Generational Conflict in Hamlet
Generational Conflict in Hamlet
Generational Conflict in Hamlet
Heyday in the Blood: 30 September 1993
Generational Warfare in Hamlet
Hamlet is a play in which two opposing generations wage physical and psychological warfare on
one another. Much of the play involves an older generation’s imposing its ideals on the
younger, but this paternal urge soon develops into an attempt to subvert the young as the youth
prepare for bloodier exchanges. For the younger generation, revenge motivates the war, but for
the older generation, it is the desire to maintain power. The generals in this disharmony are
Hamlet and Claudius, respectively, and their war escalates until both generations lie cold and
dead. The plot’s original conflict develops within a single generation when a fratricidal
Claudius kills Hamlet’s father. When Hamlet seeks revenge, he begins the intergenerational
strife, but Claudius takes a less than direct method of fighting back. Rather than confront
Hamlet with either words or weapons, Claudius attempts to turn Hamlet’s own age group
against the prince. In so doing, Claudius seems to believe that returning the war from an inter
generational one to a intragenerational one (which involves only the young) would leave him
inculpable and safe in the throne. His methods are extraordinary, but Hamlet’s familiarity with
his own generation protects him from this generational treason until the final moments of his
life.
After killing the elder Hamlet, Claudius attempts to restore order in his generation, and
hopes to prevent conflict between him and the young. He is well aware that in killing his
brother he opens himself to the possibility of his own murder by a member of his generation.
Referring to Gertrude as “our sometime sister, now our queen” (1.2.1), Claudius emphasizes the
uncommonly close bonds he hopes to build among those around him since he took the throne.
Young Hamlet, however, is outraged at these bonds, frequently refers to them as “incestious”
(1.2.157), and loathes the haste with which his mother abandoned her own bed for that of his
uncle.
Early in the play, Claudius hopes to subdue Hamlet’s rage and to reduce risk to himself
by using words to create some kind of family tie between himself and his nephew. From
Hamlet’s first appearance, Claudius refers to him as “my son” (1.2.63) and offers him fatherly
advice on the proper way to mourn. Criticizing Hamlet’s “unmanly grief,” Claudius
“beseech[es]” Hamlet “to remain in the comfort” (1.2.87) of his watchful eye. Hamlet, however,
is predictably doubtful of his uncle’s intentions and the nature of his relationship with him.
Already suspicious that Claudius might be behind the death of his father, Hamlet is cautious in
his dealings with his uncle. “Little more than kin and less than kind” (1.2.64), Hamlet spurns his
condemning of his mother, but still seems less than sincere when he tells her he “shall in all [his]
best obey” her (1.2.120). The bond between the generations is slackening, despite Claudius’ best
efforts to the contrary.
The only person Hamlet appears to trust is of his own generation. Horatio, his friend
and “fellow studient” (1.2.177), is honest with him from the beginning about his sighting of the
elder Hamlet’s ghost. Hamlet takes his friend’s depiction as the truth, without question. Hamlet
feels that he can trust Horatio and that Horatio’s friendship will protect him from whatever may
occur with the ghost. Understanding the bond between him and his friend, and the danger of
confronting a ghost, Hamlet notes he “will require [Horatio’s] love” (1.2.250) through it all.
The tendency to trust those in one’s own generation is not nearly as true of Polonius’
family, as the children in that family are much closer to their parent than Hamlet is to his own.
The tone and substance of Laertes’ advice to his sister is nearly identical to Polonius’. Ophelia
listens to her brother’s advice with the same earnestness Laertes has for Polonius, as Laertes
advises her not to lay her “chaste treasure open” to Hamlet’s “unmast’red importunity” (1.3.31
32). For obvious reasons, Laertes is much more successful than Claudius in establishing a family
bond between him and his sister, a bond which supersedes generations. Ophelia suggests her
trust in her brother when she promises to “the effect of this good lesson keep” (1.3.45). Laertes’
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remark that “the best safety lies in fear” (1.3.43) underscores the familial xenophobia of his
family, and sets the standard for Polonius’ subsequent advice to his daughter.
Polonius prefers to give his children longwinded advice rather than sovereignty, a
practice which suggests he hopes that even after he is dead, his wishes will dominate the lives of
his children. His children are trained to take advice from their elders, and as a result are more
likely to trust the previous generation than their own. Laertes accepts his father’s advice, and as
Ophelia had moments earlier, “most humbly” (1.3.82) responds to this “double blessing”
(1.3.53). Claudius exploits this willingness to obey later in the play. Polonius, believes himself
more intelligent by virtue of his age. Because he believes “the younger sort...lack discretion”
(2.1.111), Polonius reminds Ophelia that she “does not understand [her]self so clearly” (1.3.96)
and attempts to perpetuate his authority as her elder my insinuating in her a mistrust of youth.
Be careful, he warns of Hamlet. “He is young” (1.3.124). Dutifully, Ophelia promises, “I shall
obey, my lord” (1.3.135).
For his own part, Hamlet trusts only one member of the previous generation, and that
member is dead. The awing presence of his father’s ghost stuns Hamlet into the same compli
ance as Laertes and Ophelia. He ignores the advice of his friends, and pursues the image of his
father. “Do not go with it” (1.4.62), they plead, but Hamlet is steadfast, and follows. Old
Hamlet, who was “by a brother’s hand / Of life, of crown, of queen at once dispatch’d” (1.5.74),
asks to be avenged, and simultaneously issues a call for generational warfare, as he urges his son
to strike back at Claudius, “that incestious, that adulterate beast” (1.5.42). Hamlet promises to
“wipe away” (1.5.99) everything from his mind except avenging his father. The role of avenger
is a strange one for Hamlet, who ordinarily would be spending his time learning courtly mores
and preparing for the kingship. The “strange, and unnatural” murder of his father has confused
traditional roles and rules. That he, a young man, must rise against an elder causes Hamlet to
reflect, “Time is out of joint” (1.5.188).
As Hamlet prepares to seek revenge, Polonius seeks control over his absent son by
using other members of the younger generation against his son. This method mirrors Claudius’
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almost simultaneous use of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. Polonius asks Reynaldo to take note
(2.1.24). By employing the young against the young, Polonius saves himself the trouble of be
coming personally involved in the messy affairs of a child abroad, but at the same time knows
what Laertes is doing. For this same reason and because “madness in great ones must not un
watch’d go” (3.1.189), Claudius summons Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, “who are so
neighbored to [Hamlet’s] youth and havior” (2.2.12) that they are sure to uncover what “hath
indirectly involved in the young’s affairs, but need not be too entangled. By enlisting
mission, Claudius hopes to distance himself from Hamlet’s rage.
This attempt is unsuccessful, however, since Hamlet’s anger and mistrust is directed at
the old and not the young. Pestering Polonius, Hamlet reads from his book that “old men have
grey beards, that their faces are wrinkled, their eyes [are] purging thick with amber and
plumtree gum, and that they have a plentiful lack of wit” (2.2.196199). Hamlet seems to have
confidence that the quickness of his youth will be sufficient to overcome “these tedious old fools
(2.2.219). Even the old’s attempts to employ the young are useless against Hamlet’s under
standing of his generation. Immediately recognizing Rosencrantz and Guildenstern’s status as
“spunges” (4.2.214) sent by Claudius, Hamlet appeals to “the consonancy of [their] youth”
(2.2.284) and defeats Claudius’ intentions.
Hamlet’s increasing discontent with the elder generation deeply affects his relationship
with his mother. He has tied her inextricably to the foul murder of his father and the incestuous
sheets of his uncle. In attempt to become a solitary avenger with no emotion, Hamlet struggles
to free himself from the familial ties which bind him to his mother. “Would it were not so, you
are my mother” (3.4.16), he says, cutting the bond between mother and child. And, to break the
tie between one generation and the next he informs her that she cannot understand his passion,
because “at [her] age, / The heyday in the blood is tame” (3.4.69).
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The heyday in young Hamlet’s blood is raging, and Claudius is aware of the threat. For
one final time, Claudius attempts to turn a member of Hamlet’s generation against the prince.
Claudius feigns compassion for Laertes only to employ him in own protection of the throne. “I
must commune with your grief,” (4.5.203) he tells the boy. “Put me in your heart for friend”
(4.7.2). As his father taught him, Laertes listens to his elders and vows to avenge his father and
“cut [Hamlet’s] throat i’ th’ church” (4.7.126). The King, having at last turned Hamlet’s
generation mortally against him, is certain that “for his death no wind of blame shall breathe”
(4.7.66) and Claudius will be secure in the throne.
The duel, of course, ends in a slaughter, with the principals of both generations being
lost. In a strange moment, both Hamlet and Laertes avenge their respective father’s death and
fall forgiven. Claudius, however, struck down by the younger generation, fails in his attempt to
isolate the generational warfare from himself. The kingdom and the tale are left to young
Fortinbras, son of Norway, and Horatio, friend of Hamlet. Theirs is the surviving generation.
1767 words
Line numbers refer to the Riverside Shakespeare
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