MATH1010 University Mathematics

Supplementary Exercise
Chapter 1: Functions
1. For each of the following functions, find the maximum domain of definition of the
function and the range of the function with this domain.
(a) f (x) = x3 3x + 5

(b) f (x) = 7 2x

(e) f (x) =

x+4
(c) f (x) = 2
x 3x 10

x
(d) f (x) = 2
x + 2x + 5

(f) f (x) =

1
x2

1
sin x

1
sin x + cos x
(h) f (x) = ln(x 3)
(g) f (x) =

2
1 ln x

(j) f (x) = 3 + ln x
(i) f (x) =

(k) f (x) = ln(ln x)

p
(l) f (x) = 2 | ln(1 x)|

2. For each of the following functions, determine whether it is injective, surjective or

bijective.
x
x2 + 1
ex ex
(g) f : R R; f (x) =
2

(h) f : R R; f (x) = ln(x + x2 + 1)

(a) f : R R; f (x) = x3

(f) f : R R; f (x) =

1
x2
+
(c) f : R R; f (x) = ln x
(d) f : R+ R+ ; f (x) = |x 2| + 3
3x + 1
(e) f : R\{2} R; f (x) =
x2
(b) f : R R+ ; f (x) =

3. Sketch the graphs of the following functions.

x
(e) f (x) =
x2 + 1
(f) f (x) = 3 ex

(a) f (x) = x2 4x 5
2x 9
(b) f (x) =
, x 6= 3
x+3
x2
(c) f (x) =
, x 6= 2
x2

(d) f (x) = 3 4 x2 , 2 x 2

ex ex
2
(h) f (x) = 5 ln(x 2)2 , x 6= 2
(g) f (x) =

4. Sketch the graphs of the following functions.

(a) f (x) = |x2 2x 3|

(c) f (x) = ||x 2| 4|

(d) f (x) = |3 |x2 1||

(b) f (x) = x 4|x| + 3

5. Sketch the graphs of the following piece-wise defined functions.

(

x < 2
2x + 5, x < 1
x,
(a) f (x) =
2
(b) f (x) = x, 2 x < 2
x 1, x 1

x,
x2
1

(
1 x2 , x < 1
(c) f (x) =
ln x,
x1

1 |x + 3|, x < 2
(d) f (x) = 2 |x|,
2 x < 2

1 |x 3|, x 2

Chapter 2: Derivatives
1. Evaluate the following limits
(a) lim (x3 5x + 4)
x2

x2 2x 3
x3
x3
2
x +5
lim
x1 x + 2
x2 + 3x 10
lim 2
x2 x x 2

2 x
lim
x4 4 x
x
lim
x0
x+42

(b) lim
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)

x3 + 8
x2 x4 16

h + 16 4
lim
h0
h
1
+1
lim h 3
h3 h + 3

4+w 4w
lim
w0
w 

1
1
2
lim
t0
2t t + 2t


1
1

lim

z0
z 1+z z

(g) lim
(h)
(i)
(j)
(k)
(l)

sin2 x
x0 x2

(m) lim

sin 3x
x0 4x

(n) lim

sin2 x
x0 1 cos x

(o) lim

ln(1 + t)
t0
t

(p) lim

eh 1
h0
h

(q) lim

2. Evaluate the following limits.

2x + 5
(a) lim 2
x x + 3
3x + 1
(b) lim
x 5x 4
6x2 + 2x 5
(c) lim
x 2x2 4x + 1

(d) lim

x+

(e) lim

x+

(f) lim

e x + x2
9x4 3x + 2
(g) lim x
x+ e x2
x2 2x + 5

sin x
4x2 + 5x 2x (h) lim
x x
cos x

(i) lim
x + x2 + 4x
x+ (ln x)2

3. Use definition to evaluate the derivatives of the following functions.

(a) y = 3x 2
(h) y = cos x
(e) y = x + 2
1
(b) y = (x + 1)2
(f) y = 2
(i) y = ln x
x
(c) y = x4
1

(g) y =
(d) y = 3 x
(j) y = ex
x
4. For each of the following functions, determine whether it is differentiable at x = 0.
Find f 0 (0) if it is.
4

(a) f (x) = x 3
(b) f (x) = | sin x|
(
5 2x,
when x < 0
(d) f (x) =
x2 2x + 5, when x 0
(
1 + 3x x2 , when x < 0
(e) f (x) =
x2 + 3x + 2, when x 0
( 1
e x2 , when x 6= 0
(f) f (x) =
0,
when x = 0
5. Find the first derivatives of the following functions.
3

(c) f (x) = x|x|

(a) y = x3 4x + 3

1
(b) y = x +
x
2 5x
(c) y = x e
(d) y = cos x ln x
(e) y = sin x cos x
(f) y = 3 sec x tan x
(g) y = x cot x
3x 4
(h) y =
x+2

x2 + 1
x+1
sin x
=
x
tan x
=
x
= (x2 + 1)7

= x4 + 1

(i) y =
(j) y
(k) y
(l) y
(m) y

(n) y = cos(x2 )
(o) y = xex

3 +x

(p) y = ln(ln x)
(q) y = esin x
x
(r) y =
1 + x2

(s) y = ln(x + 1 + x2 )
p

(t) y = x + x

(u) y = sin1 x
(v) y = cos tan1 x

6. Find the first derivatives of the following functions.

(a) y = 3x

(c) y = xx

(b) y = 2cos x
7. Find

(d) y = x

(e) y = (cos x)sin x

x

(f) y = xx

dy
for the following implicit functions.
dx

(a) x2 + y 2 = 4

(c) x3 + y 3 = 2xy

(b) x3 y + xy 2 = 1

(d) xexy = 1

d2 y
for the following functions.
dx2
2
(a) y = xex
(d) y = sec x
x
(b) y =
(e) y = tan1 x
1 + x2
(f) x2 + y 3 = 1
(c) y = (ln x)2

(e) sin(xy) = (x + y)2

y
(f) cos
= ln(x + y)
x

8. Find

(g) x4 y 3x2 y 3 = 5
(h) y = 3x

(i) y = xln x

9. Prove that the Chebyshev polynomials

Tm (x) =

1
2m1

cos(m cos1 x), m = 0, 1, 2,

satisfy
(1 x2 )Tm00 (x) xTm0 (x) + m2 Tm (x) = 0
10. Prove that the Legendre polynomials
Pm (x) =

1 dm 2
(x 1)m m = 0, 1, 2,
2m m! dxm

satisfy
(1 x2 )Pm00 (x) 2xPm0 (x) + m(m + 1)Pm (x) = 0

11. Show that the function

x sin 1 , when x 6= 0
f (x) =
x
0,
when x = 0
is not differentiable at x = 0.
12. Show that the function

x2 sin 1 , when x 6= 0
f (x) =
x
0,
when x = 0
is differentiable at x = 0 but f 0 (x) is not continuous at x = 0.
13. Find the absolute maximum and absolute minimum of the following functions on
the given intervals.

(f) f (x) = 2 + x x2 ; (, +)
(a) f (x) = x3 6x2 + 9x 6; [2, 5]
(b) f (x) = x4 4x3 + 5; [0, 4]
(g) f (x) = x2 ex ; [1, +)
16
1
(c) f (x) = x + ; (0, +)
(h) f (x) = x x ; (0, +)
x
2
x2
(i) f (x) = 3 (x 2) 3 ; [0, 10]
(d) f (x) = 2
; (, +)
x +1
2
(e) f (x) = 2x2 ln x; (0, 3]
(j) f (x) = x 3 (x 1); [1, 1]
14. Sketch the graph of each of the following functions. Show clearly, if there is any,
the following:
x-intercepts and y-intercepts
vertical and horizontal asymptotes
intervals of increase or decrease
local extremum points
intervals of concavity
inflection points
4x + 15
2x 5
(b) y = 27 + 6x2 x4
(c) y = x4 + 4x3 + 12
1
(d) y = 2
x 16
(a) y =

x
x2 + 9
x+3
(f) y =
(x 1)2

(e) y =

(g) y =

x2
x2 + 3

(x 2)2
(h) y = 2
x +4
x2 2x 4
(i) y =
x2

Chapter 3: Taylors theorem

3
1. Let f (x) = 1 x2 . We have f (1) = f (1) = 0 and f 0 (x) 6= 0 for any x. Explain
why this does not contradict the mean value theorem.
2. Let f : [a, b] R be a function which is continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on
(a, b). Suppose f 0 (x) = 0 for any x (a, b). Prove that f is a constant function.
3. Let f : [a, b] R be a function which is continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on
(a, b). Suppose f 0 (x) 0 for any x (a, b) and f 0 (x) = 0 at finitely many points.
Prove that f is strictly increasing on [a, b]. (A function f is strictly increasing if
f (x) < f (y) for any x < y.)
4. Let f : [a, b] R be a function which is continuous on [a, b] and the n-th derivative
of f exists on (a, b). Suppose there exists a = a0 < a1 < a2 < < an = b such
that f (ak ) = 0 for k = 0, 1, 2, n. Prove that there exists c (a, b) such that
f (n) (c) = 0.
5. Let f : R R be a differentiable function and suppose
lim f (x) = lim f (x)

x+

Prove that there exists c R such that f 0 (c) = 0.

6. Let a < c < b. Let f : (a, b) R is a continuous function. Suppose f is differentiable on (a, b) \ {c} and lim f 0 (x) exists. Prove that f is differentiable at c and
f 0 (c) = lim f 0 (x).

xc

xc

7. Let f be a function which is differentiable at x for any x [a, b].

(a) Prove that if f 0 (a) < 0 and f 0 (b) > 0, then there exits c (a, b) such that
f 0 (c) = 0. (Hint: By extreme value theorem, f attains its minimum on [a, b].)
(b) Prove that if f 0 (a) < f 0 (b), then for any f 0 (a) < K < f 0 (b), there exists
c (a, b) such that f 0 (c) = K. (This may be considered as the intermediate
value theorem for derivatives of functions. Note that f 0 may not be continuous.)
8. Prove the following case of LHopital rule: Let f (x) and g(x) be differentiable
0 (x)
= L. Then
functions such that limx f (x) = limx g(x) = 0 and limx fg0 (x)
limx

f (x)
g(x)

= L.

9. Use LHospital rule to evaluate the following limits.

sin 3x
(a) lim
x0 sin 5x
sin2 x
x0 1 cos x

1 x cot x
(d) lim
x0
x sin x


(g) lim

x0

1
1
x
x e 1

sinh x sin x
ex x 1
(h)
lim
x0 x(cosh x cos x)
x0 1 cosh x

(b) lim

(e) lim

x sin3 x
(c) lim
x0 2 sin x sin 2x

ln cos 2x
(f) lim
x0 ln cos x
6

e (1 + x) x
(i) lim
x0
x

2x 1
x0
x

(j) lim

(k) lim+ x 1+ln x

(l) lim x 1x
x1

x0

10. Find the Taylor polynomials centered at 0 of the following functions up to the term
in x3 .
1
(1 + x)2

(b) 1 x
(a)

(c) (1 + sin x)2

(d) ln cos x

1
cosh x
(f) sin1 x

(e)

11. Find the Taylor polynomials of degree 3 of the following functions at the given center
c.
1
(a) ; c = 1
x

(b) ln x; c = e

(c) tan x; c =

12. For each of the following functions f (x) and value a, us the Taylor polynomial of
degree 3 to approximate the value of f (a) and state the maximum possible error.
(a) f (x) = tan1 x; a = 1

(c) f (x) = ln(1 + x); a = 1

(d) f (x) = 4 + x; a = 0.1

(b) f (x) = cos x; a = 0.5

13. Suppose the Taylor series of f (x) is 1 + a1 x + a2 x2 + a3 x3 + . Find the Taylor

polynomial of f1 up to the term in x3 in terms of a1 , a2 , a3 by
(a) expanding the product of the series for f and f1 .
(b) finding the first three derivatives of f1 .
14. Suppose the degree 3 Taylor polynomials of f (x) and g(x) are p(x) = a0 + a1 x +
a2 x2 + a3 x3 and q(x) = b1 x + b2 x2 + b3 x3 respectively. Find the Taylor polynomial
of f g up to the term in x3 in terms of a0 , a1 , a2 , a3 , b1 , b2 , b3 by
(a) expanding the polynomial p(q(x)).
(b) finding the first three derivatives of f g.
15. Prove that the Taylor series of the function
( 1
e x2 , x 6= 0
f (x) =
0,
x=0
is identically 0.

Chapter 4: Integration
1. Evaluate the following indefinite integrals.
Z
Z
x+1
2 3
dx
(a) (3 x ) dx
(c)
x

Z 
Z
2
2
4
8t 1 dt
(d)
(b)
x (5 x) dx
t4

Z
(e)

3 csc2 xdx

Z
(f)

4 tan sec d

2. Use a suitable substitution to evaluate the following integral.

Z
Z
Z x
dx
xdx
e dx

(a)
(e)
(i)
2
2
(1 + x )
2 + ex
2 5x
Z
Z
Z 3x
dx
dx
e +1

(j)
(f)
dx
(b)
ex + ex
x(1 + x)
ex + 1
Z
Z
Z
x
1
1

(k)
tan xdx
(c)
dx
(g)
sin dx
2
2
x
x
1x
Z
Z
Z

dx
x2
2 3
3
(h)
xe dx
(l)
(d)
x 1 + x dx
1 + ex
3. Evaluate the following definite integrals.
Z 3 3
Z 1
2x 5
5x
(c)
(a)
dx
dx
2 2
x2
1
0 (4 + x )
Z 1
Z
2
(b)
x 1 x dx
(d)
cos2 x sin xdx
0

Z
(e)

sec2 x tan xdx

Z
(f)
1

1
dx

x(1 + x)2

4. Find the area of the regions bounded by the graphs of the given functions.
(a) y = 4 x2 ; x-axis
(b) y = 3 x2 ; y = x 3

(d) y = x2 ; y = x 2; x-axis

(e) y = x; y = x 2; x-axis

(c) y = x2 4; y = x2 2x

(f) x + y 2 = 4; x + y = 2

Chapter 5: Further techniques of integration

1. Evaluate
Z
dx
(a)
1 cos x
Z
(b)
sin5 x cos xdx
Z
(c)
sin 3x sin 5xdx
Z
x
x
(d)
cos cos dx
2
3
2. Evaluate
Z
(a)
ln xdx
Z
(b)
x2 ln xdx
Z 
(c)
Z
(d)

ln x
x
x

Z
(e)

cos xdx
Z

(f)

(i)
Z

sin xdx

(j)

dx
(g)
cos x sin2 x
Z
sin x cos3 x
(h)
, dx
1 + cos2 x

Z
(e)

2 2x

xe

(f)

(k)

dx

(g)

Z
(l)

(h)

cos x cos 2x cos 3xdx

(i)
(j)

x tan1 xdx
ln(x +

x sin 2xdx
Z

sin 5x cos xdx

Z
x cos xdx

dx
, dx
sin x cos4 x
4

Z
dx

tan5 xdx

2

xe dx

sin

(k)

1 + x2 )dx

x sin2 xdx

Z
xdx

(l)

sin(ln x)dx

3. Prove the following reduction formulas.

Z
xn eax n
(a) In = xn eax dx; In =
In1 , n 1
a
a
Z
cos x sinn1 x n 1
+
In2 , n 2
(b) In = sinn xdx; In =
n
n
Z
sin x cosn1 x n 1
(c) In = cosn xdx; In =
+
In2 , n 2
n
n
Z
n2
1
cos x
(d) In =
dx; In =
+
In2 , n 2
n
n1
sin x
(n 1) sin
x n1
Z
(e) In = xn cos xdx; In = xn sin x + nxn1 cos x n(n 1)In2 , n 2
Z
dx
x
2n 3
; In = 2
+ 2
In1 , n 1
(f) In =
2
2
n
2
2
n1
(x a )
2a (n 1)(x a )
2a (n 1)

Z
xn dx
2xn x + a
2an

(g) In =
; In =

In1 , n 1
2n + 1
2n + 1
x+a
4. Use trigonometric substitution to evaluate the following integrals.

x2
(a)
dx
1 + x2
Z
dx
(b)
3
(1 x2 ) 2

Z r

(c)
Z
(d)

1+x
dx
1x
dx
3

(1 + x2 ) 2

5. Evaluate the following integrals of rational functions.

Z
Z
dx
x2 dx
(e)
(a)
2
(x 2)(x2 + 3)
1 x2
Z
Z
x2 + 1
x3
(f)
, dx
dx
(b)
(x + 1)2 (x 1)
3+x
Z
Z
x2
(1 + x)2
(g)
, dx
(c)
dx
(x2 3x + 2)2
1 + x2
Z
Z 2
dx
x + 5x + 4
, dx
(d)
(h)
2
x + 2x 3
x4 + 5x2 + 4
6. Use t-substitution to evaluate the following integrals.
Z
Z
dx
dx
(b)
(a)
3
1 + sin x
sin x
7. Evaluate the following improper integrals.
Z
Z
dx
dx
(a)
(d)
2
2
x
x +x2
4
2
Z
Z
dx
dx
(b)
(e)
2
2
2
1 + x
(x + x + 1)
Z 1
Z
dx
dx

(c)
(f)
1 + x3
1 x2
1
0

x2 dx

9 x2
Z
dx

(f)
4 + x2
Z

(e)

Z
(i)

dx
(x + 1)(x2 + 1)

2x3 4x2 x 3
dx
x2 2x 3
Z
4 2x
(k)
dx
2
(x + 1)(x 1)2
Z
dx
(l)
2
x(x + 1)2
Z

(j)

Z
(c)

dx
sin x cos4 x

(g)

tan1 x
3

(1 + x2 ) 2

dx

ex cos xdx

(h)
0

Z
(i)

ln(sin x)dx
0

8. Determine whether the following improper integrals are convergent.

Z
Z
Z 1
ln(1 + x)
x2 dx
dx

(e)
dx
(a)
(c)
x
x4 x2 + 1
0
0
0 ln x
Z
Z
Z
2
dx
dx

(b)
(d)
(f)
tan xdx
3
x ln x
x x2 + 1
1
2
0
9. Evaluate
(
Z
1,
(a)
f (x)dx where f (x) =
2x + 1,
(
Z
4x 1,
(b)
f (x)dx where f (x) =
x2 + 1,

10

if x < 0
if x 0
if x < 3
if x 3

Z
|x|dx

(c)
Z
(d)
Z
(e)
Z
(f)
Z
(g)
Z
(h)

dx
(x2 + 1)3

x2
dx
(x2 + 2x + 2)2

(k)

|x2 1|dx

(l)

|x2 x|dx

4dx
(4x2 + 1)2
Z r
4x
(n)
dx
x
Z
8dx

dx
(o)
2
x 4 x2
Z
dx
(p)
(cos x + sin x)2
Z

1 + sin x dx
(q)

(m)

x2 3 1 x dx
2

x5 (2 5x3 ) 3 dx
ex cos xdx

xdx
cos2 x
Z
dx

(j)
25x2 4
(i)

11

Answers
Chapter 1: Functions
1. (a) maximum domain = R, range = R
(b) maximum domain = (, 72 ], range = [0, )
(c) maximum domain = (, 2) (5, ), range = (1, )

(d) maximum domain = R, range = [ 10255 , 10+255 ]

(e) maximum domain = (, 2) (2, ), range = (0, )
(f) maximum domain = R \ {n, n Z}, range = R \ {0}
(g) maximum domain = R \ {(n + 43 ), n Z}, range = R \ {0}
(h) maximum domain = (3, ), range = R
(i) maximum domain = R \ {e}, range = R \ {0}
(j) maximum domain = [e3 , ), range = [0, )
(k) maximum domain = (1, ), range = R
(l) maximum domain = [1 e2 , 1 e2 ], range = [0, )
2. (a) Injective, Surjective, Bijective
(b) Not injective, Not surjective, Not bijective
(c) Injective, Surjective, Bijective
(d) Not injective, Not surjective, Not bijective
(e) Injective, Not surjective, Not bijective
(f) Injective, Not surjective, Not bijective
(g) Injective, Surjective, Bijective
(h) Injective, Not surjective, Not bijective
(c)

3. (a)

(b)

12

(d)

(g)

(h)

(e)

(f)

4. (a)

(c)

(d)

(b)

5.
13

(a)

(c)

(b)

(d)

14

Chapter 2: Derivatives
1. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)

(g) 38
(h) 81
(i) 19
(j) 21
(k) 14
(l) 12

2
4
6
7
3
1
4

(m) 1
(n)

3
4

(o) 2
(p) 1
(q) 1

2. (a) 0

(d) 3

(g) 1

3
5

5
4

(h) 0

(b)

(e)

(f) 2

(c) 3
3. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

y0
y0
y0
y0

=3
= 2(x + 1)
= 4x3
= 23 x

4. (a) 0
(b) not differentiable

(i) 0

(e) y 0 =

(f) y 0 = x23

(i) y 0 =

(g) y 0 =

(j) y 0 = ex

(e) not differentiable

(d) 2

(f) 0

(m) 2x3 / x4 + 1

(b) (x 1)/2x3/2
(c) (5x + 2x)e

1
x2

1
x

(c) 0

5. (a) 3x2 4
2

(h) y 0 = sin x

1
2 x+2

(n) 2x sin(x2 )

5x

(o) (3x3 + x2 + 1)ex

(d) sin x ln x + cos x/x

3 +x

(p) 1/(x ln x)

(e) cos 2x

(q) cos(x)esin x

(f) (3 sin x 1)/ cos2 x

(r) 1/(x2 + 1)3/2

(s) 1/ x2 + 1

(t) (1 + 2 x)/(4 x x + x)
 p

(u) 1/ 2 x(1 x)

(g) cot x x csc2 x

(h) 10/(x + 2)2
(i) 1 2/(x + 1)2
(j) (x cos(x) sin x)/x2
(k) (2x tan2 x tan x + 2x)/2x3/2
(l) 14x(x2 + 1)6

(v) x/(x2 + 1)3/2

6. (a) 3x ln 3

(d) x

x1/2

(ln(x)/2 + 1)

(b) ln 2 sin(x)2cos(x)

(e) (cos x)sin x1 (cos2 x + ln(cos x) cos2 x 1)

(c) (ln(x) + 1)xx

(f) xx xx (x(ln x)2 + x ln x + 1)/x

7. (a)
(b)

x
y

3x2 2y
(c)
2x 3y 2
1
(d) 2
x

y 2 + 3x2 y
x3 + 2xy
15

(e)

2x + 2y
x cos(xy) 2y 2x
3

(f)
5

8. (a) x 2 ex + x 2 ex + 4x 2 ex

y sin(y/x)
1
x+y
x2
1
+ sin(y/x)
x+y
x

8x2 + 6y 3
(f)
9y 5

(b) 3x(1 + x2 ) 2
2
2
(c) 2 ln x + 2
x
x
cos3 x + 2 sin2 x cos x
(d)
cos4 x
2x
(e)
(1 + x2 )2

(g)

10(2x6 y + 3x4 y 3 81y 7 )

x2 (x2 9y 2 )3
2

(h) 2 3x ln 3 + 4 x2 3x (ln 3)2

(i)

4y
2y
(ln x)2 + 2 (1 ln x)
2
x
x

9. Prove that the Chebyshev polynomials

Tm (x) =

1
2m1

cos(m cos1 x), m = 0, 1, 2,

satisfy
(1 x2 )Tm00 (x) xTm0 (x) + m2 Tm (x) = 0
Proof. By direct computations,
Tm0 (x) =

m sin(m cos1 x)

2m1 1 x2

and
Tm00 (x) =

x sin(m cos1 x)

2m1

(1 x2 ) 2

!
m

cos(m cos1 x) .
1 x2

Hence,
(1 x2 )Tm00 (x) xTm0 (x) + m2 Tm (x)
= (1 x2 )
x

x sin(m cos1 x)

2m1

(1 x2 ) 2

!
m

cos(m cos1 x)
2
1x

m sin(m cos1 x)
1

+ m2 m1 cos(m cos1 x)
m1
2
2
2
1x

= 0.

10. Prove that the Legendre polynomials

1 dm 2
Pm (x) = m
(x 1)m m = 0, 1, 2,
m
2 m! dx
satisfy
(1 x2 )Pm00 (x) 2xPm0 (x) + m(m + 1)Pm (x) = 0

16

Proof. Let g(x) = (x2 1)m , then Pm (x) =

Because

1
dm
g(x).
2m m! dxm

d 2
(x 1)m = 2mx(x2 1)m1 ,
dx

therfore,

d(x2 1)m 2
(x 1) + 2mx(x2 1)m = 0.
dx

We get
g 0 (x)(x2 1) + 2mxg(x) = 0


dm+1
0
2
g
(x)(x

1)
+
2mxg(x)
= 0.
dxm+1

Apply Leibnizs rule,

g (m+2) (x)(x2 1) + C1m+1 g (m+1) (x) 2x + C2m+1 g (m) (x) 2

+2m g (m+1) (x) x + C1m+1 g (m) (x) = 0

(1 x2 )g (m+2) (x) 2xg (m+1) (x) + m(m + 1)g (m) (x) = 0

1
2 (m+2)
(m+1)
(m)

(1

x
)g
(x)

2xg
(x)
+
m(m
+
1)g
(x)
=0
2m m!
(1 x2 )Pm00 (x) 2xPm0 (x) + m(m + 1)Pm (x) = 0.

11.
12.
13. (a) Maximum: f (5) = 14; Minimum: f (3) = 6
(b) Maximum: f (0) = f (4) = 5; Minimum: f (3) = 22
(c) No absolute maximum; Minimum: f (4) = 8
(d) Maximum: f (0) = 0; No absolute minimum
(e) No absolute maximum; Minimum: f ( 21 ) =
(f) Maximum:

f ( 12 )

3
;
2

1
2

+ ln 2

No absolute minimum

(g) Maximum: f (1) = e; Minimum: f (0) = 0

1

(h) Maximum: f (e) = e e ; No absolute minimum

(i) Maximum: f (2) = 3; Minimum: f (10) = 1
(j) Maximum: f (0) = f (1) = 0; Minimum: f (1) = 2

17

14. (a)

vertical asymptote(s): x = 2.5

horizontal asymptote(s): y = 2
interval(s) of increasing: none
interval(s) of decreasing: (, 2.5), (2.5, )
local extremum points(s): none
interval(s) of concavity: (, 2.5)
inflection point(s): none
(b)

vertical asymptote(s): none

horizontal asymptote(s): none

interval(s) of increasing: (,
3],
[0, 3]
)
interval(s) of decreasing: [ 3, 0],
[ 3,
local extremum points(s): x = 3, 0, 3
interval(s) of concavity: (, 1], [1, )
inflection point(s): x = 1, 1

18

(c)

vertical asymptote(s): none

horizontal asymptote(s): none
interval(s) of increasing: [3, )
interval(s) of decreasing: (, 3]
local extremum points(s): x = 3
interval(s) of concavity: [2, 0]
inflection point(s): x = 2, 0
(d)

vertical asymptote(s): x = 4, x = 4
horizontal asymptote(s): y = 0
interval(s) of increasing: (, 4), (4, 0]
interval(s) of decreasing: [0, 4), (4, )
local extremum points(s): x = 0
interval(s) of concavity: (4, 4)
inflection point(s): none
(e)

19

vertical asymptote(s): none

horizontal asymptote(s): y = 0
interval(s) of increasing: [3, 3]
interval(s) of decreasing: (, 3], [3, )
local extremum points(s): x = 3,3

interval(s) of concavity: (,
3 3], [0, 3 3]
inflection point(s): x = 3 3, 0, 3 3
(f)

vertical asymptote(s): x = 1
horizontal asymptote(s): y = 0
interval(s) of increasing: [7, 1)
interval(s) of decreasing: (, 7], (1, )
local extremum points(s): x = 7
interval(s) of concavity: (, 11]
inflection point(s): x = 11
(g)

vertical asymptote(s): none

horizontal asymptote(s): y = 1
interval(s) of increasing: [0, )
interval(s) of decreasing: (, 0]
local extremum points(s): x = 0
interval(s) of concavity: (, 1], [1, )
inflection point(s): x = 1, 1

20

(h)

vertical asymptote(s): none

horizontal asymptote(s): y = 1
interval(s) of increasing: (, 2], [2, )
interval(s) of decreasing: [2, 2]
local extremum points(s): x
= 2, 2
interval(s) of concavity: [2
3, 0],[2 3, )
inflection point(s): x = 2 3, 0, 2 3
(i)

vertical asymptote(s): x = 0
horizontal asymptote(s): y = 1
interval(s) of increasing: (, 4], (0, )
interval(s) of decreasing: [4, 0)
local extremum points(s): x = 4
interval(s) of concavity: [6, 0), (0, )
inflection point(s): x = 6

21

Chapter 4: Integration
3

1. (a) 27x 9x3 + 95 x5 17 x7 + C

(b)
(c)

(d) 4t2 83 t 4 + C

625 3
x 125x4 +30x5 10
x6 + 17 x7 +C
3
3
2
x
3

3
2

(f) 4 sec + C

+2 x+C

2. (a) 52 2 5x + C
(b)

1 2x
e
2

(g) cos x1 + C

ex + x + C

(h) 21 ex + C

(c) 1 x2 + C

(d)

1
(1
4

(i) ln(2 + ex ) + C

+ x3 ) 3 + C

(j) tan1 ex + C

1
(e) 2(1+x
2) + C

(f) 2 tan1 x + C

3. (a)
(b)
4. (a)
(b)

14
3
1
3
32
3
125
6

(e) 3 cot x + C

(k) ln | cos x| + C
(l) x ln(1 + ex ) + C
1
8
1
2

(e)

(c) 9

(e)

5
6

(f)

(c)
(d)

(d)

(f)

22

2
3
1
3
10
3
9
2

Chapter 5: Further techniques of integration

1. (a) cot x2 + C
(b)
(c)

1
6
1
4

x
(g) sin1 x + 12 ln 1+sin
+C
1sin x

sin6 x + C
1
16

sin 2x
x
6

(h) 21 cos2 x + 21 ln(1 + cos2 x) + C

sin 8x + C

3
5

(d) 3 sin + sin

5x
6

(i)

3
x
8

14 sin 2x +

1
32

(c)

sin 4x + C

(l)

(e)

e2x
4

x
4

sin 2x
8

1
cos 6x + C
12
sin 4x
+ sin246x +
16

x3
(ln x 13 ) + C
3
x1 ((ln x)2 + 2 ln x
x

(d) (x + 1)e

ln | cos x| + C

(k) 81 cos 4x

(g) 2x 41 cos 2x + x2 sin 2x + C

(h) x sin1 x + 1 x2 + C

2. (a) x ln x x + C
(b)

tan2 x
2

(j) 8 cot 2x 38 cot3 2x + C

+C

(e) sin x 13 sin3 x + C

(f)

tan4
4

1+x2
2

tan1 x + C

(j) x ln(x + 1 + x2 ) 1 + x2 + C
(i) x2 +

+ 2) + C

+C

(2x2 + 2x + 1) + C

(k)

(f) x sin x + cos x + C

(l)

x2
x4 sin 2x 18 cos 2x + C
4
x
(sin(ln x) cos(ln x)) + C
2

3.
4. (a) x tan1 x + C
(b)

x
1x2

+C

(c) 1 x2 + sin1 x + C

(c) x + ln(1 + x2 ) + C

(e)

1
10 2

(f)

1
x+1

9
2

sin1

x
3

x
2

9 x2 + C

4 + x2 | + C

+1
+C
(h) tan1 x + 56 ln xx2 +4

(i)

ln | x1
|+C
x+3
2 |
ln | x
x+ 2

(e)

+C

(g) x25x6
+ 4 ln | x1
|+C
3x+2
x2

(b) 9x 32 x2 + 13 x3 27 ln |3 + x| + C
1
4

x
1+x2

(f) ln |x +

5. (a) x + 21 ln | 1+x
|+C
1x

(d)

(d)

1
2

tan1 x + 41 ln (x+1)
+C
x2 +1

(j) x2 + 2 ln |x + 1| + 3 ln |x 3| + C
1

5 3

tan1

x
3

+C

+ 12 ln |x2 1| + C

x
6. (a) 2cos
+ 21 ln | tan x2 | + C
sin2 x

(k) tan1 x

1
x1

x +1
+ ln (x1)
2 + C

(l)

1
2(x2 +1)

+ ln |x| 12 ln(x2 + 1) + C

(c)

1
cos x

1
3 cos3 x

+ ln | tan x2 | + C

(b) tan x sec x + C

1
4

(d)

(b)

(e)

(c)

(f)

7. (a)

2
ln 2
3
4

3 3
2

3 3

(g)
(h)

2
1
2

(i) 2 ln 2

8. (a) Convergent

(c) Divergent

(e) Convergent

(b) Convergent

(d) Divergent

(f) Divergent

23

9. (a) F (x) + C
( where
x,
if x < 0
F (x) =
x2 + x, if x 0
(b) F (x) + C
( where
2x2 x,
if x < 3
F (x) = x3
+ x + 3, if x 3
3
(c) F (x) + C
( where
2
x2 , if x < 0
F (x) = x2
,
if x 0
2
(d) F (x) + C
where
x3
4

3 x 3 , if x < 1
3
F (x) = x x3 ,
if 1 x < 1

x3
4
x + 3 , if x 1
3
(e) F (x) + C
where
x3
x2

if x < 0
3 2,
x2
x3
F (x) = 3 + 2 ,
if 0 x < 1

x3 x2 1
2 + 3 , if x 1
3
4

3
(f) 140
(9 + 12x + 14x2 )(1 x) 3 + C (l)
3

ex
(cos x
2

+ sin x) + C

(i) x tan x + ln | cos x| + C

(j) 15 ln |5x + 25x2 4| + C

(k)

x(3x2 +5)
8(x2 +1)2

+ tan1 (x + 1) + C

(m) tan1 2x + 4x2x

2 +1 + C

p
(n) x(4 x) + 4 sin1 2x + C

(g) 6+25x
(2 5x3 ) 3 + C
1000
(h)

1
x2 +2x+2

4x2
+C
x
x
coscos
+C
x+sin x

(o) 2
(p)

(q) 2 1 sin x + C

+ 83 tan1 x + C

24