Journal Article Circular Antenna

Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol.
39, 255264, 2013
A NOVEL CIRCULAR POLARIZATION RFID READER

ANTENNA WITH A MULTI-BENDING FEEDING STRIP
FOR HANDHELD APPLICATIONS
Yuan-Chih Lin1 , Wen-Shan Chen2, 3, * , Bau-Yi Lee4 ,
Tzu-Chen Hung5 , and Chii-Ruey Lin5
1 Industrial
Upgrading Service Department, Metal Industries Research

& Development Centre, Kaohsiung City 81160, Taiwan, R.O.C.
2 Department
of Electronic Engineering, Southern Taiwan University of

Science and Technology, 710 Yung-Kang Dist., Tainan City, Taiwan,
R.O.C.
3 Institute
of Communication Engineering, Southern Taiwan University

of Science and Technology, 710 Yung-Kang Dist., Tainan City, Taiwan,
R.O.C.
4 Department
of Electrical Engineering, Tung Fang Design University,

Hunei Township, Kaohsiung County 82941, Taiwan, R.O.C.
5 Department
of Mechanical Engineering, National Taipei University of

Technology, Taipei City 10608, Taiwan, R.O.C.
AbstractThis paper proposes a novel corner-fed Circular Polarization (CP) reader antenna for handheld Ultra-High Frequency (UHF)
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) application. The CP mechanism is accomplished by a multi-bending feeding strip located at corner
of a high dielectric constant (K = 60) ceramic substrate. By using the
high dielectric substrate, the dimension of the proposed antenna can be
effectively reduced to 27 27 4 mm3 , which consists of a top radiating patch, an antenna ground plane, a coupling multi-bending feeding
strip, and a SMA connector for RF input. The top radiating patch is
printed on the top surface of the ceramic substrate and the antenna
ground plane is formed on the opposite side. The central frequency of
resonant band can be easily controlled by adjusting the size of the top
radiating patch. By optimizing the coupling feeding mechanism, not
only impedance matching can be achieved for bandwidth operation in
Taiwans UHF RFID band, but also two orthogonal field components
Received 27 December 2012, Accepted 29 April 2013, Scheduled 11 May 2013
* Corresponding author: Wen-Shan Chen ([email protected]).
256
Lin et al.
with 90 phase difference for circular polarization are obtained. In addition, the proposed antenna is placed on an 80 80 0.8 mm3 FR4
system ground plane for reducing hand holding effect.
1. INTRODUCTION
Generally, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and bar code
identification are two modern short-range wireless communication
systems.
The main difference between RFID and bar code
identification is that RFID has greater reading distance and wider
reception angle than that of bar code scanning. To obtain the
cost benefits, RFID deployments use unlicensed frequencies, which
include low frequency (LF) at 125/134.2 kHz, high frequency (HF)
at 13.56 MHz, ultra high frequency (UHF) at 869 and 915 MHz, and
microwave at 2450 MHz. Among these frequency bands, UHF 900 MHz
is better for its high reading speed, capability of multiple access,
anti-collision, and long reading distance. Currently, the application
of UHF 900 MHz covers identifying objects in warehousing, supply
chain, services industries, distribution logistics, and other automatic
processes [1, 2]. Due to the different UHF allocations by countries,
the frequency range for UHF RFID application is 902928 MHz in
North America (USA, Canada) and South America (Brazil, Argentina,
etc.), 865.5867.6 MHz in Europe, 922928 MHz in Taiwan, and 950
954 MHz in Japan, etc. [2].
An RFID system consists of tags (or transponders) and readers
(or interrogators) [1]. A reader antenna with directive radiation beam
will effectively improve the ability in tag detection. In practical
applications, the positioning of the tags is randomly placed; therefore,
the received power at the tag antenna can be hindered if the antennas
are misaligned. In addition, the handheld RFID reader antennas
are usually operated in proximity to users hand and other obstacles.
The users holding effect and multi-patch effect [3, 4] will reduce the
performances of antenna. In practical terms, a circular polarization
is a good way to overcome the multi-path effect, and patch antenna
construction can significantly immune the effect of users hand holding.
An additional benefit of a patch antenna is the resonant size which
can be reduced by placing a low-loss high-dielectric-constant material
between the patch and ground plane. The compact size of patch
antenna is important for reader antenna to be portable or handycarry. In prior arts, patch antennas were widely developed for low
profile, light weight and easy integration with RF circuitry [5, 6] while
a CP mechanism can be made by various methods, such as single
feed [7], an inverted-L grounded strip and an embedded L-slit [8],
Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 39, 2013
257
suitable size of coupling cross slot [9], and using polarized loaded
stubs [10]. The feeding network for the CP operation is also a
considered problem [7, 1113], which includes the feed on the diagonals,
unique phase arrangements, aperture-coupling feeding network, and
having a 2 2 sub-array with unique element angular and phase
arrangements. For practical requirements, a patch antenna for CP
can also be switched by feeding construction without changing the
mechanical structure [14]. Instead of existing pin centered feeding [15]
and side feeding [16] methods, this paper proposes a simple mechanism
by adjusting the coupling of a novel multi-bending feeding strip to
excite CP response. The results show that the 3-dB axial ratio
beamwidth in x-z plane is around 90 at frequency bandwidth from
915 to 932 MHz for Taiwan applications.
2. ANTENNA DESIGN AND PARAMETRIC STUDY
The novel coupling patch antenna, which is designed for UHF RFID
application in Taiwan (922928 MHz), consists of a radiating patch,
an antenna ground plane, a system ground plane, and a multi-bending
feeding strip with a 50-ohm SMA connector for RF signal input as
shown in Fig. 1(a). This antenna is designed on high-dielectric constant
(K = 60) ceramic substrate with dimension of 27 27 mm2 and
thickness (t) of 4 mm for size reduction. The top radiating patch of
19 19 mm2 (UX UY ) is printed on the upper surface of the ceramic
substrate while the antenna ground plane is formed on the surface
below. The system ground plane of 80 80 mm2 is etched on an FR4
substrate with 0.8 mm thick and dielectric constant 4.4 to create a
more concentrated radiation beamwidth and a good shielding metal
to reduce the effect of the users hand positioning. The multi-bending
feeding strip, which is printed on the surface of the ceramic substrate,
matches the characteristic impedance of transmission line or coaxial
cable from RF module by adjusting its width and length. Detailed
dimensions of the proposed antenna and multi-bending feeding strip
are shown in Fig. 1.
The parametric studies are presented to provide the design rules
and practical information for the proposed antenna to be implemented.
The performance of the proposed antenna is mainly determined by the
characteristics of the top radiating patch, the multi-bending feeding
strip, high-dielectric ceramic material, and system ground plane. In
Fig. 2, the simulated return losses for different lengths of the top
radiating patch are presented. The simulated and further simulated
results of this paper are obtained by Ansoft HFSS simulation software.
From the results, the resonant mode shifts to lower band as the width
258
Lin et al.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 1. The geometry of proposed antenna. (a) 3-D view, (b) 2-D
extending patterns, and (c) side view of the proposed antenna.
(a)
(b)
Figure 2. The effects of the top patch size. (a) U X, (b) U Y .

of the patch (U X or U Y ) is increased.
Feeding mechanism plays a key role for impedance matching. To
look at the influences of the multi-bending feeding strip, Figs. 3(a)
to (e) show the return losses of each parameter of the multi-bending
feeding strip. Obviously, the impedance matching of each parameter is
shifted up and down in its return loss response. From the results, the
good impedance matching is obtained by adjusting the multi-bending
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
259
(e)
Figure 3. The effects of the multi-bending feeding strip on S11

response. (a) U A, (b) U B, (c) W , (d) LA, and (e) LB.
feeding strip of the proposed antenna.
The effect of system ground plane of the proposed antenna shown
in Fig. 4 has frequency variation from 915 to 940 MHz (about 25 MHz).
The effect on ground plane is very similar to that of the conventional
patch antenna, and it can be easily tuned for UHF band at 925 MHz
just by adjusting the patch size. Moreover, larger system ground size
260
Lin et al.
obtains higher antenna directivity. In this case, the best return loss
performance is achieved by adequate ground plane size (80 80 mm2 )
which is suitable for handheld terminal applications, bigger or smaller
ground planes will slightly change impedance matching and resonant
mode of the antenna. In order to fit the limited space in handheld
terminal, control production cost, and speed up time-to-market, this
design chooses readily available commercial ceramic powder with K =
60 and tan = 0.001 for substrate material. In Fig. 5, the resonant
frequency response is highly link with material dielectric constant.
Lower dielectric constant (K) causes higher resonant frequency. The
effect of substrate thickness is shown in Fig. 6 for production reference.
When the substrate thickness (t) is chosen 4.0 mm, the two resonant
modes get together to form the widest frequency band. Other
Figure 4. The dimension effect

of system ground planes on S11
response.
Figure 5. The effect of dielectric

constant on S11 response.
Figure 6. The effect of high-dielectric ceramic substrate thickness on

S11 response.
261
thicknesses of the substrate create separation between the two resonant

modes and lead the variation of the lower resonant band. In this
project, the thickness t = 4 mm 0.02o is chosen to fabricate the
proposed antenna.
3. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
In Fig. 7, the measured return loss of 10 dB impedance bandwidth
ranges from 915 MHz to 932 MHz, which is about 2% BW of center
frequency at 925 MHz and completely covers the requirement of RFID
UHF band used in Taiwan (922928 MHz). The similarities between
the EM simulated result in red curve and experimental measured result
in blue curve are also observed. Additional testing on impedance
matching, the measured input impedance on a Smith Chart of the
proposed antenna is shown in Fig. 8. The impedance locus having a
dip in the center indicates that two resonant modes are excited at close
frequencies, which are at 922 and 926 MHz as shown in Fig. 7.
Figure 7. The return loss plot

of the patch antenna with novel
corner-coupling feed.
Figure 8.
Measured input
impedance on Smith Chart of
the proposed antenna.
For CP mechanism, we can look at the time-varying current

distributions on the top radiating patch. With the presence of the
novel corner coupling strip, EM near-field energy is coupled to the top
square radiator and the fundamental mode of the patch antenna can be
excited and split into two orthogonal components (x- and y-direction)
with a 90-degree phase shift for the CP operation. The simulated
current distributions shown in Fig. 9 proves that the CP mechanism
is the time-varying surface current distributions on the top radiating
262
Lin et al.
patch that are excited by the multi-bending coupling strip. From the
figure, at a quarter period (T /4) time difference, the current direction
has 90 shifts.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Figure 9. Simulated current distributions of the proposed antenna

design. (a) T = 0, (b) T = 1/4, (c) T = 2/4, (d) T = 3/4.
(b)
(a)
(c)
Figure 10.
Radiation patterns in x-z plane.
(a) Simulated
results in RHCP/LHCP components, (b) measured results in circular
polarization, and (c) measured 3-dB axial ratio.
263
Regarding the radiation characteristics, Fig. 10 shows the

radiation patterns in x-z plane at 925 MHz for Taiwans RFID UHF
band. In Fig. 10(a), the simulated radiation patterns are separated
into RHCP and LHCP component. The maximum measured radiation
difference between RHCP and LHCP is at theta = 0 as shown
in Fig. 10(b). Both simulated and measured results show good
agreement, and a good RHCP performance can be seen. In Fig. 10(c),
the measured 3-dB axial ratio beamwidth in x-z plane presents the
reliability of this design.
4. CONCLUSIONS
This paper has presented the design of a patch antenna with a
novel multi-bending feeding strip on high dielectric constant ceramic
substrate (K = 60). The proposed high dielectric antenna with size of
27 27 4 mm3 placed on an 80 80 0.8 mm3 system ground plane is
an optimal solution for compact RFID handheld antenna application.
The designed antenna has a good antenna performance of impedance
bandwidth, which covers from 915 MHz to 932 MHz for Taiwans RFID
operation. By optimizing the coupling feeding mechanism, good
impedance matching and two orthogonal field components with 90
phase difference for circular polarization are obtained. The measured
3-dB axial ratio beamwidth is more than 90 . With the advantages of
compact size and antenna performances, the proposed antenna is an
optimal solution for handheld RFID reader antenna application.
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Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol.

39, 255264, 2013

A NOVEL CIRCULAR POLARIZATION RFID READER

Upgrading Service Department, Metal Industries Research

of Electronic Engineering, Southern Taiwan University of

of Communication Engineering, Southern Taiwan University

of Electrical Engineering, Tung Fang Design University,

of Mechanical Engineering, National Taipei University of

Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 39, 2013

Figure 2. The effects of the top patch size. (a) U X, (b) U Y .

Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 39, 2013

Figure 3. The effects of the multi-bending feeding strip on S11

Figure 4. The dimension effect

Figure 5. The effect of dielectric

Figure 6. The effect of high-dielectric ceramic substrate thickness on

Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 39, 2013

thicknesses of the substrate create separation between the two resonant

Figure 7. The return loss plot

For CP mechanism, we can look at the time-varying current

Figure 9. Simulated current distributions of the proposed antenna

Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 39, 2013

Regarding the radiation characteristics, Fig. 10 shows the

patch antenna, Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 86,

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