R

PROJECT
REPORT

2014

PROCESSES INVOLVED IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION

SUBMITEED BY- ABDUL QADIR

ROLL NO- 1213200801
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude and deep regards to

my guide Er. Vinod sharma for his exemplary guidance, monitoring and constant
encouragement throughout the course of this project The blessing, help and
guidance given by him time to time shall carry me a long way in the journey of
life on which I am about to work
I also take this opportunity to express a deep sense of gratitude to Prof.

Mr. BHARAMPAL SIR HOD civil engineering , GNIOT for his cordial
support, valuable information and guidance, which helped me in completing this
task through various stages.

I am obliged to staffs, supervisors and workers for their valuable information

provided by them in their respective fields. I am grateful for their cooperation
during the period of my assignment.

Lastly, I thank almighty, my parents, brother, sisters and friends for their
constant encouragement without which this assignment would not be possible

TECHNICAL SUMMERY

The project was launched in July 2012 as Phase I of the project

Supertech is promising delivery of this phase by the year 2014 end
16 towers have been opened in Phase I of the project. About 1840 flats will be sold in phase I
There are 8 type of flats in this project.
But in phase I of the project 3 BHK 1945 sq ft and 4 BHK 2385 sq ft flats are not available
Construction has just started
The site is close to the Noida City Centre metro station (about 4 km)
Fortis hospital is about 3 km (I am not very sure)
The size of Supertech Cape Town mini township is about 5o acres and is a self sustained township.

TABLE OF CONTENT
SN

TOPIC

PAGE NO

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLE

SCHEDULE OF TRAINING

INTRODUCTION

ABOUT THE PROJECT

10

SCHEDULE OF SLAB

25

REFRENCES

26

5
6
7

LIST OF FIGURES

RELATED AREA

PAGE NO

SITE VIEW

CURING

19

BRICK MASONARY

20

SCAFFOLDS
21
WATER PROOFING

LIST OF TABLES

24

RELATED TOPIC

SCHEDULE OF SLAB

SCHEDULE OF TRAINING

PAGE NO

25

STARTED ON WEEK 1
WEEK 2
WEEK 3,4,5
WEEK 6
WEEK 7
FINISHED ON

5/6/2014
SITE VISIT, LEGAL ASPECTS
PLASTER & MASONARY WORK
CONCRETE RELATED WORK
CURING, PAINTING&FINISHING
WATER PROOFING
31/07/2014

INTRODUCTION

Building construction is an ancient human activity. It began with the purely functional need
for a controlled environment to moderate the effects of climate.
Constructed shelters were one means by which human beings were able to adapt themselves
to a wide variety of climates and become a global species.

Human shelters were at first very simple and perhaps lasted only a few days or months.
Over time, however, even temporary structures evolved into such highly refined forms as
the igloo. Gradually more durable structures began to appear, particularly after the advent
of agriculture, when people began to stay in one place for long periods. The first shelters
were dwellings, but later other functions, such as food storage and ceremony, were housed
in separate buildings. Some structures began to have symbolic as well as functional value,
marking the beginning of the distinction between architecture and building.

Determining the type of building construction is dependent on quite a number of things.

This article provides an overview for assessing building type as well as specific information
about all areas of building construction and construction materials.

SPECIFICATION
SITE SLECTION
1. LEVEL AT THE SITE: - The level at the site must be higher than that of its
surrounding so as to provide good drainage.
2. CLIMATE CONDITION: - The intensity of the rainfall and sub soil water level
should be low as to avoid dampness in the building.
3. SUB-SOIL CONDITION: - A hard strata should be available at a reasonable
depth so as to construct the foundation of the building safely and economically.
4. AVAILABILITIES OF MODERN AMENITIES: - The site must be within
municipal limits so that modern amenities like water supply, electricity, drainage,
road etc. can be made available inner future if there is no provision at present.
5. AVAILABILITIES OF OTHER FACILITIES : - The site should provide as easy
access from the nearest road and after sufficient light and air, these should be
good and cheap transport facilities available near the site, it is always better if
public services like fire brigade, police station etc.
6. SURROUNDINGS:The situation and surrounding of the site must as to suit the purpose for which
the building it to be constructed.
SPECIFICATIONS:BUILDING:Any structure constructed of what so ever material and used for residential,
business education or other purposes is called building.
Types of the building :1. Based on occupancy
2. Based on type of construction

BASED ON OCCUPANCY
Residential buildings: - The building in which sleeping accommodation is provided
for normal residential purposes are called residential buildings.
Educational / institutional buildings: - The building used for school, college or
day care purposes are called education / institutional building.
Assembly Buildings : - The buildings which are constructed for the purposes to
gathering of the people for their respective purposes i.e. social, religious, civil,
political is called assembly buildings.

Business Buildings: - The buildings used for transaction of business, for the
keeping of accounts and records and other similar purposes called business
buildings.
Mercantile Buildings: - The buildings used for display of merchandise, either
wholesale or retail are called Mercantile Buildings.
Industrial buildings: - The buildings in which products or materials of all kinds
and properties are fabricated, assembled or processed are called industrial
buildings.
Storage buildings: - The buildings used primary for the storage, handling or
shattering of goods and wares or merchandise, vehicles and animals are called
storage buildings.
Hazardous buildings: -The buildings used for storage, handling manufacturing or
processing of highly combustible or explosive material are called Hazardous
buildings.
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION
Building with type 1 construction: - In these building the design and material
used const. are such that all structural components have about 4 hours fire
resistance.
Buildings with type 2 construction: - In these building the design any type of
material used in their construction are such that all structural components have
3 hours fire resistance.
Buildings with type 3 construction: - In these building the design and types of
the materials used in their construction are such that all structural components
have 3 hours fire resistance.
Buildings with type 4 construction: - In these buildings the design and the type
of material used in their construction are such that all structural components
have 4 hours fire resistance.

PARTS OF A BUILDING

A building can be divided into two parts: 1. Sub structure

2. Super structure
1. Sub structure: - The part of a building constructed beneath the ground level is
known as Sub structure

2. 2.Super structure: - The part of the building constructed above ground level is
known as super structure. It is second part of a building. All the activities of
the building construction take place after the making of sub-structure. Flooring,
wall roofing are the example of super structure of a building.

COMPONENTS OF A BUILDING
1. FOUNDATION: - It is the lowest part of a structure below the ground level
which is direct contact with ground and transmitted all the dead, live and other
loads to the soil on which the structure rests.
2. PLINTH: - The portion of a building and the top of the floor immediately above
the ground is known as plinth. The level of the surrounding ground is known as
formation level of the ground floor of the building is known as plinth level.
3. WALLS: - Walls are provided to enclose or divide the floor space n desired
pattern in addition wall provided privacy security and give protection against
sun, rain, cold and other undesired effect of the weather.
4. COLUMN: - A column may be defined as an isolated load bearing member, the
width of which is neither less than its thickness. It carries the axially
compressive load.
5. FLOORS: - Floors are flat supporting elements of a building. They divided a
building into different levels. There by creating more accommodation on a given
plot of land. The basic purpose of a floor is to provide a firm and other items
like stores, furniture, equipment etc.
6. DOORS, WINDOWS AND VENTILATORS: - A door may be defined as a
barrier secured in an opening left in a wall to provide usual means of access to a
building, room or passage. Windows and ventilators are provided for sun light,
fresh air and ventilation purposes.
7. ROOF: - It is the uppermost component of a building and its function is to cover
the space below it of a room and protect it from rain, snow, sun, wind etc.
8. BUILDING FINISHES: - A building is considered incomplete till such time the
surface of its components is given appropriate treatment.
Building finishes include items like plastering, painting, pointing, white / colour
washing, varnishes and distempering etc.

MATERIAL USED IN CONSTRUCTION

Following are the materials used for the construction of a building.
1. Bricks.
2. Sand.
3. Cement.
4. Stone.
5. Coarse Aggregate.
6. Fine Aggregate.
7. Timber.
8. Metal.
9. Floor Tiles.
10. Roof Tiles.
11. Reinforcement.
12. Plastic Materials.
13. Doors & Windows.
14. Asphalt Bitumen.
15. Coloring Material.
16. White Cement.
17. Paints & Varnishes.
18. Brick Ballast.
19. Sanitary Materials.
20. Water.
21. Finishing Tiles. Etc.

GENERAL SPECIFICATION
FOUNDATION AND PLINTH
Foundation and plinth should be of 1st class brick work in lime or cement mortar
over a bed of lime or cement concrete.
SUPER STRUCTURE
Super-structure shall be of 1st class brick in lime or cement mortar.
DAMP PROOF COARSE (D.P.C.)
D.P.C. shall be of minimum40 mm (4cm) thick cement concrete (1:2:4) with two
coat of hot bitumen layer on it.
ROOFING
Roof shall be of R.C.C. slab with an insulator layer of lime or cement 8cm thick
over it. The flooring cement pointed on the top height of the room shall not be
less than 3.7 m.
FLOORING
Terrazzo floor should be provided in drawing, dining, bath and w/c conglomerate
polished floor 4 cm thick 1:2:4 should be provided in bed and other rooms.
DOORS AND WINDOWS
Doors and windows shall be at least of wood of teak 4.5 mm thick paneled or
glazed with additional wire gauges shutters. All fitting and fastenings should be
good quality of brass or other materials.
FINISHING
The inner and outer wall shall have 1.25 cm. thick cement plaster. Drawing,
dining and bed room shall be distempered with two coats, other parts of the
structure should be white washed with three coats and outside walls should be
colored with snowcem of two coats over one coat of white washing.
PAINTING
All the windows, doors and other furniture used in building should be painted
with two coats with good quality of colored enamel paints over one coat of
primer.

MISCELLANEOUS
Building should be provided with first class sanitary and water supply fittings
and electrical installation should be protected in the building by using good
quality of electrical products.

DETAILED SPECIFICATION
EXCAVATION: -Foundation trenches shall be dug out to the exact width of
foundation concrete and the sides shall be vertical. If the soil is not good and
does not permit vertical sides the side should be sloped back or protected with
timber sharing excavated earth shall not be placed within 1 m. of the edge of
the trench.

CURING: - After about two hours laying when concrete has begun to harden, it
shall be kept damp by covering with wet gunny bag or wet sand for 24 hours and
then covered by flooding with water making mud walls 7.5 cam (3) high or by
covering with wet sand or earth and kept damp continuously for 15 days.

REINFORCEMENT CEMENT CONCRETE: - Steel : Steel reinforcing bars shall

be of mild steel or deformed steel of standard specifications and shall be free
from corrosion , loose rust scales, oil, grease, paint etc. The steel bar shall be
round, and capable of being bent accurately and placed in position as per design
and drawing and bound together tight with 20 S.W.G. anneled steel wire at their
point of intersection . bars shall be bent cold by applying gradual and even
motion of 40 mm(11/2 ) diameter and above may be bent by heating to dull red
and allowed to cool slowly without immersing in water or quectings. Joints in the
bar should be avoided as far as possible , when joints have to be made an
overlap of 40 times diameters of the bar shall given with proper hooks at ends
and joints should be staggered.

CENTERING AND SHUTTERING: - Centering and shuttering shall be made with

timber or steel plate close and tight to prevent leakage or mortar with
necessary props, bracing and wedges, sufficiently strong and stable and should

not yield on laying concrete and made in such a way that they can be stacked
and removed gradually without disturbing the concrete. No plastering should be
made on the concrete surface. A coat of oil washing should be applied over the
shuttering or paper should be spread to have a smooth and finished surface and
to prevent adherence of concrete.
PROPORTION OF CEMENT CONCRETE: - Cement concrete shall be 1:2:4
proportion by volume for slabs, beams and linlets and 1:1:3 proportion for
columns under otherwise specified.
MATERIAL FOR CONCRETE: - Cement, sand and coarse aggregate shall be
same as for cement concrete. The stone aggregate shall be usually 20mm to
6mm ( to ) gauge unless otherwise specified.
MIXING: - Mixing shall be done one a clean water tight, masonary plot form of
sufficient size bricks, Ballast shall be starched in a rectangular layer of
uniform thickness usually 30 cm ( 12) high and well soaked with clean water for
a w ell soaked with clean water for a period of at least three hours.
LAYING: - Before laying the concrete, the shuttering shall be clean free from
dust and other foreign matters. The concrete shall be deposited ( not dropped)
in its final position. If case of columns and usually it is desirable to place
concrete in full height if practical so as to avoid construction joints but the
progress of concreting in the vertical direction shall be restricted to one meter
per hour. Care should be taken that the time between mixing and placing of
concrete shall not exceed 20 minutes so that the initial setting process is not
interfered with .
Concrete shall be compacted by mechanical vibrating machine until a dense
concrete is obtained. The vibration shall continue during the entire period of
placing concrete.
CURING: - After about two hours laying when concrete begun to harden it shall
be kept dump by covering with wet gummy bag or wet sand for 24 hours and
then curved by flooding with water making mud walls 3.5cm (3) high, or by
covering with wet sand or earth and kept damp continuously for 15 days.

FINISHING: - If specified the exposed surface shall be plastered with 1:3

cement mortar not exceeding 6mm thickness and the plastering shall be applied
immediately after removal of conc.
BRICK WORK 1ST CLASS
BRICKS: - All brick shall be first class of standard specification made of good
brick earth through brunt. And shall be of deep cheesy led or copper color.
Brick shall be regular in a shape and their edge. Should be Sharpe and shall emit
clear. Ringing sound on being struck and shall be free from cracks chops. Flaw
and lumping of any kind bricks shall not absorb water more then one sixth by
ompreesing in water. Bricks shall have a min crushing strength of 105kg.per sum
MORTAR:-Mortar shall be specified and material of mortar shall be of standard
specification. Sand be shall be sharp. Clean and free from organic forge in
matter for rich mortar coarse or medium sand should be used and free from
area mortar local fine sand may be used. proration of cement sand may be lime
surki mortar of specified shall be mixed in the specie field proportion by
grinding in mortar for at least three hours as same day of use. Lime shall be
fresh and slakedand screened at site of work fresh mixed mortar within 24
hours shall be used old and state mortar should not be used for small work hand

work mixing may be allowed in same manner as for cement motor described
above.
SOAKING OF BRICKS: - Buck shall be fully soaked in clean water by submerging
in a tank for a period of 12hourns immediately before use. Soaking shall be
continued till air bubbling a caused.
LAYING: - Bricks stall be well bonded and laid in England bond unless otherwise
specified. Every course shall be trendy horizontal and wall shall be tendly in
plumb. Vertical joint of commiserative course shall be not trendy in plumb.
vertical joint of conservative coarse shall be not came directly over come one
another vertical joints in alternate coarse shall came directly over one another .
Not damaged or broken bricks shall be used. Closer shall be cut out bricks and
shall be placed near and the walls but not at the other edge selected best
shaped bricks shall be used for face work. Mortar joints shall not exceed 6mm
in thickness and joints shall be fully filled with mortar bricks shall be lad with
finger. all the joints should be lacked and faced upward cleaned at the end of
each days working.

CURING: - The brickwork shall be kept wet for a period of at least 10 days
after laying. At the end of days work. The top of walls shall e flooded with
water by matter small weak mortar edging to contain at least 2-5 deep.
PROTECTION: - The brick shall be protected from the effect of sun saint
feast etc during the construction and up to such time at is green and likely to
be damaged.

SCAFFOLDING:Necessary and suitable scaffolding shall be sound and sports and member
sufficiently strong so as to withstand. All loads likely to come upon them.

MEASUREMENT :- Brickwork shall be measured in cu m (cu it) different kind of

brickwork with different mortar shall be taken under separate items. The
thickness of wall shall be taken under. multiple of half brick as half brick 10cm ,
1 brick 20cm ,1 brick 30cm and 50, the rate shall be for the complete work
molding scaffolding and all the tools and plants

BRICK WORK 2ND CLASS AND 3RD CLASS:- For 2nd class brickwork brick shall
be of sec class and mortal be as specified may be canker lime or white lime and
surki of 1:2 to 1:3 proportion. Mortal joint shall be not exceeding 10mm in
thickness. Brick shall be soaked in water for at last three holus immediately
before use other details are some as for item above. For 3rd class brickwork
shall be as specified and mortar joints shall not of water before use.

BRICK WORK 1ST CLASS

BRICKS: - All brick shall be first class of standard specification made of good
brick earth through brunt. And shall be of deep cheesy led or copper color.
Brick shall be regular in a shape and their edge. Should be Sharpe and shall emit
clear. Ringing sound on being struck and shall be free from cracks chops. Flaw
and lumping of any kind bricks shall not absorb water more then one sixth by
ompreesing in water. Bricks shall have a min crushing strength of 105kg.per sum

WATER PROOFING

In building construction, a structure needs waterproofing since concrete itself

will not be watertight on its own (but note concrete is easily waterproofed with
additives). The conventional system of waterproofing involves 'membranes'. This
relies on the application of one or more layers of membrane (available in various
materials: e.g., bitumen, silicate, PVC, EPDM etc.) that act as a barrier between
the water and the building structure, preventing the passage of water. However,
the membrane system relies on exacting application, presenting difficulties.
Problems with application or adherence to the substrate can lead to leakage. In
the UK these membranes are rarely allowed below ground below the water table.
Over the past two decades, the construction industry has had technological
advances in waterproofing materials, including integral waterproofing
systems as well as more advanced membrane materials.
Integral systems work within the matrix of a concrete structure, giving the
concrete itself a waterproof quality. There are two main types of integral
waterproofing systems: the hydrophilic and the hydrophobic systems. A
hydrophilic system typically uses a crystallization technology that replaces the
water in the concrete with insoluble crystals. Various brands available in the
market claim similar properties, but not all can react with a wide range of
cement hydration by-products, and thus require caution. Hydrophobic systems
use fatty acids to block pores within the concrete, preventing water passage.
New membrane materials seek to overcome shortcomings in older methods like
PVC and HDPE. Generally, new technology in waterproof membranes relies on
polymer-based materials that are extremely adhesive to create a seamless
barrier around the outside of a structure.

SCHEDULE OF SLAB
SLAB

DEPTH REINFORCEMENT

NO
S1
S2
S3

115
115
115

SHORTER
SPAN
8#@150
8#@200
8#@200

LONGER SPAN
8#@175
8#@200
8#@200

REFRENCES
Training dairy

Google search
Google image
Wikipedia

http://www.wikihow.com/Determine-a-Building's-Construction-Type
http://en.wikipedia.org.