings

The language is set by default based on your settings in Windows. You can change
the language here. You will need to restart Topocad after changing this setting for it
to take effect.

See also

Settings menu.

40
 Settings

Point info

File|Settings|System settings

You can display point info for standard points and points in polylines in Topocad. The
point info that can be displayed automatically is the point ID, height and point code.
Preferences is a general setting for all the points that use point info. If you are
displaying points with point info and you make changes to the settings you will have
to regenerate the drawing for the changes to take effect.

The procedure is as follows:

1. Go to System settings|Point info.

2. Select the dX and dY distances from the point where you want the information
(point Id, height and/or point code) to be displayed. Note that these distances
are either in metres or whatever unit is used in the drawing.
3. Select whether or not the decimal separator will be the start point. (This only
applies to the height). If this is selected you will probably also set dX and dY to
0.0.
4. Select font. Note that only True Type fonts can be used.

41
Topocad

See also

View - point info

Settings menu.

42
 Settings

Snap

File|Settings|System settings - Snap

The snap settings can be accessed directly from the snap menu.

Snap settings

3D perpendicular snap
To snap in three dimensions using perpendicular snap.

Quick snap
Auto snap

Reverse order
Snaps on objects starting from the bottom of the drawing order.

Show snap marker

Indicates current snap.

Automatic snap
Settings for the automatic snap, some combinations are not possible.

43
Topocad

Entity selection
Selects objects from the bottom of the drawing order.

Polar snap/tracking

For polar construction of lines, select the increment angle.

44
 Settings

Map

File|Settings|System settings

These are the settings for the map sheet add-on module.

Map tables

Information about the map tables used is entered in a separate file. The file contains
information about which coordinates the map charts start from (lower left corner) and
the size in North and East directions. See more information below.

Map types

The map can be divided into several different types of information and these will be
displayed as tables when the map sheet is imported. Different types can be
separated with a prefix or suffix (extension). For example: if the map type is
CADASTRE, all map sheets containing Cadastre information will be given the prefix
CADAST_, e.g. CADAST_BF45 where CADAST stands for Cadastre information and
BF45 relates to a specific map sheet.

Format:

Map sheets can be in AutoCAD dwg format or Microstation dgn format. Topocad top
format will follo

Map directory

Select the directory in which you have stored the map sheets. Subfolders can be
entered in the map table file.

An example of a map table:

The format, saved as a csv (comma separated format) file that can be created in MS
Excel, is as follows:

Map sheet name,Sub folder,X,Y,height,width

Example:

45
Topocad

AC035;AC;55600;97600;400;600

AC036;AC;55600;98000;400;600

AD036;AD;56000;98000;400;600

A subfolder can be empty but requires an extra , (comma).

46
 Settings

Database

File|Settings|System settings

Information about the database to be connected to Topocad. This database

connection is only for specific or known points. Almost all types of databases can be
connected, including MS Excel and SQL databases. To connect and collect all the
maps stored in a database you can use any of our other database connections, e.g.
ISM adapter.

Databases
Add, edit or delete your database connections.

Search criteria

You can select whether you want to use the known point file (pp file), the database or
both.

Editing

Database

Enter the name of the database.

Point columns

Enter the names of columns in the database for the point information.

Attribute columns

Table

Enter the names of columns in the database for the attribute information.

47
Topocad

Attribute

Enter the names of columns in the database for the point information.

Connection string
To find the right database

Request the user name and password

A separate login can be created.

48
 Settings

Instrument

File|Settings|System settings

Type in the instrument(s) you are using and the accuracy they have. The settings will
be used in survey data calculations and in the Net adjustment.

49
Topocad

Tolerances

File|Settings|System settings

Different tolerance settings can be saved and used. Many different tolerances can be
set. The tolerance files are stored in the settings for folders.

Five different settings can be used for different actions:

No action taken

Information - Shows whether the tolerance or limit value has been exceeded.

Mark - The value is entered in the report, usually in bold.

Warning - Warning note, the calculation will continue

Error - Error message, the calculation has been interrupted

50
 Settings

Railway

File|Settings|System settings

The railway setting is only found in the Railway module.

Track width:

Enter the width for the track. Used for certain calculations.

51
Topocad

ArcSDE settings

File|Settings|System settings - ArcSDE

Connection to ArcSDE is an add-on module for storage and for loading from the
ArcGIS database. Data can be stored either in the ArcSDE database or in a personal
geo data base. Settings created here are for the database and creation of maps.

Map directory:

Enter the folder in which the ArcSDE database is located.

Maps:

52
 Settings

The maps are listed here. Clicking New or Edit opens the following dialogue box:

The layer for this map and the order of the layers are selected. This order is the same
as the drawing order. Layers above will be drawn later and will therefore appear on
top.

Adding or editing a layer opens the following dialogue box:

53
Topocad

This allows you to determine how every layer in the map, including sub-types, will be displayed in
Topocad. Select the colour, line type and line scale for each layer. Symbols connected to the layer are
selected from the symbol file. Sub-types can have their own settings.

If objects in the layer have a valid point ID and point code the attribute table should be entered here.

54
 Settings

Roadline

File|Settings|System settings

The settings for the road length, slopes and cross slope are made in the roadline
preferences.

Thousand metre separator:

Select the character you want to use as the thousand metre separator. e.g. 1/400 or
1+400 for the section 1400.

Slope:
Select the unit you want to use for the slope. You can select percent % or per mill ‰ .

Cross slope:
Select the unit you want to use for the cross slope. You can select percent % or per
mill ‰ .

Back to Settings menu.

55
Topocad

Survey

File|Settings|System settings

You can select the name and location for the polygon point file in Survey
preferences.

For example, you can use a common polygon point file (.PP) and store it in the
Topocad library. However, it is more common to have unique polygon point files for
each project. It is important that the existing polygon point file actually has the name
that is selected here. If not, the system will be unable to find it and will not be able to
calculate a survey data file.

Tip! Make sure that the selected polygon point file name is the one you have used in your survey and that the
correct project is selected when you calculate the survey data.

Polygon points
Enter the name of the file in which polygon points (known points) are stored. The
default name is Topocad.PP.

56
 Settings

The PP file should be saved in the project directory:

If it is, select this box. In this case you can give the pp file the same name in every
project.

Calculate survey data

Calculate mean values for points measured more than once.
Select this option if required.

Calculate the mean value if there are several backsights on the station
if the station has several backsights a mean value can be calculated.

Refer to Select project for more information about the selected project.

57
Topocad

System files

File|Settings|System settings

This is where you can select different symbol files, attribute files, code tables and line
type files. By clicking in the box ... you can select a different file for each one of the
file types.

See also:

 Drawing|Symbol
 Drawing|Line type

Back to Settings menu.

58
 Settings

Toolbars

File|Settings|System settings

The toolbars are displayed on screen but can be closed. This function allows you to
reactivate them.

Reset positions is useful if the buttons are too far to the right or not displayed at all.

Back to Settings menu.

59
View
View

Function Description
Zoom Zoom command
Pan Pan command in zoom
Drag Drag command in zoom
Redraw Redraws the drawing but does not update it.
Regen Regenerates the drawing and updates it, including any
layers marked "hidden".
Toolbox Toolbox with different toolboxes for co-ordinates,
roadlines, entities, filters, co-ordinates and edit as text.
- Co-ordinates Co-ordinates toolbox - very useful for editing and
constructing points and lines.
- Edit as text Graphic objects in text mode.
- Roadline Roadline toolbox
Point info Shows the point ID, point code, height and nodes.
Co-ordinates Shows co-ordinates
Measurement Measures angles and lengths between different
objects and can be used to place info into the drawing.
Area Shows and calculates areas.
Show nodes Shows point nodes in polylines.
3D view Displays selected objects in 3D perspective mode.

61
Topocad

Zoom

View|Zoom

Function, command Description

Save view Saves the current view.
Drag Drag the display around
Pan
Redraw Redraws the screen
Regen Regenerates the screen

Zoom has its own sub-menu that contains the zoom functions.

The menu will appear on screen when it is activated by right clicking.

Window
Shortcut key Ctrl + W
Left click and drag to the second corner. You will zoom in on the area inside the
rectangle.

Previous
Shortcut key Ctrl + P
Returns to the last view.

Next
Shortcut key Ctrl + N
Zooms to the “next“ view if there are any previous views.

Max.
Shortcut key Ctrl + A
Zooms to the max. limit for the current zoom.

Scale
Zooms to the selected scale. This is the only way to zoom to a larger area than the
area of the objects in the document.

0.25x
Shortcut key Ctrl + Page Down

0.5x
Shortcut key Page Down

0.8x

62
 View

2x
Shortcut key Page Up

4x
Shortcut key Ctrl + Page Up

All
Shortcut key Home

Zooms to the full area of the objects in the drawing.

Save view

View|Zoom|View

Shortcut key Ctrl + V

Save view is a command that enables you to save the current zoom. You can then
toggle between different views while working in the drawing.

Pan

View|Zoom|Pan

Pan is used to pan the drawing on the screen in the selected direction. Click on a
point at the drawing. Pan the mouse in the direction you want the drawing to appear.
Click again.

Drag

View|Zoom|Drag

Shortcut key Ctrl D

Drag is a fast command to place the drawing in the position you want it.

Activate the command. Left click and hold down. Drag the drawing to the position you
want. Note that you can watch the movement of the drawing during the operation.

The "hand" will be displayed until you click Escape or use any other zoom command.

Redraw

View|Redraw

Shortcut key F5

63
Topocad

Redraws the screen and helps to get rid of small points, frozen crosshairs etc. that
have occurred while working in the drawing.

Regen

View|Regen

Regen is used to update and regenerate the drawing. It is a more comprehensive

function than redraw. Regen sometimes has to be used for modifications regarding
colours and line types to take effect.

Layers that are frozen are not included when regenerating a drawing.

64
 View

Toolbox

View|Toolbox

Toolboxes are dialogue boxes to assist you in your work. There are four toolboxes.
You can move them about on the screen and you can close them by clicking the top
left corner.

Entities

The entity toolbox shows how many objects are currently selected. It also shows how
many of the objects have been selected several times.

Filter
Shortcut key Ctrl + F

The filter toolbox is used to select different layers, types of objects, line types, colours
or co-ordinates. You select the box for the layer, object, line type, colours and/or
max/min co-ordinates and then select using the normal select command in the
drawing. Only the objects which match your specifications in the filter box will be
selected.

It is possible to select several layers at the same time.

65
Topocad

The filter settings can be saved.

Co-ordinates

The Co-ordinates dialogue box shows the co-ordinates for the last selected point.
You can use it to enter co-ordinates when you have closed the ordinary dialogue box.

This is often used when you need to enter a point or polyline. It can also be used for
the other Construct and Modify commands. Different types of entry are possible, and
you can also select different types of entry for different points in the same polyline.

 Co-ordinates
Used to enter co-ordinates in the current co-ordinate system. If a user co-
ordinate system is being used the local co-ordinates are entered here. Press
Enter when the co-ordinates have been entered.
 Delta-distance
This is used to input a delta distance in the current co-ordinate system. Enter
dX, dY and/or dZ.
 Distance/bearing
Contains the values for distance and bearings from the last point. The bearing
is specified in the current co-ordinate system. .

Command

The command toolbox is used to view the command dialogue boxes. The command
dialogue boxes are the ones open when you are modifying or constructing. If you
prefer you can close them and work completely from the context menus. You can use
the command toolbox to open up the dialogue boxes again.

Roadline/section

This dialogue box is used to view different sections and offsets from the roadline. If
there is no current roadline you can select one by clicking on the ... button. This will
open the Roadline manager.

66
 View

Roadline current point

This toolbox is for roadline construction and displays:

 · The X- co-ordinate
 · The Y- co-ordinate
 · The section
 · Any radius the point may have.
 · The bearing from the point

To the right is a small column where you can mark and lock the specific field for this
specific point.

When this toolbox is highlighted and a line is selected you will see the cross of the
angle at every point in the line. These are the points which can be modified with this
command. When the roadline is finished you need to select Save roadline.

Edit as text
Shortcut key Ctrl + U

It is possible to view points and points in lines in Edit as text mode. They will be
displayed in a grid and all ordinary edit functions for the grid can be used. The Copy
command can also be used.

67
Topocad

Point info

View|Point info

Shortcut key Ctrl + I

View point info is a quick way to view the point ID, heights, point codes or point
nodes for different objects in the drawing. The settings for these are made in
File|Preferences.

To view point information:

1. Select View Point info.

2. Select the objects you want to view the information for. Click on Select and
then either click on each object individually or select using the window or
crossing methods.
3. Click on View for the point ID, height and/or the point code. The information
will be displayed directly on screen.
4. Click OK when you have finished.

To hide the information do the same but click Hide instead.

TIP! It is possible to separate the point information from the object by selecting
Explode.

See also:

 System settings - Point info

68
 View

Co-ordinates

View|XYZ

Shortcut key C

XYZ is a function that allows you to see the exact co-ordinates for a point. This
command is different from Toolbox|Co-ordinates in that it operates with snap
commands only. There is no input function.

To view the co-ordinates for a point:

1. Go to View|XYZ.

2. Snap on the points you want to see the co-ordinates for.

69
Topocad

Measurement/distance

View|Distance

Shortcut key M

The procedure is as follows:

1. There are two steps - one for measuring and the other for inserting the value
into the drawing.
2. Measure the distance. The result will be displayed with the distance, slope
distance, dX, dY, dZ and bearing. Select the value you want to insert and click
Add. Go to the Insert tab. Select the text height, font etc. The orientation is the
one you have just measured. You can change the direction either by clicking
on the arrows or by manually entering another value.
3. Insert the start point for the text.

See also: Dimension

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 View

Area

View|Area

Shortcut key A

The Area command is used to measure the area of an object. The measured area is
the sum of the area between the selected points. It is also possible to select another
area and either subtract or add it to the first area.

To measure an area:

1. Go to View|Area.
2. Use the mouse to click on the points that you want to measure. You can also
select points to be excluded. Use the snap command if required. The distance
can also be viewed.

The area and its co-ordinates can be logged and presented as a report. You can
name the report.

71
Topocad

Show nodes

View|Show nodes

Shortcut key N

The show nodes command shows nodes (points) on polylines. The opposite
command is hide nodes. The command shows all nodes in the drawing

See also:

 Object properties

72
 View

3D View

View|3D
DTM|DTM|3D view
TDTM|DTM|3D view

Drawings and digital terrain models (DTMs) can be displayed in 3D view. The object
can be rotated and panned in three dimensions so that you can view the object in
perspective.

The drawing is selected and displayed in 3D view. It is possible to display just a small
part of the drawing in 3D. The command is accessed from View|3D.

In the DTMs and tunnel DTMs it is possible to view by going to DTM|3D view.

Explanation of the menu

Add
Adds another DTM or tunnel DTM to the view. This command is not active in the 3D
view of drawings.

File|Save image
Saves the image in bmp format.

Mode

73
Topocad

For drawings and .top files there is little difference between the modes. For the DTMs
you can choose between:

Wireframe W
Displays a wire model with triangles and measured lines.

Flatshade F
Displays the surfaces in the model without the wireframe.

Outlined O
Displays the surfaces and network at the same time.

Alpha blending A
Alpha blending puts a filter on the colours to make them softer.

Smooth shade (only in DTM)

Smoothes the triangles in the DTM.

View|Settings
Settings can be either globally or for current drawing.
Reference plane: Height and colour of reference plane.
Point: Style, choose between dot, 3D cross, cube and filled cube, and size of
displayed points.

View|Zoom|Extents
Zoom extent of current selection.

View|Selection only
Toggle between visualization of selection and visualisation of entire drawing.
Selected entities will be highlighted if “selection only” is unchecked.

Selection|Lock|Unlock
Lock current selection (“View|Selection only” has to be checked) prevents 3D window
from drawing any changes made to selection. Unlock enables 3D window to draw

74
 View

current selection. Selection can be made from 3D window if “View|Selection only” is

unchecked or “View|Selection only” is checked and selection is locked.

Reference plane (only in .top files and drawings)

The reference plane is displayed on a fixed level, the default level is 0.

Triangles
Views the triangles in the DTM.

Measured lines
Displays the measured lines in the terrain model.

Erased triangles
Displays the erased triangles.

Z scale

You can set a Z Scale in the View menu.

Colors

Grey
Views the DTM in grey.

Thermic
Views thermic colors - the colours are sorted into darker colors (dark blue) at the
bottom for lower heights and brighter colors (yellow) for the higher parts.

By code
The colors are created from the code table.

By raster image
Displays inserted raster image (DTM only). See also DTM document.

75
Communication
File|Import/Export

Function Description
Files - Import & export Import and export files. Co-ordinates files,
drawings etc
Import Sokkia Import survey data and co-ordinates from Sokkia
instrument.
Import Psion Import survey data and co-ordinates from Psion.
Import Leica Import survey data and co-ordinates from Leica.
Import Trimble Import survey data and co-ordinates from Trimble
instrument.
Import Map sheet Import data from map sheets.
Import Database Import points and geometry from databases.
Export Sokkia Export co-ordinates and roadline data to Sokkia
instrument.
Export Psion Export co-ordinates to Psion field computer.
Export Leica Export co-ordinates and roadline data to Leica.
Export Trimble Export co-ordinates and roadline data to Trimble.
Import and Export to LandXML, standard format
LandXML
Import and Export DWG Importing and exporting DWG files.
Port settings for Leica
Leica configuration
Trimble label
configuration Trimble
Roadline export

77
Topocad

File import and export

Communication

Communication

Command Description

Import files File import

Export files File export

File format
General import General file import - coordinate files, survey files
General export General file export - coordinate files, survey files

What do the files contain? What is imported and exported?

Communication covers all types of communication that are possible in Topocad,

including files as well as communication with field computers and all stations.

Import files

File|Import|Files

A wide variety of different file types can be imported into Topocad. The first step is to
decide what type of data you want to import and then select the appropriate
document.

Data type Document

Co-ordinates Drawing (.TOP)
Drawing Drawing (.TOP)
Survey data Survey data (.SUR)

How to import co-ordinate files:

1. First open the document (drawing) you want to import to. This can be an
existing drawing or a new one. If you want the objects from the imported file to
appear in a special layer, select/create this layer and set it as a current layer.
2. Select File Import|File. The Open dialogue box is displayed. Select the
appropriate file format (extension) you want to import from. If the file is not
located in the selected project directory, you must navigate to the appropriate
directory. Then click on the file.
3. Click OK.

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Go to top

Export files

The procedure is as follows:

1. Open the drawing document you want to export from.

2. Select the object(s) you want to export. You can select them one by one or by
opening a window and selecting several (all) objects. Note that moving across
the window from right to left will select all objects and moving across the
window or rectangle from left to right will only select objects that are totally
within the rectangle.
3. File|Export|File. Select the type of format you want to export to.
4. Enter a file name. Click OK.

See also

What do the files contain?

File format

The following file formats are supported in Topocad:

File type File format/program Imported to/from

TOP Topocad Topocad
DWG AutoCAD drawing format Drawing
DXF AutoCAD exchange format Drawing
DGN Microstation design file - 2D Drawing
Survey
GSI Leica file format
data/drawing/roadline/profile
Survey
GDT Trimble file format
data/drawing/roadline/profile
ODB Geodos co-ordinate format Survey data/drawing
Survey
PSI Geodos roadline format
data/drawing/roadline/profile
PXY GEO/Point co-ordinate file Drawing
XYZ Marit co-ordinate file Drawing
LIN Point/GEO roadline Roadline
PRF Point/GEO road profile Road profile
DVL DRD roadline format Roadline
DPL DRD road profile Road profile
TRL Topocad roadline Drawing
RBB DRD co-ordinate file Drawing
DTS DRD sections Drawing
PP Topocad polygon point Drawing
SDR/RDTSokkia SDR format Drawing
242, 243 Geosecma co-ordinate files Drawing

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* Generic import/export Drawing

Generic import

Topocad has a generic import function that enables any text-based file in ASCII
(DOS environment) or ANSI (Windows environment) format to be imported to
Topocad. It also requires every point to be separated by a carriage return (new line).

The procedure is as follows:

1. Open a drawing document .TOP.

2. Go to File - Import and select File.

3. Select Generic Import/Export as the file format (extension).

4. Click on the file you want to import. Click OK.

The file will now be read for generic import. You now have to describe the format of
the file. First of all do you need to specify whether the file contains the co-ordinates
etc. in straight columns or separated by separators such as a comma or semicolon.
Topocad attempts to identify the file format but may need some help to do so.

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The format description can be saved and then reloaded. If you have previously saved
a file of this kind, you can load the file and proceed directly with the import.

5. Select the row from which you want to start the import. Some files have initial rows
containing additional information about the file that cannot be imported. You must
also select the decimal separator used in the file (. point) or (, comma). Finally,
specify whether it is a Windows ANSI or a DOS ASCII file format. Click the Next
button.

Description for even columns/tabs/fields:

The next step is to describe where the field limitations are located. Topocad will try to
locate them but may miss them, e.g. if they use a longer point ID further down the
file. You can drag the limitation field to change the width of any column, click at any
point to create a new limitation or double click to remove a limitation. Click the Next
button.

Description of delimitation characters:

Select the type of delimitation characters. The pre-defined selections are tab (marked
with a rectangle), semicolon, comma and space. It is also possible to select any other
kind of separator. If several separators are used one after the other (as will probably
be the case with spaces), they can be ignored by checking this box. Text can be
marked with several different types of characters, e.g. ““, ‘’, (), [], // or **. To skip
them, check this box. Click the Next button.

General:

The next step is to define what each column contains. If the file has four numeric
fields, Topocad assumes that the first column is the point ID, the second is the X co-
ordinate, the third is the Y co-ordinate and the fourth is the Z co-ordinate. If there are
only three columns, Topocad assumes that they are the X, Y and Z co-ordinates in
that order. This may not be correct, and you can select any other order here. Note
that it is also possible to import attributes and any other type of co-ordinate data.
Click the Next button.

Register file format

Registering the file format enables you to open the same type of file from the Import
file dialogue box in the future.

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Generic export

The procedure is as follows:

1. Make sure you are currently in a Topocad drawing.

2. Go to File - Export and select File.

3. Select General Import/Export as the file format (extension).

Select the objects you want to export. Press Done. (You can start selecting objects
before executing the command.

Enter the file name and extension you want to give the file. Click OK.

The Expert export dialogue box now opens - it contains three tabs. The second tab
depends on the type of separation used in the file. The template describing the
export file format can be saved and, if previously saved, can be loaded at this point.

6. Select whether you want to use comma, semicolon, tab or any other characters as
separators in the file and whether the file is to be separated using aligned columns.

7. Enter any text you want to appear in the file header. Select the decimal separator
you want to use - (. point) or (, comma). Also select whether it is a Windows ANSI
file or a DOS ASCII file. Click the Next button.

Description for files with aligned columns/fields:

8. The next step is to describe where the columns are to be positioned and how wide
they will be. Select a column and enter its width in characters. Also select whether it
will be left or right aligned. You specify the order by selecting from the list of active
fields. You can also choose to add, insert or delete fields from the file. Click the Next
button.

Description for delimitation fields:

8. First select which fields (observations) you want to be included in the file and the
order in which they will appear. Select the separator type. The pre-defined options
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are tab (indicated by a square), semicolon, comma and space. You can also enter
any other kind of character. Every field (column) can then be defined using the
number of decimal places, the column width, right or left alignment, whether the field
will have a prefix and/or suffix and finally whether text is to be wrapped using different
kinds of characters. The pre-defined options are ““, ‘’, (), [] and **. Note that it is
possible to export attributes. Click the Next button.

General:

Line connection.
Select the type of line connection you want for this kind of file. The following options
are available:

None
No line connection.

Line code
You can specify a code for the line, i.e. 1 signifies the start of the line and -1 the end
of the line. It is also possible to select a code for individual points.

Line number
You can also number your lines (polylines). Select the first line number. Every line in
the export file is then numbered in increments of the last number +1.

Now enter whether or not you want to save the template for this export file format. If
so, click Save and enter a name for the template. Now click Finish to create the file in
the specified export format.

Register file format

Registering the file format enables you to open the same type of file from the Export
file dialogue box in the future.

What do the files contain?

FORMAT Point ID X Y Z Code Symbols Attributes Layer

TOP format X X X X X X X X
Co-ordinate
X X X X X - - -
files
Drawing
- X X (X) - X X X
format

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Import from Sokkia

File|Import|Sokkia

Line:
Select the line number or code to be used. These variables exist:

 Line no/Point ID - coded with line number or point id (2.01, 2.02, 2.03 etc.)
 Intermittent: The point number jumps and creates a new line.
 Code group - Lines for each code group.
 Control code - The control code specifies the start and end of the line. See
also control code.
 Cross sections - special type for measurements in sections.

Roadline survey
All values for sections are stored in attributes. Enter the ones that have been used.

Control codes
Enter which separator has been used between the different control codes.

To import:

1. Open the document you want to import into. To import survey data you will
need to create a .sur file. To import co-ordinates you will need to open an
existing or new drawing.
2. Connect the Sokkia instrument or field computer to the computer.
3. Click File - Import - Sokkia. Check that the same protocol has been set on the
Sokkia instrument. Check that the default settings are correct.
4. Click OK. Note that survey data is sent to the Topocad survey data document
(*.sur) and co-ordinates directly to the Topocad drawing document (*.top).

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Import from Psion

File|Import|Psion

Data transfer with Psion is very easy. Connect the Psion to one of the serial ports.

To import survey data:

1. File|New. Create a new survey data document (.SUR). (It is also possible to
import additional data into an existing survey data file.)
2. Connect the Psion to one of the serial ports on the computer. The Psion has
an integrated Comms link.
3. Click on File|Import and then Psion.
4. On the Psion select transmit and then the file number.
5. Click on Receive in Topocad.

To import co-ordinate data:

1. Click File|New. Create a new drawing or open an existing drawing.

2. Connect the Psion to one of the serial ports on the computer. The Psion has
an integrated Comms link.
3. Click on File|Import and then Psion.
4. On the Psion select transmit and then the file number.
5. Click on Receive in Topocad.

Line: Select line connection:

 Line no/Point ID - Line number or point ID (2.01, 2.02, 2.03 etc.)

 Intermittent: Point number jumps 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7
 Code group - Lines for each code group
 Control code - The control code specifies the start and end of the line.

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Import from Leica

File|Import|Leica

It is possible to transfer data between the Leica instrument and GIF10, GRE3, GRE4
and GSI (8- and 16-bit files). It is also possible to import co-ordinates from Leica
directly into the drawing.

Line:
Select the line connection you have been using:

 Line no/Point ID - enter either the line number code or the point ID (2.01, 2.02,
2.03 etc.)
 Intermittent: Point ID jumps 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7
 Code group - Lines for each code group
 Via code block - The Leica code block specifies the start and end of the line.
 Control code - The control code specifies the start and end of the line.

Control codes
Enter the type of separator to be used for the control code.

1. Open the document you want to import into. To import survey data you will
need to open a survey data document (SUR). To import co-ordinates you will
need to open a drawing.
2. Connect the field memory/station to the computer. Note that the serial port on
the computer is male and can be 9 or 25 pin. The Leica cable is 25 pin so an
adapter may be needed.
3. Click File - Import - Leica. In the upper field select the type of field memory to
be used: GIF 10, GRE3 or GRE4.
4. Click OK.

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See also

Leica, port settings

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Topocad

Import from Trimble

File|Import|Trimble

It is possible to transfer data between a Spectra Precision instrument and Geodat,

Geodimeter and the control unit (4000). All Geodimeter instruments from 400 and
above are compatible. ACU is now also compatible.

To import a file:

1. Open the document you want to import data into. To import survey data you
will need to open a survey data document (SUR). To import co-ordinates you
will need to open a drawing.
2. Connect the field memory/station to the computer. Note that the serial port is
male on the computer and can be 9 or 25 pin.
3. Click File - Import - Trimble. In the upper field select the type of field memory
to be used. This can be done automatically.
4. Select the file(s) to be imported. A file list will be displayed.
5. Click OK.

Line connections:

Label defined The label specifies the start and end of the line
Line numbering 1 2, 3, 4, 6, Intermittent: When the point ID jumps a step, the start
7, of a new line will be created.
Line numbering 1.01 1.02,
The first number is the line ID.
2.01, 2.02, 6, 7,
The control code specifies the start and end of the
Control code
line as well as other items.
Code The same code will give the same line each time.

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Export to Sokkia

File|Export|Sokkia

To export data to Sokkia, select the data and then click File|Export|Sokkia. Select the
field computer/station to be used and click OK. You can choose to save to a file
which will then be sent to the station.

Model:
Select the type of model you are using. Alphanumeric or numeric.

Job name:
Input the job name you want to use.

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Export to Psion

File|Export|Psion

Data transfer between Psion and Geodos is very easy. The Psion is connected to
one of the serial ports. You can export co-ordinates directly from the drawing,
roadlines (.trl), road profiles (.trp) or road camber (.tcf).

To export co-ordinates:

1. Open the drawing you want to export.

2. Connect the Psion to the computer with its own Comms link.
3. Select the object(s) you want to export. It is possible to select them one at a
time or all together.
4. Click on File - Export- Psion. The settings will usually be correct but it is
possible to change them under Port settings.
5. On the Psion click Receive and select where you want to store the data.
6. Click on Send.

To export roadlines/road profiles and camber form:

1. Click File|Export|Psion.
2. Connect the Psion to the computer with its own Comms link.
3. Check the [ ] Export road information box and click OK.
4. A dialogue box will be displayed. Select which roadline (.trl), road profile (.trp)
and road camber form (.tvf) you want to export.
5. On the Psion click Communication and select an Excel file.
6. Click OK in Topocad.
7. Click Receive on the Psion.

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Topocad

Export to Leica

File|Export|Leica

It is possible to transfer data between the Leica instrument and GIF10, GRE3, GRE4
and PC Card with GSI files (8- and 16-bit). It is also possible to export roadlines and
road profiles.

To export to the instrument or field computer:

1. Open the document you want to export.

2. Connect the field memory to the computer. The Leica cable connection is a
25-pin contact. You may need to use an adapter.
3. Select the object(s) you want to export. You can select them one at a time or
all together.
4. Click on File|Export and then Leica.
5. In the upper field select the type of field memory to be used: GIF 10, GRE3,
GRE4 or GSI format. The settings will usually be correct but it is possible to
change them under Port settings.
6. Click on Send.

To export to a file (PC Card):

1. Open the document you want to export.

2. Select the object(s) you want to export. You can select them one at a time or
all together.
3. Click on File|Export and then Leica.
4. Mark the box “Export to file“.
5. Click OK. Select file format - GSI8 or GSI 16.
6. Click OK.

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Export to Trimble

File|Export|Geodimeter

It is possible to transfer data between a Spectra Precision instrument (Geodimeter)

and Geodat, Geodimeter and the control unit (4000). Geodimeter instruments 402
and above are compatible. It is possible to export co-ordinates from the drawing,
roadlines (.TRL), road profiles (.TRP) and the road camber form (.TCF).

To export co-ordinates:

1. Open the drawing document to be exported.

2. Connect the field memory to the computer. Note that the cable connections
may be a 25-pin contact. You may need an adapter.
3. Select the object(s) you want to export to your instrument. They can be
selected one at a time or all in one go in Windows.
4. Click on File - Export - Spectra Precision. In the upper field select the type of
field memory to be used. If you select Auto, Topocad will identify the type of
Geodimeter or Geodat being used.
5. Click on the drop-down arrow next to Files. Topocad will list files in the
Geodimeter/Geodat. You can use one of these files or type a new file name.
6. Click on Send.

To export road information

1. Connect the field memory to the computer. Note that the cable connections
may be a 25-pin contact. You may need an adapter.
2. Click on File|Export and then Spectra Precision. In the upper field select the
type of field memory to be used. If you select Auto, Topocad will identify the
type of Geodimeter or Geodat being used.
3. Check the [ ] Export road information box and Click OK.
4. A dialogue box is displayed. Select the roadline (.TRL), road profile (.TRP) and
road camber form (.TCF) you want to export to your instrument.
5. Click OK. The data will now be exported to your instrument.

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Topocad

Leica configuration

File|Import|Leica

The Leica instrument settings are totally defined by the user. There are numerous
settings that can be created on the Leica instrument or field book. Topocad has the
same settings and values that can be set as follows:

Code functions:
Point code
Transfer code
Start of line
End of line
End and start of line
Point
Backsight
Check point

The different code blocks can either be controlled directly or connected to info blocks.
In Topocad it is possible to input four info blocks for every code block.

With the default settings code block -1 indicates the start of a line, -2 indicates the
end of a line and -3 indicates a point. In the survey, using code block 1 automatically
indicates that it is the start of a line.

With the default settings, code block 4 is used for the station. In this case the code
block has no function but the info block 1 is used for the point ID of the station and
info block 2 is used for the station height. A unit is also specified for the station
height. All units in Leica are in mm.

The values used in info blocks are:

Station
Instrument height
Prism height
Horizontal length
Vertical length
Point code
Remark
Point ID
Attribute type
Attribute value

Origin configuration

Code Code block Info block 1 Info block 2

23 - Station Instrument height

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46 - Point code Reflector height

70 Point
73 Start of line
78 End of line

Suggested new configuration

Code Code block Info block 1 Info block 2

23 - Station Instrument height
6 - Reflector height
1 Point
3 Start of line
8 End of line
9 End and start of line

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Topocad

Geodimeter label configuration

File|Import|Trimble

It is easy to define labels 84-99 in the Spectra Precision instrument. In the

Geodimeter this is called U.D.S. - User Defined System. The instructions below are
for Topocad. To learn how to create definitions in the Geodimeter see the bottom of
this screen. You will find further instructions in the Geodimeter reference manual or
you can contact your local Geodimeter dealer.

To define a label:

1. Click the Config button.

Some pre-defined label settings are listed. You can select from this list or delete them
and add new ones.

Label settings:

The pre-defined label settings are:

Start of line
End of line

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Point
End of line + Start of line
Backsight (Rear of object)
Check point
Remark
Attribute type
Attribute (value)

Labels relating to the same type of observation should ideally be set up as the same
label but with different data. For example Label 99 is used for line numbering: data 1
and -1 for Start of line, 2 and -2 for End of line, 3 and -3 for single point data and 4
and -4 for End of line and Start of new line at the same point. In practical
measurements the instrument will request label 99 and you enter the data for 1, 2, 3
or 4.

The backsight and the check point can have the same label even when these
functions do not appear at the same point. The backsight function can be used in free
stations. If you do not want to measure all backsights at once, measure them when
they are close to your normal survey point.

There is no need to enter a data value under Remark because text can be edited for
this label.

Using U.D.S. in your Geodimeter:

In the Geodimeter the user can define the labels 84 to 99. First, set the instrument to
On. Disconnect the double axle pendulum with function 22. (Function 22, [Ent], 0,
[Ent]). To add a label press [PRG] [41] [Ent] (Create label). Select a label number
between 84 and 99. Press [Ent]. If the display shows F99 it is free to use. You can
now enter an alphabetic text by clicking the ASCII button and then entering the text.
i.e. LINE = 78, 73, 78, 69. Press [Ent]. To finish press [Ent] again.

This tells the Geodimeter that you want to use your defined label. To create your own
U.D.S. use [Prg] [40] and define all the labels that you want to use in the survey. See
the Geodimeter manual for more information.

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Export roadline to instrument

Roadline

The roadline can be exported to different overall stations. If you also have the Profile
add-on module you can export the profile line and camber to some instruments.

Export to Geodos

To export:

1. Open the roadline (.trl)

2. Click File|Export|Geodos.
3. Select Organizer or Workabout
4. The roadline is already selected. Select the profile if required and the camber
file.
5. Select whether you want to send the data or store it in a file.
6. Click Send.

Export to Geodimeter/Trimble

To export:

1. Open the roadline (.trl)

2. Click File|Export|Geodos.
3. Select file name.
4. The roadline is already selected. Select the profile if required and the
camber file.
5. Select whether you want to send the data or store it in a file.
6. Click Send.

Export to Leica

To export:

1. Open the roadline (.trl)

2. Click File|Export|Geodos.
3. Select the file name and instrument type.
4. The roadline is already selected. Select the profile if required and
the camber file.
5. Select whether you want to send the data or store it in a file.
6. Click Send.

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Import map sheet

File|Import map sheet

Map sheets can be imported into the drawing. Settings are made in System|Settings.

Select the terrain types that you want to import. Click in the drawing to display the
map sheets. Click again to import the required map sheets.

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Import points from database

File|Import |Database

The database configuration can be found in System|Settings. Enter your search

criteria or hover the cursor over the drawing window to retrieve information from the
database.

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Leica, port settings

File|Import|Leica

GIF10

GIF10 has 3 switches under a shelf at the lower edge of the box. Set these to:

 Switch 1= Off (Up)

 Switch 2= Off (Up)
 Switch 3= On (Down)

Standard settings for Leica GRE 3 and GRE4 to be found in Leica using [SET]
[MODE] 78 are:

Baud rate 2400 baud

Data bits 7

Stop bits 1

Parity equal (2)

Handshake RTS + DTR (ACK/NACK)

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Importing and exporting .dwg files

File|Import|File
File|Export|File

The .dwg format can be imported to and exported from Topocad version 8.0.
Topocad version 8.0 supports up to AutoCAD 2006 which uses the 2004 format
internally.

Some of the import and export settings are made under System settings -
Import/export. These settings are used to export a 3D polyline, for example.

When importing DWG files with integrated external references, you can choose how
to import these external references - either as one drawing or as the original external
references in individual drawings.

When importing, you can also select the scale to be used. This is particularly useful
when the .dwg drawing is in mm as Topocad uses metres.

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Survey
Survey data
Traverse
Net adjustment

Function Description
Survey data window Description of the survey data window, the sur file
Survey data calculation How to calculate survey data
Traverse Create traverse.
Net adjustment Work with Net adjustment.

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Presentation of the survey data window

Survey data window

The window contains:

Tab Description
Metadata Metadata for the survey.
Survey data /EDM data Observation data from total stations
Co-ordinates Co-ordinate data imported from total stations.
Levelling data Data from levellers
GPS data/observations Observation data from GPS.
GPS co-ordinates Co-ordinates from GPS
Preview Preview of data

Metadata

Contains metadata such as administrative data, environmental data and instrument

data.

Survey data

For more information refer to Survey data

Co-ordinates

Co-ordinates can be saved in the field and will be displayed here. These can be used
for importing into the drawing. If you have both survey data and co-ordinates you can
select them.
Find out more about point codes and control codes.

Levelling data

Data from levellers is recorded here and can be exported to co-ordinate files (pxy) or
known point files (pp).

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Field

Start height: The start height that will be used when calculating. When selecting no
start height the software system looks among the known points that have been
selected during calculation.

End height: The height where the train ends. If the train starts and ends in the same
point the start height is used irrespective of the user selected to use the start height.

Columns

Observation type:
Move point - Reads backward and forward.
Detail - Reads only forward, points that are not included in the train.
Distance - Distance to pole.
Reading - Read height of pole.
Measured height - Height calculated by summarizing the height differences.
Improvement - Which improvement that has been added to measured height after
calculation.
Calculated height - Adjusted height
Pt Status - Mentions if a point (backward or forward) is used as fix in calculation.

Calculation

If there is more than one levelling, the user has to select which levelling that shall be
calculated. Before the calculating alternatives a control of the threshold value list will
be made (if there is one).

Calculation alternatives

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Topocad

Adjustment can be made with or without weighting and where the software system
shall look for known points can be decided. The priority order is coordinate tab and
then PP file (also database).

Known points

Known points that was found. The user can select which points that shall be used in
calculation.

Calculation result

Under Survey data/Save adjustment result the user get a possibility to save the result
to an existing file. Existing points can be updated in height and also new points can
be saved.

Possibility to export the result you will find under File/Export/File...

Tip!

When importing twice weighed data the user can select if only the first reading shall
be imported, if a mean value calculation shall be made or if a new train shall be
created containing the measured data.

GPS data/observations

A survey with a GPS station often stores a base station co-ordinate and delta co-
ordinates from the station to measure detailed points. It also stores various attributes
that provide more information about the measurement. All attributes are stored.
When a calculation is carried out, a transformation is made from the current co-
ordinate system to the final co-ordinate system.

GPS co-ordinates

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A GPS survey can also save co-ordinates directly. The data saved is the point ID,
latitude, longitude, height and point code.

Preview

Allows you to preview the measurements. The preview can use data from various
observations. The menu is accessed by right clicking. You can activate or deactivate
it for different observations and use the F8 button for recalculations.

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Survey data - Settings, calculation

Function, command Description

Station
Free station
Edit settings
New station
Calculate survey data
Process coordinates
Calculate GPS observations
Process GPS coordinates
Traverse
Net adjustment Net adjustment is a survey calculation but is a
separate module in Topocad

Station

The station contains information about:

 Point ID:
The point ID is specified if it exists.
 Instrument height:
 Temperature:
Temperature at survey by this station.
 Pressure
 Station type:
Known station
Free station
Traverse
Sets the calculation for the station and imports to the net adjustment form.
 Calculate heights:
Select whether or not you want to calculate heights.
 Project:
The information is loaded from the field memory/station.
 User:
.
 Date:
 Code:
 Station co-ordinates:
Loaded from instrument or entered here.
 Use oriented direction (no backsight)
 Observation angle
 Azimuth:
Direction relative to north.

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Edit settings

It is possible to edit the survey data form. Select Edit settings in the Survey column or
right click and select Column settings. See also General grid editing. Selecting a
type of observation allows you to add it or remove it from your list. You can place the
observation wherever you want by using the up or down arrows. It is also possible to
Remove all or Add all.

The document format is always the same and this editing only affects how the survey
data will appear on screen and when printing.

You can also save the standard design.

Orientation
Determines whether or not Topocad will use the point for backsight. It is also possible
to select the option “If possible“ and Topocad then checks if it finds the point number
as a backsight.

Survey type
The survey types you can select if the values are Backsight, Point, Other, Backsight if
possible, Round mean value or Station mean value.

Point ID
This is the identification for the point and can consist of up to 24 alphanumeric
characters. When points are manually entered in Topocad they are automatically
numbered. If you start with number 1 the next point will have the point ID 2. If you
enter 1,001 the next number will be 1,002

Remark
Remark field.

External point identity

This has no function in the message.

Object type
Description of classification of object.

Time
Time in local time. Time is given as hours 00-23, minutes 00-59 and seconds 00-59
(hhmmss), and if necessary with fractions of a second (hhmmss.ddd).

Error distance in plane

Error distance entered or calculated - used to describe the accuracy of the points in
the plane. The value is the radial point error distance.

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Error distance in height

Error height distance entered or calculated - used to describe the accuracy of the
points in the plane. The value is the radial point error distance.

Measurement type
Describes type of point. e.g. station, point, net. It is used in the free station when you
know at the beginning which points to use for the calculation. If you use the backsight
or polygon point code type, the setting will be changed automatically.

Dimensions
Describes how many dimensions will be calculated at the specific point. The
alternatives are: no dimension, one dimension, two dimensions and three
dimensions. The setting is also used prior to the calculation in the free station when
describing the points that will be used for the plane and height respectively.

Control
If the point is used as a control point, select Yes here. The default value is No.

Part of measurement
This is used when several measurements of the same object are required to define
its co-ordinates.

Resection order
These are used in resections and describe which of two alternatives will be used if
the point is not defined in any other way.

Space vector
This is used for the measurement of two prisms or if you want to measure a distance
between a point and a prism. The value given here is the distance from the closest
prism.

Accuracy
Specified accuracy for measurement data.

Eccentric cross angle

Horizontal cross angle at the centre point.

Eccentric vertical angle

Vertical cross angle at the centre point.

Eccentric distance
Slope distance to the centre point.

Calculate survey data

Survey (sur)|Survey|Calculate

This is used to calculate the survey when you have one or more stations with survey
data.

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To calculate co-ordinates:

1. Open the survey document with the data you want to use to calculate co-
ordinates.
2. Select Survey|Calculate from the menu.

3. The dialogue box that opens indicates how many stations there are in the
survey. All of them are selected. If you want to exclude one or more of the
stations from the calculation, select the ones that should be calculated. Use
Ctrl to select one at a time or Shift to select several stations at once.
4. If you want to study the station calculations click in the box in bottom left
corner.
5. Select the drawing in which you want the survey to be placed. You can select
an open drawing, a previously saved drawing or a new drawing. If you select a
new drawing it will be the default drawing that is selected (if there is one).

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6. Click Continue.

7. The stations, including free stations, will appear one by one. See Free station
for more information about free station calculation.
8. If you clicked in the View box the calculation window will appear on the screen.
Click Continue when you have finished, or Cancel if there are any errors.
9. The co-ordinates will be placed in the drawing.

TIP! The calculation requires known points. These can be stored in the known points file (see Settings), on the co-
ordinates tab in the survey document or as station co-ordinates on the Survey tab (this is where you are now).

Process co-ordinates

Survey (sur)|Survey|Process co-ordinates

To calculate co-ordinates from the field you have two options. You can use this document (the sur file)
or the drawing. If you use the survey document you have the chance to edit the co-ordinates before
they are entered into the drawing.

1. Import the co-ordinates from your instrument.

2. Go to Survey|Process co-ordinates.
3. Decide which drawing to place them in.
4. Click OK.

Calculate GPS observations

Survey (sur)|Survey|Calculate GPS observations

GPS observations are usually made from a base station and delta co-ordinates from this base station.
In Topocad you can calculate and transform the co-ordinates from the current co-ordinate system

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(normally WGS84) to the existing co-ordinate system. This transformation can be made through
several different projections and co-ordinate systems to get to the right one.

An integrated third party application called Gtrans is used. Topocad is compatible with many different
co-ordinate systems. If your co-ordinate system is not listed, please contact your dealer for assistance.

Go to Survey|Calculate GPS Observations

Process GPS co-ordinates

Survey (sur)|Survey|Process co-ordinates

If GPS data is stored in co-ordinates they can also be transformed using Gtrans as above.

Go to Survey|Process GPS coordinates.

Free station

Free station uses the Least Squares method for calculation. To force the calculation
to use only known stations for plane or height data you can use the "Dimensions"
column.

New station

You can create your own survey data and/or a new station with an existing survey
data document.

The procedure is as follows:

1. From the menu, select Survey|New station.

2. Enter your survey data into the new station. If any other stations already exist
in the survey data document the new station will appear last in the list.

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Traverse

Survey|Traverse

Command, function Description

Create traverse How to create a traverse, either from a sur file or
manually.
Traverse document Explanations about the document.
Traverse settings
Information about stations
in traverse
Calculate traverse How to calculate
Traverse statistics
Result of traverse
calculation

The traverse can either be entered manually or you can load data from the survey
data file (.sur). To use the survey data file, select the traverse in the station header
and then to Survey|Construct traverse. You will then have a suggested station order.
In the document all rounds of measurement data will automatically be calculated and
it is possible to calculate the traverse.

The traverse can be calculated in the following ways:

 Not connected
 Inverted not connected (known points at the other end of the traverse)
 Co-ordinate connected
 Inverted co-ordinate connected
 End point connected
 Complete

Note: As well as the actual traverse calculation in the traverse document, this also relates to rounds of
measurement.

Create traverse

Survey|Traverse

Create traverse from survey data:

The traverse can either be entered manually or you can load data from the survey
data file (.sur).

To construct traverse from survey data file:

1. From the survey data document (.sur) go to Survey|Construct traverse.

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1. The traverse document is opened in the background. A dialogue box appears

which suggests a station order. This dialogue box has three columns. The first
column lists the first station, used as the backsight, where the traverse begins. The
second column lists all stations in the traverse in an order suggested by Topocad.
You can remove stations from this field. The third column suggests the last station,
used as the forward sight. There may be two stations in this column. If so you will
need to click on the one to be used as the forward sight.

1. Topocad may not select the correct traverse order. In this case remove incorrectly
placed stations by selecting them and clicking Remove. These stations will then
appear in the third column. Add stations in the correct order by selecting the
appropriate station from the third column and clicking Add. If you want to add stations
that were not measured in the survey data document, this can be done afterwards.
See further down - Manual entry.

1. You have now a traverse. It is possible to scroll between stations using the arrows.
For more information about the document see Traverse document

Construct traverse by manual entry:

Traverse

Go to File|New and select Traverse (.trv)

The traverse document appears on the screen. Go to Traverse|Add station to enter

the stations in the traverse. In the dialogue box you can add a backsight, station and
forward sight. Next time you want to add a station, the backsight (back point ID) and
the station point ID are already defined. You can only enter the next forward sight.
(This will be the next station if you continue the traverse). Note that it is possible to
select three types of observation data: - Vertical angle with slope distance, Vertical
and horizontal distance and Horizontal distance only. See Traverse settings for more
information.

It is possible to enter any number of observations and stations in the document.

Traverse document

Traverse

The Traverse document has its own menu with a unique column for the document
named Traverse. The document itself shows the backsight, station and forward sight
for every station. They all show the point ID and prism height/station height. The
observations are as follows:

Use
Select Yes or No to indicate whether or not the observation should be used in the
calculation.

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No.
Number of rounds of measurement for this station.

Other observations are explained in the traverse settings.

The following commands are in the menu:

Previous station
Takes you to the previous station in the traverse. The same function can also be
performed using the left arrow in the document.

Next station
Takes you to the next station in the traverse. The same function can also be
performed using the right arrow in the document.

First station
Takes you straight to the first station in the traverse.

Last station
Takes you straight to the last station in the traverse.

New station
Adds a new station. A dialogue box appears. For the first entry you can add the
backsight, station and forward sight (next station). For subsequent entries you can
only add the forward sight (next station). It is not possible to break the traverse
without deleting all stations that are ahead of the required insertion point.

Remove
Removes an existing station from the traverse. It is only possible to remove stations
at end points.

Edit station ID
Change the name of a station in the traverse.

Settings
Find out more about these in Traverse settings.

Traverse information
Find out more about these in Traverse station information.

Calculate traverse
Find out more about these in Calculate traverse.

Traverse settings

The observations in the traverse can be entered with three types of data. The data
and observation types are as follows:

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Vertical angle with slope distance

Horizontal angle back, Vertical angle back, Slope distance back, Horizontal angle
forward, Vertical angle forward and Slope distance forward. 3D

Vertical and horizontal distance

Horizontal angle back, Vertical angle back, Horizontal distance back, Horizontal
angle forward, Vertical angle forward, Horizontal distance forward. 3D

Horizontal distance only

Horizontal angle back, Horizontal distance back, Horizontal angle forward, Horizontal
distance forward. 2D

The first option, Vertical angle with slope distance, is the format that is always saved.
Other values are calculated using this format. You can always enter data in any of
the above three formats. The selected observation type has a significant influence on
the information and statistics displayed for the traverse.

Tolerance
Enter the tolerance for your traverse in metres. If the tolerance is exceeded during
the calculation you will see an error message telling you that the tolerance has been
exceeded and that the calculation has stopped.

Print format
Select detailed or short list.

View
You can choose to view the traverse after the calculation has been made.

Information about stations in traverse

You will find this command in the menu. It gives you all possible information about
the current station. You will see a summary of all observations and partial
observations for the station. Different data will appear in the dialogue box depending
on which type of observation format has been selected.

Dialogue box data:

Group number:
Used to select whether you want to see the station summary or only one round
ahead.

Group:
Specifies the horizontal angle and the maximum and standard differences for the
angle in the selected group/round.

Back/Forward
Shows whether the measurement has been taken towards the backsight or the
forward sight.

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Vertical angle:
The sum of the vertical angle and its maximum difference and standard deviation.

Slope distance:
The sum of the slope distance and its maximum difference and standard deviation.

Horizontal distance:
The sum of the calculated horizontal distance.

Vertical distance:
The sum of the calculated horizontal distance.

Calculate traverse

You can calculate a traverse from the traverse document (.trv). When you are satisfied with the editing
and entries, go to the menu and click Calculate traverse. A dialogue box appears. Topocad tries to find
the connection type. This can be changed if it is not correct.

The following connection types exist:

 Not connected
Traverse is not connected. It is connected to two points at the start of the
traverse and is not connected to any points at the end of the traverse.
 Not connected inverse
Traverse not connected. Starts with unknown points and ends at two known
points.
 Co-ordinate connected
The traverse is connected to two points at the start of the traverse and ends at
one known point at the end of the traverse.
 Co-ordinate connected inverse
The traverse has one known point at the start of the traverse and ends at two
known points at the end of the traverse.
 End point connected
The first and last points in the traverse are known points. All other points are
unknown.
 Completely connected The traverse has two known points at both the start and
end. This type of traverse is of course the most accurate and Topocad can
also calculate more deviations and corrections from it.

Correction methods:

 No correction
No correction at all
 Linear
Linear correction from the first station.
 Length
Complete correction

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Other data in the calculate traverse dialogue box is: known points, point ID and co-
ordinates.

The dialogue box shows:

Top left corner: first backsight
Top right corner: first point
Bottom left corner: last point
Bottom right corner: last forward sight

A maximum of all four of them can be known and displayed (as for completely
connected) and at least two must be known and displayed.

Tick this box if you want to calculate a 3D traverse. Click OK when you want to
continue with the calculation of the traverse.

Result in traverse

The results that are displayed in the dialogue boxes can also be printed. As soon as
the calculation is done go to File|Print to send the complete report and results to the
printer. See Traverse settings for more information about detailed and short lists.

The results display the adjusted station co-ordinates and the distance/height
deviation from the points. You can select whether or not you want to add the station
point ID to the current polygon point file (.pp).

Point ID:
The point ID of the station. You can select from the list. You can also edit the point ID
of the station by going to Traverse|Edit station ID.

Distance diff.:
Calculated the maximum difference at a measured distance between two points. The
displayed difference is a comparison between the average value of distances
measured from one direction and the maximum distance measured from the other
direction.

Height difference:
Calculated maximum difference at a measured height between two points. (Backsight
and forward sight). The displayed difference is a comparison between the average
value of distances measured from one direction and the maximum distance
measured from the other direction.

Previous/Next
Click on these arrows to go to the previous or next station in the traverse. A greyed-
out arrows means that you are at the end of the traverse.

Traverse statistics

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This dialogue box shows information about how many points there were in the
traverse, the number of calculated new points (unknown), the number of measured
angles, the rounds of angles and distances as well as the verifiability of the traverse
and which corrections have been calculated for the traverse.

Number of points:
Total number of points in the traverse.

Number of unknown points:

Total number of points that where not known from the beginning and which have now
been calculated.

Number of measured directions:

Total number of measured directions in the traverse from all points.

Number of measured distances:

Total number of measured distances between points in the traverse.

Number of direction sets:

Number of measured direction sets: This is the same as the number of stations that
the direction measurements have been calculated from. Usually this is the number of
points minus two (backsight and forward sight).

Verifiability:
The verifiability of a traverse is calculated using the following formula:

Number of measured directions + Number of measured distances - 2 x Number of

unknown points - Number of direction sets divided by Number of measured directions
+ Number of measured distances

The verifiability value should be as high as possible. For a traverse a value of 0.5
would be a satisfactory result.

Correction angle:
In completely connected traverses you can calculate the angle difference and this
difference can be distributed to the observations at the various points. This
distribution is an average distribution using the same angle difference at all
observations. The displayed difference is the adjusted angle created from every
angle.

Co-ordinates:
In completely connected, co-ordinate connected and end point connected traverses
you can calculate a co-ordinate difference. The displayed difference is the resulting
co-ordinate calculation for every point.

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Construct

Function Shortcut Description

keys
Line Ctrl + L Construct line command
Point P Construct point(s)
Circle Create circles
Arc Create arcs
Clothoid, spiral K Creates clothoids
Text T Command for adding text to a drawing.

Insert symbol S Inserts a symbol from the symbol table.

Fill area F Inserts a number of symbols within a limited area.
Slope hatch H Creates slope hatches between two parallel lines.
Dimension D Dimensioning
Insert raster Add a raster image to the drawing.

Copy Ctrl + C Copies an object in the drawing.

Offset O Creates a parallel line
Fillet Ctrl + Q Connects two lines to one other with or without a
radius between them.
Mirror Copies selected objects reversed, around selected
base line.
Divide line Divides the line into segments.

Create symbol Function for creating your own symbols.

Create line type Function for creating your own line type.
Define attributes Create your own attributes for symbols.
Convert symbols Converts symbols to points - used for terrain
to points modelling.
Group G Groups objects

Drawing sheet W Function for inserting drawing sheets.

Drawing view V Function for creating views in the drawing sheet.
Co-ordinates grid Inserts the co-ordinates grid into the drawing.

Profile form Function for inserting a profile form into the

drawing.
Sections Three separate functions for creating and inserting
sections into the drawing.
Polar stake out Polar stake out
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Point differences Comparison between points and the distances

between them.
Subdivide area Divides an area into several polygons.

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Draw line

Construct line

Shortcut key Ctrl + L

Select Draw polyline. Enter the co-ordinates either in the dialogue box or directly on
screen. If you are using the dialogue box click OK to continue to the next point. When
the polyline is finished click Done.

Dialogue explanations:

Add
When you type in co-ordinates click Add after each point. If you click OK twice for the
same co-ordinates you will get two points at the same spot.

Finish
When the line is completed click Finish. This will terminate the command. You can
also press the F2 button.

Undo
Undoes the last point

Get Style
Copies the style of any other object in the drawing. The style can be the layer name,
colour or line type.

Closed
If you want the line to be closed, i.e. a polygon, check this box.

Construction line
A construction line is not visible in the drawing.

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Spline
A spline will create splines of the line (with a rounded shape)

Filled
If you want this line to be filled with the same colour as the line itself, click in this box.

To draw a polyline with a baseline:

1. Select the baseline

2. Select the co-ordinates toolbox in View|Tool box|Co-ordinates.
3. Select Draw polyline.
4. Enter the co-ordinates directly into the toolbox rather than clicking on every co-
ordinate. You can opt to enter true co-ordinates directly into the Draw polyline
box. Enter the co-ordinates for the baseline function by entering them in the
co-ordinates box. Enter delta co-ordinates from the last point in the baseline
and the distance and bearing from the last point, by selecting the relevant set
in the co-ordinates box. After each point press Enter while you are still in the
box. You can then select another type of input data for the next point.
5. When the polyline is completed, click Done in the Polyline dialogue box.

The point number will increase one step at a time. If you enter 100 for the first point in
the polyline, the next point ID will be 101. If you enter 100.01 the next number will be
100.02.

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Draw point

Construct point

Select the Draw Point command. Enter the co-ordinates in the dialogue box or click
on the screen with the mouse.

It is also possible to enter the point codes for points. You can either enter them
manually or select an existing code from the drop-down list.

If you want to enter points with a baseline (A and B distances) you can create the
baseline under Settings|Baseline and then select View|Toolbox|Co-ordinates to enter
the local co-ordinates in the toolbox. For more information, refer to the section on
Draw line

The point number will increase by one step at a time. If you enter 100 for the first
point, the next Point ID will be 101. If you enter 100.01 the next number will be
100.02.

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Draw Circle

Construct circle

A constructed circle is made up of a centre point and a radius. There are several
ways to input this data:

 Centre Point + Radius. The circle is created from the centre point with the
given radius.
 2 points (the diameter). The circle is created between the two points.
 3 points. The circle is created from three points. The centre point and the
radius are calculated.
 Tangent-tangent-radius. The circle is created from two tangents and a given
radius. The centre point is calculated.

To draw a circle with the help of a centre point and a radius:

1. Select Construct|Circle.
2. You can now either enter the co-ordinates for the centre point or click in the
drawing with the mouse. Snap commands can be used. The co-ordinates
toolbox can be used.
3. Enter the radius. You can either enter the value manually in meters or use the
mouse.
4. If you entered the values manually you will need to click Done when you have
finished. If you use the mouse the command will finish as soon as you have
entered both the co-ordinates and the radius.

To draw a circle using two points:

1. Select Construct|Circle.
2. Click 2 pt.

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3. Click on one end of the diameter. Snap commands can be used. The co-
ordinates toolbox can be used.
4. Click on the other side of the diameter. Snap commands can be used. The co-
ordinates toolbox can be used.
5. Done.

To draw a circle with using three points:

1. Select Construct|Circle.
2. Click 3 pt.
3. Click on two of the points of the circle. Snap commands can be used. The co-
ordinates toolbox can be used.
4. Click on the third point. You will see the shape of the circle before you input
the last point. Snap commands can be used. The co-ordinates toolbox can be
used.
5. Done.

To draw a circle using tangent-tangent-radius

1. Select Construct|Circle.
2. Click the TTR button.
3. Click on the first tangent - polyline, circle or arc - you want to use. Snap
commands can be used.
4. Click on the second tangent - polyline, circle or arc - you want to use. Snap
commands can be used.
5. Click on the radius or input it manually. If you entered it manually you will need
to press Done. If you click on two points in the drawings the length of the
radius is given.

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Draw arc

Construct arc

A constructed arc is made up of a centre point, a radius and a length for the arc.
There are several ways to input data:

 3 points The arc is created from three points. The centre point and the radius
are calculated.
 Endpoint-endpoint-radius The arc is created from the endpoints and a given
radius
 Endpoint-centre point-endpoint The arc is created between the two
endpoints and a given centre point between them.
 Tangent-tangent-radius The arc is created from two tangents and a given
radius. The centre point is calculated.
 Bearing-Point Select one end of the line. The radius will run from this end
with no bearing difference to any other point of your choice.

To draw an arc using three points:

1. Select Construct|Arc.
2. Point with your mouse or use the co-ordinates toolbox
to input three points. Snap commands can be used.
3. If you are entering the values manually, click Done
when you have finished. If you used the mouse the
command will finish as soon as you have entered both
the co-ordinates and the radius.

To draw an arc using endpoint-endpoint-radius:

1. Select Construct|Arc.
2. Press the EER button.
3. Click each end of the arc or enter the values manually. Snap commands can
be used. The co-ordinates toolbox can be used.
4. Select the radius. You can either use your mouse or enter the radius manually.
Snap commands can be used. The co-ordinates toolbox can be used.
5. If you entered the values manually, click Done when you have finished. If you
used the mouse the command will finish as soon as you have entered both the
co-ordinates and the radius.
6. Done.

To draw an arc using endpoint-centre-endpoint:

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1. Select Construct|Arc.
2. Press the ECE button.
3. Click on the first point of the arc. Snap commands can be used. The co-
ordinates toolbox can be used.
4. Click on the centre point. This gives the length of the radius. Snap commands
can be used.
5. Click on the other endpoint. You will see that the arc shapes when you use
your mouse. You can either use the snap commands or input the co-ordinates
manually by using the co-ordinates toolbox.
6. Done.

To draw an arc using tangent-tangent-radius:

1. Select Construct|Arc.
2. Press the TTR button.
3. Click on the first tangent - polyline, circle or arc - you want to use. Snap
commands can be used.
4. Click on the second tangent - polyline, circle or arc - you want to use. Snap
commands can be used.
5. Click on the radius or enter the value manually. If you entered it manually you
need to press Done. If you click on two points in the drawing the length of the
radius is given.

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Clothoid/spiral

Construct|Clothoid

The ability to interpret clothoids and spirals is a valuable tool when creating roadline
and railroad line geometry.

There are different ways to interpret clothoids in Topocad. You can do it between a
straight line and a radius or between two radii.

Certain data has to be entered to interpret clothoids.

Start, bearing:
The start point for the clothoid is selected.
Enter the end or start radius, or both, and
then enter either the length or parameters.
Finally, select the end point for the start
bearing.

Start, end point:

The start point for the clothoid is selected.
Enter the end or start radius, or both, and
then enter either the length or parameters.
Finally, select the end point for the start
bearing.

Continue:
When an end point on a straight line or arc has been selected, the clothoid will
continue from this point. If a straight line is used, the end radius also has to be
specified. If a radius is used, the end radius should be 0 but an alternative value can
be entered.

Tangent:
For this function you need only two elements for a straight line or radius. Because the
distance between them and the start and end radius is known the parameter be
calculated.

The clothoid cannot cover large gaps.

Use the trim function when using the tangent-tangent option.

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Construct text

Construct|Text

Shortcut key Ctrl + T

You can enter text directly into the drawing. It

is also possible to select the height, rotation
and width for the text.

To enter text:

1. Select the Enter text command. Select

Construct|Text from the sub-menu (right
click) or use the shortcut key (Ctrl + T).
2. Enter the text in the dialogue box. You
can also copy and paste the text from
another word processor.
3. Select the height, scale width, rotation
and font style for the text. Enter the
values manually or select from the drop-
down list. It is also possible to select the
height and rotation directly in the
drawing.
4. Click on Height in the dialogue box.
Select the height you want for the text.
Next you will need to set the orientation. It is possible to select the orientation
in the drawing by using snap commands or you can enter it manually. To exit
the orientation selection, click on another step, such as Insertion point in the
dialogue box.
5. Click on Insertion point in the dialogue box. Select the start point in the
drawing.

TIP! The insertion point for the text is the first letter of the first row in the bottom left-hand corner.

TIP! For this and the other commands you can close the dialogue box and use the context menu instead (right
click).

TIP! Repeat the command by pressing the spacebar or Enter key.

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Insert symbol

Construct|Insert symbol

Shortcut key S

It is easy to insert a symbol from the symbol list whenever required.

To insert a symbol:

1. Select Insert symbol.

2. Select the symbol from the drop-down list.
3. Enter the values for Orientation and Scale if required. The scale is connected
to the scale of the selected drawing (Drawing|Scale). For example: if the
drawing scale has been set to 1:500, the scale here will automatically be set to
0.5 because the default drawing scale is 1:1000.
4. Select insertion point. Click with the mouse where you want it the symbol to
appear. Snap commands can be used. When you have selected the insertion
point you will be asked for the orientation. If you select the orientation here you
will also be asked for the scale. When you have selected the insertion point
you can click Done to use the settings in the dialogue box.

Sample: Insert the drawing frame:

1. Select Construct|Insert symbol.

2. Select the drawing frame you want to use from the drop-down list. Symbols
are selected under Preferences – System files.

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3. Select the start point from the dialogue box. Go to the drawing to see whether
the frame will fit or whether it is too big.
4. Select an appropriate scale. To re-scale the drawing frame A1S1000 to a
1:500 scale select the scale 0.5 for both X and Y-axes. Note that the scale is
connected to the scale of the selected drawing (Drawing|Scale). For example:
if the drawing scale has been set to 1:500, the scale here will automatically be
set to 0.5 because the default drawing scale is 1:1000.
5. If you have not yet done so, click the point at which you want to place the
drawing frame insertion point in the drawing. The insertion point for frames is
in the lower left-hand corner.
6. Select orientation. You can either type in the orientation or indicate it in the
drawing. When you are satisfied click Done in the dialogue box.

Select symbol - Select symbol by clicking on the symbol.

Delete symbol - Select Edit|Delete|Construct|Delete Point or the Delete button, to
delete selected symbols.
Modify - Select Construct|Modify and a dialogue will open to edit selected symbol.

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Fill area (with symbol)

Construct|Fill area

Fill area is a command that fills areas and polygons with any symbol. You can insert
the symbol within the polygon by choosing a polygon, symbol, direction and grid.

Three different tabs are used for this function:

Symbol
Select the symbol and the direction and scale for the symbol.

Grid
Input the origin and direction for the grid, and the interval between symbols.

Attribute
If the symbol has attributes they can be inserted.

Polygon
Select the polygon to limit the fill area.

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Slope hatches

Construct|Slope hatches

Slope hatches is a tool for creating slope hatches between two lines. If you select
parallel, or almost parallel, lines you can create slope hatches between them.

Length on short side of line

The line can be a percentage of the total distance or a fixed value.

Interval

Enter the interval between the lines.

Select the upper and lower edges.

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Copy object

Construct|Copy

Shortcut key Ctrl + C

It is possible to copy an object at the same time as rotating it.

The procedure is as follows:

1. Select Copy.
2. Click on Select (in the bottom right-hand corner of the dialogue box) and select
which objects you want to copy. (Note: the Select command is automatically
activated when the Copy command has been activated.) The Select
command can also be activated both before activating Copy and after
selecting the base and insertion points.
3. Select the base point to copy. This point should be somewhere in the copied
object.
4. Select Next point. The selected objects will be copied.
5. If you want to copy the object in dX, dY or dZ you do not need to select the
base point. Enter the value(s) and click OK.

Layer

Same
Places the copied objects in the same layer as the original.

Current
Places the copy in the current layer.

Multiple
Copies the object to multiple locations. This is only possible when you select Next
point directly in the drawing. If you enter values manually you can only copy the
object once.

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Offset

Construct|Offset

Shortcut key O

Parallel polylines with a selected offset are constructed using the Offset command.

To construct an offset:

1. Select the command Construct|Offset.

2. Select the offset you want to use. You can select it either by clicking in the
drawing or entering the value manually.
3. Click on Polyline in the dialogue box and select the line from which you want
to make the offset.
4. Click on the side where you want the new line to appear.

TIP! It is possible to select a new polyline and a new side without closing the command!

1 TIP! Make sure that you do not have the snap lock function activated when you select the side for the offset.

2 TIP! Do not enter a negative value for the offset. You select the side by indicating the right side!

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Fillet

Construct|Fillet

Shortcut key Ctrl + Q

Fillet is a command that connects two polylines to one

another. It is also possible to use the radius in this
command. In this case the two lines will be connected
(but not joined) with a radius. There are three ways to
do this:


For two polylines which do not pass each other.
These two polylines are extended until they
meet.
 For two polylines which do pass each other. These polylines are shortened
until they meet.
 For two polylines where one does not reach the other. One of the polylines is
extended until it meets the other; the second one is shortened to the same
point.

To use the Fillet function without a radius:

1. Select Construct|Fillet
2. Select the two polylines that you want to join. If one or both polylines pass the
other, click on the end of the line that you want to retain
3. You can continue with the command or click Done.

To use the Fillet function with a radius:

1. Select Construct|Fillet
2. Select the radius that you want to use between the two lines. You can either
input the radius manually or select it in the drawing.
3. Select the two polylines that you want to join.

TIP! If the radius is too short to reach the disconnected ends of the lines you will get an error message saying
“The radius is too short“. You can then use the Fillet command with radius = 0 and subsequently with any radius.

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Divide line

Construct|Divide line

The Divide line command is used to divide a line into several segments and creates
points on the line or to divide the line (click on the Divide line button in the lower right
of the window) into smaller segments. You can choose between a specified number
of points along the line or a specified distance between the points.

For more information about attributes:

 System|Attributes
 Define attribute
 Create symbol

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Mirror

Construction|Mirror

The mirror command copies selected objects reversed, around selected base line.

Select object, activate the command, and choose if the mirrored object shall be in the
same layer or in selected layer. Select Base point (Base Pt) and line to mirror around.

You can also select to copy the object (standard) and how you want to mirror text.

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Create symbol

Construct|Create symbol

Symbols can be created directly in the drawing whenever required. You can use
points, polylines, texts, circles, arcs and attributes in your symbol. If you want to add
a symbol to the constructed one, or if you want to change an existing symbol, you
must explode the symbol before you create the new one.

Draw the symbol you want to use with the

commands Draw polyline, Draw point, Draw
circle, Draw arc and Draw text. You can draw
the symbol at any position in the drawing.
Under Construct|Define attributes enter the
attributes that you want to assign to the
symbol.

To create a symbol:

1. Select Construct|Create symbol.

2. Enter the new symbol name. (If you
want to change the symbol name enter
the new name here).
3. Click on Select (in the bottom right-hand
corner of the dialogue box). Choose the
objects you want to include in the
symbol. If you have entered any
attributes for the symbol it is best to
select them in the order you want them
to appear in the Edit attributes dialogue box.
4. Select the base point. This is the point at which the symbol will placed relative
to the co-ordinates. Snap commands can be used.
5. If you have entered an existing symbol name you will be asked if you want to
replace the old symbol.

Name
Select an existing name if you want to change a symbol or enter a new symbol name.

Delete Entities
If you want to delete the objects used to create your symbol, tick this box.

Change an existing symbol

If you want to change an existing symbol or make a new symbol out of an existing
one, this is possible but you have to Explode (Modify|Explode) the previous symbol
before creating a new one.

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TIP! The created symbol can only be used in this drawing. If you want the symbol to be available for use in other
drawings, go to the Symbol manager (Drawing|Symbol) and add the symbol to the global symbol file.

Symbol for different scales

The appearance of a symbol can be defined by the current drawing scale. When creating a symbol
that already exists you get a question if the symbol shall be redefined or if the symbol shall be added
to dependent symbol. If the symbol shall be added to dependent symbol, a dialogue with the symbol is
displayed and also which drawing scale the symbol shall be displayed in.

Add drawing scale dependent symbol

Choose between these drawing scales (all drawing scales are locked by the software.)

 All: The symbol is displayed in all scales

 1:100: The symbol is displayed in all scales that are bigger and the same as 1:100.
 1:1000: The symbol is displayed in all scales that are bigger and the same as 1:1000.
 1:10000: The symbol is displayed in all scales that are bigger and the same as 1:10000.
 < 1:10000: The symbol is displayed in all scales that are smaller than 1:10000.

Note! Symbols in the drawing depends on the scale in the view.

For more information about attributes and symbols:

Drawing|Symbols
Created symbols are stored in the local drawing. You can add them to the global
table here.

System|Symbol
All symbols in the global table are displayed here. You can delete symbols from this
dialogue box.

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System|Attributes
Create the attribute itself and all the associated data.

Define attribute
Defines the attributes for the symbol when creating a symbol.

Create symbol
How to create symbols and associate attributes with them.

Attributes at point codes

How to connect attributes to point codes.

Edit attribute
How to edit an attribute in the drawing whether it is connected to a point code, a
symbol or both.

Settings|System files
The global file for symbols is selected in the settings and system files. The system
files for symbols have the extension .tsy and the system file for attributes the
extension .tat

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Create line type

Construct|Create line type

Creating a line type is similar to creating a symbol except that you also have to define
a direction. The line type may consist of lines with no radius.

The line type is stored in the local drawing unless you copy it to the global line type
file (TLT - see settings - system files) in the Drawing|Line type command.

Name
Enter a name for the line type.

Start point
Enter a start point for the line type. If you want to start with a space you will need to
enter a start point before the line itself.

Direction
Select (by clicking) the direction for the line. This will also be the end point. The line
will start from that point.

Select object
Select the objects that you want to include in the line. Only select lines without a
radius.

Scale
Select a scale if different from the current drawing.

See also:

Drawing|Line types
The line types used locally and line types available in the global system file are listed
here. You can copy them from either side.

Settings|System files
The line type files are selected under Settings - System files.
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Attribute definition

Construct|Attribute definition

Attributes are additional values for points. They can be diameters, ownership, dates,
etc. To define an attribute it first has to be created. You create attributes under
System|Attributes.

Define attributes is the function used to place attributes next to a symbol. You can
place several attributes next to a symbol. You select the height, orientation and width
of the font and then the font itself.

To create an attribute:

1. Select Construct|Define attribute.

2. Select the attribute to be placed next to the symbol. It is possible to have
several attributes but they can only be defined one at a time.
3. Select the height, width and orientation for the attribute. Snap commands can
be used to place attributes. Values can also be entered manually.
4. To place the attribute, select the base point and then click on the base point
for the attribute. The point that will be used as the base point of the attribute is
the first character in the lower left-hand corner. Notice that attributes may
have a prefix or suffix.
5. The attribute will now be drawn in the drawing: [ATTRIBUTE]. If it is not a
symbol it will look like this. When it is imploded into the symbol it will use the
value for the attribute instead.

For more information about attributes:

System|Attributes
Create the attribute and all associated data.

Define attribute
Defines the attribute associated with the symbol when creating the symbol.

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Create symbol
How to create symbols and associate attributes with them.

Attributes at point codes

How to associate attributes with point codes.

Edit attribute
How to edit an attribute in the drawing whether it is connected to a point code, a
symbol or both.

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Convert symbols to points

Construct|Convert symbols

This command converts symbols to points. It is necessary if you want to use symbols
as input data for a DTM or if you want to set out the symbols.

Some information can be converted from attribute data to Z-values, point codes
and/or heights. For more information on attributes see System|Attributes.

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Sheet/Drawing sheet

Construct|Sheet

When creating a drawing you start by creating one or more drawing sheets. Each
drawing sheet can have one or more drawing views for viewing the object.

The drawing sheets can be blank, but it is better to create the actual drawing sheets
with the frame, stamp, legend etc. The drawing sheets are selected using
Settings|Drawing. They can also be copied from previous drawing sheets.

When you create a drawing sheet with one or more drawing views, these should be
noted in the model. You can select the scale, direction and start point.

When creating your own templates for the drawing sheet you must create them using
absolute values, scale 01:01. For example: an A1 drawing will be 841 x 594 mm

See also

Drawing view.

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View/Drawing view

Construct|View

When creating a view in a drawing sheet you should first select its size in the
drawing. The default scale is 1:1000 but this can be changed easily.

A view is automatically inserted into the lower left-hand corner in the model view. If
there are any objects outside your drawing area, the new view may be a long way
away. Check this.

If the drawing view is inserted into the drawing sheet at the beginning you will have
the option to insert the drawing view into the model view.

See also

Drawing sheet.

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Co-ordinates grid

Construct|Co-ordinates grid

The co-ordinates grid is created in the drawing or drawing sheet. The co-ordinates
grid can be placed in the same layer as the drawing frame and drawing stamp.

The co-ordinates grid can be inserted in a drawing sheet. You will then need to select
which drawing view to work in. The co-ordinates grid will adopt the scale and create a
co-ordinates grid of the right size.

To create a co-ordinates grid:

1. Select or create the layer for the co-ordinates grid.

2. Select Construct|Coordinate grid.
3. Select which type of co-ordinates grid you want to use. You can select from
three different types - cross, net and frame.
4. Select size for the cross (this is not necessary when selecting net). Note that
these distances are in metres. ). The command identifies the set drawing scale
and will suggest sizes relative to the drawing scale. If you want the size of the
cross to be 8 mm on the drawing you will need to select the following heights
for the different scales:

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5. Drawing scale: Cross in mm on the plot. Size in metres:

 1:100 8 0.8
 1:400 8 3.2
 1:500 8 4.0
 1:1000 8 8.0
 1:2000 8 16.0
 1:10000 8 80.0
1. Select the base point. The base point is the point from which the numbering of
the grid is to be calculated. The default value is X=0, Y=0.
2. Select the distance you want to have between the cross, net or marks in the
frame. ). The command identifies the set drawing scale and will suggest sizes
relative to the drawing scale.
3. Select the font you want to use.
4. Select the height of the text. Note that the height is in metres.
5. Select where you want the text to be printed and also any prefixes or suffixes
required.
6. Click on the window and select which area you want to create the co-ordinates
grid to appear in.
7. Click OK. The grid will be plotted in the drawing.

See also

Insert drawing sheet

Insert drawing view

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Draw profile form

Construct|Draw profile form

The profile form cannot be printed from its original file type (.tpf). It must be inserted
into a drawing. This will also make it easier to define the scale, size of plot, etc.

The procedure is as follows:

1. Start a new drawing.

2. Go to Construct|Profile form.
3. Select the profile form you want to print.
4. Select an insertion point for the profile form. Select the length and scale of the
form. If the profile form is too long to print out it can be split into two or more
forms and each will still have the correct toolbox.
5. Done

You can divide a profile form into several sheets or drawings. For example: if you enter 0 as the start
section, and a length of 300, and then a start section of 300 and length of 300, the headers will be
repeated and the profile form will be displayed correctly.

Tip! You can use the Co-ordinates toolbox to insert the profile form at the origin. This makes it is
easier to create the length and height in the profile form.

Tip! If you start with a drawing sheet with a drawing view inserted and zoom in on this, it is easier to insert the
profile form and check that it has the correct size and scale.

See also

Profile form

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Create section drawing

Construct|Section drawing

Command Description
Enter calculated sections
Sections from selected
lines
Sections from selected
lines as measured
Measured profile Longitudinal section entry.
Drawing size and scale How to get the size and scale right.
Print on drawing methods General settings for inserting into the
drawing

There are four ways to create and insert section drawings:

 Inserting created cross sections

 Creating sections from lines in the drawing
 Using measured sections
 Using measured profiles

Inserting calculated sections

For insertion of created sections (TCS files)

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In this dialogue box, you select the section files you want to place in the drawing. You can use one or
more created sections at the same time, but they will use the same section. If they are created along
the same road line this is fine but if not they will show two different sections for the same section in the
drawing. Use the up and down arrows to select the order. If you intend to insert two or more cross
section files at the same time, they will need to have the same created section and section interval.

See the image above for details of how to enter information in the drawing.

Section from lines in drawing

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The procedure is as follows:

1. Enter the roadline or select it in the drawing.

2. Select the sections crossing this road line, click Next. Refer to DRAWING.

Calculate and set out the measured sections

The procedure is as follows:

1. Use the selected lines as measured option (see screenshot)

2. Enter the roadline or select it in the drawing.
3. Select the sections crossing this road line, click Next. Refer to DRAWING.

Calculate and show measured profile

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The procedure is as follows:

1. Use the measured profile option (see screenshot)

2. Select the measured profile.
3. Select the insertion method. Refer to DRAWING.

Drawing scale and size

Use a drawing sheet Drawing sheet templates are set under File|Settings|Folders. and views:

1. Use a new blank drawing.

2. Insert a drawing sheet with the scale and size you want in the drawing (if there are no drawing
views, continue from 3-4)
3. Place a new drawing view in this drawing sheet.
4. Select the scale for it.
5. If you know that you will need more drawings, repeat these steps and place the drawing views
next to one another.
6. Continue with the next step.

Insert in the drawing

There are two main methods, which mainly differ in terms of the layout. We call them the bucket and
the form.

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Method: Method: Description

The The form
bucket
Method Method Select method and type of view
selection selection
Layout Layout It is possible to select the section size and the margin between
them.
Text Text Text information, size etc
Layers Layers Select layers and information
Forms Select which objects are to be displayed
Sections, Sections, What sections, number, start section, intervals, sections per
interval interval column etc.

Method selection

Select the method you want to use to insert your sections:

Bucket method (left) Form method (right )

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Layout

Enter the values for different distances for the section. You will find the maximum value of any of the
sections made/created in grey to the right.

Left (A)
Left-hand side of cross section from the centre point.

Right (B)
Right-hand side of cross section from the centre point.

Height (C)
The maximum height for any section.

Margin (M)
The margin between the cross sections in the drawing.

Distance between markers

The distance between the markers for the vertical and horizontal side.

Text

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Select the text height and font. It will sometimes be difficult to identify the correct size. Try clicking
once in the drawing to obtain an idea of the size. If you have selected "Display areas" and "Bottom" as
shown, you will see in the drawing how high the bottom line is. This is shown by the red dot in the
screenshot below.

Scale
The scale is used for different scales in the sections.

Placement
Where the area text is to be placed.

Field

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This window is only used if you are using areas. All areas used in the cross sections will be available,
including those fields you created yourself.

Sections

Select how many and which sections you want for each drawing. You can see their size by clicking
once in the drawing. You need to fit them into the drawing view you have placed in the drawing.

Sections
Total number of sections for each drawing

Rows
How many rows you want to use in your drawing.

Columns
For your information only, shows how many columns there will be depending on the total number and
how many rows you are using.

Terrain limit
The terrain limit specifies how far outside the maximum theoretical section the sections will be on each
side.

When you have done all this, place your sections in the drawing. You can place the next set of cross
sections in the next drawing view immediately. If you are running out of drawing views, place the
sections in the blank drawing and create drawing sheets afterwards.

Form method
This method uses more information for each section.

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Layout

Select the distances and enter them in the dialogue box.

Box height
The height for each box and form below the section.

Lines
Line type for the form. If you want the text to be placed on the line, select this option.

Date
Position for the first form/box according to the sections. The options are automatic, distance or actual
height, where distance represents the distance between the box and the form.

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Text

Select the text height and font and whether you want the areas to be displayed.

Field

This window is only used if you are using areas. All areas used in the cross sections will be available,
including those fields you created yourself.

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Selecting layers

Select the layers (forms) that you want to use for each cross section. The name can be edited when
they are on the left-hand side. You can add boxes that will be empty. The information to be added
here is the height of each break point in the selected layer.

Sections

Select how many and which sections you want for each drawing. You can see their size by clicking
once in the drawing. You need to fit them into the drawing view you have placed in the drawing.

Sections
Total number of sections for each drawing

Rows
How many rows you want to use in your drawing.

Columns
For your information only, shows how many columns there will be depending on the total number and
how many rows you are using.

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Terrain limit
The terrain limit specifies how far outside the maximum theoretical section the sections will be on each
side.

When you have done all this, place your sections in the drawing. You can place the next set of cross
sections in the next drawing view immediately. If you are running out of drawing views, place the
sections in the blank drawing and create drawing sheets afterwards.

Cross section example:

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Polar stake out (set out)

Construct|Polar stake out

The stake out creates a printout of horizontal distances and angles from selected
stations and backsights.

The printout is added to a stake out log.

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Dimension

Construct/Dimension

The Dimension command is a flexible and intelligent command that allows different
kinds of dimensioning.

The different types of dimensioning:

Linear

Linear dimensioning is always vertical or horizontal.

Offset

Offset dimensioning is parallel to the measured object.

Diameter

Measures the diameter of circles and arcs.

Radius

Measures the radius of circles and arcs.

Pointer

Inserts a line for an explanatory text.

Angle

Inserts the angle between two lines.

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Base line

Inserts the distances after each line.

Settings

Lines and arrows

Dimension lines

Select the colour, layer and line type for the dimension lines.

Extension lines

Select the length for the extension lines. This is used when the text is beyond the
arrows and there is no space in between.

Arrows

Select different types and sizes of arrows.

Text

Select the font, colour and height

Text placement

Select the distance of the text from the line.

Linear distances and angle dimension

Enter the accuracy, prefix and suffix.

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Group

Construct|Group

Shortcut key G

Objects can be grouped together. These objects do not have to be in the same layer
or have other similar properties. If an object is grouped the complete group will be
selected when the any one of the objects is selected.

This function is used when you want several objects to be treated in the same way,
for example if you want to rotate multiple objects.

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Point difference

Construct|Point difference

A command that compares two points with one other.

You can select two points settings - theoretical and measured - and check the
difference between them using either the global co-ordinates system or any other
UCS you may have.

You can create a report if required.

You can choose to compare points to the nearest point (within a limit) or to the point
ID.

Tolerance

If the distance between the points is greater than the tolerance, a circle will be
displayed.

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Selection

Selections are made by using the layer filter.

Distance

Select mm, cm or m as the unit to be used to display the distance.

Text

Select font and height.

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Subdivide area

Construction|Subdivide area

Subdivide area is a function that divides a polygon into two or more polygons with
equivalent areas. You can state whether you want the surface to be parallel to a
baseline or to extend straight from any of the points in the polygon.

The "Explode new polygons" command explodes all polygons to single lines.

The "Create report" function works with the Crystal reports generator.

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Insert raster

Construction|Insert raster

The command "Insert raster" adds a raster image to the drawing. The image can be
inserted directly into the drawing or as a reference with a link to the image.

Settings that can be used are insertion coordinates in three dimensions; X, Y and Z,
the direction of the image and the scale. If there is a Geo reference in the file or as an
attached file, it will be read in the dialogue and applied.

See also

Edit raster.

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Modify

Function Shortcut Description

keys
Erase Del Deletes object in drawing

Move Ctrl + M Moves selected objects

Rotate Ctrl + R Rotates objects. Can also be used with the copy
function.
Scale Scales objects
Transformation Transforms an object using the Helmert or Affins
method.
Gtransform Transformation using the integrated third party
software Gtrans.
Join Ctrl + J Joins lines and points to each other.
Break Ctrl + B Breaks lines at the nodes.
Explode Shift + X Explodes the object.
Extend Shift + E Extends lines towards other lines.
Trim Ctrl + X Trims the object, i.e. breaks lines at the point they
reach another line.
Lengthen Lengthens objects by a distance or percentage.

Change Change layer, line type and colour of existing objects.

Changes the Shift + O Changes the drawing order for objects.
order
Changes Ctrl + E Changes almost all properties of the selected objects.
properties
Change group Shift + G Changes the objects belonging to a group.

Edit line Shift + L Edits the selected line.

Edit attribute Shift + A Edits the attribute values.
Edit text Shift + T Edits text contents
Modify raster Modify raster, insertion point, scale and image file.
Modify legend Modify legend (only available in drawing sheet) Same
command as Construct legend

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Delete object

Modify|Delete

Shortcut key Delete

This function deletes objects from the drawing.

You can either select the object and then go to Modify|Delete or right click and then
select Delete. If you activate the Delete command first you have to select the objects
for deletion and then select Done by right clicking or pressing F2.

TIP! It is easier to select objects before activating the command. In this case you do not have to finish the
command with another command.

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Move object

Modify|Move

Shortcut key Ctrl + M

This moves the selected objects in the direction you select. You can move objects in
the drawing with the mouse or enter the values manually. In this case you can enter
either the angle and distance or in dX, dY and dZ format. (dN, dE, dH)

You can select objects before or after you have activated the command and even
add more objects afterwards.

The object to be moved can be placed in the same layer as the selected object or in
the current layer.

To move an object:

1. Select Modify |Move.

2. Select objects to move.
3. Select Base point. It is possible to snap on objects.
4. Select Insertion point (next point). You can select with the mouse, enter
values for dX, dY, dZ or enter the angle and distance. If you click on the
insertion point the command is completed if you have selected objects. If you
type in the values you will need to click OK to finish.
5. Note that points 2, 3 and 4 may be entered in any order. However it is
important that a base point is selected before the next point is selected in the
drawing. The default value for the base point is the origin.

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6. To move objects with a rotation, fill in the Rotation parameter and the object
will rotate, depending on the lap you have selected in File|System| System
settings, Angle, Angle Settings.

TIP! You can move an object in height (Z) only. Just enter the Z change and click
OK.

TIP! For this and the other modify commands you can close the dialogue box and
use the context menu instead.

Note: It is important to select a base point. If no base point is selected Topocad will calculate the movement from
the base point with co-ordinates 0,0 (origin).

See also

Copy object.

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Rotate object

Modify|Rotate

Shortcut key Ctrl + R

This rotates the selected objects from the selected base point by whatever rotation
angle you select. You can rotate objects in the drawing by using the mouse or by
entering the values manually. In this case it is possible to enter the rotation and the
reference point. It is also possible to select the rotation and the reference point with
the mouse.

You can select objects before or after you have activated the command and even
add more objects later.

The object to be moved can be placed in the same layer as the selected object or in
the current layer.

To rotate an object:

1. Go to Modify |Rotate.
2. Select the objects to rotate.
3. Select the base point. It is possible to snap on objects.
4. Select the orientation. It is possible to select with the mouse or manually enter
the value for the direction (in GON, degrees or mills). If you selected the
insertion point with the mouse the command is done if you have selected
objects. If you entered the values manually you have to click OK to finish.
5. Note that points 2, 3 and 4 may be entered in any of order. However it is
important that a base point is selected. The default value for the base point is
the origin.

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Explanation of dialogue box

Reference angle:
This is used if you want to rotate an object relative to a selected reference angle
instead of the default reference angle (that is 0 North). Click on Ref. and then select
the first and second points of the reference angle. The angle will be displayed in the
dialogue box. To rotate an object relative to this angle you can either use your mouse
to select the rotation or enter the angle in the orientation box. This method is the
best.

Copy
Tick this box to copy the rotated objects.

It is also possible to rotate some types of objects by going to View Info.

Note: It is important to select a base point. If no base point is selected Topocad will calculate the rotation from a
base point with co-ordinates X=0, Y=0.

TIP! For this and the other commands you can close the dialogue box and use the context menu instead.

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Scale

Modify|Scale

This scales the selected objects from the selected base point to whatever scale is
required. You can scale objects in the drawing with the mouse or by entering the
values manually. In this case it is possible to enter the scale factor and the reference
point. It is also possible to select the scale factor and reference point with the mouse.

You can select objects before or after you have activated the command and even
add more objects later.

The object to be scaled can be placed in the same layer as the selected object or in
the current layer.

To scale an object:

1. Select Modify |Scale.

2. Select objects to scale.
3. Select base point. It is possible to snap on objects.
4. Select Next point. It is possible to select with the mouse or enter the values
for scale manually. If you click on the insertion point the command is finished if
you have selected objects. If you enter the values manually you have to click
OK to finish.
5. Note that points 2, 3 and 4 may be entered in any order. However, it is
important that a base point is selected before the next point is selected in the
drawing. The default value for the base point is the origin.

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Reference:
You can select a reference from which your new scale will be calculated. This is often
easier to use than the default scale.

The modified object can be placed in the same or selected layer. You can also select
copy object.

Note: It is important to select a base point. If no base point is selected Topocad will calculate the scale from a
base point with co-ordinates 0,0.

TIP! For and the other modify commands you can close the dialogue box and use the context menu instead.

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Transformation

Modify|Transformation

The transformation function changes, scales, moves and rotates the objects at the
same time. You can use either Helmert or Affin transformation and you can use any
number of points (with a minimum of three) to calculate the transformation
parameters. You can click on the points or enter them manually.

The procedure is as follows:

1. Check that you can select at least two points in both the to and from systems.
You can either select them in the drawing with the mouse or enter the co-
ordinates manually. You can also load previously stored parameters.
2. Select the objects you want to transform.
3. Select Transform.
4. Select the type of transformation system - Helmert or Affin.
5. Select the From tab and click on or enter co-ordinates for at least three points.
The points do not have to be in the selected objects.
6. Select the To tab and click on or enter co-ordinates for the same amount of
points. Note that they must be the added in the same order as in the From tab.
7. Select the Parameters tab to see the result of the transformation calculation.
You can also save the parameters to another transformation.
8. Click Done. (If you have not selected any objects you can do so now before
you click Done). You can select or deselect more objects by holding down the
Ctrl key while making your selections.

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Load/Save
It is possible to save and reload the transformation parameters.

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Join

Modify|Join

Shortcut key Ctrl + J

Join polyline is used to link two polylines or

points together. You can also join all selected
objects by choosing the point code and
connection method.

The join command usually join two objects

(lines or points) where the two objects have
the shortest distance between another. This
irrespective of where you do the mark. Avoid
this by marking "Join node point" where you
are able to select on which node you want to
join to. Join node point join to the exact point
and inherit its height.

The procedure is as follows:

1. Select Modify |Join.

2. Select the two objects that you want to link together. It does not matter
whereabouts on the objects you click
because they will always be linked
together at their closest end points.
3. You can now select more objects to
link to this object.
4. When you have finished press F2 or
Enter or right click and then and click
Done.

TIP! You can repeat this command by pressing the

spacebar or Enter.

There is also a function for selecting with

Selection; here you can choose how the
selections shall function.

You can select a Max distance for how far a join shall be. Check point code makes
the same point code for the both points involved in the selection can be joined, not
others.

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Break

Modify|Break

Shortcut key Ctrl + B

The Break command is used to split a polyline.

The procedure is as follows:

1. Select the Modify |Break command.

2. Click on the first point at which you wish to break the polyline. If you do not
wish to break the polyline again press Enter or click Done in the context menu.
(You can also click again at the same point.) If you want to break the polyline
at another point, click on the point.

See also

Trim command
Explode
Fillet.

TIP! It is possible to repeat a command by pressing the spacebar or enter key!

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Explode

Modify|Explode

Shortcut key Shift + X

Explode is used to split symbols into their components and polylines into lines. If you
want to change a symbol, or create a new symbol from an existing one you will need
to use Explode. It can be used to separate point info from the point so that the point
information can be moved individually. It can also be used to split a symbol linked to
a point by a point code so that the symbol becomes separate from the point.

It is also possible to explode a road line to its origin, i.e. lines, radius and spirals.

The procedure is as follows:

1. Go to Modify|Explode.
2. Select the object you want to explode.
3. Decide how you want to explode the object:
4. Explode object - Explodes a polyline into lines or a symbol into its
components.
5. Explode point info - Separates the point info from the object.
6. Explode automatically - Separates the symbol from the point code (point).
7. Click OK when you have finished.

TIP! It is possible to repeat the command by pressing the spacebar or Enter key!

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Extend

Modify|Extend

Shortcut key Shift + E

Extend is a command that extends a polyline to other

polylines, circles or arcs.

The procedure is as follows:

1. Go to Modify |Extend.
2. Select the point on the polyline, circle or arc that you
want to extend to. It is possible to select several
polylines, circles or arcs.
3. Click on Polyline in the dialogue box. Select the
polyline you want to extend. If there are several
objects one after the other in the direction you want
to extend the polyline you can extend to all of them by clicking on the polyline
again. You can also select objects by clicking Select with right click, and then
select either crossing line or crossing polyline.
4. You can immediately select another polyline to extend if required.
5. To end the command click Done or press F2 or Enter.

It is possible to extend in several steps. If there are several lines to extend on the
extension of the line, you shall extend them in the order they are placed towards the
line. You extend the end that is as far-off from the marking point, if it is possible to
extend a line to both directions.

It is possible to extend lines to interpolated lines by clicking on the relevant button.

The extend command has the alternatives ”Keep Z, ”Extrapolate Z”, and ”Interpolate other Z”.

Keep Z means the Z coordinate is not effected.

Extrapolate Z means the Z coordinates is calculated at the intersection by extrapolate the extended
object.
Interpolate other Z means the Z coordinate interpolates from the intersection line.

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Trim

Modify|Trim

Shortcut key Ctrl + X

This command cuts polylines, circles or arcs when they

reach another object. You can trim the objects at either
ends or in the middle.

To trim a polyline, circle or arc:

1. Go to Modify|Trim.
2. Select the polylines or other objects you want to
trim to. You must select at least one polyline, circle
or arc but you can select several. To trim to a
symbol you need to explode it first. See Explode
3. Click Trim in the dialogue box.
4. Select the polyline, circle and/or arc that you wish to trim. The part of the
polyline that you selected is trimmed (deleted). It is even possible to trim
objects that you have trimmed to. It is possible to select several lines with the
select command (for example windows or crossing) and you can also select a
line or a polyline. Select with a right click and the Select button.
5. Click Done or press F2 or Enter when you have finished.

It is possible to trim to interpolated objects. The trim command, as well as the extend
command, can trim towards the other lines extension. In other words the lines do not
have to attach to be trimmed.

The alternatives of the trim command are ”Keep Z”, ”Interpolate Z” and ”Interpolate other Z”.

Keep Z means the Z coordinate is not affected.

Interpolate Z means the Z coordinate is calculated at the intersection, by
interpolating the trimmed object.
Interpolate other Z means the Z coordinate interpolates from the intersection.

Note: It is not possible to trim a symbol that is connected to a point code. This is treated as a point or polyline and
not as a symbol.
TIP! You do not have to close the command if you want to trim other objects. Just click Select again and select
more objects to trim to.

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Lengthen

Modify|Lengthen

Lengthens a polyline by a specified distance, a specified percentage of the line

length or to the total length of the line. Click on the side of the line that needs to be
lengthened. This command can also be used to shorten polylines by entering a
length that is shorter then the original one.

The procedure is as follows:

1. Select the polyline.

2. Select if you want to lengthen the polyline with a fixed length, a percentage
length or a total length.
3. Click on the part of the polyline that you want to lengthen.

You can select a negative value if you want to shorten the polyline.

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Stretch

Modify|Stretch

The command Stretch extends or pull together chosen points in a line.

Mark one or several points in one or several lines. Activate the command Modify|Stretch - click on
"Stretch" and then you can move and stretch the chosen points. To add or delete points from your
choice, just click the Choose button and then choose points (alternative Ctrl - choose) and then click
the Stretch button.

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Change

Modify|Change

Change allows you to change the layer, line type and colour of existing objects.

The procedure is as follows:

1. Select Change. (Layer, line type or colour).

2. Select the objects to change.

3. Select the new layer, line type or colour from the drop-down menu, or:

4. You can also choose to select the new layer, line type or colour by object.

5. Highlight another existing object with the particular layer, line type or colour you
want to use for the selected objects.

TIP! It is also possible to change layers, colours and line types, and other things using the Change properties
function.

TIP! It is possible to repeat the command by pressing the spacebar or the Enter key!

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Change object order

Modify|Change|Object order

Shortcut key Shift + O

This command is used to change the order of objects in a drawing. The command is
used for filled and patterned areas so that you can move a filled area forwards,
backwards, to the front or to the back in the drawing.

The procedure is as follows:

1. Go to Modify|Change order
2. Select the object you want to move.
3. You can decide to place it at the front or back, behind another selected object,
or move it forwards or backwards one step at the time.
4. Done!

In a drawing there are often many objects. Therefore, when using commands like
Move back and Move forward it may seems like nothing happens, but in fact it
depends on the number of objects in the drawing, and it can take some time before
you see the change in the drawing. It is then faster to use some of the other
commands.

Compare this with the layer setting function where you can give the objects in a layer
a priority - the higher the number the higher the object appears in the drawing list.

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Change properties

Modify|Change|Properties

Shortcut key Ctrl + E

Right click (when objects are selected).

Double click on the object

By selecting one or more objects and activating the Change properties command
(also available in context menu) you can change almost anything regarding these
objects - layer, colour, co-ordinates, closed polyline, radius etc. If you have selected
different types of objects, for example a line and a text, you can edit the information
they have in common, like layer or colour.

See also:

Change layer, line type, colour

Show point info

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Edit polyline

Modify|Edit polyline

Shortcut key Shift + L

The polyline can be edited in the Edit polyline dialogue box by editing the text or
graphically using the mouse. A third way to edit polylines is to go to View|Edit as text

The procedure is as follows:

1. Go to Edit polyline.
2. Select the polyline you want to edit.
3. Either move it with the mouse or enter new values in the dialogue box. You
can change the co-ordinates, point ID, radius and point code. The point code
can be selected from the drop-down list or you can enter another one. The
new point code will automatically be stored in the current code table (default
name is Topocad.TCT). To ensure that the changed information will be applied
go to Next or Previous point before clicking Done.
4. To go to Next or Previous point: click on the appropriate button. You will see a
small cross at the current point. When you reach the end of the polyline either
the Next or Previous key will become greyed out.
5. To select a new polyline to edit, click Polyline and then select the desired
polyline.
6. When you have finished editing the polylines click Done.

Explanations of the dialogue box

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Add
Adds a point after the current point. The default position is halfway between the
current and next point.

Remove
Deletes current point.

Polyline
You can select another polyline by clicking here.

Reverse
Reverses the direction of the polyline.

Closed polyline
This will join the first and last points together. It will not create an extra point.

Construction line
A construction line will be displayed on the display or drawing but not on the printout.

Spline
Select whether or not the polyline should be a spline.

Filled polyline
Creates a filled area with the same colour as the line. You can also select a pattern
for the line here.

Change direction
It is possible to edit the polyline so it changes to the opposite direction.

You can close the dialogue box by clicking in the top left corner and then edit the
polyline with the mouse. Right click functions can easily be used to make all changes.

Select the co-ordinates toolbox or open the dialogue box.

Note: If you enter a new radius you will not be able to see it until you exit the polyline. (Done)

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Edit attribute

Modify |Edit attribute

Shortcut key Shift + A

Edit attribute allows you to change the value (name etc.) of the attribute for a point.
You can also use this command to change a point code or the point ID for a point.
The order of the displayed attributes is the same as the order in which they were
defined when the symbol was created. If more than four attributes are associated
with the symbol you will notice a drop-down list to the right. You can also change a
point code and point ID by going to View Info.

The procedure is as follows:

1. Select Edit attribute.

2. Click on the point for which you want to edit the attribute, point ID or point
code.
3. Edit the point (point ID point code or any attribute data). Some attribute data
cannot be edited because the attribute cannot be updated.
4. You can select the next point by double clicking on it.
5. Click Done.

Edit Object Attributes

This command gives the user possibilities to edit/add/delete object attributes, on objects without
database information.
The command shows an object attribute or several attributes common attribute.

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Add and delete attributes via the attribute button.

Note: It is not possible to edit the point ID or point code for a symbol that has attributes!

Note: The attributes are associated with the point code. If you select another code for the point the type of
attributes will change. The data will be attached to the point but cannot be displayed or edited. If you want the
attribute to appear on the drawing you will need to create or modify a symbol with that attribute.

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Point attributes (with link from point code) can also be edited via Edit as text;
View|Tool box|Edit as text. (Shortcut key Ctrl + U) This is a useful command if you want
to edit several attributes at the same time.

See also:

Attribute definition

Attributes

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Edit text

Modify|Edit text

Shortcut key Shift + T

The Edit text command can only be used to edit the content of the text, not to move
or rotate it etc. If you want to move, scale or rotate text you need to select the
appropriate commands such as Modify|Move, Modify|Scale and Modify|Rotate. It is
also possible to edit text by going to Modify|Change properties

To edit text:

1. Select Edit text.

2. Click on the text to be edited.
3. Enter the correct text. You can also copy and paste (shortcut key Ctrl + V) text
into the dialogue box from another text editor.
4. To edit another item of text, click on it in the drawing.
5. When you have finished click Done.

You can also edit text using the View Info command.

Another way to edit text is command Modify|Change|Properties (shortcut key Ctrl +

E). In this command you can edit size, scale, position, colour, and also the content of
the text. However it is easier to edit the content in this command.

Add background mask to text

Select Background Mask when creating text. Select Fill color to choose a color, and
offset values to decide background mask size in relation to the text. The settings can
be edited afterwards by changing settings for the text or by the command edit text.

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See also:

Change properties

TIP! It is possible to repeat the command by pressing the spacebar or Enter key.

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Change group

Modify|Change|Group

Short key Shift + G

Group is a way to link objects together for specific reasons: For easier selection or to
modify a group of objects at the same time. Groups can be a part of another group.
Shortcut keys:G to create group.Shift + G to modify group (objects in group)

A group is a number of objects that are linked to one another. Some groups are
connected automatically - such as contour lines, dimensions, slope hatches. Other
groups can be created manually.

A group can be selected all at once. All modify commands will then apply to the
whole group.

A group can contain subgroups.

To create a group go to the Group command under Construction. To modify a group:

Add
Adds an object to the selected group.

Remove
Removes an object from the selected group.

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See also:

 Construct a group

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Gtransformation

Modify|Gtrans

Gtrans is a third party software package that can be implemented into Topocad and
used to transform known parameters between some systems. Systems can be set
up.

New transformation relations (.tf and .tfi transformation information files) adds to the
selected relation catalogue. The dialogue also shows a description of selected
relation.

The procedure is as follows:

1. Select the objects you want to transform.

2. Go to Modify|Gtrans.
3. Select the system you want to start from.
4. Select the system you want to go to.
5. Select whether you want the transformation to create a new file
(recommended).

A .tf file looks like this:

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See also

Transformation.

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Modify raster

Modify|Modify raster

The command change the settings for inserted raster images.

You can edit any image and its search path, if the image shall be referred or placed directly in the
drawing, and its insertion points, direction and scale. This information can also be edited with the
command "Edit preferences".

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Drawing

Function Description
Layer manager Layer settings are created here.
Object properties Properties for new objects.
Base line Create and use a base line
Scale Drawing scale
Symbol Symbols in drawing and global file.
Line types Line types in drawing and global file.
External references Use of external drawings as external references.
Co-ordinate system Selection of co-ordinate system for the drawing.

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Layer Control

Drawing|Layer control

Layers are one of the many ways to distinguish between different types of data in
Topocad. A layer can consist of buildings, pipes, cables, polygon points, survey 1 etc.
Using layer control is an effective way to handle different types of data. The layer
manager is a toolbox, in other words it can be open while you work with the drawing.

It is possible to work with layers in several ways. These will be explained here.

To create a new layer:

1. Activate layer control.

2. Click on the button Create down to your left. Enter the name and description.
The layer can have any name. Note that other CAD programs may not allow
spaces or accented characters such ad Å, Ä, Ö.

Settings

Current
Select which layer will be the current layer. This can also be done in the menu. A
quick way to select a current layer is to double click the layer name in the list to the
left of the layer control window. The current layer will be displayed with an arrow to
the left of it in the status list.

Name
Choose any name to the layer, but remember that it may change when exporting to
other drawing files.

Description
The layer can have a description.

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Line type
Select which line type you want to use for the layer. Note that the point code may
have a different line type. If this is the case, the line type of the point code will be the
active one.

Color
Select which color you want the layer to have. If you have already made settings e.g.
in. the code table you do not have to do so again.

Frozen
Yellow mark means not frozen and snowflake means frozen layer. A frozen layer is
not visible and cannot be regenerated. The good thing about working with frozen
layers is that it is much faster, compared to hidden layers. This is because they are
not included when regenerating the drawing.

Visible
The visible layer is marked with a yellow lamp when it is visible and a grey lamp
when it is hidden. A hidden layer is not visible but will regenerate when the drawing is
regenerated.

Read only
Read only is marked with a lock which can be locked or unlocked depending on its
status. A read only layer is visible but although you can snap on it you will not be able
to change anything in the layer.

Display only
Display only is marked with a cross in the square. The layer is visible but you cannot
work in it.

Layer level
The layers can be stated in different levels where the higher the level shows higher in
drawing. In a similar way as order but on a layer level. The layer level has a higher
priority then what the object order has.

Zoom alternatives
A layer is visible only within certain zoom limits (zoom= the drawing width in meters).

 On: the layer displays only within certain zoom limits.

 Off: The layer is displays only if it is selected as Visible in the layer manager.
 Min zoom: the minimum zoom where the layer is visible.
 Max zoom: The maximum zoom where the layer is visible.

Blank values on Min zoom and Max zoom are not valued as limits.
Current zoom in drawing is displayed at the scaler if settings has been made under Settings|System
settings|Screen|Display zoom and if the scalor is visible.

Object
The number of objects in this layer.

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Commands

Create
Creates a new layer and a description can be made.

Edit
Gives you a possibility to edit the name of the layer and description.

Delete
Deletes a layer. If the layer contains an object you will be warned.

Previous/Next
Displays previous and next made layer setting.

See also:

Object properties
Change Properties

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Entity Modes

Drawing|Entity Modes

Describes a new object and allows you to change it.

The procedure is as follows:

1. Select Object properties.

2. Select the line type, colour and elevation for the new object. All types of data
can influence polylines. Colour and height influence points and line types and
colours influence circles and arcs.
3. To avoid this command you will need to set the default values.

See also

Change properties

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UCS

Drawing|UCS

A baseline is an effective way to interpret different objects. To create a baseline you

have to select the origin and the direction for the baseline.

To activate the baseline:

1. Select Drawing|Baseline
2. You can now select a previously saved baseline by selecting the name from
this list. To create the baseline:
3. Select the point for the new origin. You can use snap commands or enter the
value manually.
4. Select the direction for the X (north) axis.
5. Save the baseline by entering a name in the upper box.

To activate the baseline, tick Activate. You will notice that as soon as you have
selected the origin and direction the dialogue disappears. However, if you forget to
activate the baseline you will not lose the settings.

The baseline will be displayed with the crosshairs, which will have the same direction
as the baseline.

The baseline can also be used in View|Co-ordinate toolbox and for point difference

Selected co-ordinate system is also shown as co-ordinate axis in the systems origin
or in the windows lower left part, if the origin not is visible.

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To deactivate the baseline:

1. Select Baseline
2. Select Global from the list.
3. Click OK.

TIP! If you enter local co-ordinates from the baseline, enter them in the Co-ordinates toolbox (View|Toolbox|Co-
ordinates)

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Scale

Drawing|Scale

The drawing scale should ideally be corrected at the start of the drawing. The
drawing scale will influence any symbols and text which are inserted. It is possible to
select any scale when inserting symbols but by default it will be compared with a
scale of 1:1000.

When inserting a symbol you can select the scale size. All symbols in the symbol lists
are saved with a scale of 1:1000. If you have selected 1:500 as the drawing scale,
the default scale when inserting a symbol will be 0.5. This can be changed if
required.

See also

Insert symbol.

TIP! If you use default drawings it is better to use the default drawing scale.

TIP! If you import a drawing that is in mm it may be better to set the drawing scale to 1:1 000 000 first if you have
a non-continuous line style. If not it will take a long time to display.

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Symbols

Drawing|Symbols

In Symbols in the Drawing menu there are two tables of symbols: the local (drawing)
symbols and global (tsy) symbols. You can copy them from one table to the other.

If you copy a local symbol to the global table you can then use it in other drawings
and point codes which are to be edited in Edit codetable. If you copy a global symbol
to the drawing you will be able to include this symbol with the drawing even if it has
not been inserted into the drawing.

When you create a symbol it will only appear in the local (drawing) table. This is also
the case when you import a file with symbols - the symbols will only be saved locally.

A number in parenthesis means there are several symbols made in different

displaying scales.

Find out more about attributes and symbols:

 Drawing|Symbols
Created symbols are stored in the local drawing. You add them to the global
table here.
 System|Symbol
All symbols in the global table are displayed here. You can delete symbols
from this dialogue box.
 System|Attribute
Create the attribute itself and all associated data.
 Define attribute
Defines the attribute with the symbol when creating the symbol.

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 Create symbol
How to create symbols and associate attributes with them.
 Attributes for point codes
How to associate attributes with point codes.
 Edit attribute
How to edit an attribute in the drawing when associated with a point code, a
symbol or both.
 Settings|System files
The global file for symbols is selected in the settings and system files. System
files have the extension .tsy for symbols and .tat for attributes.

See also

Insert symbol
Create symbol
Preferences - System files

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Line types

Drawing|Line types

In Line types in the Drawing menu there are two tables of line types: local (drawing)
line types and global (tlt) line types. You can copy them from one table to the other.

If you copy a local line type to the global table you can then use it in other drawings
and point codes which are to be edited in Edit codetable. If you copy a global line
type to the drawing you will be able to include this line type with the drawing even if it
has not been inserted into the drawing.

When you create a line type it will only appear in the local (drawing) table. This is
also the case when you import a file with symbols - the line types will only be saved
locally.

See also

Settings - System files

Edit codetable
Create line type

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External references

Drawing|External references

External references are used to link other drawings to the current drawing in the
background. This is useful if you need to use other drawings for reference only. It can
also be used to minimise the size of the individual drawings.

The procedure is as follows:

1. Select the Drawing|External references command

2. Click Add and load/open the drawing you want to link to your drawing in the
background.
3. Continue until you have added all the drawings (models) you want to use in
your drawing.
4. You can select an internal order for them.
5. You can also delete the external references and edit the drawing by clicking
Modify.

You can choose if you want the external references toolbox to be visible or not, and
also if it shall be active. To snap the toolbox needs to be active.

This can be useful when you need to create drawings to plot. Inserting the drawings
you want to use as external references and then creating a drawing sheet to use for
the plot is an effective method when you are using both models (real co-ordinates)
and paper (paper co-ordinates).

See also

Drawing sheet

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Co-ordinate system

Drawing|Co-ordinate system

The drawing can use a specific co-ordinate system. When importing data to a
drawing, a warning will appear if the drawing you are trying to import to uses a
different co-ordinate system.

See also

File|Settings|System settings - Co-ordinate system.

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Find entity

Drawing |Find Entity

Find Entity locates the entities by their points, lines and object attributes and highlight
them in any colour.

Attribute
Defines which attribute to search in. It can be all attributes or a single attribute.

Value
The value is the string to search for.

The search is not case sensitive and the user can choose to search for attributes with
equal value or values that contain the search string.

The result is displayed in a grid as type (entity type), attribute (attribute name) and
value (attribute value). The number of matches is located at the right bottom of the
grid.

By selecting a row, the entity connected to it is highlighted.

Entity can be selected/unselected in drawing by right clicking in the grid and selecting
Select Entity | Unselect Entity.

Follow
Follow pans the screen to highlighted entity.

Settings
From Settings, the user can select which colour to use for highlighting.

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System
System

Function Description
Edit code table Code table definition and editing
Control codes Control code editing
Attribute Add and edit attributes
Symbols Edit the symbol list.
Roadline manager Roadline management
Point code toolbars

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Edit codetable

System|Edit code table

Function, command Description

Line type Select line type
Symbol Select which symbol (if any) the point code will
have.
Attribute Link an attribute directly to a point code, a symbol
or both.
Import/Export Change the point code when importing from, and
exporting to a file.
Survey
Calculation function

All codes which are used at any point in any open file will also appear in the code
table. As soon as you open a file or import field data into a survey data file (.sur) all
new codes will be inserted into the code table. You may of course have existing
codes in the code table even when they are not being used in any open document or
drawing. It is not possible to delete an existing code if it has been used in any open
document. This is indicated by the delete button being greyed out. It is possible to
use different code tables. They can be selected using File|Settings.

To input a point code:

1. Open Edit code table.

2. Click New.
3. Add the new point code.

In the code table there are up to six different tabs with information and functions used
in the survey and to import and export data. The last tab depends what function the
code has.

The tabs are:

 Line
Contains information about the type of line, colour and line type scale.
 Symbol
Contains information about the type, colour, scale and orientation of the
symbol.
 Attribute
The attributes of the point code are entered on this tab.
 Survey
Information about the type of point, calculation functions, transfer code and in
which layer the point code will appear.

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 Import/Export
Contains the transfer code, layer and export code.

Calculation functions:

 Extrapolate
Calculation function for extrapolation.
 Rectangle 2
Calculation function for two point rectangles.
 Rectangle 3
Calculation function for three point rectangles.
 Circle 2
Calculation function for two point circles.
 Circle 3
Calculation function for three point circles.
 Arc 2
Calculation function for two point arcs.
 Arc 3
Calculation function for three point arcs.
 Parallel line
Calculation function for parallel lines.
 Closed line
Calculation function for measurement of closed polylines or polygons.

General for all point codes

 Description
Description of the point code. This is not essential for the point code to
function.
 New
Button for creating a new point code.
 Delete
Deletes an existing point code. If the point code exists in any open document
this button is greyed out because the point code cannot be deleted.
 Use Clear button to remove all not referenced point codes from system files.

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Line type

System|Edit code table

There are several different types of lines to select. It is also possible to select the line
type in the Layer manager. This allows you to select the line type in several places,
but any line type entered in the code table is given a higher priority than one entered
in the layer manager. In the code table it is possible to select the line type by layer.

 Line type
Select the line type from the list or use the default choice by layer.
 Colour:
Select the colour of the line type.
 Line type scale:
It is possible to select a scale for the line type. This means that you can decide
the continuity for different line types.
 Use Clear button to remove all not referenced line types from system files.
 >> and << buttons copies all the content from Local to Global and vice versa.

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Symbol

System|Edit code table

 Symbol
Select which symbol (if any) the point code will have. Select from the drop-
down list.
 Colour:
Select the colour for the point code. It is also possible to select by layer.
 X-scale, Y-scale
The symbol is always saved with a scale of 1:1000. The default drawing scale
is also 1:1000. It is possible to select a different drawing scale in
Settings|Drawing scale. For example, if you want to the symbol to appear at
twice its original size (1:1000) you should enter the scale 2.0 in this field.
 Rotation
Determines the rotation for the symbol.

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Attribute of point code

System|Edit code table

An attribute is a type of added value for the point. An attribute can be linked directly
to a point code, a symbol or both. The attribute can be entered in the field survey, the
survey data document (.sur) or in the drawing - Go to Modify|Edit attribute. If you link
an attribute to a point code you can give every point with this point code an attribute
value. If you have used a symbol for the point code and want the attribute to be
displayed as well, you will need to create the symbol with a linked attribute. To add
an attribute to the symbol see Construct|Define attribute

There are no limits to number of attributes that a point can have.

The value of the attribute belongs to the point but the type of attribute belongs to the
point code.

Add
Click Add if you want to add an attribute to the point code. The attribute list appears
and you can select from the list. To create an attribute go to System|Attribute

Delete
Press delete if you want to delete a link to the specified attribute. Note that you only
delete the link to the attribute and not the attribute itself.

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Import/Export

System|Edit code table

The Import and Export function allows you to change the point code when importing
from and exporting to a file. It is also possible to sort the point code into different
layers. You will find a similar function for survey data on the previous page - Survey.

Import - Transfer point code:

Interpolates the point code (point in file) to another point code. For example, you can
use the numeric point code 10 in the field which is translated to pp in the drawing. A
similar function exists for points that are imported from a file. See previous page -
Survey.

Layer:
This function allows a point code belonging to a point in a file to be moved to a
specific layer. It is possible to use a layer name for all kinds of trees and then put all
tree point codes in that layer. It is also possible to create a specific layer for every
point code if required. Similar functions exist for points which are imported from files,
see previous page - Survey.

Export - Transfer point code:

You can also specify that the point code used in the drawing should be interpolated
to another point code when it is exported to a file.

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Survey

System|Edit code table

Point type
If the point is to be used as a backsight or control point, save it as a station.

Calculation function
Different types of calculation functions-.

Translation code:
The code can end up with a different code in the drawing. Enter the name here.

Layer
Which layer is the target layer in the drawing for this code? Enter the name here. The
layer will be created if it does not exist.

Point types:
None

Polygon point
The point will be calculated and added to the pp file.

Check point
Used for check towards known point.

Temporary point
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The co-ordinates are temporarily saved and the point can be used as a backsight or
station in later stations in the same survey file.

Backsight
Function used to code backsights in the survey.

Calculation function

The calculation functions are:

Two prism measurement

The extra two prism measurement function is used when measuring a two prism
object. An example is the measurement to the ABC pole which has two prisms at the
same pole. You decide from which prism you measure the length to the end of the
pole and also which of the two prisms you measure first.

See also

Control codes

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Control codes

System|Control codes

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Control codes are used to create geometry directly from the field survey. You enter
the control code in the field survey and it can provide you with a great deal of
information when it is imported into the drawing. The control codes are as follows:

Code Description Function

SP Single point Survey of single point
SPB Single point break Survey of single point that breaks former line.
END Line end Line end
CLOSE Closed line, end Finishes a line and closes it.
ST Line start Start at line
CHK Check point Measurement of check point.
C3 Radius from 3 points Creates a radius from three measured points.
ENDCV Radius end End of radius
STCV Radius start Start a line with a number of radii.
NEWCV New radius New radius
ENDONCV End of radius End of radius
CLSRECT Closed rectangle.
DIAM Diameter The diameter is stored in the attribute value (Diameter in this case).
STL Size
WID Width
POC Point in curve Measurement of curve through several points.
Start of line, ignore point
STIPC
code
SPAR Start parallel
EPAR End parallel
Ext Extend
Dist Co-ordinate by distance
Co-ordinate by distance
DISTADJ
and adjust
NOZ No height
Co-ordinate by distance
CDOFF
and offset
JC Join to closest
JN Join to next
JP Join to previous
RECT Rectangle
CIR2 Circle 2 points
CIR3 Circle 3 points
MOVETO Move to point Enter Point ID at attribute
CP Construction point
STSPL Start spline curve
ENDSPL End spline curve

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Attribute

System|Attribute

You create attributes and assign the required characteristics to them under Project
attributes.

Use Clear button to remove all not referenced attributes from system files.

Attributes
This is a list of all the attributes in the project.

Attribute settings

Prompt:
If you want the attribute to have another name when plotted, enter the alias name
here.

Visible:
Tick this box if you want to the attribute to be visible on the drawing. The default
value is visible. If you want to use an attribute but do not want to show it on the
drawing leave this box unticked.

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Preset:
If you want the attribute to have a preset value enter it here.

Constant:
A value that has been assigned to a constant attribute cannot be changed or edited.

Update:
If the attribute is connected to another value, e.g. a height or point code, the value
will be updated if this box is ticked.

Metadata:
Metadata can be selected if you create a new attribute and select the type of
metadata (not text).

If you want the attribute value to be entered in the metadata file (X.md where X is the
same name as the drawing) then select which metadata field you want to store this
information in. For example you can choose to enter the scale in the SCALE field in
the metadata file. If you have several attributes with the same metadata Topocad will
use the most recent.

Prefix:
This is used if you want to enter a prefix for the attribute. e.g. D= Owner:

Suffix:
This is used if you want to enter a suffix for the attribute. e.g. mm, m, km, feet, MPa.

Default:
If you want the attribute to have a default value enter it here.

Preset from:
If you want the attribute value to be taken from another field, enter the relevant field
here.

Upper/Ignore
State whether you only want upper case to be used for the attribute or whether it
should be exactly as you entered it.

Temporary
By checking off Temporary flag or other change of the attribute, the attribute will not
be temporary - it will be saved in the attribute table. Notice that attributes not created
or changed manually by the user, are only temporary and are not saved in the
attribute table. Temporary attributes displays with red text in the attribute dialogue.

Save all
Removes temporary flags from all attributes so they all will be saved in the attribute
table.

See also

Define attribute.

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Symbols

System|Symbols

The symbol manager can be used to rename and delete symbols from the symbol
list. A preview function is built-in, allowing all symbols to be displayed.

Symbols that are connected to an existing point in the drawing, or to an attribute or

code list, cannot be renamed or deleted.

In the Symbol/Line type manager you can also select whether you want to store your
local symbols or line types in the global table or load a symbol from the global list
(selected in Settings|System files) to the drawing. All symbols that you have
imported, created or entered will also appear in the drawing.

Symbols that you have imported and/or created directly in the drawing must be
exported to the global symbol table if you want to use them in this table.

Symbols that have been inserted from the current symbol table into the drawing will
be displayed and stored in the local drawing. You can store any other symbol locally
in the drawing if you want to export the symbol with the drawing.

Use Clear button to remove all not referenced symbols from system files.
>> and << buttons copies all the content from Local to Global and vice versa.

Find out more about attributes and symbols:

Drawing|Symbols
Created symbols are stored in the local drawing. You can add them to the global
table here.

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System|Symbol
All the symbols in the global table are displayed here. You can delete symbols from
this dialogue box.

System|Attribute
Create the attribute itself and all associated data.

Define attribute
Defines the attribute with the symbol when creating a symbol.

Create symbol
How to create symbols and associate attributes with them.

Attributes for point codes

How to associate attributes with point codes.

Edit attribute
How to edit an attribute in the drawing, whether it is connected to a point code, a
symbol or both.

Settings|System files
The global file for symbols is selected under Settings and system files. The system
files have a .tsy extension for symbols and .tat for attributes.

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Roadline manager

System|Roadline manager

The roadline manager is where you select which roadline will be the current one. This
is the roadline that will be used for calculating sections and section/offsets. You can
also save roadlines and open roadlines from the roadline manager.

It is possible to have several roadlines loaded but you can only select one to be the
current one.

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Point code toolbars

System|Point code toolbars

Point code toolbars is used to create your own shortcuts for point codes.

Open the dialogue by clicking System|Point code toolbars or File|System

settings|Toolbars and click the button Point code toolbars. The following dialogue will
appear:

Add toolbar

 Create a new toolbar by clicking the button Add toolbar.

 The following dialogue will appear. Set

name, width and height.

 Edit toolbar

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Select Edit toolbar to change name, width or height.

 Remove toolbar

Remove toolbar will erase the toolbar immediately.

Available Point Codes

If you don't have any point codes, create new in Edit code table.

Add buttons to your toolbar

1. Select an available point code from the list.

2. Select Symbol or Linetype. Symbol will draw points with a symbol and
Linetype is used to create lines with a certain linetype.
3. Click remove-button to erase buttons in toolbar.

The new toolbar will appear as a small dialogue. You may dock the new toolbar to
any of the vertical or horizontal toolbars.

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Add-on modules
Addons|DTM

Function Description
Create DTM Command for creating a terrain model.
DTM Statistics Statistics of the DTM, see below.
Edit DTM Edits the DTM
3D view in DTM
Add DTM Adds two DTMs to a third one.
Extract DTM Extracts a minor part from an existing DTM.
Update DTM Updates a DTM with points and lines.
Move DTM Moves a DTM in height.
Import and export How to import and export a DTM.
DTM
External references Using external references in a DTM.
in DTM
Contour lines Command for creating contour lines.
Height on contour Enter height text for contour lines
lines
Heights from DTM Selects heights from the DTM to be applied to objects in
the drawing
Volume model to Add-on-module. Calculates volumes between two DTMs.
model
Volume from cross Add-on-module. Calculates volumes from two DTMs using
sections sections.

Statistics

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Statistics of the DTM, showing the number of points, triangles and lines and the minimum and
maximum X, Y, Z values in the DTM.

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Edit DTM

DTM|Edit DTM

Shortcut key Shift + D

The edit DTM command is used to select and edit the Digital Terrain Model.

To edit the DTM:

1. Select Modify |Edit DTM.

2. Select the DTM to edit by clicking on the button. (Top right-hand corner of the
dialogue box.)
3. Highlight the DTM you want to edit and click OK.

The following commands can be used to edit the DTM:

Unerase - Create new triangle

Point to a triangle outside the DTM to create a new triangle. An easy way to do this is
to go to View in the DTM and display Deleted triangles.

Erase triangle
Click inside the triangle you want to delete.

Swap triangle in the DTM

To rotate two triangles inside the DTM click inside two triangles which have the same
baseline.

Pop-up menu
Right click on the terrain model and a pop-up menu will appear for the command.
Create or erase triangles with line or polyline by selecting Select|Crossing line and
Select|Crossing Polyline.

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Points

It is possible to edit and move points in all directions and also to give them a point
code. You can also delete a point in the DTM. It will only be deleted in the DTM and
not in the drawing.

Display
Select DTM|Display|Edit settings

1. Click OK when you are ready.

Edit settings - Display

You can view Triangles, Erased Triangles, Surveyed Lines and Contour lines. This
makes it easier to understand what you are looking at and what you can edit.
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Triangles
Select if required and choose which color you want to use for created triangles. We
recommend that black is used for created triangles.

Erased triangles
Select if required and choose which color you want to use for erased triangles. These
triangles are not actually in the DTM but can easily be created. It is also easy to
delete a created triangle and these will then appear in the color you select here. We
recommend that grey is used for deleted triangles.

Surveyed Lines
Select if required and choose which color you want to use. If you edit the Digital
Terrain Model on top of your drawing you will also see the drawing underneath.

Contour Lines
Select if you want to see where contour lines will be created. Choose which color you
want to use for this. You can also select the intervals at which the contour lines will
be displayed. Note that this does not create contour lines; it just shows a preview of
what they will look like.

3D View

The DTM can be viewed in 3D. For functions of this see the 3D view.

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Create DTM

Addons|DTM|Create DTM...

The DTM (Digital Terrain Model) can be used for various calculations, e.g. volume
calculations and contour lines. The Topocad DTM is a triangle model which creates a
triangle using the three closest points in each case. However, there are some
exceptions.

The result will be a set of triangles: from above they look like just triangles, but each
point will have a height attributed to it.

Select object:
Select the objects you want to use to create a DTM. To select objects, see Select
entities

It is possible to hide, freeze or make layers invisible to ensure that the wrong objects
cannot be selected. It is important that you do not select co-ordinates with a height of
zero as this will create a gap in the DTM.

Max. length:
This length limits the maximum length of a triangle side on the outer side of the
model. Triangle sides that are longer than this will not be included in the model. This
is a quick way to limit the editing of the model. You can either type in a value, or
select one by clicking in the drawing. Click on two different points. The length
between them will be the maximum length:

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Check same line:

By default this is unchecked. This limits the triangle so it is impossible to create a
complete triangle with all three points on the same surveyed polyline. It will also
calculate using polylines as break lines.

Max. Z/Min. Z:
This displays the maximum and minimum heights of the selected objects.

Skip Z = 0
Selecting this box will exclude all points which have a height of 0. (These will usually
be theoretical points).

Curved break lines

This feature is used to calculate break lines in the DTM. It divides the radius at
various intervals so that each one can be used to calculate triangles. Creates really
accurate models.

Polygons
You can choose to include or exclude polygons.

See also:

Edit DTM

Note:
When creating the DTM, check that it does not contain duplicate points as this can create errors. If you have
trouble creating a DTM, you can export the objects to a co-ordinate file and then import it to a new blank drawing
and create the DTM from that.

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Create contours

Addons|DTM||Contours...

Contour lines will be created from a DTM with a selected interval. It is possible to split
the elevations into separate layers for different levels. There are also various ways to
smooth out the contours.

Model
Select the DTM you want to create the contour lines from. By clicking on the drop-
down arrow you can choose from the DTMs currently listed in the DTM manager. By
clicking on the Browse button you can choose from all of the stored digital terrain
models.

Interval
Enter a value for the interval you want to use to create the contour lines.

Smooth contours
There are four ways to smooth out the contours. Three involve creating splines and
one uses the radius. If using the radius you need to enter a factor. Anything between
50 and 400 is acceptable.

Layers

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Default layer
You can select a default layer which is used for any elevation that does not have a
specific layer.

Interval/Layer
Define which elevations are to be moved to a specific layer and name each layer. It is
possible to use the default elevations and layer names.

Text

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This command allows you to place text on the contour lines. Text is displayed at a
specified interval along the contour line. Text can be placed either on or above the
line.

See also

Text on contours
Create DTM
Modify DTM.

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Height on contours...

Addons|DTM|Height on contours...

It is very easy to enter heights for contour lines, or even for all lines that appear in the
drawing. You need to define the font and text height, which layer to put the text in
and where the text should appear.

By default the text will be placed above the contour line. If the area is flat, the text will
be placed in the direction indicated. You can also tick the "Orientation from selection
order" box, which will create text in the direction indicated, from bottom to top.

Font
Select which font you want to use for the heights.

Height
Select the height in millimetres that you want to appear on the drawing.

Decimals
Enter the number of decimal places to display.

Layer
It is possible to select different settings for layers:

 · Fixed layers: select a layer for the text.

 · Same as contour lines
 · Same as contour lines + suffix for the layer.

Select
Draw a hidden line across the contour lines. The heights will be placed where the
lines cross.
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Heights from DTM...

Addons|DTM|Heights from DTM

There are several ways to get the heights from a DTM.

 Take the difference in heights of the selected object(s) in the DTM and save it
to a co-ordinates file.
 Take the sum of the heights of the selected object(s) in the DTM and save it to
a co-ordinates file.
 Take the heights of the selected objects from the DTM and save them to a co-
ordinates file.
 Move points from the selected object(s) to the DTM.

You have to select the DTM to use before you begin. You can select an existing DTM
by using the drop-down arrow or the Browse button.

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Volume model...

Addons|DTM|Volume model

The Volume model compares two digital terrain models with one another, or one
model with a flat surface. The calculation is made using a grid and calculates the
height differences between two models.

To calculate the volumes between a terrain model and a fixed surface you need

 A created terrain model (DTM).

 A level to calculate from.
 If required, polygons can be used to limit the area to be calculated.

To calculate volumes between two terrain models you need

 Two created digital terrain models (DTM).

 If required, polygons can be used to limit the area to be calculated.

Explanation of the dialogue box

Surveyed (models)
Measured model or soil model.

Theoretical
Theoretical model or rock model. Bottom model.

Fixed level
It is possible to use a fixed level for calculations instead of a theoretical model.

Unit height
This calculates the volume and area for a model that is situated at [Unit height] below
the theoretical (bottom) model.

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Boundary
A polygon can be used to include or exclude any areas that should/should not be
included in the calculation.

The result will be displayed in a box and

can also be saved as a text file.

Settings

The accuracy of the calculation. The interval used to calculate the areas and
volumes. The default value is 0.25 m which means that every m² is calculated using
16 points or distances. Reducing this value will slow down the calculation but
produce a more accurate result.

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Contours

Selected if you want to calculate different contours. Enter a distance or interval

between contours.

You can select smooth contours if required (see also contour lines).

Thermic colours can be created both on contour lines and as grids (polygon
quadrates). We recommend that you do not mix too much here.

Layers
> 0 = the measured DTM is above the theoretical model (fixed surface)
0 = the intersection between the two models.
< 0 = the measured model is below the theoretical model.

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Volume from cross sections

Addons|DTM|Volume from cross sections

This function calculates volumes between two terrain models by using cross sections.

Surveyed (model)

Enter the surveyed model, the soil model or the upper model that you are using. This
model will be displayed in green.

Theoretical (model)

Enter the theoretical model, or rock model. This is the bottom model and will be
displayed in red.

Roadline

Enter the roadline to be used for the calculation.

The result be saved as a TCS file (Created sections). This file can be used when
creating drawings.

See also

Volume model vs. model

Creating a DTM.

Creating a cross section in a drawing

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Extract DTM

Addons|DTM|Extract DTM
DTM|Extract DTM

Extract terrain model

This command is used to divide the Digital Terrain Model (DTM) into smaller
sections. The command can be selected both from the drawing and from the DTM file
itself. The commands are not the same.

From the drawing (TOP)

Select Add-on|DTM|Extract DTM

Select the terrain model. Use a window or polygon, or select a polyline where you
want to make the extraction. Click OK.

From the terrain model window

Select DTM|Extract DTM.

Select the terrain model. Use a window or polygon where you want to make the
extraction. Click OK.

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Update DTM

Addons|DTM|Update DTM

The DTM can be updated with new lines and points.

Select Add-on|DTM|Update DTM. Select the terrain model. Select the objects that
you want to use to update the model. The settings made when you created the DTM
are still valid: there is a maximum length for the triangle's side and Z=0 is not a
permissible value.

It is only possible to update the DTM within its origin area.

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Add DTM

Addons|DTM|Add DTM
DTM|Add DTM

This command can be used to merge two DTMs together. This creates a third DTM.
The command can be selected from the drawing and from the DTM window.

From the drawing

Select Add-on|DTM|Add DTM

Select the two DTMs to be merged. Enter the maximum length of the triangle leg.
If the terrain models overlap, the first DTM is the valid one.

From the DTM window

Command DTM|Add DTM

The current DTM will be merged with the selected one.

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Move DTM

DTM|DTM|Move DTM

Shortcut key Ctrl + M

This command can be used to move the height of the terrain model. Moves the
complete DTM.

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External references in DTM

DTM|DTM|External references

Shortcut key R

This command is the same as that for external references to the drawing. It adds one
or more drawings as background files for editing the DTM.

See also

External references for the drawing.

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Import and export DTM

DTM||Import/Export

Import and export of terrain model

Terrain models can be exported to LandXML and 3D Surface in AutoCAD. These formats can also be
imported.

The export is carried out by opening a DTM and selecting File|Export|File - or LandXML. See more
about LandXML export.

An import is carried out by opening a new DTM file and selecting File|Import|File or LandXML. Data
from LandXML can be imported in two ways: directly to the document or by importing from the
LandXML format.

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Railway
Add-on|Railway

The railway menu is an add-on module called Railway. It has specific settings for
surveying in the rail industry.

Command Description
Slew/lift Slew/lift log
Overlap measurement Overlap measurement for control.
System settings - Railway Specific settings for the railway module.

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Slew/lift
Add-on|Railway|Slew/lift

To place the track in the right position it is necessary to make adjustments to the side
and height.

Various points along the rail are measured and checked against the design
geometry. A log of differences between the measured points and the rail design can
be displayed in a graphic or in a text file.

The measured points can be selected from a file, from a certain layer or from an
offset from the road line.

The next page shows the settings for the graphic log that will be inserted into the
drawing.

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Graphic representation of slew/lift:

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Overlap measurement

Add-on|Railway|Overlap measurement

The measurement of rails requires at least two rail points in the area to be measured
from both stations (from opposite sides). The measurement is made to check that the
difference in angle between the points is not too great. The tolerance for this is
specified in File|settings|System settings - Threshold.

Overlap measurement The point coded as OLP (overlap) checks the code for the
nearest point. In the example above this is code ESP at point A. (The point code
used is defined in the system settings). The nearest points with the same code (ESP)
are found and then the check is made for all of these points. Point A is moved to a
point in between.

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Roadline
Addons|Roadline

Function Description
Save roadline Saves the roadline from a polyline
Sections Creates sections along a roadline
Calculate points Calculates co-ordinates from section/offset or a file
containing section/offset values.
Section/offset Calculates the section and offset from co-ordinates
relative to a roadline.
Surface check Calculates the difference in level at specific points
relative to the road geometry.
Quick profile Calculates a terrain profile relating to one or more
terrain models.

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Save roadline

Addons|Roadline|Save roadline

This command saves and converts a polyline to a roadline.

To save a roadline:

1. Create your line (roadline) using the appropriate commands. See also the
Roadline current point toolbox.
2. Note that if you have created a line with lots of small vectors you will need to
join these together before you save the roadline.
3. Select the line. Select Addons|Roadline|Save Roadline.

TIP! You can use straight lines, radii and clothoids (spirals) in your roadline. If you are using clothoids you cannot
join the elements together but you can still create the roadline by selecting the elements. It is not necessary to
select them in the correct order

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Roadline - Sections

Addons|Roadline|Sections

This command calculates sections along the road line. It is also possible to take the
heights from a road profile if one has been selected. This feature is only available if
you have the Longitudinal section module in Topocad. See Road line for more
information about the format of the roadline. You can also create lines for a fixed
interval and section information for another interval from the Section Marker tab.

To calculate sections along the road line:

1. Select the layer where you want the created sections to appear.
2. Select Construct|Roadline|Sections.
3. Select the roadline by clicking the Browse button.
4. If necessary select the road profile by clicking the button in this row.
5. Select the start and end sections from which you wish to calculate sections.
Select the interval between sections.
6. Specify whether the created points will use the default point code.
7. Decide whether you want to use the point ID as the section. If so, tick the box.
8. Click OK. The created sections will appear in the current layer.

TIP! The thousand meter separator can be selected in File|Settings|Roadlines.

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TIP! The Point ID can be selected and displayed with the View|Point info command.

TIP! Selecting a symbol with a defined attribute for the Point ID means that the section is placed around that
symbol.

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Roadline - calculate points

Addons|Road line|Calculate points

The Roadline/Points command calculates co-ordinates from files containing sections

and offsets (orthogonal points). The calculated points are then used in the drawing.

To calculate co-ordinates from orthogonal points:

1. Select or create the layer where you want the co-ordinates to appear.
2. Select the command Roadline - Calculate points.
3. Select the roadline by clicking the button ... If you have selected a roadline
previously this will be the default selection. You can find a previously loaded
roadline in the Roadline Manager or load a new one. This will activate the
Roadline. You can close it straightaway and it will remain activated.
4. Click on OK.
5. The Open dialogue box appears. Select the co-ordinate file (.PXY) in which
you have saved sections and offsets.
6. Click on OK. The co-ordinates are imported into the drawing.

See also

Roadline for more information about the format of the roadline.

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Road line - section/offset

Addons|Road line|Section/Offset

This command calculates co-ordinates in the drawing or in a file for sections and
offsets. It is also possible to calculate heights from the road profile and even from the
road profile and the camber form. The last two commands are only available if you
have the Longitudinal Section Module in Topocad.

To calculate the section/offset (heights/reduced by camber):

1. Select Calculate section/offset.

2. Select the roadline by clicking the button ... You can also select a road profile
(.TRP) and calculate the heights from the road profile in that section. It is also
possible to load the camber form (.TCF) and reduce or add the heights from
the road profile with the current camber in the section.
3. Select whether you want to calculate the objects in a file or drawing or just a
single point.
4. Click OK.
5. If you have selected objects from a file, the Open dialogue box will appear.
Select the co-ordinates file you want to use to calculate the section/offset for
the selected road line. Click OK.
6. The result appears in a co-ordinates file. You can now edit and save it.

See also

Roadline for more information about the format of the roadline.

Surface check for a similar command using the comparison between the road
geometry and measured points.

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Surface check

Addons|Roadline|Surface check

The function is similar to the Road line|Section/Offset function except that it

calculates the difference between measured and theoretical points and stores the
result in a text file. The result can also be printed out.

The surface check can only be carried out if you have installed the Topocad Profile
(Earthworks/design) section module.

To create a surface check:

1. Select the roadline and road profile and the camber form if applicable.
2. If there is a height difference between the road profile and the measured level
it can be defined here. For example, this would be the case if the road profile
was created for the theoretical road but the measurement is carried out
towards the terrace.
3. Select the upper and lower limits if applicable.
4. You can then choose to calculate the points from the file or from the drawing.
5. Specify whether you want the results to be saved in a text file. Printout is the
default setting.

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Quick profile

Addons|Roadline|Quick profile

This command creates a terrain profile from the selected line and a previously
created digital terrain model (DTM). The result is displayed in the profile form. The
profile form (TPF) can be inserted into a drawing and then printed.

DTM

Select the terrain model(s) you want to use to create a terrain profile.

Draw line/select line

Draw or select a line at the position where you want the terrain profile to appear. You
can either select an existing line or add a new line to the drawing.

See also:

Create DTM
Profile form
Profile form in drawing

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Offset / Roadline stake out

Addons|Roadline|Offset stake out

Offset / Stake out for roadline. There are two ways to determine how to stake out the
roadline.

1. Using a fixed crossfall from a roadline.

2. Using a designed or measured crossfall from a roadline, the road profile (height)
and the road camber.

If you choose the second method you need to enter a roadline, a profile and ideally a
camber diagram.

Decide on the start and end section and the point interval.

Decide whether you want to create tangent points and midpoints on curves.

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The next step is to decide on the width and height for the points offset from the edge
of the road.

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Tunnel

Construct
Theoretical tunnel
Calculated tunnel section

Add-on modules

Function Description
Create tunnel model Function to create tunnel terrain model.
Create tunnel sections. Function to draw tunnel sections in the drawing.
Theoretical tunnel How to create a TTU, a theoretic tunnel section
section
Calculated tunnel How to create the tunnel cross sections.
section

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Create tunnel terrain model

Construct|Tunnel|Create tunnel model

Add-ons module.

The command is similar to create an ordinary terrain model but requires a little more
input data. In this case the tunnel terrain model is calculated based on a road line, a
road profile and either a theoretical section or a radius. The road line and profile
should be in the tunnel and the tunnel walls should be calculated from these
measures.

Road line

Enter the road line in the tunnel.

Profile:

Enter road profile for the tunnel.

Section/Radius

Enter either a theoretical section for the tunnel or a radius that has a radius similar to
the tunnel. The closer the theoretical section or radius are to the tunnel walls the
better the end result will be.

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Create tunnel sections

Construct|Tunnel|Create tunnel sections

Tunnel sections are created in a similar way as sections in the drawing. The
command takes the calculated tunnel sections (TTS) and places them in the drawing.
For more information see Create sections in drawing.

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Theoretical tunnel section

Theoretical tunnel section (TTU)

The tunnel section is used to create the tunnel digital terrain model and to calculate
the cross-sections of the tunnel.

For optimum digital terrain modelling it is important not to have sharp edges. It should
be possible to interpolate all measured points onto this tunnel section.

The tunnel section is created using lines and arcs relative to the roadline and profile.

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The commands used are Add point and Edit point. You can also delete points. When
you open a new tunnel section it will look like a tunnel. You can either delete all
points and start again or edit existing points.

The tunnel section is built up from left to right.

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Calculated tunnel section

Calculated tunnel section (TTC)

This command is similar to that used for calculating cross sections.

When a new calculated tunnel section is created the global settings are displayed.

Enter the tunnel DTM. The other figures will be automatically inserted. These can be
changed if required.

To create the tunnel sections, select Tunnel|Create sections.

Enter the start and end sections and the required interval between them. Further
sections can be created as required. To create only one section, enter the same start
and end sections (or a larger interval than the distance between the start and end
sections).

The sections are created. The sections can be edited by selecting Tunnel|Edit point.
Points can be added using Tunnel|Add point and deleted using Tunnel|Delete point.
The volumes and areas are automatically recalculated when the tunnel cross section
is edited.

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Sections can be deleted using Tunnel|Delete sections.

The volume report is displayed by selecting Tunnel|Show report.

Several different toolboxes can be displayed in this window:

Sections - Shows all created sections. You can select a section to display from here.

Areas - Shows all areas in the tunnel section.

The above toolboxes can be shown or hidden using View|Tool box.

Other toolbars available are:

Select point - Use left and right (far left and far right) arrows to select any point in the
tunnel section.

Select section - Use up and down (top and bottom) arrows to select one section at a
time.

These toolbars are displayed on the Settings|System settings|Toolbars tab.

The section may look like this:

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Profile
Profile form
Section template
Calculated sections
Construct

Function Description
Roadline The roadline document.
Road profile The road profile document.
Road profile - Import to and export from a road profile.
Import/export
Profile form Create and work with the profile form
Camber The camber diagram
Section template How to create a section template
Calculated sections How to create terrain and theoretical sections.
Print volumes
Profile form - inserting Insert the profile form into the drawing to be printed out.
into drawing
Sections - inserting into Insert cross sections into the drawing to be printed out.
drawing

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Road profile

Profile TRP

You enter the complete profile for your roadline in the road profile document It is used
to place the sections at the correct height.

To enter a profile:

1. Create a new profile document. Go to File|New and select Profile file (*.trp).
2. Enter the element number, section, heights and any radius.
3. The profile is automatically calculated. Note that it is possible to adjust the
profile by going to Profile|Adjust profile.
4. Save the profile under any name.
5. It is now possible to use it for calculations.

Explanations for the document:

Point ID
This can be any number. It may also be called an Element no.

Section
The section. It is important that the section is correct compared to the one used in the
appropriate roadline.

Height
Enter the height for the section.

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Radius
Any radius for this point ID. A negative value for the radius means that the centre
point is below the radius. Think of it this way - A sad face (radius) means a negative
value and a happy face (radius) is a positive value.

Start bearing
The start bearing is calculated based on the data entered.

End bearing
The end bearing is calculated based on the data entered.

Length
The length of the element. This is always calculated based on the data entered.

You can enter an element (section, point ID) into a profile by going to Edit|Add row or
by using the Insert shortcut key. To delete a row, either go to Edit|Delete row or use
the Ctrl + Delete shortcut key.

Adjust profile

The profile can be adjusted and possible errors can be corrected, however, the
geometry will not be changed when adjusting.

Control profile

Control of profile gives a report regarding errors in bearing between different

elements, if elements are too short or too long (discontinuity)

Length table

The length table can be connected to the profile (if you have the railway module)
which gives reports so the sections will follow this length table.

Import of road profile

Topocad reads lots of different file format to import road profiles. File formats that can
be imported are PRF files from Point/Geo, DPL files from the DRD of the Swedish
Road Administration, LandXML and a general import of text files. Read more at
Communication - Import files.

Export of road profile

A profile can be exported by marking the road profile in text form, copy (use right
click) and from here paste, to for example MS Excel. It is also possible to export the
profile to the PRF format used in Geo and partly Point and to LandXML. You are able
to export a profile directly to most of the instruments and field computers.

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Road profile - import/export

Road profile - import/export

The road profile can be exported to certain instruments with a roadline. It can be
imported to and exported from various formats.

For more information about communication with instruments, refer to Roadline -

Export to instrument.

To export the road profile, select File|Export|File and select the file format.

The following file formats are supported:

 Export and import: prf profile line in point and GEO

 Import: drd profile file .dpl.
 General import of road profile data.

See also

Road profile.

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Profile form

Profile form

Function, command Description

Form settings Profile form general settings
Lines and texts Lines and text settings in the grid
Components Available components to add to the profile form.
- Profile line The component Profile line
- Components Different components in the form
- Profile height The component Profile height
- Minimum/ maximum The component shows height and section for a
height profile's height and low points
- Road geometry Road geometry
- Length, Section interval The section measurement / length measurement
are used to indicate sections of any given interval
- Terrain profile How to create a Terrain profile
- Crossfall Crossfall from a camber diagram
- Area component Area component in profile form
Interpret road profile How to draw a road profile
Slope/Radius The component Slope/Radius
User defined User defined blocks in the profile form
Multiple profiles and profile Work with multiple profiles and profile sketches
sketches
Explode profile Option to import available profile and then explode
this to get the points.
Component group This command gives you the opportunity to group
components and to create a headline, horizontal,
to these components.

In the Profile form, you enter not only the components but also the form itself, which
everything else is based on. Like everything else, this form can be edited later or
while working on the profile form.

The form dialogue box contains four tabs. The first two, Size & Scale and Lines &
Text, are used to adjust the appearance of the form, while the other two tabs,
Components and Details, relate to the items involved in the profile form. There are
default sizes for the profile, but it is better to always change these first to suit your
own requirements.

Form settings

The settings that can be made in Tab 1, Size & Scale, are as follows:

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Scale:
Vertical and horizontal scale. The relationship between these two settings also
determines the relationship between the height and length of the profile. You can
enter any values. This scale will be the default when you come to insert this profile
form into a Topocad drawing. The default scales are: Vertical 1:1000, Horizontal
1:200

Form size:
The start and end section and the minimum and maximum heights are entered here.
If you do not know the lengths and heights, you can guess at a value, ideally a high
one.

Lines and texts

The settings that can be made in Tab 2, Lines & Text, are as follows:

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Horizontal grid:
Enter the side offset from the frame to the grid and the interval between grid lines.
The size is given as the size of the printout.

Vertical grid:
The vertical interval between the grid lines is entered here. You can choose any unit
for the size.

Grid:
Enter the colour for the grid. This colour will also be used when the profile form is
imported to a Topocad drawing.

Text:
Enter the font style, the text height and the colour in which you want the text to
appear in the profile form, in this case the form itself.

Height markers:
Enter the size (width) for the height markers. These height markers are displayed on
both the left and right-hand side of the profile form.

Profile form, components

The dialogue box contains two columns - the left-hand column shows available
components and the right-hand column installed components. This is similar to the
one used for survey data settings and text edit settings.

Data contained in profile form:

 Road profile
 Profile height
 Terrain profile
 Slope/Radius

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 Length
 Tangent points
 Road geometry
 Cross slope
 User defined

You can add components you require by clicking on the header to the left and then
clicking Add; alternatively you can double click. Note that the header/label remains on
the left-hand side because it is possible to use several components of the same kind
in the profile form. For example, is it possible to have several terrain profiles/sections
for different roadlines or for different digital terrain models.

The order in which the components appear in the right-hand column is the order in
the profile form.

Details, profile line

The road profile is displayed in the profile form by adding it on the Components tab.
On the Details tab, click on Road profile and select the desired road profile. Also
select the colour and line type for the road profile.

The road profile will be displayed in the upper section of the profile form. If the profile
form is not of sufficient length or height, the profile will not be displayed outside the
form. This can easily be corrected by using the Size & Scale tab to enlarge the form.

It is possible to display several different road profiles in the form.

Component to compare profiles in profile form

The component compares two profiles and presents the differences either graphic or
with numbers with even intervals. A profile can either be represented by a profile file,

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or by a combination between a road line or a terrain model file. Select how the two
profiles shall be represented in the two combo boxes to the right.

Negate: Changes plus to minus. If the box is unchecked, the result is the first profile
minus the second profile. If the box is checked, the result is the second profile minus
the first profile. The first profile is the one on top in the dialogue, the second is the
lower in the dialogue.

Details, terrain profile

The component Terrain heights adds the height of the selected terrain model along
the road line with even intervals.

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The terrain section is created by using a roadline and a digital terrain model. The
heights at which the roadline crosses the triangles in the digital terrain model will be
used for the terrain section. The data required is a calculated roadline and a digital
terrain model.

Roadline
Load the roadline to be used for the terrain section. The roadline has the extension
.trl (Topocad roadline). The roadline must cross the digital terrain model to be used at
some point.

Digital Terrain Model, DTM

Load the digital terrain model to be used for the terrain section.

Colour
Enter the colour for the terrain section.

Line type
Enter the line type for the terrain section.

Profile height

The profile height can be displayed and calculated at any interval along the roadline.
This interval can actually be specified as the actual value in meters or in any other
paper units.

Settings, height
Enter the height at which the block for the profile height is to be displayed. The unit
can be m, cm or mm.

Settings, header/label
Enter the label to be used for this block. The default is the profile height, but it can
also be the section height, road profile height etc.

Road profile
Select the required Road Profile, the extension is .trp.

Interval
Enter the interval as an actual value or in paper units.

Minimum/Maximum height

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The component minimum and maximum height in profile form displays height and
section for a profile's height and low points. Tick the box for Show local
minima/maxima (default) to view all height and low points. If the box is not ticked only
the highest and lowest point will be viewed. The component does not display height
and low points from terrain models.

Tangent points

Tangent points specify the tangent points for the radius and other elements in the
road profile.

Enter the road profile; the tangent points for this road profile will then be calculated
and displayed in the upper section of the profile form.

Slope/Radius

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This component displays the slopes and radius in the lower section of the profile
form. Slopes can be specified in percent or in per mill. This selection is made under
File|Settings|Roadline.

Enter the height and label for this block and select the road profile to be displayed in
the block. Several road profiles can be used in the same profile form and, in turn,
several slope/radius blocks for different road profiles.

Length/section

The section measurement / length measurement are used to indicate sections of any
given interval. The length can be specified in paper units or as the actual length.

You should also enter the height for the block and the label. You can use any label.

Crossfall

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The crossfall is loaded from a Camber diagram and can be displayed in several
different ways.
Numbers in crossfalls (*.tcf) are interpreted as per cent. Writing 2 becomes 2 %.

Settings, height
Enter the height for the block.

Settings, label (header)

Enter the label for the block - this can be Crossfall (default), Cross slope, Cross
section slope, Camber etc.

Crossfall
Load the crossfall document, extension .tcf. If it has not yet been created, go to
File|New, select Crossfall and create the crossfall.

Interval
Enter the height interval at which the block will be divided. The default is 2.5% but
you can choose any other value. It depends on the type of road and the slopes used.

Scale
Enter the scale to be used. The default is 2.5% = 0.5 cm. If the height is selected as
2 cm (default), this will enable you to have a maximum crossfall of 5% without
exceeding the block limits. The distance is in paper units.

Colour and line type

Enter the colour and line type for the right and left side of the road. It is good to select
different colours or line types to enable you to differentiate them in the profile form.

Area component

The area component is a component to the profile form for calculation of areas
between profiles.

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Two profiles must be selected to calculate the area. In this case the profile can be
either a profile (*.trp) or a Terrain profile created from a roadline (*.trl) together with a
terrain model (*.dtm). Each intersection between the profiles is presented in the form
with a vertical line together with its section. The area between two intersections is
written between the two intersections. If the first profile is positioned above the
second, the area gets a positive value, otherwise a negative. The sums of all the
positive and negative areas are presented to the left in the profile form.

Example of a profile form with an area component inserted.

Road geometry

This component is used to display the tangent points for the roadline. It displays the
points between elements (straight lines, radius and clothoids) in the road.

Enter the height for this block and selected the desired calculated roadline, extension
.trl. You should also enter the label for the block - this could be Road geometry,
Roadline data, Plane data etc.

User defined

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It is possible to enter user defined blocks in the profile form. You can select the
height and label for the block. The block is then displayed in the profile form drawing
and you can use it to enter any type of data.

Interpret road profile

It is very easy to interpret a road profile direct from the profile form. Start by creating
the terrain section, so you have something to check.

The different commands available under Interpret profile are:

Add points before/after current point

Indicates the direction in which points are added in the road profile. You can create
the profile from any direction or from the middle. The setting is also indicated by the
+/- icons in the menu. Compare with section template/cross sections.

Add points
Add points in the direction displayed above.

Edit point
Enables you to edit any tangent point in the road profile.

Delete point
Deletes the selected tangent point.

Select point
You can select a tangent point using the left/right arrows in the menu or by clicking
on the point using the icon to the right of the arrows in the menu.

Save profile
Opens the calculated road profile document, which you can then edit in text mode
and/or save.

Set radius
The button Set radius let the user set the radius for selected point. Select a point,
click Set radius, and by moving the mouse in the profile form you draw a radius from
the selected point. Click again to finish.

Create transition curves / spirals in profile

It is possible to select transition curves, spirals, in the profile. By selecting
Construct|Left spiral respectively Right spiral, this is made graphical. Then the spiral
and its tangent points appears. Observe that the command is sensitive. After the
spirals have been added, they can be edited. It is also possible to edit the radius
afterwards, which then edits the detailed spirals at the same time.
Spirals can also be selected directly in the profile.
Read more in Road profile

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View|Current Point toolbox

Shows the section, height, radius and slope for the current point. To the right is a
column in which you can select and lock any of the above fields for the specific Point.
This box is similar to the one used in Roadline - Current Point. This box is vital for
editing the road profile.
Lock height: If lock height is selected the point's height cannot be changed in any
way except by selecting a value in the dialogue, when the point is selected. If the
height is unlocked it changes depending on how the user changes contiguous points.

Lock left slope / Lock right slope: Locks the slope on the right or left side of the
point. Then the user can edit the value for the slope. A locked slope can only be
changed by selecting a new value in the dialogue.
To unlock a height or a slope just click the checkbox.

The procedure is as follows:

1. Go to Construct|Add points.
2. You can now click on the positions in the profile form at which you want to
place your tangent points. Note that the tangent points are inserted even for a
radius - the tangent point for any radius is in the fillet of the two slopes that are
involved in the radius.
3. The simplest method is to click on the approximate point where you want to
place the points and then change the position in the "Current Point" toolbox.
As soon as you input a radius at the point, it will be calculated and displayed.
The new tangent points will be calculated with no bearing difference.
4. When you are satisfied with your road profile go to Construct|Save profile. The
road profile document is displayed and you can save the profile.

Multiple profiles and profile sketches

You can interpret and work with several profiles at the same time. See View|List
Calculated profiles.
The checkbox decides if the profile displays or not.
Add creates an empty profile in the profile form.
Remove removes selected profile. It is not possible to remove all profiles, as the
profile must contain at least one editable profile.
Add from component is useful if a profile has been added as a component. Click
the button Add from component, click on a profile in the profile form. Now the profile

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has been editable and added to the list.

Properties Select properties to rename a profile.

Explode profile

When you have added a profile line to the profile form you can explode this profile by
clicking on the command "Add from component" and then click on the profile you
want to explode. You will then have a sketch image with points of that profile.

To add the profile to the drawing read more at Drawing|Profileform

Component group

The components can be grouped. This will give a headline to the component, to the
left in the profile form. To group the components select Form - Settings -
Components. Add components and click on the button Set group.

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Select between the components in Available components. Components belonging to

the same group is placed next to another in profile form and have the same heading.
The button Set group opens a dialogue with a list containing all groups that are
created in current profile form. The dialogue also contains three buttons for create
new, edit and delete group.

To create a group: Add a component to the group, select the component in the list,
click on "Set group" and then choose group.
Each group has a name and a width. The name becomes the heading that can be
viewed in the form and the width is for the horizontal spreading for the heading box.
Ungroup - select a component and click the button Ungroup to remove a component
from a group.

See also:

Roadline document
Road profile
Create DTM
Quick profile

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Create camber diagram

Camber diagram|Construct

The crossfall log is used in both the profile form and the cross section construction. It
has a .tcf (Topocad camber form) extension. The sections can also be created
directly from the volume calculation sections but this will not create a .tcf file.

The procedure is as follows:

1. Go to File|New and select Camber diagram.

2. Go to Camber|Create
3. Load the calculated roadline for which you want to calculate the camber and
crossfall.
4. Enter the start and end sections for the crossfall log.
5. Enter the crossfall you want to use for the camber (straight roadline) and for
the cross slope/crossfall (radius/curves).
6. Enter the required distance for the change from camber to crossfall.
7. Click OK.
8. The crossfall log will now be created. It is now possible to edit sections,
crossfalls etc. and to add new sections. Note that if the radii are very close to
each other you will need to edit the log. In theory it is not possible to calculate
if the radii are too close to each other.
9. Save the crossfall.

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Section template - TST

Section template - TST

Function, command Description

View toolbox
General
Section properties
- Relative
- Slope
- Fillet
Add layer
Edit outer slope
Edit
Side lines
Word list

General

When you create a new cross section/section template or change an existing cross section you add an element
by going to Construct and clicking on the type of element you want to add or by clicking on the icon for this
element in the toolbox. If you click on the wrong element is it easy to change the type of element from the
dialogue box.

In this dialogue box you enter the values you want to assign to this element. For example, it can be a slope with
given distances, fixed distances, extend etc. It is possible to add an element in both directions regardless of
which side of the section you are on. This is indicated by the toolbox direction and also appears in Construct|Add
to left or Construct|Add to right. For example, if you want to add an element belonging to an element outside it,
select the direction towards the centre point. (Left if you are on the right side of the section and vice versa.)

You always edit a point and the path to that point. When adding an element, this element is created with its
default values and you then change its default values to suit your requirements. You cannot delete points that any
other points have a relation to.

The section normally starts from the centre of the roadline and runs towards the edges but some of the points in
the section can be fixed points even if they are not in the centre. For example, the road profile can be offset from
the centre - this is often the case for highways.

Click Ctrl+z for Undo and Ctrl+y for Redo.

The different properties for a section element are:

 Fixed
 Slope
 Extend
 Intersection
 Relative
 Fillet

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View toolbox

The section template document and the section document have four and five special toolboxes respectively -
these do not appear in the standard Topocad. They are unique to the section and should preferably be used all at
the same time. However, it is possible to only use the menu rather than the toolboxes.

Direction
Indicates the direction in which you add an element in the section. You will also find it in Construct|Add to left and
Construct|Add to right.

Step/Select
The icon shows four different arrows - the two outer arrows move to the extreme left and right elements and the
other two arrows move one element at a time. These commands also appear under Select in the menu.

Construct
This box contains five or six different ways to add an element in a section template (fixed, slope, intersection,
extend, relative and camber) as well as delete, show outer slopes and finally mirror turnover.
These are also available under Construct in the menu.

Point info
Shows the information for that element (point) in the section template and in the cross section. This box is also
used to edit the point.

In a calculated section document only:

Select section
This box only appears in cross sections (.tcs) and you can move between the sections by clicking the up or down
arrow or move to the first or last sections by clicking on the double arrows. This command also appears under
Select in the menu.

Current section
From this list you can point at any section from the cross section calculation. The list contains all calculated
sections.

Area
Shows the calculated area of the section. The areas are divided into Soil, Rock, Fill and Superstructure.

Wordlist/Explanations

Frequently occurring words in dialogue boxes:

Code
A point code can be entered to simplify control and stake out.

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Directions:
Slope
Slope can be expressed in percent (%), in per mill (‰) or as a fraction (01:03) and
can be expressed using negative values.

Crossfall
Crossfall is the slope across the road section and the term crossfall is a combination
of both camber and cross slope.

Camber
The camber is calculated from the plane data for the road. In the dialogue boxes you
can enter camber left or camber right.

Horizontal distances:
Absolute
Absolute horizontal distance measured from the centre.

Horizontal
Horizontal distance from last point.

Slope distance
Slope distance from last point.

Vertical distances:
Absolute
Absolute distance in height. This is the absolute height in the co-ordinate system.

Relative
Relative distance in height from last point. Note that the last point may be a point
further to the outside if the set direction is towards the centre.

Relative profile
Relative height from the height of the profile in this section.

Vertical distances can be negative!

Construct - Section properties

Fixed

Enter a vertical and horizontal distance and select whether you want these distances
to be calculated from the last point, from the centre point or whether they are
absolute distances. (Offsets/Heights)

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Example 1:

You want to add an element for inner slope towards the ditch. You know that this
should be three metres from the outer edge of the road and one metre lower in terms
of the vertical distance.

The procedure is as follows:

1. First click on the point that indicates the outer edge of the road.
2. Click on Construct|Fixed in the menu or click on the corresponding icon in the
toolbox.
3. Enter 3.0 metres relative as the horizontal distance (indicated by arrows) and
1.0 metres relative as the vertical distance, also indicated by arrows.

Example 2:

You have a highway with an inner area that has a width of 4.0 m. The profile is fixed
on a point 0.75 m from the edge of the road. This is 3.0 m from the centre assuming
a 0.25 m prop strip. This is the same example used as example 2 for Slope and
Extend.

The procedure is as follows:

1. Add a point from the centre line using the Construct|Fixed command in the
menu (or use the toolbox).
2. Enter 3.0 metres absolute as the horizontal distance (indicated by arrows)
and 0.0 metres relative profile as the vertical distance, also indicated by
arrows.

Slope

Apart from the code, three different items can be entered here. First of all, the value
of the slope is entered. It can be expressed in percent, per mill or as a fraction.
Positive values indicate an element that points upwards and thus has a higher point
at the end than at the beginning, and vice versa. The slope can also be specified by
the camber, which is calculated from the plane data for the road.

You can also enter the limits for the vertical and horizontal distances. These can be
relative to the last point, the profile (in height/vertical), the centre (in plane/horizontal)
or an absolute height. Note that it is the slope that is fixed and the horizontal and
vertical distance that is the shortest compared to the slope limits the length of the
element.

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Example:

You want to use an inner slope from the outer edge of the road towards the ditch with
a slope of 1:3 and the horizontal distance will be 3.0 metres from the edge of the
road.

The procedure is as follows:

1. Click on the point that indicates the outer edge of the road.
2. If there are no elements outside this element, add the element by going to the
menu and clicking on Construct|Slope or using the toolbox. If there is an
existing element that you want to correct, click directly on this element.
3. Enter the slope of -01:03. (Or -33%)
4. Enter the horizontal distance of 3.00 relative (relative to the last point). The
vertical distance has no effect in this case so we only have to ensure that it is
sufficiently high that it does not limit the element.

Example 2:

Extend from Example 2 from last page. Enter the road that ends at the outer edge of
the road element. The road uses a camber and crossfall. The road is 7.0 metres
wide. Note that last point is already 0.75 into the road. (The profile is at this point.)

The procedure is as follows:

1. Click on the point that indicates the profile point.

2. If there is no element outside this element, you can add an element by going
to Construct|Slope in the menu or by using the toolbox. Note that the direction
will point outwards from the centre line. If you already have an element you
want to change, click on it first.
3. Enter that the slope will be camber (right or left).
4. Enter a horizontal distance of 6.25 relative (compared to the last point). The
vertical distance has no effect in this case so we only have to ensure that it is
sufficiently high that it does not limit the element.

Extend

The Extend command extends the previous element direction by the specified
horizontal and vertical length. As usual, these lengths can be expressed as absolute
distance, distance relative to previous point or slope distance. The height can also be
relative to the profile.

Extend is usually used for prop strips.

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Example 1:

We will extend our road using a prop strip with a width of 0.25 m.

The procedure is as follows:

1. Click on the edge of the road.

2. If there is no element outside this element, add an element by clicking on
Construct|Extend or by using the Extend icon in the toolbox. If you have an
existing element for the prop strip, click on this instead.
3. Enter the horizontal length of 0.25 relative to the last point (edge of road).
Make sure that the vertical length exceeds any intersection. (If the camber is
3% and the prop strip is 0.25 m you have to have at least 0.03 x 0.25 = 0.0075
m vertical length).

Example 2:

Example combined with example 2 for Fixed and Slope. Enter the inner edge of the
road, which is 0.75 m from the profile and has the same slope as the road itself,
which is the same as the camber.

The procedure is as follows:

1. Click on the profile.

2. If there is no element inside the profile, add an element by going to
Construct|Extend in the menu or by using the toolbox. Note that in this case
the direction will be towards the centre of the road. If you already have an
element at this point, click on this instead.
3. Enter the horizontal distance of 0.75 relative to the last point (profile). Correct
so that the vertical distance exceeds any intersection. (0.75 m x camber 3% =
0.0225 m)

Intersection

The Intersection command is used when a point does not have a fixed position and is
determined by two slopes running towards it. The required data is the two slopes
towards the point.

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Relative

Relative is used primarily to determine the superstructure thickness. You determine a

relative value for the horizontal or vertical distance and click on the object you want to
relate it to.

Example:

The superstructure thickness for Fill will be 0.7 m below the road, parallel to the road.

The procedure is as follows:

1. Click on the superstructure line for Fill, which is the blue line.
2. If there is no element outside this element, add an Extend element by clicking
on Construct|Relative or by using the relative icon in the toolbox. If you have
an existing element for the superstructure, click on this instead.
3. Enter the vertical height (indicated by up and down arrows) of 0.70. As the
horizontal length has no influence enter a value = 0 m.
4. Click on Select point.
5. Click on the point in the road towards which you want to have a parallel
thickness of 0.7 m. This is normally required for two points on each side for a
(normal) road - in the centre of the road and at the outer edge (or under the
prop strip). For a highway with an inner strip or ditch, it will probably be
necessary to click on several points. However, it is disadvantageous to click
on several points below the road using the relative distance.

Fillet

Fillet is the command that is used for the point at which the superstructure intersects
with the inner slope. You enter the kind of slope (normally extend) and then click on
the element with which the superstructure will intersect.

Superstructure colours:
Rock has a red line, Soil has a green line and Fill has a blue line.

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Example:

You have constructed a superstructure for Fill with a thickness of 0.7 m and you have
reached a point below the outer prop strip. You now want to extend this line to
intersect with the inner slope.

The procedure is as follows:

1. Click on the superstructure for Fill, which is the blue line. Click on the point
that is below the outer prop strip.
2. Is there is no element outside this element, add a Fillet element by clicking on
Construct|Extend or by using the Fillet icon in the toolbox. Note that the
direction will be outwards from the centre line.
3. Click on the Extend box.
4. Click on the Select layer box.
5. Click on the element you want to intersect with, i.e the road, with the black line
on the top. It does not matter which position along this line you click on.

Modify section template

The section template can be edited in various ways and several of these commands
are actually in the Construct menu. The Modify menu contains commands for
deleting points in the section (also available in the toolbox) and for editing outer
slopes.

Edit outer slope

The Edit outer slope command edits the rock, soil and fill slopes on the left and right-
hand sides. A rock shelf can also be entered. Every outer slope can contain several
points and to separate the theoretical layer and the terrace in the outer slopes.

The default settings are:

 Rock intersection: 05:01 Red

 Soil intersection: 01:03 Green
 Fill intersection: 01:03 Blue
 Rock, shelf: 1 m Red

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A complete section template shall have outer slopes defined for rock, soil and fill on both the right and
left side. Which outer slope used for a side in a section calculation is determined by the place of the
slope edge. In this case, slope edge is the end point on the theoretical layer. If the slope edge is
placed under the rock model but, the rock slope is used. If the slope edge is placed under the soil
model (but above the rock model), the soil slope is used and in remaining cases the fill slope is used.
If a rock model is not used the soil slope is used for everything under the fill.

Define outer slope

To define an outer slope you have to select which slope you want to start with. As a suggestion; start
with the outer slopes in the theoretical layer. To define for example the theoretical layer for left rock
click on "Left rock" and "Theoretical".

Insert
Adds a new point inside selected point.

Add
Useable if the outer slope is selected. Adds a new point at the very end of the slope.

Delete
Deletes selected point.

Previous and Next

To move between the points on the outer slope, use the Previous and Next buttons. Next selects
adjacent point, situated furthest from the middle, while Previous selects adjacent point closer to the
middle. It is also possible to select a point by clicking on it in the view. Selected point is marked with
an x and data for current and Next point is displayed in the dialogue.

The points on an outer slope can be divided up in three types: Relative, Connect and Follow

Relative
A Relative point means that the next point will have a place relative to another point. Which point this
will be shall be written in the field "Rel. Id". This value can be written, and also added by clicking at
Pick and then at the point in the view. If "Rel. Id" is -1, which is the default value, the position is stated
in relation to current point.

Connect
A point of the type "Connect" connects to either rock, soil or theoretical with certain slope. Only points
in the terrace can be connected to the theoretical layer. It is possible to state a maximum length. If no
connection is found within the maximum length, the next point will be placed on the stated distance
from the current point. The maximum length states the distance in a sideways direction. The format is
prepared to enable adding a maximum length in both sideways and diagonal and also as height
different from terrain model or theoretical layer.

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Follow
Follow points follows a terrain model. A point of the type Follow must be followed by a point that
connects to the terrain model, or after another Follow point.

Shelf
Shelf sets how far a terrain model shall be followed.

Offset value
To the upper right in the dialogue you can set an offset value for the staring point on selected outer
slope. Offset values can only be set for outer slopes in the terrace layer.

Edit side lines

Modify|Edit side lines

This command enters side lines and any names they have. If you are using side lines
in your section template, you also need to have side lines (created as .trl lines) in the
calculated cross section. However, it is an excellent way to control the sections.

Add layer

TST|Construct|Add layer
TST|Modify|Modify layer

In Topocad is it possible to work with any number of layers in the superstructure.

These layers have to be under the theoretical road and above the terrace. All of
these layers can be displayed in area and volume calculations. Areas and volumes in
these layers are not subtracted from the total superstructure area and volume. The
layers such as asphalt should not be on the same line as the theoretical road.

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This command is available in both the section template and in calculated cross
sections.

See also

For details of how to display sections in a drawing, refer to Construct|Section .

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Calculated sections - TCS

TCS|Calculated sections
Function, command Description
Construct Construct menu
- Create sections
- Delete section Delete selected sections.
- Substitute sections Creates new sections with this new section
template.
- Recalculate/update Select any sections and recalculated with any
values.
- Create lines in plan Create 3D lines from a cross section in a plane
drawing.
- Create multiple lines Create all lines in the section to a plan drawing at
the same time.
- Create slope edge Insert the outermost lines from the section into
the drawing in 3D.
- Create sections in drawing Make a new DTM of the theoretical road.
- Create DTM from sections Creates a DTM directly from cross sections.
Modify menu
- Edit/Interpolate Edit multiple cross sections at the same time, edit
cross sections and edit section templates.
- Delete point in cross section
- Edit layers Edit the layers in the cross sections
- Edit side lines Specify side lines in calculated sections.
- Edit outer slopes Edit different slopes for rock, soil and fill.
- View in sections View toolboxes and parts of the section.

- Modify section Edit sections, points and layers.

- Recalculate section Recalculate and update sections with any
values.

Construct
Construct menu has the options for creating sections but also different commands for
output and editing.

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Create sections

Start section
The default value is the start of the roadline. If you want to use something else, enter
it here.

End section
The default value is the section after the end of the roadline. If you want to use
something else, enter it here. Make sure that the start and end sections are inside the
length of both the road profile and the roadline.

Interval:
Enter the interval at which you want to create sections.

Superelevation runoff:
This creates the crossfall, camber and superelevation based on the roadline used in
the calculation. You need to enter the superelevation length for the road curves and
the slope that the road will have in curves and straight lines. If the camber document
is selected in the global options, the superelevation runoff is already made so this
option is not default selected. See camber.

When the cross sections are calculated, the areas for each section are also
calculated. These will appear in the cross section document (.tcs).

To create cross sections:

1. Activate the Construct|Create Cross Sections command.

2. If it is a road that you are going to calculate you will need the crossfall
document or to create it first. If you have previously created the crossfall
document, enter it now. If not, enter the settings for superelevation runoff,
length and camber in the dialogue box.

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3. Click OK. The cross sections that are involved in the superelevation runoff and
crossfall are created. You can now modify them if required. The next sections
will be interpreted using these settings.
4. Go back to Create sections. This time, you create the sections with the
interval. This will also be the default selection. Enter any interval for the
calculation.

To calculate cross sections, certain data is required that is stored under

Settings|Global settings and also appears in a dialogue that is automatically activated
when we click Create sections.

The settings that are stored in Settings|Global settings are as follows:

Centre line/Roadline
A roadline is required to create sections.

Soil model:
At least one of the soil or rock model must be in the creation of sections.

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If h>Max fill, the top soil is not removed.

Removal of top soil / Max fill

This is where the thickness of the top soil removal is filled in. Max fill is the maximum
depth at the road centre. If the maximum depth exceeds this value, the top soil will
not be calculated for this section.

If the theoretical layer's outer point on one side is above ground, the removal of the
soil on this side will start with maximum depth at the outer point of the terrace.

If the theoretical layer outer point on one side is below ground, the removal of the soil
on this side will follow the terrace to the outer point on the theoretical layer, or until
the terrace is under the chosen depth for soil removal. Afterwards the soil continues
on chosen depth.

Profile
A profile is only needed if you are using a section template.

Soil DTM
At least one soil or rock DTM must exist to create cross sections.

Rock DTM

See above. A unit height can be specified for to a calculation of rock above and
below this height compared with the surface DTM.

Section template
If you only are going to create terrain cross sections you do not have to use a section
template.

The above dialogue also appears if anything is missing when you want to create the
sections. If the data is all stored correctly, the following items will appear in a
dialogue box:

Delete sections

Delete selected sections.

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Substitute sections

Creates new sections with this new section template. Note that it will not be possible
to interpolate between different sections using different section templates.

Recalculate/update

This function allows any sections to be selected and recalculated with any values.
For example, if a digital terrain model has been changed, you can recalculate the
sections where the DTM has been changed and you can choose to only recalculate
those sections and the specific part that actually needs to be recalculated. All defined
values for the section will be stored even if you have made manual changes to the
section.

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Create lines in plan

From the cross sections it is simple and fast to create 3D lines in a plane drawing.
You can either create them in an existing, currently open drawing or a new drawing.

There are five different ways to display the cross sections in a plan drawing or a
DTM:

 Create lines in plan one by one

 Create multiple lines
 Create line for the outer slopes edge
 Create cross sections in a plan view
 Create a DTM

Dialogue explanation:

From section:
Select the section from which you want to create plane data from the drop-down list.

To section:
Select the end cross section, up to which the plane data should be created.

Store in:
Select the drawing in which you want the plane data to be stored. You can select an
existing, opened drawing, a drawing you have previously created and saved or a new
drawing.

Layer:
Select the layer - enter an existing layer name or a new one.

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The procedure is as follows:

1. Click on the point you want to create in the plane drawing.

2. Go to the Construct|Create Line command in the drawing.
3. Select the start and end sections to be created.
4. Select the drawing and layer in which you want the line to be placed.
5. Click OK.
6. Repeat for the next point/line.

Create multiple lines

This command is similar as the above one but you can create all lines in the section
to a plan drawing at the same time. The figure shows your cross section, click on
each point and decide which layer the line shall end up in.

Create slope edge

Construct|Create slope edge

This command inserts the outermost lines from the section into the drawing in 3D.
You can select the drawing and layer in which you want to create the edges.

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Create sections in drawing

Construct|Create sections in drawing

It is also possible to create calculated sections in a drawing. This is the most

convenient way to make a new DTM of the theoretical road.

You can select the drawing and layer in which you want to create the sections.

Create DTM from sections

Construct|Create DTM from section

Creates a DTM directly from cross sections.

Decide if you want to create a theoretical finished upper surface or the terrace.

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Modify menu

Edit/Interpolate

This function enables you to edit multiple cross sections at the same time. This can
be useful if you want to make the same change to the cross sections or if you want to
interpolate between them. The same command is used to edit cross sections as to
edit section templates.

To modify several cross sections:

1. Modify one of the sections to achieve the desired result.

2. Activate the Modify|Modify/Interpolate command.
3. Enter from which section and to which section you want to make this change
in the sections. It is possible to modify from any section to any other section.
4. Click OK.

To interpolate between several cross sections:

1. Edit the end sections of the interpolation to achieve the desired result. For
example, if you are going to create a bus station along the road and want to
interpolate the additional offset from section 100 to 130, you need to modify
sections 100 and 130. Make the necessary modifications.
2. Activate the Modify|Modify/Interpolate command.
3. Enter from which section and to which section (the last section is the current
section) you want to make this change in the sections.
4. Click Interpolate.
5. Click OK

Note 1: It is the current cross section that determines the outcome of the interpolation.
Note 2: The modified element in the cross sections has to be of the same type. You cannot extend a slope in one
cross section and a fixed element in another cross section.

Delete point in cross section

You can easily delete a point in the cross section by clicking on the point you want to
edit and then going to Modify|Delete point in the menu. Delete point is also in the
toolbox and the icon looks like an eraser. Please note that you cannot delete a point
that any other point is related to.

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You can easily delete a complete cross section by going to Construct|Delete section
in the menu. The complete cross section will be deleted. The volume calculation is
then performed on the adjacent sections with an increased length.

Edit layers

Edit the layers in the cross sections. You can add, delete, rename and move them up
and down. The layers are defined between the terrace and finished upper surface.

Edit side lines (TCS)

If you have used side lines in the section template, Topocad requires you to specify
the side lines in calculated sections. This is done using the Edit side lines command.
You can have one side line (calculated roadline) along the entire section, default
values only, multiple shorter side lines or a combination of these. You can also use
profiles and camber diagrams here if you also want the section template to control
the height of the vector.

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Edit outer slopes

Command for editing the outer slopes. You can edit different slopes for rock, soil and
fill.

View in sections

View in calculated sections contains several options for viewing both toolboxes and
parts of the section. These are the options:

 Toolboxes
 Select section
 Sections
 Select point in section
 Element properties
 Areas
 Terrace layers
 Superstructure layers

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Displays all sections in the cross section calculation and the current section is
marked.

Displays the area and horizontal length for current section. The area is interactively
calculated during editing.

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Displays all the layers in the cross sections and you can turn them off and on from
this command. Note! If all layers are turned off you will not see them in the dialogue
but they can be turned on if you click on them in the section.

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Print volumes

TCS|File|Print out
TCS|Settings|Report
TCS|View|Volumes

To print areas and volumes from the calculated sections (tcs file) click Print out.
Select which form to use.

It is possible to edit the report in Settings|Report.

To print cross sections you will need to insert them into a drawing and print from
there. See Drawing sections for more information.

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Net adjustment

Function Description
Input data for net adjustment
Load survey data Loading of survey data into the net adjustment protocol.
Settings survey data Settings for importing survey data
Explanations of measurements Explanation of terms
Explanation to the Net adjustment
document:
- Points New and known points
- Instruments Selection of instruments, list
- Summary Quick summary of the net
- Results
- Report Explanation of terms in the report
Calculating of net Calculate the net
Settings calculations Settings for different net adjustment calculations.
Tests and reports:
- Search gross errors
- Connection Error
- Double measured points
- Double measured heights
- Post checking of heights
- Automatic height test
- Point numbering check
- Connection error heights
- Measurements
- Test of known points Test of known points
Other commands:
Save polygon points
Save net adjustment to drawing
Display settings
Lock heights
Simulation of net adjustment: Structure of simulation calculation
- Import of known points
- New points
- Observations

Topocad Net adjustment is based on calculations using the Least Squares Method, and a number of
functions have been created for this to bring in data in appropriate ways and as methods for searching
for errors. There are also a range of functions to customize the appearance of the results you want to
present.

Entry data is based on a purge having been made to Topocad's survey data file using the SUR file
format, and this data is then imported to the net adjustment; but entering data directly to the net
adjustment measurements works equally well.

The known points are loaded from the preset polygon point file (default is Topocad.PP) but you can
also enter known coordinates under the New Points tab.

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Load survey data to net adjustment

The net adjustment uses Topocad's normal survey data protocol (*.SUR) as a basis for the
observation. The survey data file of individual observations, observation series, free stations,
traverses, detail observations as well as repeated observations of the same object.

To load the observation to the net

adjustment form:

1. Create a new net adjustment file

from File|New - Net adjustment.
2. Import data from File|Import|File
and select your survey data file.
Note that it must be closed
3. Select the instrument you have
used.
4. Select the stations and the type of
data for import. See below.
5. The imported measurements
appear under the Observations
tab,
6. where you can also enter or edit
other measurements.

Instruments

Enter the instrument to be used in the

survey data file. You must have defined
the instrument under File|Project Settings|Instruments. Click the Add button to enter an instrument
name and then define the properties the instrument has. Note that the instrument must have been
defined before importing the survey data file.

Settings for import - What kind of Stations would you like to import?

 Known stations (polar configuration)

 Free Stations
 Traverse (standard mode, only the points that are highlighted with the traverse survey type are
usually calculated)
 Leveling

Settings - What kind of observations?

 All observations - also includes detail points.

 Observations that are part of the station establishment, i.e. those that have the survey type
"station" and have been coded with the point type backsight or polygon point.
 Observations that are used for something else. This means those points that have been
marked with the survey type "Other".

Settings

You can make several speed settings under Net adj.|Settings in the main menu. These settings do not
affect the survey data/measurements but only give the program instructions on how to calculate. This
means that even though plane and height are to be calculated for a measurement, the speed setting is
to be set to plane alone.

You can make these settings under three different tabs:

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General

Type of adjustment:

 Plane
 Height
 Plane and height

Type of height adjustment: (only when adjusting height or plane and height)

 Only leveling (only leveled survey data is included in the height adjustment)
 Only trigonometric (only trigonometric observations included)
 Leveling and trigonometric (both survey types included)

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Advanced

Speed settings

These speed settings control the calculation and take precedent over the settings made for each
individual observation under the observation tab. The advantage of this is that you are sure that the
selected type of calculation really applies to all observations. In order to use the individual settings for
each individual observation, you must select Own settings in this list.

Use project settings

Use the settings made under File|Settings|Project settings. It is principally the Coordinate tab that is of
interest when selecting the coordinate system. If this is not Local, an ellipsoid correction will occur
(height correction projection of length of the ellipsoid) and the projection correction for all observations.

Own settings
Use the settings under the Observations tab exclusively, i.e. if the ellipsoid or projection correction is
to be calculated for each observation.

Free adjustment
Release all points to ensure the error for the known coordinates does not affect the net. This is good
for a local net that is to be as tension free as possible, or if you suspect that there is an error in the
known coordinates. If this adjustment gives good results in a well-balanced net, this indicates that all
observations are OK, and that an error in a normal (forced) adjustment depends on an error in the
known coordinates. Remember that an observation in a traverse of observations that ends at a known
point is calculated as a detail observation in free adjustment, which means that gross errors cannot be
traced for observations of this type. In order for a free adjustment to be implemented successfully, the
net should be designed as loops or triangles. Traverses without loops may produce uncertain results.

Projection and ellipsoid correction is deactivated for this adjustment. If you want to carry out a free
adjustment with the corrections activated, you must use the speed setting Own settings instead; select
Free adjustment under Detailed settings and then select Yes for all the corrections for the
observations in the observation tab.

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Free adjustment, local system

You restrict the known points here to two and allow the program to calculate a bearing from the station
point, which retains its coordinates. This method also removes tension in the known points, but retains
the station point coordinates (all known coordinates are affected in a totally free adjustment).

Local coordinate system

Does not use corrections for projection and ellipsoid.

Unknown coordinate system

Uses a free scale to eliminate the affect of a scale error on the lengths. This method is ideal if you
have major errors in the lengths and suspect that you have an incorrect Y-offset for the coordinates
(affects the projection correction) or has a length gauge with a scale error. If an adjustment with free
scale drastically reduces the length errors, you may assume that you have an error of this type.

Correction data
The values specified here are inactive (grey) if you have selected a speed setting option where the
values have either been loaded from the project settings (File|Settings|Project Settings) or are not
used in the calculation.

Earth radius-
required for correction calculations. As a standard value 6370000 is used for Sweden. If you use a
RT90 coordinate system in the project settings and have specified the Use project settings speed
setting, the program will calculate an earth radius as per the formulas in HMK Geodesi Stommätning
(HMK Geodetics Control Point Surveying) Chap B.1.1 and data for Bessel's ellipsoid.

Geoid height-
the height (water surface) of the geoid compared to the map projection's reference ellipsoid (Bessel's
ellipsoid applies to RT90). If you use a RT90 coordinate system in the project settings and have
specified the Use project settings speed setting, the program will calculate a geoid height using the
geoid height model RN92.

Y offset-
offset in Y which is often 1,500,000 for RT90 coordinates to avoid negative Y values. It is very
important to check this value if you allow the net adjustment to calculate the projection correction. If
you use coordinates with the specified offset, but forget to specify it as Y offset, a length of 100 m will
have an error of around 2.7m. In File|Settings|Project settings|Coordinate you select a system with a
specified offset. This is often abbreviated; e.g. RT90 5 GON V 60: -1 means that you subtract
6,000,000 from the X-coordinate and add 100,000 to the Y-coordinate. The projection correction
formulas used are described in HMK Geodesi Stommätning Chap. C2.

Refraction-
the refraction of the light in the atmosphere. The standard value for the refraction coefficient is 0.140
for Swedish conditions. The refraction influences the calculation of the height difference and is used in
calculations according to the definitions in HMK Geodesi Stommätning Chap. C3.

Mean height-
if you are to calculate the ellipsoid correction but do not have the z coordinates for your points
(required in the calculation), you can specify the mean height above sea level for the net you want to
calculate. For a length of 1,000m, a height error of 10m will result in a correction error of just 2mm, so
you only need an approximate height for the points; meter accuracy is often enough. The height
correction formulas are described in HMK Geodesi Stommätning Chap. C1.

Detailed settings: (active for the speed setting Open Settings)

Use free scale-
used if you want to calculate the scale if it is unknown, for searching of scale errors in nets with major

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improvements for lengths, or for tests of a net with known scale to see if the specified scale factor
seems to tally.

Use free adjustment-

Use free adjustment- adjusts the net without taking fixed known coordinates into consideration. Good
for nets that need to be free from tension. See Free adjustment under Netadj.|Settings Speed settings.
As free adjustment here occurs under the Own settings speed setting, the ellipsoid and projection
correction will be carried out for a certain observation if you have specified the observation's row in the
survey data tab.

Use centering error for new points

If you have used forced centering consistently during the observations (had the tripod in the same
place but changed the places of instruments and prisms) you will be aiming at the exact same point
that you measured from. In practice, this means that the effects of the centering error will not influence
the precision of the observations. The centering error is added to the mean error of the calculated new
points instead. However, when you connect to a known point, the centering point will have an effect as
the known coordinates apply to the point on the ground and not the position of the tripod over the
point. The program will therefore include the centering error from known points in normal mode, but
not new points when calculating the observation's apriori mean error. This is closest to reality if forced
centerings dominate in the net. However, if you take the tripod down for the majority of the
observations, you should also take the centering errors of the new points into consideration when
calculating the apriori mean errors.

To sum up this means the following: If you have used forced centering predominantly in the net, the
Use centering errors for new points box should NOT be checked; whereas is should be checked in
reverse position.

Explanations for Observations

An explanation of the columns follows under the Observations tab:

From Point
Select from which point you have made the observation, i.e. the station point. This may be both a
known point and a free station, or a new point in the centre of the traverse.

To point
Marks the point to which the measurement is made. This could be both a known or a new point.

Series no.
Normally you measure one direction series at a time per station and then change the station point. If
you have measured in this way, you do not need to worry about this column which will then have a
default value of 1 for all observations. However, if a special case occurs where you measure one more
direction series from the same station straight after the first series, the series need to be separated
from each other in some way. If this does not happen, the program treats both series as one which
may lead to errors. We differentiate between the series by manually assigning the value of 2 in the
series column to the other direction series. If we have a third series from the same station immediately
after the second we assign these observations the value of 3 etc. If several station establishments
occur in a row from the same point in a survey data file, the net adjustment when importing will set
different series numbers automatically to separate the measurement series.

Hor. angle
Horizontal angle.

Vert. angle
Vertical angle.

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Length
Slope distance. If the vertical angle field on the same row is blank, the length is treated as horizontal.

Height diff.
Measure the height difference between the from and to point. Used primarily for leveling data.

Bearing
Here you can enter a known bearing between two points. It could either be a fictitious bearing to give
the net the desired orientation (turned facing north), or a bearing measured using gyrotheodolite.

Instr. elevation
Height of instrument above the point.

Refl. height
Reflector (prism) height above the point.

Instruments
Specify the instrument used, which in turn defines the precision of the observations (measured as
accuracy), which is displayed under the instrument tab.

Proj. corr
Projection correction - specifies if this is to be used or not for the observation. Speed settings are
available in Settings (see this chapter for a more detailed description) if you have selected Use project
settings, which generally activates/deactivates this function for all observations regardless of what has
been specified for each individual observation. The projection correction formulas used are described
in HMK Geodesi Stommätning Chap. C2.

Ellips. corr
Ellipsoid correction - specifies if this is to be used or not for the observation. The correction reduces
measured lengths to the ellipsoid. The height correction formulas used are described in HMK Geodesi
Stommätning Chap. C1. Just as for the projection correction, the speed settings will take precedent
over the individual settings for an observation.

Atm. corr.
Atmosphere correction to lengths. This function is affected in the same way as the projection
correction to the speed settings in Settings. The corrections are calculated as follows (obtained from
instrument manuals from the manufacturer in question):

Leica
ppm=281.5-((0.29035* pressure)/(1+0.00366* temp))

Trimble/Geodimeter
ppm=275-((79.53*pressure)/(273+temp))

Topcon
ppm=279.6-((79.53*pressure)/(273.2+temp))

Sokkia Laser
ppm=282.59-((0.2942*pressure)/(1+0.003661*temp))

Sokkia Reflector
ppm=278.96-((0.2904*pressure)/(1+0.003661*temp))

Pressure and temperature are specified as mbar and degrees. The lengths are then corrected by
multiplying by the ppm figure. If the length is specified in km, the correction is given in mm.

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Pressure
Atmospheric pressure. Consideration is taken to this only if Yes had been entered in the Atm. corr.
column. If you have the values in mmhg you recalculate them to mbar by multiplying by 1.3333, which
is simply done using the Search/Modify function that you activate by right-clicking.

Temp
Temperature in degrees. Consideration is taken to this only if Yes has been entered in the Atm. corr.

Weight f. length
Weight factor length. Weights for lengths are automatically calculated through the formula P= 1 / mf2,
where mf is the observation's mean error that is obtained from the instrument data. This value does
not need to be changed by the user. If you end up in a situation where you know that an observation is
worse than expected due to external circumstances (e.g. weather, light conditions, instrument errors),
or if you, for whatever reason, would like certain observations to have less of an effect on the results,
you can reduce the weighting of the observation. For lengths, this is done by changing the weight
factor from 1 (=unaffected) to a lower value. If we change to 0.5, for example, this particular length will
affect the result half as much as normal (the previously calculated weight is halved).

Weight f. angle
Weight factor angle. See above for explanation.

Weight f. height
Weight factor height. See above for explanation. Apart from leveled heights, this can also be used for
an observation of the vertical angle and length if trigonometric heights are to be used. Weights for
heights are calculated for leveling automatically using the formula P= k / L where L is the length
between the points in km. k is a constant that is set to one if only one instrument is used. If several
instruments have been used, k is set for the observations with the best instrument to one and for the
others to one divided by how many times worse the observation's instrument is compared to the best
instrument (calculated from the instruments' apriori mean errors).

Use observ.
This tab has a number of selections and all of them specify the observations for the current row to be
included in the calculations:

Observation Description
None No observation used for this row
Hor. Angle Only the horizontal angle is used.
Length Only the length is used.
HA + Length The horizontal angle and the length are used from this row. In other
words, no height data.
Height The height measurements are used, that is the vertical part of the slope
distance or a leveled height difference.
HA + Height The horizontal angle and height are used but not the horizontal part of
the length if this is measured.
HA + L + Height Horizontal angle, length and height observations are used.
Length + Height Length and height are used but not the horizontal angle.
Bearing Only the bearing is used.

Points
Under the points tab we can see all points (known and new) that are included in the adjustment.
Known coordinates are loaded automatically from the current polygon point file when we import a
survey data file or enter survey data directly in the net adjustment. Both station (from) and object (to)
points are checked.

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It is also possible to change the coordinates of a known point manually, and to change points from
known to new points if you want these to be calculated in the adjustment and not be used as fixed
points (e.g. if you suspect that the known coordinates are wrong). A new point can be made known by
entering the coordinates in the columns Known X, Y, or Z. To change this, go to the Known column,
where you can also enter a point as known in plane but not in height or vice versa. If the coordinates
for a point have been calculated, you can lock them by changing in the known column as mentioned
previously. The calculated coordinates are then copied to the columns for known coordinates.

In addition to the coordinates, there are columns for centering errors X, Y, and Z. Here you can enter a
centering error that you know applies to the point irrespective of the instrument. If we have blank cells
here, the values we have entered for centering errors under Instruments will apply. For a normal tripod
set up, 3mm is a normal error, but if we use wall prisms for example it is lower. A free station point
always has the centering error 0, but its coordinates are usually of no interest.

We can also use the centering error if we use calculated points as known points from an old
adjustment. Normally, all known points have a great accuracy, but by using the point mean errors from
the old adjustment, we can provide observations in relation to worse known points with a little greater
margin. As a result, uncertainty from these points (with greater mean errors from the old adjustment)
will have less of an impact on our new adjustment.

Following the completion of the calculation we see Calculated X, Y, and Z, as well as Mean errors X,
Y, and Z for the points, that tell us the calculated position of the new points and the precision they
have. For a more detailed explanation for these headings, see Report.

Instruments

A list appears under instruments showing those instruments that have been selected when importing
one or more survey data files. The type of Instrument can then be selected for each observation under
the observations tab in the Instrument column.

Data on the instruments can be obtained from the relevant supplier. The weights are calculated from
these values, which means that an observation with a good instrument will affect the result more than
the observations with an inferior result. The values you enter are the instrument's factory tested apriori
mean error (see Report).

In general you could say that it is the standard mean error in particular that is directly influenced by the
instrument data, as it is a comparison with the capacity of the instrument (1.000 means that you have
measured exactly at a level the instrument can handle). As a result of this, the standard and
observation mean errors as well as the sigma levels vary depending on the instrument data we
choose. It should also be noted that the instrument data affects how the various observations are
weighted in relation to each other, i.e. how much they affect the results. NOTE: It is therefore of the
utmost importance that we have specified the correct values for the instrument's data if we want
reliable assessments of the quality of the net. Note that you may not specify a value to 0.0000 as this
is an unreasonable value that would apply to a completely error free instrument, which makes the
weights impossible to calculate.

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Settings

Instr.type
Different makes of instrument handle the corrections for pressure and temperature in different ways,
which is taken into consideration under this setting. See also Atm. corr in the observations chapter.

HA Accuracy
Horizontal angle accuracy. Entered in GON (adjustable to mgon or degrees)

VA Accuracy
Vertical angle accuracy. Entered in GON (adjustable to mgon or degrees)

Length accuracy (constant)

Specified in meters (adjustable to millimeters)

Length accuracy (PPM)

Entered in PPM

Centering error in plane

A centering error can either be specified for each point or generally for from and to points where the
instrument is used. The centering error will give all observations that have been made using the
instrument and offset in the accuracies specified above. E.g. the length accuracy will be calculated as
a bit worse depending on the effect the centering errors have. If a field is blank in the Centering error
columns X and Y under the Points tab, the centering error specified for the instrument will be used.

Centering error in height

See above.

Note that you may not specify a value to 0.00000 as this is an unreasonable value that would apply to
a completely error free instrument, which makes the weights impossible to calculate.

Calculating of net
To calculate a net, go to Net adjustment|Calculation, or click on one of the Graphics, Results or Report
tabs. If a change has been made to the input data or if we make our initial calculation, we see the
message The net adjustment has been changed, do you want to calculate the net? under these tabs,
to which you answer yes.

Note that the speed settings you have made in Netadj.|Settings apply. If you want to use your own
settings for atmosphere, ellipsoid and/or projection correction, the speed setting must be specified as
Own settings.

Calculation is made immediately and you can go to the Summary, Graphics, Results or Report tabs to
see the results.

View screen settings

An appropriate size to symbols for
the screen depends entirely on
how extensive the net is and what
zoom setting you are in, which is
why you have the option of
adjusting the symbol size. The
symbols are triangular for known
points in plane, circular for new
points and triangular with a circle

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for known points in both plane and height. Measurements are marked with straight dashes for
measured lengths and angles for measured angles.

Error ellipses are obviously shown by ellipses and height errors by a vertical dash through the point. If
the ellipses had the same scale as the net they would not be visible. Instead you can set the scale
factor here that they are to be enlarged by in relation to the net. You can also change the colors of the
ellipses and symbols.

It should also be noted that the same graphical functions are available under View as for other
applications in Topocad, e.g. zoom, pan, drag, redraw etc.

The point symbols can be changed by going to File|Settings|System settings and selecting the Point
info tab. The PointID box you can change placement, font and size of the point symbols.

Tests

This menu has a number of tests to see if our survey data contains gross errors. The specified tests
observe the descriptions in HMK Geodesi Stommätning.

Search for gross errors

Searching for gross errors enables you to run a quick check
over the measurements in the net. By activating the
Tests|Gross errors command, the program zooms in
automatically on the biggest error in the net, that is the
measurement (length or angle) that has the largest standard
improvement. This is calculated in line with HMK's definition as
the so called sigma level, which is the observation's
improvement divided by the observation's apriori mean error.
For each measurement you can determine whether you are to
edit the measurement, retain it, or erase (delete) it. Click Next
to view the second largest error, and so on. If you want to
return (to larger errors), click Previous.

If you specify Edit, the program skips to the measurement tab

and selects the current measurement. It is then possible to edit and go back to the graphics,
whereupon the question is asked if the net is to be recalculated.

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Connection error

This check is manual and can be used for gross error searching by going traverse in the net. Start by
clicking somewhere in the screen to form a square. By selecting point by point and then returning to
the starting point, the connection error is calculated for the loop. This process gives a safe and quick
check of the net, and you can quickly find any errors by using several different loops.

Undo delete of the last added point, restart by clearing memorized points.

Double measured distances

This test method searches for all distances that are measured in both directions and compares them
with each other. The difference is then checked against a threshold specified in System settings. The
program will immediately create a finished report with the tested distances.

Double measured heights

This test method searches for all height differences that are measured in both directions and
compares them with each other. The difference is then checked against a threshold specified in
System settings. The program will immediately create a finished report with the tested height
differences.

Connection error between known heights

This test method automatically calculates the height traverse between known heights the program can
find in the net. The total height difference for the observations are compared with the height difference
between the known heights. A report is created where a comparison to the threshold is made.

Automatic test of height loops

The program automatically calculates height loops that can be created in the net. The connection
errors are compared to the thresholds and are printed in a report.

Post checking of calculated heights

This test method compares the adjusted heights with the observations that were included in the
adjustment. A comparison is made with the thresholds and the results are printed in a report.

Point numbering
The test method checks to see if any points have similar coordinates, which may be a sign that they
are actually different names for the same point. Similar point coordinates are compared to a threshold
in a report.

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Measurements
The test checks if any stations have fewer than four objects (not preferable in Banverket's (Swedish
Rail Adm) lattice polygon), and lengths that are only measured in one direction. These stations are
listed in a report.

Known points
If we have carried out a forced adjustment (adjustment with known points locked) and had several
observations designated as incorrect, this does not always need to be due to the error in the
observations. It could instead be that the known points have incorrect positions. This could be due to
them moving, that you have use the wrong error point, or that we have specified the wrong
coordinates. All known points are calculated in the adjustment as perfect and any errors they may
have are interpreted as observation errors instead.

In order to test the observations without any influence from coordinate errors, you should therefore
carry out a free adjustment (all points treated as new) in order to remove all errors in the observations.
This assumes that the net is linked in loops as far as possible traverses to connection points produce
uncertain results for free adjustment.

If you have removed all the observation faults in the net, it simply remains to test the positions of the
known points. You do this via the following steps:

 If you have selected Plane or Plane and height under Netadj.|Settings|General the known
coordinates in plane are tested. If the selection is Height, the Z coordinates are tested instead.
 The test starts by selecting Tests|Known points. The following window appears:

1. Here we select the points we want to test in the list first Lock/release known points. The points
that are pre-checked will be included in the test. If we click the Extents button, all points will be
included. The None button releases all points allowing you to make your own selection. This
gives us the option of testing known points in a certain part of the net, which can be useful in
expansive nets.
2. The program can then be set to stop when a calculation has been made (Only release point
with greatest error) or release the worst point and recalculate until all points meet the
threshold (Release points until the net is approved). The latter is as quick and easy as an
initial test, but the final check should preferably be carried out point by point where you make
a thorough analysis before proceeding.
3. When the program calculates length observations, you can specify under Corrections if the
lengths are to be corrected for Ellipsoid and Projection. If you select Use project settings, the
corrections apply that have been set generally for the project. Settings can be checked under
File|Settings|Project settings|Coordinate. If you select According to settings, the settings are
used for each individual observation's corrections (the Projection and Ellipsoid columns) in the
observations tab. Note that these selections apply regardless of what you have set as speed
settings under Net adj.|Settings|Advanced.

In order to describe other settings, we go through what happens if you start the test by pressing
Calculate:

 A free adjustment is carried out. For the points to be tested, the coordinates are picked that
the points were given in the free adjustment. These are incorrect in that they originate from a
free adjustment, but if this is correct the points will be right in relation to each other.
 The program then takes test points coordinates from the free adjustment and transforms them
so they fit as well as possible with the known coordinates for the same points.
 This is done to test in plane by moving in X and Y, rotating and, if you have selected it in the
program, scale changing. Do this by selecting Congruent or Helmert as Transformation. The
latter type also adjusts the scale of the free net, which means that you remove the influence of
the scale error at the length gauge. If you are sure that the scale of the lengths is correct, you

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should use Congruent, which retains the scale of the lengths. Otherwise there is a small risk of
fitting errors at the points being partially interpreted as scale errors in the calculation instead.
 For heights, the transformation takes place via the program calculating the average values for
both the known and the adjusted points. The mean value is then removed from known and
adjusted coordinates making both averages zero (center of mass reduction).
 For heights, mean errors are also calculated for connection height fixes even though they are
not part of the free adjustment. The program then looks up the nearest adjusted height and
uses the mean error's law of error propagation for the connection observations and the
nearest adjusted point to set a mean error for the height fix you have connected to. Naturally,
this value does not have the same certainty as the height mean error that is included in the
free adjustment. However, excluding them would mean that you would not get any connection
height fixes at all in the test, which is often a major disadvantage as this measurement
situation occurs quite often.
 In plane position only the known points that are included in the free adjustment, i.e. connection
points are excluded from the test unless the observations are over-determined in relation to
them. This is due to them being uncertain in relation to the other net, where at least two
unchecked observations (angle and length) are used. However, it is normal in plane mode that
the connection observations are over-determined to ensure the points are included in the free
net. We also have situations when just one angle is measured in relation to a known point that
is a backsight. In that case this point is impossible to test and is excluded from the test.
 If the known coordinates are correct (and also the observations in the free adjustment) the
adjusted and known coordinates fit exactly with each other for a transformation. If any point is
incorrect, this is noticeable by it having a fitting error between the free and known coordinates.
The fitting error is reported as an error divided into X and Y as well as radial (total) errors. The
problem now is where to draw the boundary line for when a point is incorrect and, in
connection with this, take into consideration the error sources included in the calculation.
These are primarily the mean errors of the points from the transformation and the free
adjustment. A point that is at the edge of the net will be more uncertain in the transformation
than one in the middle.
 In order to have a tool that is as certain as possible when identifying errors, a test quota is
calculated. This specifies how large the fitting error is compared to the total mean errors of the
point from the transformation and the free adjustment in the direction of the fitting error. This
test value can be compared with standardized improvements (sigma levels) for observations.
Following this, HMK's three level principle can be applied in order to assess if a point is wrong
or not. You can set the program if the limit for errors is set at factor 2 (95% error probability), 3
(99.8%) or your own level.
 When the calculation is complete, the number of points is reported that are locked or released
following the calculation. In the Current point box you can see the worse point's ID and test
quota together with the error in X and Y, radial (total) and the direction (bearing) in which the
point has moved.
 If you click Edit, the program jumps to the point tab and positions itself on the row of the
current point. This is to enable you to quickly check and, if necessary, correct any wrong
coordinates for the current point. If you click Next, the second worse point is displayed and so
on. Previous then goes in the other direction.
 We can also tick the box if the point is to be known (Locked) or released in the next
calculation.
 You get a summary of a calculation by clicking Report. You then select the report template
you want to use (normally Standard) and then get a summary of the calculation. The report
shows the following details first:

Net adjustment Name of net adjustment file.

Transformation type Helmert (scale change) or Congruent (no scale change).
Number of known points Number of known points overall in the net.
Number of known points Number of known points that are included as locked in the test.
tested
Number of released points Number of points released prior to or during the test.
Number of remaining locked Number of points that are locked after the test.
points
Number of remaining locked Number of points that are locked after the test and have been

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 Net adjustment

points tested included.

Number of new points Number of calculated new points in the net.
T-threshold for approval The threshold that defines whether a point is incorrect (the T-
value for a point is a quota between the point's fitting error and
mean error)

 The standard mean error is then displayed, HMK's approval limit, over-determinations and K-
Value for the free adjustment that form the basis of the test. Following this the same
parameters are shown for the forced adjustment with all points locked and finally a forced
adjustment with only the remaining locked points as known. The idea here is that you can see
if the deleted points improve the net as a whole at the last adjustment.
 The data is then displayed for the point(s) that have been released. The following data is
displayed:

Point ID Point name

dX Fitting error in X axis
dY Fitting error in Y axis
Row Radial (total) fitting errors
mTraR Mean error from the transformation for the point in the direction of the
fitting error
mFriR Mean error from the free adjustment for the point in the direction of the
fitting error
mR Total mean error for the point in the direction of the fitting error
T Test value, quota between the fitting error and mean error for a point
Change X A measurement of how much the point has moved in the X axis for the
adjustment after the incorrect points have been released.
Change Y As above but in the Y axis.
Distance known The distance from the current point to the nearest known that is included
as known in the adjustment and has not been released. If there is a long
way to a known point, the change described above will be greater.
ppm Comparison in mm/km between the radial (total) change and the distance
to the nearest remaining known point. Points that lie close to a known
point and that have moved a lot are a greater source of errors than those
that have the same change but are a long way from the nearest known
point. A high ppm value indicates that the point is uncertain and has a
significant effect on the net.

 The next part of the report is a record of each individual search and its results. If we have set
the program to only make one calculation, it is shown here. If we have selected Release
points until the net is approved all the separate calculations are reported. The following data is
included:

Number known Number of known points overall in the net.

Number released Number of points released prior to the test.
Number locked Number of points that are locked prior to the test.
Scale The scale factor calculated for the transformation between the free and
known points. If we have used congruent transformation, the scale is
1.000000. If we have selected Helmert, any major deviations from one
indicate that we have a scale error in the lengths.
Standard mean error This value can be interpreted as the mean error that the points have on
from the average from the transformation.
transformation's
calculation
Point ID Point name
dX Fitting error in X axis
dY Fitting error in Y axis

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Topocad

Row Radial (total) fitting errors

mTraR Mean error from the transformation for the point in the direction of the
fitting error.
mFriR Mean error from the free adjustment for the point in the direction of the
fitting error.
mR Total mean error for the point in the direction of the fitting error
T Test value, quota between the fitting error and mean error for a point
Incorrect point or Test Results from the test If a point is incorrect, it is reported here, plus that it
approved has a star in front of its ID

 When you have finished analyzing the results, you can print or save the results file in various
formats using the icons top left. To return to the test settings, close the results window and
select OK, whereupon you return to the test's initial window. If points have been released
during or after the latest calculation, they are now released in the list Lock/release known
points. We can now choose to change the settings, release or lock points, and recalculate.
 When we have finished with the test, we press Apply. We are then asked if we want the points
that have been released in the test to be released under the point tab as well. To give known
points new coordinates could be delicate and you should be aware of the consequences. The
danger is that you could easily have different coordinates for a certain point in different
projects, so the points that are released should not be uncertain.

Summary

When you have made a calculation you can see the general results by selecting the Summary tab.
The calculation primarily specifies if a standard mean error is approved in plane and/or height (see
Report). If this is not the case, either the error is specified as large but the calculation was still possible
or it was too large to allow an adjustment.

We will then identify the most important results which means that you can assess if the adjustment is
to be approved or not for plane and height. Here the net's standard mean error is included, K-value,
and the largest point mean error in plane (error ellipse large axis) and height. You also get the
observations' largest sigma level, improvement (for angle, length, and height difference) and lowest
relative redundancy (individual K-value). See the description of these parameters in the Report
chapter.

In addition to this, a summary of the observations' sigma levels is listed to ensure that you can assess
whether the observations contain gross errors. The distribution of the sigma levels is compared with
the theoretical values that an average calculation would give.

Results
You can view the most important values under results which specify how the latest adjustment went. In
addition to received and permitted (as per HMK) standard mean errors, we see how many gross errors

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 Net adjustment

we are estimated to have in the net, and a comment that describes how the adjustment went overall. If
it was not possible to implement, the reason for this is given.

Report
The report is divided into a number of main headings. If these headings are included, and the type of
data they cover, depends on the report settings you select. The data the program can include in the
report are as follows:

Total

Term Description
K-Value Enter checkability value for the plane net, i.e. the number of over-
determinations divided by the number of observations. If you have
measured the exact number of observations required to get the
coordinates for the points, the K-value is 0, but HMK recommends 0.5 and
higher for the backbone net. The normal values for polygon nets are 0.1-
0.2.

No. over-determ. Number of over-determinations in plane or height

Standard mean Size of net's standard mean error

error

Appd threshold fr. The threshold for the standard mean error that HMK has set up for the
HMK backbone net to be regarded as approved.

Scale factor Calculated scale factor in plane for free scale. If this is not used the value
1.000000 is shown

Iterations For plane adjustment a calculation is made of how much you need to
adjust the approximate values of the point coordinates in order for the
improved observations to correspond with them. If you have major errors in
the net, the approximate values will be unsatisfactory and the results will
not be correct. You then use the calculated coordinates as approximate
values and readjust. The procedure continues until the observations agree
with the points, and the number of calculations are specified as the number
of iterations. 1-3 are normal values here, and the program has a maximum
limit of 20 iterations to enable it to carry out an adjustment. This is due to
the fact that if the observations are unsatisfactory enough, you will get
values that are progressively worse for each calculation and thereby never
arrive at a result.

Sigma levels The number of observations that are within the various sigma levels are
specified here. From a statistical perspective, 68% of the observations
should be below level one, 95% below level two and 99.8% below level
three. Observations with sigma levels above three are classed as gross
errors, but also the levels between two and three should be checked in
accordance with HMK.

Statistics
Number&
Here you specify the number of horizontal angles, vertical angles, direction series, horizontal lengths,
measured distances and known points in plane and height. Also shown are max, min and mean
values for the following values: sigma levels, length improvements, horizontal angle and bearing

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Topocad

improvements, height improvements, largest influence in plane and height and point mean error in
plane and height.

Known points
PointID
Name of point.

X, Y, Z coordinate
Specified known coordinates for the point.

Centr. incorrect X, Y, Z
Specified centering error for the point.

New points

Term Description
PointID Name of point.

X, Y, Z coordinate Specified known coordinates for the point.

Mean error X, Y, Z Calculated mean error for the point including centering error.

Centr. incorrect X, Specified centering error for the point in question.

Y, Z

Ellipse a Error ellipse's large axis, i.e. the point's largest mean error in any
direction.

Ellipse b Error ellipse's small axis, i.e. the point's smallest mean error in any
direction.

Ellipse bearing The bearing for the error ellipse's large axis.

Observations

Term Description
From Point Specifies from which point you have measured. Normal station point
To point The point to which the measurement runs.
Survey type Shows length, horizontal angle, bearing or horizontal angle.
Survey value For the actual observation, note that lengths, angles, bearings, and
heights are separated, and that lengths are reported as horizontal. The
direction series is reduced to zero for the backsight
Correction The total correction for atmosphere, projection, and ellipsoid (height).
Improvement How much the observation must be adjusted in order for it to tally with the
calculated and known points. The greater the value, the worse the result.
These values are used primarily to search for gross errors.
Aposteriori mean The calculated mean error for the measurement from the adjustment. If
error this error is greater than the apriori mean error for the measurement, your
measurements are worse than what the instrument is capable of
measuring.

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 Net adjustment

Apriori mean error This mean error is measured in the factory and describes the theoretical
accuracy for angle, length, and height of the instrument. The mean error
for heights varies depending on how long the length is.
Sigma (level) Standardized mean error (1=the error is at level with the instrument's
performance, 2 = twice as large error as the instrument's performance
etc.). HMK specifies 3 as threshold in order for the observation to be
classified as a gross error.
Smallest det. error The smallest detectable error in the observation (inner reliability), i.e. the
error that gives a sigma level of exactly 3.
Largest influence Errors that are smaller than the smallest detectable errors cannot be
eliminated. Here the maximum influence this error has on the coordinates
for the points it is measured between is specified. Note that this value
only applies to this observation's influence
Relative Relative redundancy - how much the error that remains with the
redundancy observation in the form of the improvement, (e.g. the value 0.43 means
43% of the error). If the error we measure is 35mm, this error will be
spread out over the other observations and affect them. If we then have a
K-Value of 0.43, the improvement will only be 15mm, i.e. the greatest
share of the error remains, distributed over the other observations, and
affects the results. This value is also called individual K-Value
Weight factor The total calculated weight factor, which is calculated through 1/s², i.e. A
calculated apriori mean error square". For a mean error of 1 milligon the
weight factor will be 1,000,000. If we have then specified a weight
constant other than 1 for the observation, this will also be calculated here.
Bearing Approximate bearing for the measurement (comparative figure).
Length Approximate length between from and to point (comparative figure).

Save polygon points

By placing yourself under the New points tab and then going to the Netadj.|Save points to PP
command, the calculated points in the current polygon point file (.PP) are saved. Note that you must
have selected the Points tab in order to use this function.

You can select between saving all new points, the current point you have selected or a range of
points. If you want to save points in a new file, you create a new polygon point file via
File|New|Polygon points and then connect it to the project via File|Settings|System
settings|Observation whereupon you select the new file. Finish by saving the points as per the
description above.

Lock all calculated heights

When the height adjustment has been carried out, you can then lock all calculated heights by selecting
Netadj.|Lock all calculated heights. This locks all available heights, and can be used to trace all
incorrect instrument heights and signal heights.

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Topocad

Save net adjustment to drawing

Going to the Net adjustment|Save net adjustment to drawing command saves all detail points and also
over-determined points down to an optional drawing. Here you specify the drawing by specifying a
previous save, an open or a completely new drawing.

Note that the codes of the points can be used to sort at different levels which is an excellent option for
separating data from each other.

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 Net adjustment

Simulation of net adjustment

Net adjustment|Simulation

Topocad's net adjustment can generate simulations of nets. To do this you create
theoretical observations where you believe you can measure, and get to select the
type of observation you can make between different points. You can create points in
an existing drawing, export them from here to PP or PXY coordinates and then import
them to a new or existing net adjustment. From the net adjustment, you point out
where the observations will be made, which will result in theoretical values. Normal
settings are made for the net adjustment calculation and then a calculation is made
to mirror the quality of the net, but obviously not the observation.

Function Description
Import known points Import of known points to net adjustment
New points Create new points immediately in the net adjustment.
Observations Identify where the observations can be made.

Import known points

Points of the PP format (Polygon points) or PXY can be imported. Their point
numbers are automatically lit and the settings for these are made under
File|Settings|Point info.

New points

New points can be specified directly in the net adjustment. If you would like to use
points from the drawing, you can import these via the "Import known points"
command, but edit them in the "Points" tab so that they are unknown in one or two
planes.

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Topocad

Observations

Point out from where and to what points you believe you can measure. Select the
measurements that can be made and whether the observation can also be made
from the other direction. Change station by clicking "Station". Also select the
instrument with its accuracy that you intend to use.

When this has been done, the observations you have specified here are created
under "Observations". These are then as good as they can be theoretically. Editing
can be done with respect to measurements. You then do a normal net adjustment
calculation with its settings. See net adjustment calculation.

350
Database connector for ArcGIS
ArcGIS Server

Command Description
Open map Opens the database for the drawing.

Disconnect Disconnects the database

Add Data Adds data from the database to the drawing.

Save Data Saves the data

Save selection Saves a selection of new or modified objects.

Refresh data Refresh data, load from database

Reconcile and Post Reconciles and Posts data to the current version of
(save) the database.
Version manager Manages different versions of the database.

Change version The command allows version change of selected

layers
Edit Attributes Edit attributes handles domains and subtypes.

Group Objects Command to group single objects into one.

System settings - Arc Settings - including drawing method etc.

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Topocad

Open map

Opens the data from the database. Opens the complete map or parts of it using
different search criteria.

Open map by database search.

Find: Search for a value's attribute, for example address or road name.
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 Databases

In: Where to make the search.

Select whether to find features that are similar to or contain the search string
All fields/ In fields: Select if you want to search through All fields or a special field.
Buffer: Default is 100 meters, which opens the map with a radius of 100 meters
around the selected attribute.

Disconnect

Disconnects the database The Arc license used is not free until you close Topocad.

Add data

Adds data from different layers. An area is selected.

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Topocad

Save data

Saves the data. Select from the alternatives All changes, New features only,
Modified features only, New and modified features only or Deleted features only.

Save selection

The command allows the user to save a selection of new or modified objects. Deleted
object are not able to save.
The dialogue shows concerned layers, how many marked object in each layer and
also the total amount of objects that will be saved.

354
 Databases

Refresh data

Update data and load new data from the database. You can ignore changes made in
Mapsuite+.

Reconcile and Post

Reconciles and Posts data to the database.

Any layers with differences from the database are displayed in a list. All layers with
changes are displayed with three numbers in brackets, e.g. (1, 2, 3), where the first
number indicates how many new objects are in this layer, the second number
indicates how many changed objects and the third number indicates how many
deleted objects - these must be deleted from both the drawing and the database.

Reconcile against version. Select layer to reconcile with.

Version manager

A list of different versions of the database. New versions can be created by right
clicking.

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Topocad

Change version

The command allows version change of selected layers. All changes of existing
objects will be deleted. New object will not be affected.

Edit Attributes

Edit attributes handles domains and subtypes.

Group object

Right click on objects and select group object. The object will now appear as one
single object.

356
 Databases

ISM adapter
ISM

The ISM adapter is a method of saving data from the drawing to an Oracle Spatial
database using the ISM (Independent Spatial Management) application. For more
information about this module please contact your dealer.

357
Roadline document

Road line document (TRL)

In the road line document do you input the road line. You can then import the road
line to the drawing document to be calculated from.

Do like this to input a road line:

1. Create a new Road line document. In File|New do you select Road line
document (*.TRL).
2. Input co-ordinates, eventual radius and parameters for clothoides.
3. The road line is automatically generated and calculated.
4. Save the road line. In File|Save or Save As...
5. You can now import the road line to the document and use it for section,
section/offset calculations.

Explanations to the document:

Point Id
Even called element when in Road line. Not important for the road line.

X- respectively Y- co-ordinates
The co-ordinates in plane where you have an element.

Section
The section number. If you leave it empty Mapsuite+ will calculate the section for
you. You can also give “wrong“ section number and this will take effect on all sections
after this section. You can also use negative section values.

Radius
if it is a curve give the start radius here. Negative values for curves turning left.

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Topocad

End radius
End radius for this element if it is such. When using parameters it is important to type
in the end radius.

Parameter
Enter the parameter for the clothoide. The parameter is always positive even if it is a
left curve.

Code
Code for the tangent point.

Bearing
The bearing is calculated from other data.

End bearing
The end bearing is also calculated from other data.

Length
The length of the element is always calculated.

Export from road line

It is possible to export to other road line formats from the road line. The formats
supported are:

 LIN Point road line format

 GVL Geosis road line format

360
Index
3 Angles.............................................. 28

3 D view............................................73 ANSI ................................................ 78

3D.............................................20, 116 Answer Yes...................................... 20

3D polylines ......................................39 Area ................................................. 71

3d view .............................................73 ASCII ............................................... 78

3D view in DTM ..............................242 ASCII button .................................... 98

A Attribute in symbol ......................... 147

Abrupts ...............................................8 Attribute/s....................................... 147

ACK/NACK .....................................103 Auto ................................................. 95

Activate...........................................212 AutoCAD's ....................................... 78

ACU ..................................................90 Axis .................................................. 30

Add ...................................................70 B

Quick list .......................................18 B 8, 20, 127, 186

Add ...................................................18 Back

Add ...................................................78 Result ......................................... 110

Add .................................................110 Back............................................... 110

Add .................................................116 Back Point Id.................................. 116

Add .................................................125 Back/Forward................................. 116

Add points to DTM..........................257 Backsight

Add polylines to DTM......................257 station ........................................ 116

Affin ................................................183 Backsight ............................96, 98, 110

All Geodimeter..................................90 Backsight ....................................... 116

Alt + F4 ...............................................8 Backsights ..........................56, 98, 110

Angle/distance ................................177 Break ............................................. 186

361
Topocad

C Characteristics ............................... 233

C 8, 20, 22, 138 Check .............................................. 59

C3 ...................................................230 Check Point ............................... 96, 98

CAD application..................................5 Checkability ................................... 116

Calculate cross section...................315 CHK ............................................... 230

Calculate points ..............................271 Circle segments ............................... 35

Calculate section/offset...................272 Click Done ..................................... 134

Calculated...............................116, 155 Click OK........................................... 95

Calculation......................................110 CLOSE .......................................... 230

Camber...................................303, 304 Closed polyline .............................. 195

Camber|Create ...............................303 Clothoide

Cancel ............................................110 point ........................................... 132

Cannot ............................................110 Clothoide ....................................... 132

Centre...............................................10 Clothoide ....................................... 359

Centre Point Clothoide/spiral .............................. 132

help .............................................128 Clothoides...............................132, 359

Centre Point......................................10 CLSRECT ...................................... 230

Centre Point....................................128 Code .............................................. 195

Centre Point....................................130 Collector/instrument......................... 32

Change ...........................................192 Collectors/instruments ..................... 32

Change object order .......................193 Colour ...............22, 125, 192, 195, 242

Change properties ..........................194 Colour By ....................................... 192

Change properties - by object Colours

properties ....................................211
regarding ...................................... 62
Characteristics
Colours ............................................ 62
gives............................................233

362
 Glossary

Colours ...........................................192 Construct|Clothoide ....................... 132

Column ...........................................110 Construct|Convert .......................... 149

Columns/fields ..................................78 Construct|copy............................... 138

Columns/tabs/fields ..........................78 Construct|Create.....................143, 146

Command .......................................186 Construct|Define ............................ 147

Comms .............................................93 Construct|Divide ............................ 141

Comms Link......................................85 Construct|DTM|Contours ............... 247

Communication...........................78, 93 Construct|DTM|Create DTM .......... 245

Comparison between points ...........171 Construct|DTM|Heights ur DTM..... 251

Computer/station ..............................92 Construct|DTM|Volume...........252, 255

Config ...............................................98 Construct|Fill.................................. 136

Configuration Construct|Fillet............................... 140

Leica .............................................96 Construct|Group ............................ 170

Configuration ....................................96 Construct|Insert ............................. 134

Connect Construct|Line................................ 125

Psion .............................................85 Construct|Offset............................. 139

Connect ............................................85 Construct|Point .............................. 127

Connect Psion ..................................93 Construct|Polar .............................. 167

Connection string to database ..........47 Construct|Profile ............................ 154

Construct - Section .........................304 Construct|Road line|Calculate ....... 271

Construct & Modify .............................8 Construct|Road line|Quick ............. 274

Construct drawing view...................151 Construct|Road line|Save .............. 268

Construct/Dimension ......................168 Construct|Road line|Save Road..... 268

Construct|Arc..................................130 Construct|Road line|Section/Offset 272

Construct|Circle ..............................128 Construct|Road line|Sections......... 269

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Topocad

Construct|Road line|Surface ...........273 Create camber diagram ................. 303

Construct|Section ...........................155 Create contours ............................. 247

Construct|Sheet ..............................150 Create coordinate grid ................... 152

Construct|Slope ..............................137 Create co-ordinate grid .................. 152

Construct|Text ................................133 Create crossfall.............................. 303

Construct|View ...............................151 Create drawing sheet..................... 150

Contents .............................................1 Create drawing view ...................... 151

Continue .........................................110 Create DTM ................................... 245

Contour lines ..................................247 Create line type.............................. 146

Contour lines in layers ....................247 Create section................................ 155

Contour texts ..................................250 Create sheet .................................. 150

Control codes .................................230 create shortcut ............................... 238

Convert symbols Create symbol................................ 143

points ..........................................149 Create view.................................... 151

Convert symbols.............................149 Create/modify ................................ 197

Co-ordinate.........14, 69, 125, 130, 212 Cross ................................................. 7

Coordinate axis.................................30 Cross section calculation ............... 315

Coordinate decimals .........................32 Cross section template .................. 304

Co-ordinate grid..............................152 Cross sections ............................... 155

Coordinate system....................34, 219 Cross sections in drawing .............. 155

Copy .......................................138, 177 Cross sections volumes ................. 255

Copy by mirror ................................142 Crossfall..................................303, 304

Copy object.....................................138 Ctrl .8, 16, 62, 125, 133, 138, 140, 177,
185, 186, 189, 194, 195, 200
Copyright Chaos...8, 85, 103, 139, 245
Ctrl button
Counter-clockwise ............................28
Use............................................. 110

364
 Glossary

Ctrl button .......................................110 Delete ............................................ 235

Ctrl D ................................................62 Delete ............................................ 242

Ctrl-key Delete Object ..........................143, 176

keeping .......................................183 Design, section template ............... 304

pressing ..........................................7 DH ................................................. 177

Ctrl-key ...............................................7 DIAM.............................................. 230

Ctrl-key ...........................................183 Difference between points ............. 171

D Digital Terrain Model

Database ..........................................47 select.......................................... 242

Database connection........................47 Digital Terrain Model...................... 242

Decimal character.............................32 Digital Terrain Model...................... 245

Decimals...........................................32 Dimension...................................... 168

Default ......................................14, 110 Direct

Define attribute ...............................147 Mapsuite+s................................... 84

Degrees ............................................28 Direct ............................................... 84

Del ......................................................8 Display ............................................. 35

Delete Display/drawing ............................. 195

Quick list .......................................18 Distance diff.Calculated ................. 116

want ............................................143 Distance/height .............................. 116

wish.............................................242 Divide area..................................... 173

Delete ...............................................18 Divide DTM .................................... 256

Delete ...............................................78 Divide line ...................................... 141

Delete ...............................................98 Divide surface ................................ 173

Delete .............................................143 Double Point Id ................................ 37

Delete .............................................176 Down ............................................. 110

365
Topocad

Draw arc .................................130, 143 Drives/units ...................................... 18

Draw Circle .....................................128 DTM

Draw cross sections .......................155 edit ............................................. 242

Draw line.........................................125 DTM......................................... 73, 149

Draw line/select ..............................274 DTM............................................... 242

Draw Point ..............................127, 143 DTM............................................... 245

Draw polyline ..........................125, 143 DTM............................................... 274

Draw profile form ............................154 DTM heights .................................. 251

Drawing DTM, add points to ........................ 257

polyline........................................125 DTM, extract .................................. 256

Drawing ..........................................125 DTM, update .................................. 257

Drawing ..........................................127 DTM, Z value ................................. 251

Drawing ..........................................134 DTR ............................................... 103

Drawing ..........................................143 DTS ................................................. 78

Drawing find entity ..........................220 Duplicate point id ............................. 37

Drawing line type ............................217 DVL.................................................. 78

Drawing of cross sections...............155 DWG................................................ 78

Drawing scale .................................214 DWG export ................................... 104

Drawing settings ...............................37 DWG import ................................... 104

Drawing sheet folder.........................38 DXF ................................................. 78

Drawing symbol ..............................215 DY

Drawing|Baseline............................212 0.0. ............................................... 41

Drawing|Scale ................................214 DY.................................................... 41

DRD..................................................78 DY.................................................... 70

DRD Road ........................................78 DY.................................................. 138

366
 Glossary

DY ..................................................177 END ........................................... 78, 98

E END ............................................... 195

Earthworks/design ..........................273 END ............................................... 230

Edit End + Start....................................... 96

DTM ............................................242 End Point ................................. 10, 116

Point............................................197 ENDCV .......................................... 230

Point Id........................................116 ENDONCV..................................... 230

polyline........................................195 Endpoint-centre Point-endpoint

polylines ......................................195 help ............................................ 130

Edit .................................................116 Endpoint-centre Point-endpoint ..... 130

Edit .................................................143 Endpoint-Centre Point-Endpoint The

................................................... 130
Edit .................................................195
Endpoint-endpoint-radius
Edit .................................................197
help ............................................ 130
Edit .................................................200
Endpoint-endpoint-radius............... 130
Edit .................................................242
Endpoint-Endpoint-Radius The...... 130
Edit attribute ...................................197
Enter key.................................133, 192
Edit DTM.........................................242
Entity.............................................. 220
Edit polyline ....................................195
Error message ................................. 50
Edit raster .......................................206
Escape............................................. 62
Edit Station Id .................................116
Escape button.................................... 3
Edit text...........................................200
Excel file .......................................... 93
EER ................................................130
Existing
Ellipsoid setting.................................34
Point........................................... 235
END
Polygon Point file ......................... 56
polyline........................................195
Existing ............................................ 56

367
Topocad

Existing ...........................................235 Export settings ................................. 39

Exit ...................................................25 Export till Trimble ............................. 95

Expert Export to PRF ................................ 288

open ..............................................78 Extend

Expert ...............................................78 polyline ....................................... 188

Explode Extend ........................................... 188

Point............................................187 Extents............................................. 22

Point Information...........................68 Extern Point ................................... 110

polyline........................................187 External references........................ 218

Explode.............................................68 External references in DWG file..... 104

Explode...........................................143 Extract terrain model...................... 256

Explode...........................................187 F

Explode Point .................................187 F2 button

Export press .......................................... 125

file .................................................94 F2 button ....................................... 125

Leica .............................................94 File........................................... 94, 110

Psion .............................................93 File|Close......................................... 16

Sokkia ...........................................92 File|Exit ............................................ 25

Export .........................................39, 78 File|Export.................................. 94, 95

Export ...............................................92 File|Export|File ................................. 78

Export ...............................................93 File|Export|Geodimeter .................... 95

Export ...............................................94 File|Export|Leica .............................. 94

Export ...............................................95 File|Export|Psion.............................. 93

Export file..........................................78 File|Export|Sokkia ............................ 92

Export road profile ..........................288 File|Import........................................ 85

368
 Glossary

File|Import|Files ................................78 First backsight................................ 116

File|Import|Leica .........................87, 96 First Point....................................... 116

File|Import|Psion...............................85 FlatButtons....................................... 59

File|Import|Sokkia .............................84 Folders............................................. 38

File|Import|Trimble......................90, 98 Font settings .................................... 35

File|New......................14, 85, 116, 359 From-system.................................. 183

File|Open ..........................................16 Frozen layer................................... 208

File|Preferences..41, 55, 56, 58, 59, 68 G

File|Preview ......................................17 GDT ................................................. 78

File|Print ...................................22, 116 General.......................................... 110

File|Printer ........................................24 General commands ........................... 3

File|Printer Setup ..............................24 General functions............................... 5

File|Return ........................................17 General Import/Export ..................... 78

File|Save...................................16, 359 Generic import/export ...................... 78

File|Select.........................................18 GEO/Point........................................ 78

Fill area...........................................136 Geodat....................................... 90, 95

Filled polyline..................................195 Geodimeter

Fillet read.............................................. 98

use ..............................................140 Geodimeter ................................ 90, 95

Fillet ................................................140 Geodimeter ...................................... 98

Find entity .......................................220 Geodimeter Do .............................. 100

Finds Geodimeter/Geodat ......................... 95

Point............................................110 Geodos ............................................ 78

Finds...............................................110 Geodos Do..................................... 100

Finish ........................................78, 125 Get Style ........................................ 125

369
Topocad

GIF 10.........................................87, 94 Height and/or Point .................... 41, 68

GIF10..................................87, 94, 103 Height lines .................................... 247

Gives Height on contours......................... 250

characteristics .............................233 Height/station................................. 116

Gives ..............................................233 Heights from DTM.......................... 251

Global line type...............................217 Helmert .......................................... 183

Global symbol.................................215 Help

GON ...............................................179 centre Point ................................ 128

GONS ...............................................28 endpoint-centre Point-endpoint .. 130

GRE3..........................................87, 94 endpoint-endpoint-radius ........... 130

GRE4..........................................87, 94 tangent-tangent-radius ........128, 130

Group..............................................170 Help ................................................... 1

Group objects .................................170 Help ............................................... 128

Group/round ...................................116 Help ............................................... 130

GSI .......................................78, 87, 94 Hhmmss......................................... 110

GSI 16 ..............................................94 Hhmmss.ddd.................................. 110

GSI8 .................................................94 Hidden layer................................... 208

G-trance..........................................204 Horizontal....................................... 116

Gtrans.............................................204 Horizontal Angle ............................ 116

G-trans............................................204 Horizontal Distance........................ 116

GVL Geosis ....................................359 I

H Id 90, 110, 116

Handshake RTS .............................103 Image......................................174, 206

Heavier .............................................62 Import .......................78, 84, 85, 87, 90

Height .........................41, 68, 110, 133 Import drawing ............................... 218

370
 Glossary

Import from PRF .............................288 Internet ........................................ 6, 20

Import road profile ..........................288 Intersection Point ............................. 10

Import settings ..................................39 J

Import/export ................................1, 39 Join ................................................ 185

Imported to/from ...............................78 Join polyline ................................... 185

Ins.......................................................8 K

Insert.................................................70 Known point file ............................... 47

Insert.................................................78 L

Insert...............................................134 Language......................................... 40

Insert...............................................179 Last Point....................................... 116

Insert coordinate grid ......................152 Layer manager............................... 208

Insert co-ordinate grid.....................152 Leave

Insert dimension .............................168 polyline ....................................... 195

Insert drawing sheet .......................150 Leave............................................. 195

Insert drawing view.........................151 Leica

Insert raster ....................................174 Configuration................................ 96

Insert sheet.....................................150 Export........................................... 94

Insert symbol ..................................134 Leica ................................................ 87

Insert view ......................................151 Leica ................................................ 94

Insertion Point...10, 133, 177, 179, 181 Leica ................................................ 96

Installation ..........................................6 Leica .............................................. 103

Instrument.........................................49 Leica Do ........................................ 100

Instrument accuracy .........................49 Leica’s ..................................87, 94, 96

Instrument settings ...........................49 Leica's file ........................................ 78

Intermittent............................84, 85, 87 Lengthen

371
Topocad

polyline........................................190 Map import....................................... 45

Lengthen.........................................190 Map sheet ........................................ 45

Limits ................................................50 Mb...................................................... 6

LIN....................................................78 Mb RAM............................................. 6

Line Measure area................................... 71

Start ..............................................78 Measurement/distance .................... 70

Line...................................................78 Medium height calculation ............... 34

Line...................................................84 Memory/station ...................87, 90, 110

Line...................................................85 Metadata........................................ 233

Line...................................................87 Metadata file .................................. 233

Line...................................................98 Metadata Mapsuite ........................ 233

Line.................................................235 Microstation ..................................... 78

Line no/Point ID ....................84, 85, 87 Mid Point.......................................... 10

Line types .......................................217 Mirror ............................................. 142

Line/end............................................90 Misc ................................................... 8

Lines/road.........................................93 MODE ............................................ 103

Local linetype..................................217 Modife|Scale .................................. 200

Local symbol...................................215 Modify ....177, 179, 181, 185, 186, 188,

242
locate entity ....................................220
Modify |Edit .................................... 197
Longitudinal section in drawing.......154
Modify gtrans ................................. 204
M
Modify raster .................................. 206
Management of layers ....................208
Modify|Break.................................. 186
Manually .........................................116
Modify|Change................192, 193, 200
MAP..................................................22
Modify|Change|Object ................... 193
Map charts........................................45
Modify|Change|Properties ............. 194

372
 Glossary

Modify|Delete..................................176 Next Point ...............................177, 181

Modify|DTM ....................................242 Next/Previous ................................ 195

Modify|Edit......................................200 Number.................................... 90, 116

Modify|Edit polyline.........................195 Number of decimals......................... 32

Modify|Explode ...............................187 Number of divisions ....................... 173

Modify|Extend.................................188 Numbering/coding............................ 84

Modify|Join .....................................185 O

Modify|Lengthen .............................190 Object properties ........................... 211

Modify|Move ...........................177, 200 Object/s ......................................... 143

Modify|Rotate .........................179, 200 Observation ................................... 110

Modify|Scale ...................................181 ODB................................................. 78

Modify|Transformation ....................183 Offset ....................................... 10, 139

Modify|Trim.....................................189 Offset value to co-ordinates ........... 271

Move...............................................177 On-Line............................................ 20

Move object ....................................177 On-line-registration .......................... 20

MPa ................................................233 Open

N Expert........................................... 78

NE or XY...........................................30 Open................................................ 16

Net adjustment, simulation .............349 Open................................................ 78

New ..................................................18 Orientation ..................................... 134

New directory/New ...........................18 Origo

New document..................................14 select.......................................... 212

New layer........................................208 Origo .......................136, 177, 179, 181

NEWCV ..........................................230 Origo .............................................. 212

Next ................................................195

373
Topocad

P type ............................................ 110

Page Down ...................................8, 62 use ............................................. 110

Page Up........................................8, 62 want ............................................. 22

Parameters .....................................183 Point .................................................. 7

Part Point ................................................ 10

polyline........................................189 Point ................................................ 22

Topocad ........................................14 Point ................................................ 41

Part ...................................................14 Point ................................................ 62

Part .................................................189 Point ................................................ 68

Paste ..............................................200 Point ................................................ 69

PC Card............................................94 Point ................................................ 78

Perpendicular snap, settings ............37 Point ................................................ 85

Plot/print ...........................................22 Point ................................................ 90

Plotter/printer ....................................22 Point ................................................ 96

Point Point ................................................ 98

attribute .......................................197 Point .............................................. 110

clothoide......................................132 Point .............................................. 116

Convert symbols .........................149 Point .............................................. 125

edit ..............................................197 Point .............................................. 127

existing........................................235 Point .............................................. 128

explodes......................................187 Point .............................................. 130

finds ............................................110 Point .............................................. 132

Point Id........................................197 Point .............................................. 133

polyline..........................................10 Point .............................................. 134

Select ..........................................212 Point .............................................. 138

374
 Glossary

Point ...............................................140 View ............................................. 68

Point ...............................................143 Point Id ............................................ 41

Point ...............................................149 Point Id ............................................ 68

Point ...............................................177 Point Id ............................................ 78

Point ...............................................179 Point Id ............................................ 84

Point ...............................................181 Point Id ............................................ 87

Point ...............................................183 Point Id ............................................ 96

Point ...............................................185 Point Id .......................................... 110

Point ...............................................186 Point Id .......................................... 116

Point ...............................................187 Point Id .......................................... 125

Point ...............................................188 Point Id .......................................... 127

Point ...............................................189 Point Id .......................................... 141

Point ...............................................195 Point Id .......................................... 171

Point ...............................................197 Point Id .......................................... 195

Point ...............................................212 Point Id .......................................... 197

Point ...............................................233 Point Id .......................................... 359

Point ...............................................235 Point Info ................................... 41, 68

Point ...............................................242 Point Information

Point ...............................................273 explode......................................... 68

Point Code................41, 195, 197, 238 Point Information.............................. 68

Point code toolbars.........................238 Point isn’t ....................................... 110

Point difference...............................171 Point/GEO........................................ 78

Point Id Points comparison ......................... 171

edit ..............................................116 Points/polyline................................ 245

Point............................................197 Polar stake..................................... 167

375
Topocad

Polar stake out................................167 Polyline .......................................... 140

Polygon.............................................78 Polyline .......................................... 186

Polygon Point ...........................56, 110 Polyline .......................................... 187

Polygon Point file Polyline .......................................... 188

existing..........................................56 Polyline .......................................... 189

Polygon Point file..............................56 Polyline .......................................... 190

Polygon Point file............................110 Polyline .......................................... 194

Polygon Point file............................116 Polyline .......................................... 195

Polyline Polyline .......................................... 245

draw ............................................125 Polylines

edit ..............................................195 editing ........................................ 195

end ..............................................195 Polylines 10, 41, 72, 78, 139, 140, 143,
185, 187, 188, 189
explodes......................................187
Polylines ........................................ 195
extends .......................................188
Polylines ........................................ 245
leave ...........................................195
Port ............................................ 93, 94
Lengthens ...................................190
Portrait ............................................. 24
part..............................................189
PP.................................14, 56, 78, 116
Point..............................................10
PP file ........................................ 47, 56
splitting........................................186
PP-files ............................................ 14
trim ..............................................189
Preferences ................................... 134
Polyline .............................................10
Presentation
Polyline ...........................................125
survey data window.................... 106
Polyline ...........................................128
Presentation................................... 106
Polyline ...........................................130
Press
Polyline ...........................................139
Ctrl-key........................................... 7

376
 Glossary

F2 button.....................................125 Profile form in drawing ................... 154

Space bar....................................192 Profile TRP .................................... 286

Press ..................................................7 Program/Sokkia/Mapsuite................ 22

Press ................................................98 Projections ..................................... 219

Press ..............................................125 Properties ...................................... 211

Press ..............................................192 PSI................................................... 78

Press Arrow Next..............................78 Psion

Press Done.......................................78 Connect........................................ 85

Press OK ..................................78, 116 Export........................................... 93

Previous............................................62 Psion................................................ 85

Previous Point ................................195 Psion................................................ 93

Previous/Next .................................116 Q

PRF ..................................................78 Quick list

PRF Profile .....................................288 Add............................................... 18

PRG..................................................98 Delete........................................... 18

Print right .............................................. 18

volumes.......................................328 Quick list .......................................... 18

Print ..................................................22 Quick profile................................... 274

Print ................................................328 R

Print out profile ...............................154 R8

Print out sections ............................155 Railroad settings .............................. 51

Printer settings..................................24 Raster .....................................174, 206

Pritn out cross sections...................155 Raster image ................................. 206

Profile .......................................14, 273 Raster model ................................. 252

Profile file........................................286 Read

377
Topocad

Geodimeter ...................................98 Quick list....................................... 18

Read .................................................98 Right ................................................ 18

Read only layer...............................208 Road ...................78, 95, 100, 286, 359

Ready .............................................125 Road design, section template....... 304

Receive.......................................85, 93 Road geometry - drawing .............. 269

Refraction setting..............................34 Road Line ................................ 55, 268

Regarding Road line - calculate points............ 271

colours ..........................................62 Road line data................................ 272

Regarding .........................................62 Road line document....................... 359

Regen ...............................................62 Road line export till instrument....... 100

Registration ......................................20 Road line manager ........................ 237

Relative...........................................304 Road line, save .............................. 268

Relative Profile ...............................304 Road line, section markers ............ 269

Remember Crossing window............78 Road profile ............................286, 288

Remove ..........................................110 Road profile, print out .................... 154

Rename layer .................................208 Road profile|Import/Export ............. 288

Report settings - folders....................38 Roadline sections .......................... 269

Result Roadline stake out ......................... 275

back ............................................110 Rotate ............................................ 179

Result .............................................110 Rotate object.................................. 179

Return S

saved ............................................17 Save As ......................................... 359

Return...............................................17 Save road line................................ 268

Reverse objects..............................142 Saved

Right Return .......................................... 17

378
 Glossary

Saved ...............................................17 Select............................................. 138

Saved ...............................................78 Select............................................. 143

Scale.......................................214, 233 Select............................................. 155

Scale import....................................104 Select............................................. 189

Screen ..............................................35 Select............................................. 212

SDR/RDT..........................................78 Select............................................. 242

Section and offset towards road line Select............................................. 245

....................................................272
Select Auto ...................................... 22
Section calculation..........................315
Select Base Point ...138, 177, 179, 181
Section markers, road line ..............269
Select button.................................... 68
Section Template......................14, 304
Select colour .................................. 168
Section/offset..........................272, 359
Select DTM .................................... 242
Section/offset to co-ordinates .........271
Select Edit...................................... 110
Sections from road line ...................269
Select FileImport|File ....................... 78
Sections in drawing ........................155
Select Insertion Point..............134, 177
See .................................................116
Select Next Point ....................138, 181
See Explode3 .................................189
Select object ...............7, 177, 179, 181
See Free.........................................110
Select Organizer ............................ 100
See Traverse ..................................116
Select project ............................. 18, 78
Select..............................................183
Select Start Point ........................... 134
Digital Terrain Model ...................242
Select Survey|Calculate................. 110
dX..................................................41
Select View .................................... 242
origo ............................................212
Select Yes...................................... 116
Point............................................212
Select/create.................................... 78
Select................................................24
Send .............................93, 94, 95, 100
Select................................................41

379
Topocad

Set out ............................................167 Sokkia

Set out protocol ..............................167 Export........................................... 92

Settings...........................................110 Sokkia........................................ 78, 84

Settings, instrument..........................49 Sokkia.............................................. 92

Settings|Baseline ............................127 SP.................................................. 230

Settings|Report ...............................328 Space .............................................. 78

Sheet import .....................................45 Space bar

Sheet/Drawing sheet ......................150 press .......................................... 192

Shift ........................................195, 200 Space bar ................................ 78, 185

Shift + Ctrl...........................................8 Space bar ...................................... 192

Shift + F5 ............................................8 Spline............................................. 125

Shift + L ..............................................8 Splines........................................... 125

Shift + U..............................................8 Split DTM....................................... 256

Shift button .....................................110 Splitting

Short ...............................................140 polyline ....................................... 186

Short key F12 ...................................16 Splitting............................................ 70

shortcut to point code .....................238 Splitting.......................................... 186

Show nodes......................................72 Sprache ........................................... 40

Simulation of net adjustment ..........349 ST .................................................. 230

Size ..................................................22 Stake out ....................................... 167

Skip Z .............................................245 Stake out protocol.......................... 167

Slope ..............................................116 Stand-alone ................................... 187

Slope Distance ...............................116 Start

Slope hatches.................................137 Line .............................................. 78

Snap .................................................10 Start ................................................. 12

380
 Glossary

Start ..................................................78 Survey|Construct ........................... 116

Start ..................................................96 Survey|Edit .................................... 110

Start ..................................................98 Survey|New ................................... 110

Station Survey|Traverse ............................ 116

backsight.....................................116 Symbol with attribute ..................... 147

Station ............................................110 Symbol, local/global....................... 215

Station ............................................116 Symbol/Line ................................... 235

Station, Point ..................................110 Symbols ..................................143, 235

Stretch ............................................191 Symbols in drawing........................ 215

Stretch object..................................191 System........................................... 134

Subdivide area................................173 System files ..................................... 58

Subdivide surface ...........................173 System|Attribute ............................ 233

SUR ............14, 78, 84, 85, 87, 90, 116 System|Control .............................. 230

SUR file ............................................84 System|Symbols ............................ 235

Surface check.................................273 T

Survey ..................14, 56, 85, 110, 116 Tab .................................................. 78

Survey Data............................110, 116 Tangent-tangent ............................ 132

Survey Data file ..............................116 Tangent-tangent-radius

Survey data window help .....................................128, 130

Presentation................................106 Tangent-tangent-radius ................. 128

Survey data window .......................106 Tangent-tangent-radius ................. 130

Survey data/drawing .........................78 Tangent-tangent-radius The ...128, 130

Survey data/drawing/Road line/Profile TCS ............................................... 315

......................................................78
Template, cross section ................. 304
Survey data|Administrative .............106
Terrain model, extract.................... 256
Survey Type ...................................110

381
Topocad

Terrain sections, volumes...............255 Traverse ........................................ 116

Text at contour lines .......................247 Traverse|Add ................................. 116

Text on contours.............................250 Traverse|Edit ................................. 116

Theoretic cross section...................304 Trim

Thermic colours ..............................252 polyline ....................................... 189

These polylines...............................140 Trim ............................................... 189

three dimensions ..............................73 Trimble............................................. 90

To/from Trimble's file..................................... 78

Topocad ........................................14 TRL.......................78, 93, 95, 100, 359

To/from .............................................14 TRP ....................................93, 95, 286

Tolerance..........................................50 True Type ........................................ 41

Tolerance settings - folder ................38 TRV ............................................... 116

Toolbar ...........................................238 TST................................................ 304

Toolbars............................................59 TTR.........................................128, 130

Toolbox TTU.................................................. 14

use ..............................................130 Type

Toolbox...........................................130 Point........................................... 110

Toolbox Co-ordinates .............128, 130 Type............................................... 110

Toolbox|Co-ordinates .......................69 Type............................................... 155

TOP ......................................14, 78, 84 U

Track width .......................................51 U.D.S.

Transfer symbols ............................215 Use............................................... 98

Transform ...............................110, 183 U.D.S. .............................................. 98

Transform via Gtrans ......................204 Update DTM .................................. 257

Transformation ...............................183 Upper/Ignore.................................. 233

382
 Glossary

Use View............................................... 242

Ctrl button ...................................110 View Info .........................177, 179, 200

Fillet ............................................140 View Info Command ...................... 197

Point............................................110 View Point........................................ 68

Toolbox .......................................130 View/Drawing view......................... 151

U.D.S. ...........................................98 View|Area ........................................ 71

Use ...................................................98 View|Coordinate ............................ 212

Use .................................................110 View|Point........................................ 68

Use .................................................130 View|Redraw.................................... 62

Use .................................................140 View|Regen ..................................... 62

User Defined System........................98 View|Show ....................................... 72

V View|Tool box|Co-ordinates...125, 127,

212
Value
View|XYZ ......................................... 69
Base Point...................177, 179, 181
View|Zoom....................................... 62
Value ..............................................177
View|Zoom|Drag .............................. 62
Value ..............................................179
View|Zoom|Pan................................ 62
Value ..............................................181
View|Zoom|View .............................. 62
Vertical............................................116
Visible layer ................................... 208
Vertical Angle .................................116
Volume
View
Print............................................ 328
Point Id..........................................68
Volume ............................................ 14
View..................................................59
Volume .......................................... 328
View..................................................68
Volume by model calculation ......... 252
View................................................110
Volume calculation sections from
View................................................127 models........................................ 255

383
Topocad

Volume model.................................252 Workabout ..................................... 100

Volume model calculation...............252 Write .............................................. 133

Volumes from model, by sections...255 Write text........................................ 133

W Wrong ............................................ 359

Want X

Delete..........................................143 X-co-ordinate ................................... 78

Point..............................................22 xref................................................. 218

Want .................................................22 XY or NE.......................................... 30

Want ...............................................143 Y

Warnings ..........................................50 Y-scales ......................................... 134

Windows .........................22, 59, 78, 95 Z

Windows 2000 ....................................6 Z difference DTM ->....................... 251

Windows 95 ........................................6 Z value from DTM .......................... 251

Windows ANSI..................................78 Z/Min Z .......................................... 245

Windows ANSI-file............................78 Z-co-ordinate ................................... 78

Windows NT 3.5 .................................6 Zoom ........................................... 8, 62

Windows XP .......................................6 Zoom Previous................................... 8

Wish Zoom Window.................................... 8

Delete..........................................242 Z-value........................................... 149

Wish................................................242

384
Glossary
A
ArcGIS: ArcGIS is applications from ESRI. Topocad communicates with the ArcGIS
applications via the ArcSDE database interpretator and to the personal Geo
database.

C
CAD: Computer Aided Design, a common word for creation of intelligent drawings.

D
DTM: Digital terrain model, a TIN (Triangular Irregular Network) built on points and
polylines and is a base for many different calculations in Topocad.

G
GPS: Global Positioning System, Topocad imports data from GPS systems, both in
observations and coordinates.

I
ISM: Indepnedent Spatial Management, a specific application for communication
from and to Topocad to oracle Spatial database. ISM is an application from
Spatial Technology.

385