Prenatal Screening Program

The California
Prenatal Screening Program

Quad Marker Screening
Serum Integrated Screening
Full Integrated Screening
Prenatal Care Provider
Handbook
California Department of Public Health
Genetic Disease Screening Program

TABLE OF CONTENTS

WELCOME to the California Prenatal Screening Program .................................................................... 1
What is Californias Prenatal Screening Program? ............................................................................................................ 1
Types of Screening ........................................................................................................................................................................... 1
The Prenatal Screening Program offers at no cost to the provider ............................................................................ 2
ROLE OF CLINICIAN - a summary .................................................................................................................. 3
Supplies ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 3
Offer Screening .................................................................................................................................................................................. 3
Consider Nuchal Translucency (NT) ultrasound for patients (optional) ................................................................ 3
Consent/refusal to participate ................................................................................................................................................... 3
For Patients who consent to Prenatal Screening................................................................................................................ 3
Program Fee ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 4
Program Billing .................................................................................................................................................................................. 4
Clinician obligations for patients who have Prenatal Screening ................................................................................. 4
Clinician obligations for patients who have Screen Positive Results ......................................................................... 4
Patients rights ................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
Documentation .................................................................................................................................................................................. 4
SERUM MARKERS used for prenatal screening ........................................................................................ 5
Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein A (PAPP-A) .......................................................................................................... 5
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) ................................................................................................................................... 5
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) ................................................................................................................................................................ 5
Inhibin (Dimeric Inhibin-A; DIA; INH) .................................................................................................................................... 5
Unconjugated estriol (uE3) .......................................................................................................................................................... 5
NON-SERUM MARKERS used for prenatal screening ............................................................................. 6
Nuchal Translucency (NT) Ultrasound ................................................................................................................................... 6
MULTIPLE OF THE MEDIAN (MoM) .............................................................................................................. 6
MARKERS used for different birth defects .................................................................................................. 7
Down Syndrome and Trisomy 18.............................................................................................................................................. 7
Open Neural Tube Defects/Abdominal Wall Defects ....................................................................................................... 7
Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome...................................................................................................................................................... 7
PRIOR TO OFFERING prenatal screening .................................................................................................... 8
Important Questions ....................................................................................................................................................................... 8
If any one of the answers is yes .............................................................................................................................................. 8
Did the patient have amniocentesis? ....................................................................................................................................... 8
Did the patient have chorionic villus sampling (CVS)? .................................................................................................... 8
Is the pregnancy the result of a donated ovum? ................................................................................................................. 8
SOME PREGNANCIES ARE NOT ELIGIBLE for screening ...................................................................... 9
Fetal Reduction .................................................................................................................................................................................. 9
Multiple gestation of 3 or more fetuses .................................................................................................................................. 9
Fetal demise ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 9
TIMING for screening tests................................................................................................................................ 9
PREGNANCY DATING ....................................................................................................................................... 10
Dating when NT CRL is available ............................................................................................................................................. 10
Dating when ultrasound is available ...................................................................................................................................... 10
Dating with LMP .............................................................................................................................................................................. 10
Exam dating ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 10
Corrections and updates to pregnancy dating................................................................................................................... 10
INFORMATION NECESSARY for an accurate result .............................................................................. 11
Prenatal Screening Test Request Form ................................................................................................................................ 11
Matching specimens for Integrated Screening .................................................................................................................. 11
Always include the following prenatal care provider information .......................................................................... 11
BLOOD COLLECTION & SHIPPING .............................................................................................................. 12
TABLE OF CONTENTS, continued

PRENATAL SCREENING COORDINATORS ................................................................................................12
Clinicians should call their Prenatal Screening Coordinator when .......................................................................... 12
INFORMING CLINICIAN of test results .......................................................................................................13
Other types of correspondence from the Program .......................................................................................................... 13
INFORMING YOUR PATIENT of her blood test results .........................................................................14
Patients with a Screen Positive Result .................................................................................................................................. 14
Patients with Screen Negative Results .................................................................................................................................. 14
RESULTS AND INTERPRETATIONS for screening tests ......................................................................15
First Trimester Results ................................................................................................................................................................ 15
Second Trimester Results ........................................................................................................................................................... 15
Results for Invalid Specimens ................................................................................................................................................... 17
EXPLANATION OF RESULTS ...........................................................................................................................18
Screen Negative: No follow-up services authorized ........................................................................................................ 18
Screen Positive Down syndrome: Increased risk for T21 .............................................................................................. 18
Screen Positive Trisomy 18: Increased risk for T18 ........................................................................................................ 18
Screen Positive NTD: Increased risk for an open NTD or AWD .................................................................................. 19
Screen Positive SLOS: Increased risk for SLOS (SCD) ..................................................................................................... 19
FOLLOW-UP DIAGNOSTIC SERVICES ..........................................................................................................20
Genetic Counseling ......................................................................................................................................................................... 20
Comprehensive Ultrasound ....................................................................................................................................................... 20
Amniocentesis and CVS ................................................................................................................................................................ 21
REPORTING BIRTH DEFECTS ........................................................................................................................22
Reporting NTDs ............................................................................................................................................................................... 22
Reporting Chromosomal Disorders........................................................................................................................................ 22
Outcomes of Pregnancy ............................................................................................................................................................... 22
COST/BILLING .....................................................................................................................................................23
Prenatal Screening Program Fee ............................................................................................................................................. 23
Insurance or Medi-Cal information ........................................................................................................................................ 23
If No Insurance or Medi-Cal Information is included with the specimen .............................................................. 23
Special Billing Codes ..................................................................................................................................................................... 23
NOTES ......................................................................................................................................................................24
APPENDICES .........................................................................................................................................................25
Appendix A: Prenatal Screening Program Website
Appendix B: Prenatal Screening Coordinator Offices
Appendix C: Birth Defects Detected by the California Prenatal Screening Program
Appendix D: Prevention of Neural Tube Defects
Appendix E: Ultrasound Dating and Down Syndrome Screening
Appendix F: Time Window for Blood Collection for First and Second Trimester Specimens
Appendix G: Midtrimester Risk for Chromosome Abnormalities by Maternal Age at Term
Appendix H: Estimated Screen Positive Rates and Detection Rates for Down Syndrome and T18
Appendix I: Program Supplies and Patient Education Materials
Appendix J: First and Second Trimester Screening Forms
Appendix K: Bibliography
2009 1

WELCOME to the California Prenatal Screening Program

The purpose of the Prenatal Screening Program is to provide all pregnant women in
California with the opportunity to have prenatal screening for certain birth defects:
Down syndrome (DS; Trisomy 21; T21)
Trisomy 18 (T18)
Open Neural Tube Defects (NTD) and Abdominal Wall Defects (AWD)
Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS, SCD)
The Program goal is to identify pregnant women at increased risk for these birth defects,
so they can make informed decisions about their pregnancies. The California Prenatal
Screening Program is administered by the Genetic Disease Screening Program of the
California Department of Public Health.
1
Please see the Program website at
www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/pns.
What is Californias Prenatal Screening Program?
Prenatal screening offers blood tests to pregnant women in order to identify individuals
who are at increased risk for carrying a fetus with a specific disorder. These blood tests
can be drawn in the first and/or second trimester. Because screening does not
diagnose fetal defects, the Program provides diagnostic testing to women with
Screen Positive results (increased risk). These women are referred for prenatal
diagnosis at a State-approved Prenatal Diagnosis Center.
Types of Screening:
The Program offers several screening options:
Quad Marker
Screening
One blood specimen drawn at 15 weeks 20 weeks of pregnancy
(second trimester).
Serum
Integrated
Screening
Combines first trimester blood test results (drawn at 10 weeks 13
weeks 6 days) with second trimester blood test results. Improved
detection of T21 and T18 in the second trimester.
Full
Integrated
Screening
Combines Nuchal Translucency (NT) ultrasound results with first and
second trimester blood test results. Allows preliminary risk for T21 and
T18 in the first trimester and improves the detection of T21 and T18 in
the second trimester.

Screening results are reported as Screen Negative or Screen Positive.
A Screen Negative result indicates that the patients risk for the screened birth
defects is low enough that the Program does not offer follow-up tests.
A Screen Positive result indicates that the patient is at increased risk for one
or more of the screened birth defects and the Program will offer follow-up tests.

1
California Code of Regulations Title 17, sections 6521-6532. Copies of these regulations are
available from the Genetic Disease Screening Program.
2 2009

The details of these screening options are presented in Table 1 below.

Table 1. Types of Screening offered by the California Prenatal Screening Program.

The Prenatal Screening Program offers at no cost to the provider:
Regional Coordinators to facilitate Program participation for patients and
providers/clinicians
Patient education booklets with consent/refusal forms
First and Second Trimester Screening Forms (formerly called AFP Form)
Supplies to draw and mail serum samples
Authorized follow-up services at State-approved Prenatal Diagnosis Centers
Screen Positive patient education booklets
Note: The California Prenatal Screening Program DOES NOT PAY for
Nuchal Translucency ultrasound.

For Patients without Nuchal Translucency (NT) Time Frame
Quad Marker Screening
(Or Quad + NT)
Second trimester blood specimen
Risk Assessments for T21, T18, SCD, NTD
Analytes: AFP, hCG, uE3, Inhibin
Second trimester blood specimen:
15 wks 0 days to 20 wks 0 days
Serum Integrated Screening
First trimester blood specimen Plus
Risk Assessments for T21, T18, SCD, NTD
First trimester analytes: PAPP-A, hCG
Second trimester analytes: AFP, hCG, uE3, Inhibin
First trimester blood specimen:

PLUS

For Patients with Nuchal Translucency (NT) Time Frame
Full Integrated Screening

Step 1 First Trimester Screening
First trimester blood specimen combined with Nuchal
Translucency (NT)
Risk Assessment for T21 and T18
Analytes: PAPP-A, hCG
First trimester blood specimen:
PLUS
NT Ultrasound:
by a State-registered
NT Practitioner

Step 2 Second Trimester Screening
Rened Risk Assessments for T21, T18
Additional Risk Assessments for SCD, NTD
First trimester analytes: PAPP-A, hCG, NT
Second trimester analytes: AFP, hCG, uE3, Inhibin

PLUS
OR
2009 3

ROLE OF CLINICIAN - a summary

Supplies: Order free patient education booklets, blood collection kits and First and Second
Trimester Screening Forms by faxing an order form to (510) 412-1553 or by calling (866)
718-7915 toll free. See Appendix I.
Offer Screening: Regulations require that the clinician offer the Prenatal Screening Program to
all pregnant women who are seen before the 20th gestational week. Discuss with the
patient which types of screening are available and appropriate for her considering her
medical, pregnancy, and family histories.
Consider Nuchal Translucency (NT) ultrasound for patients (optional): The California
Prenatal Screening Program does not pay for NT. NT ultrasound measurements are
accepted by the Program when provided by a credentialed NT Practitioner who is
registered with the California Prenatal Screening Program. A full list of registered NT
Practitioners can be found at www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/pns .
Consent/refusal to participate: Have the patient read the booklet, The California Prenatal
Screening Program provided by the Genetic Disease Screening Program. After a
discussion and answering her questions, ask her to sign the consent/refusal form in the
patient education booklet. In addition, if she consents to participate, she may accept or
decline to have her specimen used for research. Place the patients consent/refusal form
in the patients medical record. If she declines to have her specimen used for research,
this should be indicated on the Patient Declined Research field on the First and
Second Trimester Screening Forms.
For Patients who consent to Prenatal Screening:
Fully and accurately complete the First and/or Second Trimester Screening Form
provided by the Genetic Disease Screening Program. See page 11 and Appendix J.
Use only ONE method of gestational dating. Dating by NT CRL is the most accurate.
If an NT ultrasound was not performed, ultrasound dating by CRL or BPD is the next
best method of gestational dating for screening purposes. See page 10.
TIMING OF THE TEST: First trimester specimens are drawn between 10 weeks 0
days and 13 weeks 6 days. Second trimester specimens are drawn between 15
weeks 0 days and 20 weeks 0 day of pregnancy. See page 9 and Appendix F.
BLOOD COLLECTION: Blood specimens may be collected by the clinician, or the
patient may be sent to a laboratory. Read the instructions on the cover page of the
First and Second Trimester Screening Form on how to collect and handle the blood.
Note: All specimens should be centrifuged per the instructions on the cover page of
the First and Second Trimester Screening Forms. First Trimester specimens that
have not been centrifuged will not be analyzed.
RESULTS: You will receive the results by mail within 7-10 days of specimen
collection.
A Prenatal Screening Coordinator calls the clinician if patient information needs
clarification or if the test result is Screen Positive.
Only a licensed health professional should explain a patients result and assist the
patient in deciding what action to take after a Screen Positive result.
4 2009

The Prenatal Screening Coordinator assists the clinician in referring a patient
with a Screen Positive result to a State-approved Prenatal Diagnosis Center
(PDC) if that is the patients decision. See the current list of PDCs on the
California Prenatal Screening Program website: www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/pns.
Program Fee: The current fee (March 2009) for the Prenatal Screening Program is $162.
This fee covers the blood test(s) as well as follow-up services when the result is
Screen Positive. The Prenatal Screening Program fee is subject to change.
The fee DOES NOT cover the cost of an NT ultrasound.

Program Billing: Enter the patients Medi-Cal information on the First and/or Second
Trimester Screening Form, or send a copy of the patients insurance card or Medi-
Cal card with the specimen. The insurance company or Medi-Cal will be billed for the
Prenatal Screening Program participation. If no insurance information is provided,
the patient will receive a bill about 2 weeks after the first test. Because the Program
cannot guarantee that insurance will cover the full cost of the screening, be sure to
inform the patient of the charge for the Prenatal Screening Program. See page 23.

Clinician obligations for patients who have Prenatal Screening:
Report to the Genetic Disease Screening Program all cases of NTDs and/or
chromosomal abnormalities diagnosed before one year of age, including
stillborns.
Complete the Request for Pregnancy Outcome form which is sent to clinicians
regarding selected patients participating in the Program.

Clinician obligations for patients who have Screen Positive Results:
Verify all the patient data with the Prenatal Screening Coordinator within 1-3 days
of her/his call.
After a first trimester Screen Positive, offer the patient a referral to a State-
approved PDC or a second trimester blood test.
After a second trimester Screen Positive, offer a referral for follow-up at a State-
approved PDC.
Inform patients that follow-up diagnostic services are available at no additional
cost only at State-approved Prenatal Diagnosis Centers.

Patients rights: Since the Prenatal Screening Program is voluntary, patients have the
right to decline screening or diagnostic services at any time.

Documentation: Your patients decisions regarding screening and follow-up services
should always be thoroughly documented in the patients chart.
Provide the Program with patient insurance information to avoid
unnecessary patient billing.
2009 5

SERUM MARKERS used for prenatal screening

Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein A (PAPP-A)
PAPP-A is produced by both the embryo and placenta during pregnancy. PAPP-A
normally increases with gestation. This analyte is used for prenatal screening in the first
trimester. Low levels during the first trimester may be associated with fetal chromosomal
anomalies, including trisomies 13, 18, and 21.

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
Human chorionic gonadotropin is a hormone synthesized and secreted by the placenta.
Levels of Intact hCG are used in both the first and second trimester prenatal screening
tests. The levels rise rapidly in early pregnancy and then decline between the 10th and
the 20th week. Maternal serum levels may be higher in a pregnancy in which the fetus
has Down syndrome. The level of hCG is often lower than usual in a pregnancy with a
fetus affected with trisomy 18 or SLOS.

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
AFP is a protein produced mainly in the fetal liver and released into the fetal serum and
amniotic fluid. A small amount crosses the placenta and becomes measurable in the
maternal serum towards the end of the first trimester. Levels rise steadily through the
second trimester. This analyte is used for prenatal screening in the second trimester. In
most fetuses affected with open spina bifida, anencephaly, or an abdominal wall defect,
an increased amount of AFP enters the amniotic fluid and subsequently causes a higher
than usual level of AFP in the maternal serum. In contrast, maternal serum AFP may be
reduced in a pregnancy in which the fetus has Down syndrome, trisomy 18, or Smith-
Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS).

Inhibin (Dimeric Inhibin-A; DIA; INH)
Dimeric Inhibin-A is a protein produced by the ovaries and fetal placenta. Levels rise
during the first trimester, then decline after the 10th week of pregnancy and remain
stable between the 15th and 20th week. This analyte is used for prenatal screening in
the second trimester. Maternal levels of DIA, on average, are twice as high in
pregnancies affected by Down syndrome as in unaffected pregnancies.

Unconjugated estriol (uE3)
Unconjugated estriol is a hormone produced by the fetal adrenal glands, the fetal liver
and the placenta. Levels rise throughout normal pregnancy. This analyte is used for
prenatal screening in the second trimester. Maternal serum levels of uE3 may be lower
in a pregnancy in which the fetus has Down syndrome or trisomy 18. It is often very low
in a pregnancy with a fetus affected with SLOS. Since it is only stable for 10 days,
specimens in transit over 10 days will have no uE3 analytic values reported.
6 2009

NON-SERUM MARKERS used for prenatal screening

Nuchal Translucency (NT) Ultrasound
Nuchal translucency (NT) measurements have proven to be very valuable in
improving the detection of Down syndrome and Trisomy 18. When NT
measurements are added to serum analytes for screening, detection rates are higher
for Down syndrome and Trisomy 18.

The NT measurement generally increases with gestational age during the NT
screening window. The expected range for NT thickness during this time period
(11 weeks 2 days to 14 weeks 2 days) is 1.2 2.7 mm. NT measurements of
3.5 mm or greater are associated with an increased risk of chromosomal or other
abnormalities, even without serum markers.

NT Practitioners, credentialed by either the Nuchal Translucency Quality Review
Program (NTQR) or the Fetal Medicine Foundation (FMF) must register to participate
in the California Prenatal Screening Program. A current list of registered NT
Practitioners can be found on the Prenatal Screening Program website at
http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/pns .

MULTIPLE OF THE MEDIAN (MoM)

The concentrations of each serum marker change during the time window for
screening, as shown in Figure 1 on page 7. The Prenatal Screening Program has
established the median concentrations of PAPP-A and First Trimester hCG for
Californias pregnant population, for each day between 10 weeks 0 days and
13 weeks 6 days. The Program has also established medians for Second Trimester
hCG, AFP, uE3 and INH for each day between 15 weeks 0 days and 20 weeks
0 days gestation.

For each blood specimen received, the analytic value for every serum marker tested
is converted to a multiple of the median (MoM), based on the gestational age at
blood collection. The median level for each day equals a MoM of 1.00. For example,
an AFP result of 1.5 MoM means the patient has one and a half times the median
level of AFP; an hCG result of 0.30 MoM means the patient has 30% of the median
level of hCG. NT measurement values are also converted to MoMs.

The risk assessment for prenatal screening, resulting in Screen Positive and Screen
Negative results, is determined by the MoMs, not the initial analytic value of the
serum markers. This is why the correct gestational age at blood collection is so
important for prenatal screening.

The Prenatal Screening Program will only accept NT ultrasound
information from practitioners registered with the Genetic Disease
Screening Program of the California Department of Public Health.
2009 7
MARKERS used for different birth defects
Down Syndrome and Trisomy 18: The MoMs for PAPP-A, hCG, AFP, uE3, INH and NT
ultrasound measurements can be used in conjunction with the womans age and other
factors to calculate an individualized risk for Down syndrome and trisomy 18. A womans
age is an essential component of the risk analysis because it is an important predictor of
risk for these chromosomal abnormalities. See page 18 and Appendices C, G and H for
more information.
Open Neural Tube Defects/Abdominal Wall Defects: The level of maternal serum AFP is
used to calculate the AFP MoM. Risk assessment for NTD/AWD is based on the AFP
MoM, and whether the pregnancy has one fetus or twins. Some other conditions
associated with an elevated maternal serum AFP are mentioned on page 19. See
Appendices C and D for more information.
Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome: Measurements of the levels of AFP, hCG and uE3 are used
to calculate the risk of having a fetus with SLOS. The most important analyte for SLOS
detection is uE3; the patients age is not a factor in the risk calculation. See page 19 and
Appendix C for more information.
Figure 1. The Concentration of a Serum Marker varies by Gestational Age
Gestational Age in Weeks
1st Trimester
Screening Window
2nd Trimester
Screening Window
8 2009

PRIOR TO OFFERING prenatal screening

Important Questions: Clinicians should review a patients medical and family history to
determine if any of the following situations apply:
Does the patient have a history of:
Birth Defects
Genetic Disorders
Multiple Miscarriages
Teratogen Exposure
Suspected Fetal Anomaly
Insulin Dependent Diabetes?

Does the patient or her partner have a family history of birth defects or genetic
disorders? Are they known carriers of genetic traits such as Tay-Sachs, sickle cell
or cystic fibrosis?

Is there a history of an NTD in the patient, her partner, a sibling or half sibling
of the fetus, or two second degree relatives of the fetus?

Has the patient taken certain teratogens (one month prior to conception or
during the first trimester) for seizures or any other indication?
For example:
Carbamazepine (Tegretol, Carbatrol, Atretol),
Valproic Acid/Valproate/Divalproex (Depakene, Depakote)
Oxcarbazepine (Trileptal)
Note: This is not a complete list.
If any one of the answers is yes: She should be referred directly to a State-approved
Prenatal Diagnosis Center for genetic counseling to assess risk, and to discuss
screening versus diagnosis. This pre-test genetic counseling is not covered by the
Prenatal Screening Program. Many health plans and Medi-Cal cover genetic
counseling for these indications. The Prenatal Screening Program will pay for
diagnostic tests only if the Prenatal Screening result is Screen Positive.
Did the patient have amniocentesis? Do not order either a First or Second Trimester
Prenatal Screening test if the patient is scheduled for, or has already had, an
amniocentesis.
Did the patient have chorionic villus sampling (CVS)? When the patient has already
had or is scheduled for CVS, she can be offered screening for NTDs and SLOS in
the second trimester. On the Second Trimester Screening Form, the question Has
the patient had CVS? is asked. If the Yes box is checked, the Prenatal Screening
Program will report risk for NTDs and SLOS in the second trimester, but not for
chromosomal abnormalities.
Is the pregnancy the result of a donated ovum? If so, indicate this on the First and
Second Trimester Screening Form, including the age of the donor at time of
donation. Two Risk Assessments for Down syndrome and for trisomy 18 will be
calculated: one using the patients date of birth and the other using the donors age.
2009 9

SOME PREGNANCIES ARE NOT ELIGIBLE for screening

Fetal Reduction: Do not order Prenatal Screening. Women who have undergone
procedures to reduce the number of fetuses usually have very high serum AFP levels
and this prevents an accurate risk assessment. The effect of fetal reduction on PAPP-A,
hCG, INH and uE3 is unknown. If a blood specimen is submitted, the results are
considered invalid and no follow-up services are authorized.

Multiple gestation of 3 or more fetuses: Do not order Prenatal Screening. Women who
are carrying 3 or more fetuses (or the pregnancy started with 3 fetuses) usually have
very high serum AFP levels preventing an accurate risk assessment. The effect of
multiple fetuses on PAPP-A, hCG, INH and uE3 is unknown. If a blood specimen is
submitted, the results are considered invalid and no follow-up services are authorized.

Fetal demise:
A fetal loss > 8 weeks gestation (from 2 fetuses to one) makes this pregnancy
ineligible for screening at any gestation.
A fetal loss prior to 8 weeks gestation (from 2 fetuses to one) makes the
pregnancy ineligible for first trimester screening. The patient remains eligible for
second trimester screening.

TIMING for screening tests

First Trimester specimens are drawn between 10 weeks 0 days and
13 weeks 6 days.
Second Trimester specimens are drawn between 15 weeks 0 days and
20 weeks 0 days.
NT ultrasounds are done between 11 weeks 2 days and 14 weeks 2 days.

No risk assessment is provided for specimens collected before 10 weeks, after 20 weeks
or during the 14
th
week of gestation.

Important: Screening late in each time window may compromise a womans
ability to make choices about follow-up services and pregnancy options.

First Trimester Blood Draw Second Trimester Blood Draw
1.......9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 ...........40 weeks
Nuchal Translucency

Screening Time Line - Weeks of Pregnancy
10 2009

PREGNANCY DATING

Dating when NT CRL is available: Gestational age by NT CRL is the best dating method
for screening, if the NT ultrasound is done by a credentialed NT Practitioner registered
on the California Prenatal Screening Program website: www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/pns.
NT ultrasound results may be given to the Program in one of three ways:
Many of the approved NT practitioners have the ability to enter the NT and CRL
measurements directly into the Programs computer, if the blood specimen has
already been processed at the Screening Lab.
When there is no blood specimen yet, the NT Practitioner can put the NT
ultrasound information directly on the First Trimester Screening Form, if provided
by the referring clinician.
The NT Practitioner can send NT ultrasound results to the prenatal provider, who
must put the NT information on the First or Second Trimester Screening Form.
First Trimester Screening results require CRL and NT measurements.
Dating when ultrasound is available: If an NT ultrasound is not done, gestational age by
ultrasound dating is the next best dating method, preferably with dating by crown-rump
length (CRL) or biparietal diameter (BPD). Why use BPD for Prenatal Screening? In
other obstetrical contexts, multiple dating parameters may be more useful, but for
screening, BPD is useful because:
Studies show that fetuses with spina bifida often have smaller BPDs which result
in a higher AFP MoM. The use of BPD increases the detection of open spina
bifida by increasing the possibility that the AFP MoM will be over the cutoff of 2.5
MoM.
Fetuses affected with Down syndrome often have shorter femurs and other long
bones. Using femur length measurements instead of BPD could date the
pregnancy earlier, thereby reducing the detection of Down syndrome.
See Appendix E for a more detailed description of ultrasound dating advantages.
Dating with LMP: If no ultrasound dating is available, a reliable last menstrual period (LMP)
date can be used as a method of gestational dating for Prenatal Screening.
Exam dating: Exam dating is the least reliable dating for screening. It cannot be used with
First Trimester analytes for Serum Integrated Screening. If no other method is available,
Exam dating will be used for Second Trimester screening.
Corrections and updates to pregnancy dating: A woman will have different risk
estimates for Down syndrome and Trisomy 18 depending on whether NT CRL,
ultrasound, or LMP dating is used, even if the gestational ages are the same by all
methods. Re-dating an LMP-dated or physical exam-dated pregnancy by ultrasound or
NT CRL may significantly change a womans Down syndrome risk estimate, and the new
estimate provides a better risk assessment. If ultrasound dating information becomes
available after the Prenatal Screening sample has been submitted, clinicians are
encouraged to call the Prenatal Screening Coordinator (printed on all results mailers)
and request that the screening result be recalculated using the new dating.
Changes and corrections to pregnancy dating
(or other patient information) affecting prenatal screening results
will not be accepted by the Program after 24 weeks gestation.
2009 11

INFORMATION NECESSARY for an accurate result

Prenatal Screening Test Request Form: The Test Request Form is the primary source of
patient information used to interpret a patients screening test results. Clinicians are
responsible for the accuracy of all information on Prenatal Screening Test Request Forms.
A First or Second Prenatal Screening Test Request Form must accompany each blood
specimen. The cover page of the Form contains specific instructions for providing the
required information. Please read and follow the directions exactly. (A sample of each
Form is in Appendix J.)
Date of birth: A patients age is used to determine an individualized risk for carrying a fetus
with Down syndrome or trisomy 18.
Gestational age: The median level of each analyte changes each day during pregnancy. It is
important to choose the most accurate gestational dating method. NT CRL is the most accurate
dating, followed by ultrasound dating based on CRL or BPD.
Weight: Heavier pregnant women have lower median values while lighter pregnant women
have higher median values.
Race: Some races have different median values. For example: Black pregnant women have
higher medians for AFP. Asian and Hispanic pregnant women have higher medians for uE3.
Number of fetuses: The level of each analyte is usually increased with a multiple gestation.
Levels are approximately double for twins. However, since there are no established median
values for more than two fetuses, pregnancies with more than 2 fetuses are not eligible for
screening.
Diabetic status: The amount of maternal serum AFP is usually lower in diabetics who are
insulin dependent prior to and throughout pregnancy. This does not apply to gestational
diabetes with or without insulin.
Smoking status: If a patient smokes cigarettes, it will affect one or more of the analytes.
Matching specimens for Integrated Screening: First and second trimester results must be
combined to benefit from the improved detection rates of integrated screening. Data from
both First and Second Trimester forms are used for matching. It is important to enter the
First Trimester Screening Form number on the Second Trimester Screening Form. The
easiest method is to use the peel-off label provided on your (pink) copy of the First
Trimester Screening form. Affix the label or hand copy the First Trimester Screening
Form number onto Part A of the Second Trimester Screening Form.
Always include the following prenatal care provider information:
Name, Professional License Number or NPI,
Address & Zip Code, Phone and Fax Numbers.
Stamps are encouraged for this information if they are legible and efficiently correspond to
the fields on the forms. Since the Program uses some optical character recognition (OCR)
technology for data entry, it is essential that you order a stamp that fits the clinician
information area of the form. When you order your stamp, make sure that it fits the Test
Request Form.
Incomplete or inaccurate information can delay results
or cause an erroneous interpretation of results.
12 2009

BLOOD COLLECTION & SHIPPING

Blood collection kits, mailing supplies and First and Second Trimester Prenatal
Screening Test Forms are supplied by the Genetic Disease Screening Program at no
cost. See Appendix I for a description of Program supplies and materials.
Instructions are on the cover sheet of every First and Second Trimester
Screening Form.
Specimens should be mailed as soon as possible after collection. Specimens
held too long or delayed in transit over 10 days cannot be analyzed for uE3.
If unable to mail the specimen immediately, centrifuge and refrigerate until
mailed. Do not freeze specimens.
Unlabeled or mislabeled specimens will not be analyzed. Hemolyzed
specimens cannot be analyzed.
It is highly recommended that all specimens be centrifuged.
First trimester specimens MUST be centrifuged or they cannot be
analyzed.

PRENATAL SCREENING COORDINATORS

There are Prenatal Screening Coordinator offices throughout California. Each
clinician is assigned a Coordinator on the basis of zip code. The prenatal care
providers primary source of information regarding the Program is the Prenatal
Screening Coordinator. It is helpful to have a designated contact person in each
clinicians office or clinic for the Coordinator to call.
A Prenatal Screening Coordinator will call your office when there is missing or
incomplete information or to verify information for certain results such as positives,
specimens drawn too early or too late, or any other non-negative test result.
See Appendix B for a list of Prenatal Screening Coordinator offices.
Clinicians should call their Prenatal Screening Coordinator when:
NT ultrasound information is received from a credentialed NT practitioner and
is not on a First and/or Second Trimester Screening Form
New or corrected information (such as a new gestational age by ultrasound)
becomes available prior to 24 weeks gestation.
A result mailer has not been received by 10 days after blood collection
There are any questions or concerns regarding the Program or a specific
patients Prenatal Screening result
The office or clinic has a new clinician, address, phone or fax number

Your Coordinators phone number is included on every result mailer.
2009 13

INFORMING CLINICIAN of test results

Results for First and Second Trimester blood tests are communicated to the clinician
in two ways:
RESULT MAILER: Results are mailed after laboratory analysis is completed.
Clinicians typically receive printed results within 7-10 days of blood collection.
TELEPHONE CALL: A Prenatal Screening Coordinator calls the clinicians office
with all results, except Screen Negative, generally on the same day the results are
available, in order to verify information and facilitate redraws or referrals.
Other types of correspondence from the Program:

Erroneous or missing information may lead to an incorrect screening result!

Please verify the Prenatal Screening Results mailer, upon receipt, for correctness of
patient information. Please call the Prenatal Screening Coordinator with any questions
or to make any necessary corrections or changes.
If no results are received by 10 days after blood draw, call the
Prenatal Screening Coordinator!
Acknowledgement
Letter
Mailed to the clinician and to the patient for first trimester serum only (No NT
ultrasound information provided).
Reminder Letter
Mailed to the clinician if an expected second trimester specimen is not
received by 17 weeks 3 days gestation, when a first trimester specimen has
been received.
New Result Mailer
(Modified Mailer)
Mailed to the clinician whenever the patient information changes, since this
often modifies the MoM (multiple of the median) and may change the
interpretation. For example, if the clinician calls in an NT ultrasound
measurement when one was not previously reported, this will trigger a new
result mailer. A corrected blood collection date or date of birth can change a
result from Screen Positive to Screen Negative or vice versa.
Confirmation of
Contact
Mailed to the clinician to officially document verbal or fax communication
between the Prenatal Screening Coordinator and the clinician or his/her staff.
For example, the clinician agreed to a referral for prenatal diagnosis.
Patient Letter
Mailed to the patient three days after most result mailers are sent to the
clinician, except for Screen Negative results. This letter serves as a safety
net in case the clinicians office is unsuccessful in contacting a patient about
her result. The patient letter (in English and Spanish) instructs the patient to
call her prenatal provider concerning her Prenatal Screening result.
1
2
14 2009

INFORMING YOUR PATIENT of her blood test results

A health care professional should inform the patient of her test results, whether
Screen Negative or Screen Positive. Please be certain that office staff who discuss
screening with patients understand the scope and purpose of the Prenatal Screening
Program. Explaining the difference between screening and diagnosis before the
blood test helps patients to better understand their results.
Patients with a Screen Positive Result
Information to help your patient understand her result:
The Prenatal Screening test is a screening test, which gives the risk, or
chance of carrying an affected fetus. It is NOT a diagnostic test. It cannot
give a definite answer about whether the fetus has a birth defect.
A Screen Positive result does not mean that there is a problem, only that
there is an increased risk for a problem and additional diagnostic tests are
offered.
The most common outcome of a Screen Positive result is a normal baby.
Guidelines to help reduce anxiety:
Do not leave anxiety-producing news of Screen Positive results on a patients
answering machine.
Avoid calling Screen Positive results late on Friday or before holidays, unless
you have someone available to respond to questions.
Do not use the inappropriate term abnormal result. Instead, use Screen
Positive result.
Refer the patient to a genetic counselor at a State-approved Prenatal
Diagnosis Center to answer her questions and help her decide whether or not
to have diagnostic tests. Assure the patient that CVS or amniocentesis is
voluntary.
Inform the patient that there is no charge for authorized follow-up services at
a State-approved Prenatal Diagnosis Center. Insurance approval is not
required. Services include genetic counseling, ultrasound, and CVS or
amniocentesis if indicated.
Patients with Screen Negative Results
Information to help your patient understand her result:
A Screen Negative result means that the risk for these birth defects is low
enough that diagnostic tests are not offered or covered by the Program.
A Screen Negative result does not guarantee an absence of birth defects.
The First Trimester blood test + NT ultrasound screens for Down syndrome
and trisomy18 only. A second Trimester blood test must be submitted to
receive a refined integrated risk for Down syndrome and T18 and screening
for NTD and SLOS.
The Second Trimester blood test (Quad, Quad + NT, Serum Integrated or
Full Integrated) is a screening test for Down syndrome, trisomy 18, NTD and
SLOS.
The Prenatal Screening test only screens for certain birth defects. It is not a
test for all birth defects.
2009 15

RESULTS AND INTERPRETATIONS for screening tests

FIRST TRIMESTER RESULTS
Prenatal Screening
Results
Interpretation Action Authorized
1st Trimester
Serum-only specimen
(no valid NT).
No interpretation or
numerical risk
assessment. An
Acknowledgement letter
is sent to verify receipt
of the specimen.
In order to get a risk
assessment:
report valid NT and/or
draw 2
nd
trimester specimen
for Integrated Screening.
Preliminary risk
assessment
(Screen Negative)

1
st
T specimen + NT
This is called 1
st
T
Combined preliminary
risk assessment and
the risks for DS or T18
are below the cutoffs for
first trimester Screen
Positive.
Screening will not be
considered complete until a
2
nd
trimester specimen is
received.
Draw 2
nd
trimester specimen
for full Integrated Screening.
Screen Positive for
Down syndrome

1
st
T specimen + NT
1
st
T Combined case,
Increased risk for DS:
Risk is >1 in 100.

Refer patient to a State-
Approved Prenatal Diagnosis
Center (PDC) or draw a 2
nd
T
specimen for an Integrated
Screening result.
Screen Positive for
trisomy 18

1
st
T specimen + NT
1
st
T Combined case,
Increased risk for T18:
Risk is >1 in 50.

Center (PDC) or draw a 2
nd
T
specimen for an Integrated
Screening result.

SECOND TRIMESTER RESULTS
(Quad Marker, Quad + NT, Serum Integrated and Full Integrated Cases)
Prenatal Screening
Results
Screen Negative The risks for NTD, AWD,
DS, T18 or SLOS are
below the cutoffs for
second trimester Screen
Positive.
No follow-up authorized by the
Program. Do not draw another
specimen.
Screen Positive for
SLOS
Increased risk for SLOS:
Risk is >1 in 250.
Also called SCD
screening, to note risk of
SLOS, Congenital
anomalies or fetal
Demise.
Center (PDC).
16 2009

SECOND TRIMESTER RESULTS, contd
(Quad Marker, Quad + NT, Serum Integrated and Full Integrated Cases)
Prenatal Screening
Results
Screen Positive for
trisomy 18
Increased risk for T18:
Risk is >1 in 100.
Center (PDC).
Screen Positive for
Down syndrome,
for Quad Marker case
Risk is >1 in 150.
Center (PDC).
Screen Positive for
Down syndrome,
for Quad + NT,
Serum Integrated or
Full Integrated case
Risk is >1 in 200.
Center (PDC).
Screen Positive for NTD Increased risk for NTD or
AWD. Screening cutoffs:
>2.5 AFP MoM
(for single fetus)
or
>4.5 AFP MoM
(for twins)
Center (PDC).
Too early, High AFP

(Specimen drawn
between
14 weeks 0 days and
14 weeks 6 days.)
Increased risk for NTD or
>2.5 AFP MoM
(for single fetus)
or
>4.5 AFP MoM
(for twins)
Center (PDC), or draw another
2
nd
trimester specimen.
Too late, High AFP

(Specimen drawn
between
20 weeks 1 day and
21 weeks 0 days.)
Increased risk for NTD or
>2.5 AFP MoM
(for single fetus)
or
>4.5 AFP MoM
(for twins)
Center (PDC).
The cutoffs for Down syndrome screening, trisomy 18 screening and SLOS/SCD
screening are different because their receiver operator curves are different.
(A receiver operator curve relates detection rates to screen positive rates.)
Cutoffs are chosen for each screening test to maximize detection with reasonable
screen positive rates. See Appendix H for a summary of screen positive and
detection rates.
2009 17

RESULTS FOR INVALID SPECIMENS
Prenatal Screening
Results
1st Trimester, Too Early This result indicates that
the blood specimen was
drawn prior to 10 weeks
0 days of gestation.
Draw a 1
st
trimester
specimen between 10
weeks 0 days and 13 weeks
6 days of gestation and/or
draw 2
nd
trimester specimen
between 15 weeks 0 days
and 20 weeks 0 days.
2nd Trimester, Too Early 2
nd
trimester specimen
was drawn before
15 weeks 0 days.
Draw a 2
nd
trimester
specimen between
15 weeks 0 days and
20 weeks 0 days gestation.
2nd Trimester, Too Late 2
nd
trimester specimen
was drawn after 20 weeks
0 days of gestation.
None. Do not draw another
specimen.
Unexpected specimen This indicates that a
second specimen was
received after a valid
specimen for the same
trimester.
None. The results of an
unauthorized test in the
same trimester are not
statistically valid.
Inadequate specimen This indicates that the
blood specimen could
not be analyzed due to
hemolysis, incorrect
labeling, broken tube, 1
st

trimester specimen not
centrifuged, insufficient
quantity or no blood,
EDTA contamination, or
other reasons.
Draw another specimen in
the 1
st
and/or 2
nd
trimester.
Pregnancy not
screenable
Reasons include:
Fetal reduction
Fetal demise >8
weeks gestation
More than 2
fetuses
None. Only submit another
specimen if instructed by
your Coordinator.
Pregnancy not
screenable
(in the first trimester)
Fetal reduction <8 weeks
gestation. 1
st
trimester
specimen is not valid.
None. Only submit another
your Coordinator.
Values inconsistent with
pregnancy
This result indicates that
the analyte levels appear
to be inconsistent with
pregnancy.

The clinician is asked to
verify pregnancy status.
Only submit another
your Coordinator.
18 2009

EXPLANATION OF RESULTS

Screen Negative: No follow-up services authorized
Approximately 9 out of 10 women have Screen Negative results. This means that the
patients individual risk is low enough that diagnostic tests are not offered or covered
by the Prenatal Screening Program. No screening test can detect all birth defects
and there is still a chance that the fetus has a birth defect. Clinicians always have the
option of ordering diagnostic tests using other financial or insurance resources.
Screen Positive Down syndrome: Increased risk for T21
First Trimester + NT: The Prenatal Screening Program combines maternal age with
PAPP-A, hCG and NT MoMs to determine an individualized midtrimester risk for
Down syndrome. Screen Positive patients may have high hCG and low PAPP-A
levels, and/or high NT measurements. The Down syndrome risk is calculated for a
pregnancy with a single or twin gestation.
Second Trimester (Quad, Quad + NT, Serum Integrated or Full Integrated): The
Prenatal Screening Program combines maternal age and second trimester MoMs
(AFP, hCG, uE3, INH) with any available first trimester MoMs (PAPP-A, hCG, and/or
NT), to determine an individualized midtrimester risk for Down syndrome. Screen
Positive patients often have high hCG and Inhibin levels. The Down syndrome risk is
calculated for a pregnancy with a single or twin gestation. Please see Appendix H
for a summary of screen positive rates and detection rates.
A common reason for a Screen Positive result for Down syndrome screening is
overestimation of gestational age. Screen Positive results may also be associated
with other chromosomal syndromes or with normal variation of pregnancy markers.
Note: When a 2
nd
trimester specimen is delayed more than 10 days between blood
collection and analysis, there is no uE3 value reported due to the instability of the
analyte. In these cases, the Down syndrome risk is calculated without uE3, but with
all other available 1
st
and 2
nd
trimester analytes. Although the detection rate is slightly
less, the risk assessment is accurate and reliable.
Screen Positive Trisomy 18: Increased risk for T18
First Trimester + NT: The Prenatal Screening Program combines maternal age with
PAPP-A, and hCG to determine an individualized midtrimester risk for trisomy 18.
Screen Positive patients may have low hCG and PAPP-A levels, and/or high NT
measurements.
Second Trimester (Quad, Quad + NT, Serum Integrated or Full Integrated): The
Prenatal Screening Program combines maternal age and second trimester MoMs
(AFP, hCG, uE3, INH) with any available first trimester MoMs (PAPP-A, hCG, and/or
NT), to determine an individualized midtrimester risk for trisomy 18. Low levels of
any or all of the analytes may be associated with increased risk for trisomy 18. Very
early pregnancy, some other chromosomal syndromes, and normal variation may be
associated with these Screen Positive results. Please see Appendix H for a
summary of screen positive rates and detection rates.
Due to the potential for IUGR in a fetus with trisomy 18, redating the pregnancy is not
usually allowed because new ultrasound dating may not be accurate.
The T18 risk is only calculated for a pregnancy with a twin gestation when NT
information is available.
2009 19

Screen Positive NTD: Increased risk for an open NTD or AWD
The Prenatal Screening Program utilizes only the second trimester AFP analyte for this
risk assessment. A patient is classified as Screen Positive and at increased risk for a
fetus with an open NTD or AWD when the AFP value is elevated over the selected
cutoff, which is currently >2.5 MoM (multiple of the median) for a pregnancy with a single
fetus, or >4.5 MoM for a pregnancy with two fetuses.

Screen Positive rate
Among program participants, 1.00% are initially Screen Positive for NTD.

Detection rates
Among women who have Prenatal Screening and diagnostic services, the Program
identifies approximately:
97% of fetuses with anencephaly
80% with open spina bifida
85% of AWDs (gastroschisis and omphalocele)

Other reasons for this Screen Positive result are underestimation of gestational age,
multiple gestation, fetal demise, placental abnormalities, and normal variation.

Some apparently normal pregnancies have maternal serum AFP levels over the selected
cutoff of 2.50 MoMs. Elevation of AFP is frequently associated with a high risk
pregnancy even if no birth defect is found. An increased risk for low birth weight, preterm
delivery and fetal demise is associated with otherwise unexplained high midtrimester
maternal serum AFP values. See the Bibliography. Early identification of these high risk
pregnancies may facilitate better obstetrical management. The Prenatal Screening
Program does not cover costs associated with obstetrical management, additional
testing or treatment beyond prenatal diagnosis.

Screen Positive SLOS: Increased risk for SLOS (SCD)

The Prenatal Screening Program utilizes the second trimester analyte MoMs for AFP,
hCG and uE3 to determine an individualized risk for Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. The
most relevant finding is a very low uE3 value; AFP and hCG may also be low. The
patients age is not a factor in determining risk. A patient is classified as Screen Positive
when the risk is >1 in 250.

The most common findings with SLOS Screen Positive results are congenital anomalies
and fetal demise. That is why this is sometimes referred to as SCD screening, although
the numeric risk is for SLOS.

Among program participants, about 0.20% are Screen Positive for SLOS. The Program
identifies approximately 60% of the fetuses with SLOS assuming all Screen Positive
women receive amniocentesis.

No SLOS risk assessment can be calculated when there is more than one fetus.

20 2009

FOLLOW-UP DIAGNOSTIC SERVICES

Follow-up services authorized by the California Prenatal Screening Program are only
provided at State-approved Prenatal Diagnosis Centers (PDCs). See the program
website www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/pns for a current list of State-approved PDCs.
When follow-up services are authorized by the Program, the clinician is notified by a
Prenatal Screening Coordinator. The clinician should contact the patient and offer a
referral to a State-approved PDC for authorized services at no additional cost.
Authorized services for first trimester Screen Positive patients include genetic
counseling, CVS (<15 weeks) or ultrasound and amniocentesis (>15 weeks)
if indicated.
Authorized services for second trimester Screen Positive patients include
genetic counseling, ultrasound and amniocentesis if indicated. The referral
must be made as soon as possible in order to allow the patient access
to all available follow-up services and options.
Genetic Counseling
All patients receive counseling by a professional genetic counselor. The counseling
includes taking a family history, explanations of possible reasons for a Screen
Positive result, as well as the risks, limitations and benefits of diagnostic procedures.
Comprehensive Ultrasound
At State-approved PDCs, ultrasound examinations are performed by consultative
sonologists. The ultrasound exam meets ACOG
1
, AIUM
2
and ACR
3
standards. With
services after 15 weeks, a comprehensive survey of fetal anatomy is performed to
detect abnormalities associated with birth defects.

For cases without NT data, ultrasound information may indicate under- or over-
estimation of gestational age. However, prenatal screening cases with gestational
age dating by NT CRL, including second trimester cases, will not be redated after an
ultrasound.

For second trimester Screen Positive results, if the ultrasound indicates a gestational
age which changes the second trimester result, the Prenatal Screening Coordinator
is contacted by the PDC and then informs the clinician of the new result. A modified
result mailer is issued by the Program. If, after ultrasound, the new result changes to
Screen Negative or too late, no further services are authorized and the Coordinator
notifies the clinician. If the ultrasound indicates that the blood was drawn too early for
the second trimester, the clinician is asked to obtain another Prenatal Screening
blood test at 15-20 weeks gestation, if possible.
No follow-up services are authorized after 24 weeks gestation.
1
ACOG: American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology
2
AIUM: American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine
3
ACR: American College of Radiology
2009 21

Amniocentesis and CVS
If the ultrasound findings do not explain the second trimester Screen Positive results, or
the findings suggest a chromosomal disorder, open NTD, or AWD, amniocentesis is
usually offered to the patient. The amniotic fluid is used to determine fetal karyotype,
amniotic fluid AFP levels and the presence of acetylcholinesterase, if appropriate. If the
Prenatal Screening result is Screen Positive for SLOS, the amniotic fluid is also tested
for elevated levels of 7-DHC.

In the first trimester, NT CRL is the only dating method used for screening results. CVS
may be offered to the patient after first trimester Screen Positive results, depending on
the patients gestational age and the availability of CVS practitioners.

CVS or amniocentesis results are usually available within two weeks. The risk of
miscarriage associated with CVS or amniocentesis is less than 1% when performed at
State-approved PDCs.

If a birth defect is found
The professional staff at the PDC discusses with the patient the type of defect
found and how it may affect the fetus. Any available treatments are described.
Options for continuing or terminating the pregnancy are discussed. Information
is provided on support services for whatever decision the woman or couple
makes.

The costs of any services recommended or provided for pregnancy management
or termination are not covered by the Prenatal Screening Program.

See Appendix C for information about specific birth defects.
22 2009

REPORTING BIRTH DEFECTS

Mandatory reporting to the Genetic Disease Screening Program of a neural tube
defect (NTD) or a chromosomal abnormality is necessary to evaluate the
effectiveness of prenatal screening as well as to monitor the geographical and
racial/ethnic distributions of these birth defects. All cases of NTDs and chromosomal
abnormalities must be reported, even if the patient did not have Prenatal Screening
or if the screening result was negative.
Reporting NTDs
State regulations (CCR, Title 17, Section 6531) require the reporting of all cases of
the initial diagnosis of a NTD in a fetus or an infant less than one year of age. The
report should be made within 30 calendar days of the initial diagnosis on the form, A
Confidential Case Report of a NTD in a Fetus or an Infant Less than One Year of
Age, provided by the Genetic Disease Screening Program. Call a Prenatal Screening
Coordinator to ask questions or to get copies of the form. The form is also available
on the Programs web site at www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/pns.
One use of these reports is to inform women who had a previous pregnancy affected
by a NTD of the benefits of folic acid supplementation in reducing the chance of a
recurrence.
Reporting Chromosomal Disorders
State regulations (CCR, Title 17, Section 6532) require the reporting of all cases of
Down syndrome or other chromosomal defects in a fetus or an infant less than one
year of age. California cytogenetic laboratories are responsible for this reporting.
However, clinicians become responsible for this reporting if they send the
specimen to a laboratory outside of California.

The report should be made within 30 calendar days of the initial diagnosis on the
form, A Confidential Case Report of a Chromosomal Defect in a Fetus or an Infant
Less Than One Year of Age, provided by the Genetic Disease Screening
Program. Call a Prenatal Screening Coordinator to ask questions or to get
copies of the form. The form is also available on the Programs web site at
www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/pns.

Outcomes of Pregnancy
State regulations (CCR, Title 17 Section 6527) require prenatal care providers to
complete an Outcome of Pregnancy form for screened women who had a Screen
Positive result or who have a pregnancy with a multiple gestation. The form is
automatically mailed just after the patients due date to the clinician who ordered the
Prenatal Screening test. Clinicians should complete the form and return it to the
address listed on the form as soon as possible. Some outcomes are requested on
women who had Screen Negative test results in order to provide a comparison group
for adverse outcomes.
2009 23

COST/BILLING

Prenatal Screening Program Fee
The fee (March 2009) for the Prenatal Screening Program is $162. This fee covers
all blood tests (first and/or second trimester) plus authorized follow-up services at a
State-approved Prenatal Diagnosis Center.
The fee is the same regardless of the number of specimens submitted or the number
of analytes.
Blood drawing and handling fees are not covered by the Prenatal Screening Program
and will be charged to the patient or her insurance by the blood collection facility.
NT ultrasounds are not covered by the Prenatal Screening Program.

Insurance or Medi-Cal information
To avoid billing the patient unnecessarily, please enter the patients Medi-Cal
information on the First and/or Second Trimester Screening Form or submit a
copy of the patients Medi-Cal card or insurance card with the First and/or Second
Trimester Screening Form.

This will allow the Prenatal Screening Program to directly bill Medi-Cal or the patients
insurer.

If No Insurance or Medi-Cal Information is included with the specimen
If no Medi-Cal or insurance coverage information is provided with the specimen, the
Prenatal Screening Program will mail a bill and an insurance form to the patient. If the
patient has insurance and wants us to bill her insurance company directly, she will need
to fill out the insurance form and return it. Health insurance companies are required to
cover Prenatal Screening according to California law.

The Prenatal Screening Program will bill Medi-Cal directly if the Program receives a
Medi-Cal ID number or a Presumptive Eligibility number. If a Medi-Cal patient receives a
billing form from the Prenatal Screening Program, she should return the bill with her
current Medi-Cal number written on it.

Special Billing Codes
Special billing codes are available for prepaid health plans, correctional facilities, military
facilities, county health departments, and other facilities who do not want patients to
receive a bill directly. The organization obtaining the billing code is responsible for 100%
payment. A billing code can be obtained by calling the Prenatal Screening Program
accounting office at (866) 718-7915. The billing code must be entered on the Prenatal
Screening Test Form.

24 2009

NOTES

2009 25

APPENDICES

Appendix A:
Prenatal Screening Program Website

Appendix B:
Prenatal Screening Coordinator Offices

Appendix C:
Birth Defects Detected by the Cal ifornia Prenatal Screening Program

Appendix D:
Preventi on of Neural Tube Defects

Appendix E:
Ultrasound Dating and Down Syndrome Screening
(for women who dont have an NT ultrasound)

Appendix F:
Time Window for Blood Col lection
for First and Second Trimester Specimens

Appendix G:
Midtrimester Risk for Chromosome Abnormalities
by Maternal Age at Term

Appendix H:
Estimated Screen Positi ve Rates and Detection Rates
for Down syndrome and Trisomy 18

Appendix I:
Program Suppli es and Patient Educati on Materials

Appendix J:
First and Second Trimester Screening Forms

Appendix K:
Bibli ography

Appendix A

Information available through the Prenatal Screening Program
Website: www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/pns
____________________________________________________________________________________________

Program Information for Patients

Patient Education Booklet and Consent
English
Spanish
Chinese
Korean
Vietnamese

Information for Providers

Prenatal Care Provider Handbook

Supply Order Form 2009

Two-sided Program Summary for Clinical Staff

Two-sided Program Summary for Support Staff

Time Window for the Prenatal Screening
Program, First Trimester

Time Window for the Prenatal Screening
Program, Second Trimester

Resources

Prenatal Diagnosis Centers by County

List of Registered NT Practitioners

Form for Reporting a Neural Tube Defect

Form for Reporting a Chromosomal Defect

News, Hot Topics & Information

Announcement: California Expanded AFP Screening
Program Update January, 2009

Announcement: Regional Forums For Licensed
Clinicians on Prenatal Screening

Health Information

First Trimester

Screen Positive Increased Risk for T21
English
Spanish
Chinese
Korean
Vietnamese

English
Spanish
Chinese
Korean
Vietnamese

Second Trimester

English
Spanish
Chinese
Korean
Vietnamese

English
Spanish
Chinese
Korean
Vietnamese

Screen Positive Increased Risk for NTD
English
Spanish
Chinese
Korean
Vietnamese

Screen Positive Increased Risk for SLOS
English
Spanish
Chinese
Korean
Vietnamese

Appendix B

Prenatal Screening Coordinator Offices

Southern California Northern and Central California
Los Angeles County Northern California/Central Coast
(888) 330-9237 toll free (800) 559-5616 toll free
Fax: (323) 866-6755 (800) 428-4279 toll free
Fax: (916) 734-0637
(888) 844-9237 toll free
Fax: (323) 866-6789 (800) 391-8669 toll free
(877) 871-6467 toll free
(877) 567-9237 toll free Fax: (916) 734-0625
Fax: (323) 866-6796

Ventura and Santa Barbara Counties Central Valley
(877) 568-9237 toll free (800) 237-7466 toll free
Fax: (323) 866-6791 Fax: (559) 353-7215

Inyo, Mono, Orange, and San Bernardino
Counties

(877) 224-4373 toll free
Fax: (877) 757-5437 toll free

San Diego, Imperial and Riverside Counties
(866) 366-4408 toll free
Fax: (858) 822-1284

Kaiser Permanente (for So. Calif.) Kaiser Permanente (for No. Calif.)
(626) 564-3322 (510) 752-6190
Fax: (626) 564-3311 Fax: (510) 752-6800

A Prenatal Screening Coordinator office phone number is listed on all result mailers.
Call (866) 7187915 tollfree for questions.

Appendix C

Birth Defects Detected by the California Prenatal Screening Program
This brief description of birth defects is included for the use of providers and other personnel in
the prenatal care office or clinic.
Neural tube defects (NTD)
Neural tube defects (anencephaly, spina bifida and encephalocele) occur in about one in 1,000
pregnancies in California.* Some studies have shown that Hispanic women are at a slightly
higher risk than other ethnic or racial groups. Anencephaly and spina bifida account for
approximately 95% of neural tube defects, and encephaloceles make up the remaining 5%.
Most neural tube defects are isolated anomalies, but they may also occur in association with a
genetic syndrome such as Meckel-Gruber syndrome, or with chromosomal abnormalities such
as trisomy 18.
Approximately 95% of infants born with neural tube defects are born into families with no
previous history of NTDs. This is why the Prenatal Screening test is the best method for
detecting most open neural tube defects. Any couple with a family history of a neural tube defect
should be referred for genetic counseling.
Anencephaly is a defect in which the top of the neural tube fails to close and the brain does not
develop. Anencephaly is always fatal. Seventy-five percent of anencephalic fetuses are stillborn.
Twenty-five percent are live born but die within hours or days of birth.
Spina bifida (also called meningomyelocele) is a defect in which the neural tube fails to close
and a portion of the spinal cord and nerves fails to develop properly. Spina bifida varies in
severity depending upon the size and the position of the defect on the spine, whether it is
covered by skin, and the amount of nerve damage.
About 80-85% of infants with spina bifida have the more serious form of the condition, an
uncovered or open defect. Of these, about 8% are stillborn or die shortly after birth. At least
80% of those who survive to five years of age have a severe handicap (paralysis below the level
of the defect, and bowel and bladder incontinence). Many have learning disabilities. Ten to
fifteen percent have mental retardation due to associated anomalies of the brain. About 90%
develop hydrocephalus, which increases the likelihood of mental retardation if not treated.
Prenatal detection of spina bifida, with delivery at a tertiary care medical center, often improves
the outcome of these infants.
Note: Spina bifida occulta (a defect in a bone of the spine) is not usually considered a neural
tube defect. Call your Prenatal Screening Coordinator for more information.
An encephalocele is a sac, usually at the back of the skull, filled with spinal fluid and variable
amounts of brain tissue. It carries a high risk for severe neurological deficit and mental
retardation. Occasionally other anomalies such as kidney malformations, extra fingers or cleft
palate are associated with this neural tube defect. Such findings suggest an inherited genetic
disorder (such as Meckel-Gruber syndrome) or trisomy 13 and the couple should be referred for
genetic counseling.

Impoitant: Folic aciu uietaiy supplementation ieuuces the inciuence of neuial tube uefects.
Abdominal wall defects (AWD)
There are two types of abdominal wall defects: omphalocele and gastroschisis. These are often
referred to as ventral wall defects. Omphalocele is a protrusion of part of the intestine into the
umbilical cord through a defect in the abdominal wall. If the defect is large enough, other internal
organs such as the liver and bladder may also develop outside the body. Gastroschisis involves
protrusion of the abdominal organs through an opening to the right of the umbilical cord.
Frequencies have been reported in the literature as 1 in 4,000 live births for omphalocele and 1
in 10,000 live births for gastroschisis. In California, the rate for all abdominal wall defects is 1 in
2,500 live births.*
Omphalocele is associated with increased risk for trisomies 13 and 18. Therefore,
amniocentesis with chromosome studies is usually performed when ultrasound ndings reveal
an omphalocele. Gastroschisis, on the other hand, is rarely associated with a chromosomal
disorder although there may be other gastrointestinal problems. The severity of abdominal
wall defects is variable and many infants, especially those with no other anomaly, have a good
prognosis after neonatal surgery. Delivery at a tertiary care medical center often improves the
outcome of these infants.
Chromosomal abnormalities
Both trisomy 21 and trisomy 18 can often be
detected by prenatal screening. The risk of giving
birth to a baby with a chromosomal abnormality,
such as trisomy 21 or 18, increases with a
womans age. However, most babies with
these conditions are born to younger mothers
because younger women, as a group, have
more babies. For younger women, a prenatal
screening test is the best method for
detecting trisomy 21 and 18.
Appendix C
Down syndrome (trisomy 21)
the result of an extra chromosome #21,
occurs in approximately 1 in 700 births
in California*. The syndrome includes
physical characteristics such as short
stature, epicanthal folds, at nasal bridge,
and a single crease across the palm.
Everyone with this disorder is mentally
retarded, but the degree of retardation
varies. Most individuals are moderately
retarded. Approximately 40% also have
congenital heart defects. The life span of
individuals with Down syndrome varies and
is inuenced by the presence or absence
of congenital heart defects. Any couple with
a family history of Down syndrome (or any
other chromosomal abnormality) should be
referred for genetic counseling.
Total Births and Down Syndrome Births
by Maternal Age

Appendix C

Trisomy 18
Trisomy 18 involves an extra chromosome #18. It occurs in approximately 1 in 6,500 live births.
Approximately 70% of fetuses with trisomy 18 are miscarried before birth. For those who survive
to term, 90-95% will not reach their first birthday. Those surviving have severe mental
deficiencies and multiple anomalies including heart and kidney defects. Some have neural tube
defects and/or abdominal wall defects. Any couple with a family history of trisomy 18 (or any
other chromosomal abnormality) should be referred for genetic counseling.
SmithLemliOpitz syndrome (SLOS)
SLOS is an autosomal recessive genetic syndrome, caused by an inborn error of metabolism in
the cholesterol synthetic pathway. Affected individuals are deficient in the enzyme which is
responsible for the conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) to cholesterol in the last step of
cholesterol biosynthesis. Deficiency of this enzyme leads to elevation of the cholesterol
precursors, 7-DHC and 8-DHC, in addition to decreased levels of cholesterol.
Patients with SLOS have distinctive facial characteristics, physical anomalies, mental
retardation and growth retardation. Common malformations include cleft palate, polydactyly of
hands and/or feet, 2-3 syndactyly of the toes, and cataracts.
Many severely affected patients die either before birth or early in the neonatal period. Many of
the severely affected patients who survive the newborn period will require a gastrostomy tube
for feeding and may never walk or talk. Recurrent infections may also be a problem. Other
medical problems depend on whether there are other organ system anomalies present.
Patients with a mild to moderate biochemical defect have milder degrees of mental retardation
and may not have such significant problems with growth. Most of these patients do walk and
learn to communicate by speech, sign, or some combination of the two. Most patients do have
some distinctive facial characteristics. Mildly affected patients may have more subtle distinctive
facial characteristics, low muscle tone and mild cognitive delay. Most of these children generally
grow well and do not have significant medical problems.
The diagnosis of SLOS is made by demonstration of elevated levels of 7-DHC in the blood after
birth, or in amniotic fluid or chorionic villi prenatally. The estimated prevalence is approximately
1 in 100,000 births.
There is no treatment available at this time that will eliminate all of the problems that an
individual with SLOS has. Supplementation of the diet with cholesterol, either as a natural food
source (eggs) or as a medication using a crystalline form of cholesterol, has been shown to
improve growth and development in many patients treated and is a promising form of therapy.
Supplementation with cholesterol will most likely not eliminate the mental retardation.

* Source: California Birth Defects Monitoring Program
Appendix D

Prevention of Neural Tube Defects
All women of childbearing age:
Numerous published studies indicate that the incidence of neural tube defects is reduced in
women taking 0.4 mg of folic acid per day. The federal governments Centers for Disease
Control (CDC) and other organizations have, therefore, recommended that all women capable
of becoming pregnant consume 0.4 mg of folic acid each day, either through diet or vitamin
supplementation. A diet rich in folic acid includes leafy green vegetables, citrus fruits and juices,
beans, and fortified bread. Since it may be difficult to eat enough of these foods to supply 0.4
mg of folic acid, one recommendation is that all women of child bearing age take a multiple
vitamin with 0.4 mg (400 micrograms) of folic acid every day while fertile. Women should not
wait until pregnancy has been diagnosed to begin taking folic acid, since the neural tube
develops in the fetus during the first five weeks after conception.
From the available evidence, the CDC has estimated that as many as 50% of the cases of
neural tube defects could be prevented by following this recommendation.
Women who have had a previous pregnancy in which an abnormality such as spina
bifida, anencephaly or encephalocele was diagnosed:
The CDC has recommended that these women be counseled about the increased risk in future
pregnancies and informed that folic acid supplementation substantially reduces the risk for
neural tube defects in subsequent pregnancies. Without folate supplementation, there is an
approximate risk of 3% for a recurrence.
Unless contraindicated, these women should be advised to increase the dose to 4.0 mg per day
of folic acid beginning at least 4 weeks before conception and continuing through the first 3
months of pregnancy.
The 4.0 mg daily dose should be taken only under a physicians supervision. This folic acid dose
should be obtained from pills containing only folic acid. Multivitamin preparations containing folic
acid should not be used to obtain the 4.0 mg dose because this would cause a harmful
overdose of vitamins A and D. Clinicians should be aware that high doses of folic acid (over 1
mg) could complicate the diagnosis of B
12
deficiency. The high doses of folic acid may prevent
the anemia resulting from the B
12
deficiency, but the associated neurological damage could
continue.

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u
n
2
2

A
u
g
1
8

S
e
p
3
0

J
a
n
1
0

A
p
r
0
7

M
a
y
1
6

M
a
r
2
5

M
a
y
2
1

J
u
n
3
0

A
p
r
0
9

J
u
l
0
5

A
u
g
1
4

J
u
n
2
3

A
u
g
1
9

S
e
p
3
1

J
a
n
1
1

A
p
r
0
8

M
a
y
1
7

M
a
r
2
6

M
a
y
2
2

J
u
n
0
1

M
a
y
1
0

J
u
l
0
6

A
u
g
1
5

J
u
n
2
4

A
u
g
2
0

S
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p
0
1

F
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b
1
2

A
p
r
0
9

M
a
y
1
8

M
a
r
2
7

M
a
y
2
3

J
u
n
0
2

M
a
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1
1

J
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l
0
7

A
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g
1
6

J
u
n
2
5

A
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g
2
1

S
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p
0
2

F
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b
1
3

A
p
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1
0

M
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1
9

M
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r
2
8

M
a
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2
4

J
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n
0
3

M
a
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1
2

J
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l
0
8

A
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g
1
7

J
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n
2
6

A
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g
2
2

S
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p
0
3

F
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b
1
4

A
p
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1
1

M
a
y
2
0

M
a
r
2
9

M
a
y
2
5

J
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n
0
4

M
a
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1
3

J
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l
0
9

A
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g
1
8

J
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n
2
7

A
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g
2
3

S
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p
0
4

F
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b
1
5

A
p
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1
2

M
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2
1

M
a
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3
0

M
a
y
2
6

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n
0
5

M
a
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1
4

J
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l
1
0

A
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g
1
9

J
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n
2
8

A
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g
2
4

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p
0
5

F
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b
1
6

A
p
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1
3

M
a
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2
2

M
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3
1

M
a
y
2
7

J
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n
0
6

M
a
y
1
5

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l
1
1

A
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g
2
0

J
u
n
2
9

A
u
g
2
5

S
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p
0
6

F
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b
1
7

A
p
r
1
4

M
a
y
2
3

M
a
r
0
1

J
u
n
2
8

J
u
n
0
7

M
a
y
1
6

J
u
l
1
2

A
u
g
2
1

J
u
n
3
0

A
u
g
2
6

S
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p
0
7

F
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b
1
8

A
p
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1
5

M
a
y
2
4

M
a
r
0
2

J
u
n
2
9

J
u
n
0
8

M
a
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1
7

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l
1
3

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g
2
2

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n
3
1

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g
2
7

S
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p
0
8

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b
1
9

A
p
r
1
6

M
a
y
2
5

M
a
r
0
3

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n
3
0

J
u
n
0
9

M
a
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1
8

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l
1
4

A
u
g
2
3

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u
n
0
1

S
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p
2
8

S
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p
0
9

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b
2
0

A
p
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1
7

M
a
y
2
6

M
a
r
0
4

J
u
n
0
1

J
u
l
1
0

M
a
y
1
9

J
u
l
1
5

A
u
g
2
4

J
u
n
0
2

S
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p
2
9

S
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p
1
0

F
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b
2
1

A
p
r
1
8

M
a
y
2
7

M
a
r
0
5

J
u
n
0
2

J
u
l
1
1

M
a
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2
0

J
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l
1
6

A
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g
2
5

J
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n
0
3

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p
3
0

S
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p
1
1

F
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b
2
2

A
p
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1
9

M
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2
8

M
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0
6

J
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n
0
3

J
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l
1
2

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2
1

J
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1
7

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2
6

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0
4

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0
1

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1
2

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b
2
3

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2
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2
9

M
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0
7

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0
4

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1
3

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2
2

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1
8

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2
7

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0
5

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p
0
2

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1
3

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b
2
4

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2
1

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3
0

M
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r
0
8

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n
0
5

J
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l
1
4

M
a
y
2
3

J
u
l
1
9

A
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g
2
8

J
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n
0
6

S
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p
0
3

O
c
t
1
4

F
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b
2
5

A
p
r
2
2

M
a
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3
1

M
a
r
0
9

J
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n
0
6

J
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l
1
5

M
a
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2
4

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l
2
0

A
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g
2
9

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n
0
7

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p
0
4

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c
t
3
0

J
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n
0
8

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p
0
5

O
c
t
C
a
l
i
f
o
r
n
i
a

D
e
p
a
r
t
m
e
n
t

o
f

P
u
b
l
i
c

H
e
a
l
t
h
G
e
n
e
t
i
c

D
i
s
e
a
s
e

S
c
r
e
e
n
i
n
g

P
r
o
g
r
a
m
P
r
e
n
a
t
a
l

S
c
r
e
e
n
i
n
g

P
r
o
g
r
a
m
P
r
e
n
a
t
a
l

S
c
r
e
e
n
i
n
g

P
r
o
g
r
a
m

B
a
s
e
d

o
n

t
h
e

1
s
t

d
a
y

o
f

t
h
e

L
a
s
t

M
e
n
s
t
r
u
a
l

P
e
r
i
o
d

(
L
M
P
)
T
I
M
E

W
I
N
D
O
W

i
s

f
r
o
m

7
0
t
h

t
h
r
o
u
g
h

9
7
t
h

d
a
y
s

(
b
e
t
w
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e
n

1
0

w
e
e
k
s
,

0

d
a
y
s

a
n
d

1
3

w
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e
k
s
,

6

d
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s
)
F
o
r

u
s
e

d
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r
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n
g

3
6
5

d
a
y

y
e
a
r
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l
t
r
a
s
o
u
n
d

i
s

p
r
e
f
e
r
r
e
d

f
o
r

p
r
e
n
a
t
a
l
s
c
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e
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n
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g

p
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p
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s
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s
.

I
f

t
h
e
r
e

i
s

n
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u
l
t
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a
s
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n
d
d
a
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,

u
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e

t
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s

"
t
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w
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d
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c
h
a
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t

b
a
s
e
d

o
n

L
M
P
Appendix F

F
i
r
s
t

T
r
i
m
e
s
t
e
r

T
i
m
e

W
i
n
d
o
w
L
M
P
D
R
A
W

B
L
O
O
D
L
M
P
D
R
A
W

B
L
O
O
D
L
M
P
D
R
A
W

B
L
O
O
D
L
M
P
D
R
A
W

B
L
O
O
D
D
A
T
E
F
R
O
M
T
H
R
O
U
G
H
D
A
T
E
F
R
O
M
T
H
R
O
U
G
H
D
A
T
E
F
R
O
M
T
H
R
O
U
G
H
D
A
T
E
F
R
O
M
T
H
R
O
U
G
H
0
1

J
u
l
0
9

S
e
p
0
6

O
c
t
1
6

A
u
g
2
5

O
c
t
2
1

N
o
v
0
1

O
c
t
1
0

D
e
c
0
6

J
a
n
1
6

N
o
v
2
5

J
a
n
2
1

F
e
b
0
2

J
u
l
1
0

S
e
p
0
7

O
c
t
1
7

A
u
g
2
6

O
c
t
2
2

N
o
v
0
2

O
c
t
1
1

D
e
c
0
7

J
a
n
1
7

N
o
v
2
6

J
a
n
2
2

F
e
b
0
3

J
u
l
1
1

S
e
p
0
8

O
c
t
1
8

A
u
g
2
7

O
c
t
2
3

N
o
v
0
3

O
c
t
1
2

D
e
c
0
8

J
a
n
1
8

N
o
v
2
7

J
a
n
2
3

F
e
b
0
4

J
u
l
1
2

S
e
p
0
9

O
c
t
1
9

A
u
g
2
8

O
c
t
2
4

N
o
v
0
4

O
c
t
1
3

D
e
c
0
9

J
a
n
1
9

N
o
v
2
8

J
a
n
2
4

F
e
b
0
5

J
u
l
1
3

S
e
p
1
0

O
c
t
2
0

A
u
g
2
9

O
c
t
2
5

N
o
v
0
5

O
c
t
1
4

D
e
c
1
0

J
a
n
2
0

N
o
v
2
9

J
a
n
2
5

F
e
b
0
6

J
u
l
1
4

S
e
p
1
1

O
c
t
2
1

A
u
g
3
0

O
c
t
2
6

N
o
v
0
6

O
c
t
1
5

D
e
c
1
1

J
a
n
2
1

N
o
v
3
0

J
a
n
2
6

F
e
b
0
7

J
u
l
1
5

S
e
p
1
2

O
c
t
2
2

A
u
g
3
1

O
c
t
2
7

N
o
v
0
7

O
c
t
1
6

D
e
c
1
2

J
a
n
2
2

N
o
v
3
1

J
a
n
2
7

F
e
b
0
8

J
u
l
1
6

S
e
p
1
3

O
c
t
2
3

A
u
g
0
1

N
o
v
2
8

N
o
v
0
8

O
c
t
1
7

D
e
c
1
3

J
a
n
2
3

N
o
v
0
1

F
e
b
2
8

F
e
b
0
9

J
u
l
1
7

S
e
p
1
4

O
c
t
2
4

A
u
g
0
2

N
o
v
2
9

N
o
v
0
9

O
c
t
1
8

D
e
c
1
4

J
a
n
2
4

N
o
v
0
2

F
e
b
0
1

M
a
r
1
0

J
u
l
1
8

S
e
p
1
5

O
c
t
2
5

A
u
g
0
3

N
o
v
3
0

N
o
v
1
0

O
c
t
1
9

D
e
c
1
5

J
a
n
2
5

N
o
v
0
3

F
e
b
0
2

M
a
r
1
1

J
u
l
1
9

S
e
p
1
6

O
c
t
2
6

A
u
g
0
4

N
o
v
0
1

D
e
c
1
1

O
c
t
2
0

D
e
c
1
6

J
a
n
2
6

N
o
v
0
4

F
e
b
0
3

M
a
r
1
2

J
u
l
2
0

S
e
p
1
7

O
c
t
2
7

A
u
g
0
5

N
o
v
0
2

D
e
c
1
2

O
c
t
2
1

D
e
c
1
7

J
a
n
2
7

N
o
v
0
5

F
e
b
0
4

M
a
r
1
3

J
u
l
2
1

S
e
p
1
8

O
c
t
2
8

A
u
g
0
6

N
o
v
0
3

D
e
c
1
3

O
c
t
2
2

D
e
c
1
8

J
a
n
2
8

N
o
v
0
6

F
e
b
0
5

M
a
r
1
4

J
u
l
2
2

S
e
p
1
9

O
c
t
2
9

A
u
g
0
7

N
o
v
0
4

D
e
c
1
4

O
c
t
2
3

D
e
c
1
9

J
a
n
2
9

N
o
v
0
7

F
e
b
0
6

M
a
r
1
5

J
u
l
2
3

S
e
p
2
0

O
c
t
3
0

A
u
g
0
8

N
o
v
0
5

D
e
c
1
5

O
c
t
2
4

D
e
c
2
0

J
a
n
3
0

N
o
v
0
8

F
e
b
0
7

M
a
r
1
6

J
u
l
2
4

S
e
p
2
1

O
c
t
3
1

A
u
g
0
9

N
o
v
0
6

D
e
c
1
6

O
c
t
2
5

D
e
c
2
1

J
a
n
0
1

D
e
c
0
9

F
e
b
0
8

M
a
r
1
7

J
u
l
2
5

S
e
p
2
2

O
c
t
0
1

S
e
p
1
0

N
o
v
0
7

D
e
c
1
7

O
c
t
2
6

D
e
c
2
2

J
a
n
0
2

D
e
c
1
0

F
e
b
0
9

M
a
r
1
8

J
u
l
2
6

S
e
p
2
3

O
c
t
0
2

S
e
p
1
1

N
o
v
0
8

D
e
c
1
8

O
c
t
2
7

D
e
c
2
3

J
a
n
0
3

D
e
c
1
1

F
e
b
1
0

M
a
r
1
9

J
u
l
2
7

S
e
p
2
4

O
c
t
0
3

S
e
p
1
2

N
o
v
0
9

D
e
c
1
9

O
c
t
2
8

D
e
c
2
4

J
a
n
0
4

D
e
c
1
2

F
e
b
1
1

M
a
r
2
0

J
u
l
2
8

S
e
p
2
5

O
c
t
0
4

S
e
p
1
3

N
o
v
1
0

D
e
c
2
0

O
c
t
2
9

D
e
c
2
5

J
a
n
0
5

D
e
c
1
3

F
e
b
1
2

M
a
r
2
1

J
u
l
2
9

S
e
p
2
6

O
c
t
0
5

S
e
p
1
4

N
o
v
1
1

D
e
c
2
1

O
c
t
3
0

D
e
c
2
6

J
a
n
0
6

D
e
c
1
4

F
e
b
1
3

M
a
r
2
2

J
u
l
3
0

S
e
p
2
7

O
c
t
0
6

S
e
p
1
5

N
o
v
1
2

D
e
c
2
2

O
c
t
3
1

D
e
c
2
7

J
a
n
0
7

D
e
c
1
5

F
e
b
1
4

M
a
r
2
3

J
u
l
0
1

O
c
t
2
8

O
c
t
0
7

S
e
p
1
6

N
o
v
1
3

D
e
c
2
3

O
c
t
0
1

J
a
n
2
8

J
a
n
0
8

D
e
c
1
6

F
e
b
1
5

M
a
r
2
4

J
u
l
0
2

O
c
t
2
9

O
c
t
0
8

S
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p
1
7

N
o
v
1
4

D
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c
2
4

O
c
t
0
2

J
a
n
2
9

J
a
n
0
9

D
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c
1
7

F
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b
1
6

M
a
r
2
5

J
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l
0
3

O
c
t
3
0

O
c
t
0
9

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p
1
8

N
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v
1
5

D
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c
2
5

O
c
t
0
3

J
a
n
3
0

J
a
n
1
0

D
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c
1
8

F
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b
1
7

M
a
r
2
6

J
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l
0
4

O
c
t
3
1

O
c
t
1
0

S
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p
1
9

N
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v
1
6

D
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c
2
6

O
c
t
0
4

J
a
n
3
1

J
a
n
1
1

D
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c
1
9

F
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b
1
8

M
a
r
2
7

J
u
l
0
5

O
c
t
0
1

N
o
v
1
1

S
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p
2
0

N
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v
1
7

D
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c
2
7

O
c
t
0
5

J
a
n
0
1

F
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b
1
2

D
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c
2
0

F
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b
1
9

M
a
r
2
8

J
u
l
0
6

O
c
t
0
2

N
o
v
1
2

S
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p
2
1

N
o
v
1
8

D
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c
2
8

O
c
t
0
6

J
a
n
0
2

F
e
b
1
3

D
e
c
2
1

F
e
b
2
0

M
a
r
2
9

J
u
l
0
7

O
c
t
0
3

N
o
v
1
3

S
e
p
2
2

N
o
v
1
9

D
e
c
2
9

O
c
t
0
7

J
a
n
0
3

F
e
b
1
4

D
e
c
2
2

F
e
b
2
1

M
a
r
3
0

J
u
l
0
8

O
c
t
0
4

N
o
v
1
4

S
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p
2
3

N
o
v
2
0

D
e
c
3
0

O
c
t
0
8

J
a
n
0
4

F
e
b
1
5

D
e
c
2
3

F
e
b
2
2

M
a
r
3
1

J
u
l
0
9

O
c
t
0
5

N
o
v
1
5

S
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p
2
4

N
o
v
2
1

D
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c
3
1

O
c
t
0
9

J
a
n
0
5

F
e
b
1
6

D
e
c
2
4

F
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b
2
3

M
a
r
0
1

A
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g
1
0

O
c
t
0
6

N
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v
1
6

S
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p
2
5

N
o
v
2
2

D
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c
0
1

N
o
v
1
0

J
a
n
0
6

F
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b
1
7

D
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c
2
5

F
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b
2
4

M
a
r
0
2

A
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g
1
1

O
c
t
0
7

N
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v
1
7

S
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p
2
6

N
o
v
2
3

D
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c
0
2

N
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v
1
1

J
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n
0
7

F
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b
1
8

D
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c
2
6

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b
2
5

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0
3

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g
1
2

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t
0
8

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v
1
8

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p
2
7

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v
2
4

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c
0
3

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v
1
2

J
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0
8

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b
1
9

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c
2
7

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b
2
6

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0
4

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g
1
3

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0
9

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1
9

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2
8

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v
2
5

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c
0
4

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1
3

J
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0
9

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b
2
0

D
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c
2
8

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b
2
7

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0
5

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1
4

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1
0

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v
2
0

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p
2
9

N
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v
2
6

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c
0
5

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v
1
4

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1
0

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b
2
1

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c
0
1

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2
8

M
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0
6

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1
5

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1
1

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v
2
1

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p
3
0

N
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v
2
7

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c
0
6

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v
1
5

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n
1
1

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b
2
2

D
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c
0
2

M
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2
9

M
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r
0
7

A
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g
1
6

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t
1
2

N
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v
2
2

S
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p
0
1

D
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c
2
8

D
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c
0
7

N
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v
1
6

J
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n
1
2

F
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b
2
3

D
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c
0
3

M
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3
0

M
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r
0
8

A
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g
1
7

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t
1
3

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v
2
3

S
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p
0
2

D
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c
2
9

D
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c
0
8

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v
1
7

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1
3

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b
2
4

D
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c
0
4

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3
1

M
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0
9

A
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1
8

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t
1
4

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v
2
4

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p
0
3

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c
3
0

D
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c
0
9

N
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v
1
8

J
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n
1
4

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b
2
5

D
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c
0
5

M
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r
0
1

A
p
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1
0

A
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g
1
9

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t
1
5

N
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v
2
5

S
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p
0
4

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c
3
1

D
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c
1
0

N
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v
1
9

J
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n
1
5

F
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b
2
6

D
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c
0
6

M
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0
2

A
p
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1
1

A
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g
2
0

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1
6

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v
2
6

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p
0
5

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c
0
1

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1
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2
0

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1
6

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b
2
7

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c
0
7

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0
3

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1
2

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2
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1
7

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2
7

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0
6

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0
2

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1
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2
1

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1
7

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2
8

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0
8

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0
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1
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2
2

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1
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0
7

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0
3

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1
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2
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1
8

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2
9

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0
9

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0
5

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1
4

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2
3

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1
9

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2
9

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p
0
8

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c
0
4

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1
4

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v
2
3

J
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n
1
9

F
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b
3
0

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c
1
0

M
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r
0
6

A
p
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1
5

A
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g
2
4

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t
2
0

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v
3
0

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p
0
9

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c
0
5

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1
5

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v
2
4

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n
2
0

F
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b
3
1

D
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c
1
1

M
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0
7

A
p
r
C
a
l
i
f
o
r
n
i
a

D
e
p
a
r
t
m
e
n
t

o
f

P
u
b
l
i
c

H
e
a
l
t
h
G
e
n
e
t
i
c

D
i
s
e
a
s
e

S
c
r
e
e
n
i
n
g

P
r
o
g
r
a
m
P
r
e
n
a
t
a
l

S
c
r
e
e
n
i
n
g

P
r
o
g
r
a
m
P
r
e
n
a
t
a
l

S
c
r
e
e
n
i
n
g

P
r
o
g
r
a
m

B
a
s
e
d

o
n

t
h
e

1
s
t

d
a
y

o
f

t
h
e

L
a
s
t

M
e
n
s
t
r
u
a
l

P
e
r
i
o
d

(
L
M
P
)
T
I
M
E

W
I
N
D
O
W

i
s

f
r
o
m

7
0
t
h

t
h
r
o
u
g
h

9
7
t
h

d
a
y
s

(
b
e
t
w
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e
n

1
0

w
e
e
k
s
,

0

d
a
y
s

a
n
d

1
3

w
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e
k
s
,

6

d
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s
)
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u
s
e

d
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r
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g

3
6
5

d
a
y

y
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a
r
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l
t
r
a
s
o
u
n
d

i
s

p
r
e
f
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r
r
e
d

f
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p
r
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n
a
t
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c
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p
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p
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e
s
.

I
f

t
h
e
r
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i
s

n
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u
l
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a
s
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n
d
d
a
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,

u
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t
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s

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t
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w
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d
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c
h
a
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t

b
a
s
e
d

o
n

L
M
P
Appendix F

F
i
r
s
t

T
r
i
m
e
s
t
e
r

T
i
m
e

W
i
n
d
o
w
L
M
P
D
R
A
W

B
L
O
O
D
L
M
P
D
R
A
W

B
L
O
O
D
L
M
P
D
R
A
W

B
L
O
O
D
L
M
P
D
R
A
W

B
L
O
O
D
D
A
T
E
F
R
O
M
T
H
R
O
U
G
H
D
A
T
E
F
R
O
M
T
H
R
O
U
G
H
D
A
T
E
F
R
O
M
T
H
R
O
U
G
H
D
A
T
E
F
R
O
M
T
H
R
O
U
G
H
0
1

J
a
n
1
6

A
p
r
2
1

M
a
y
1
5

F
e
b
3
1

M
a
y
0
5

J
u
l
0
1

A
p
r
1
5

J
u
l
1
9

A
u
g
1
6

M
a
y
2
9

A
u
g
0
3

O
c
t
0
2

J
a
n
1
7

A
p
r
2
2

M
a
y
1
6

F
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b
0
1

J
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n
0
6

J
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l
0
2

A
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1
6

J
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l
2
0

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1
7

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y
3
0

A
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g
0
4

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t
0
3

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n
1
8

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p
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2
3

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y
1
7

F
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b
0
2

J
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n
0
7

J
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l
0
3

A
p
r
1
7

J
u
l
2
1

A
u
g
1
8

M
a
y
3
1

A
u
g
0
5

O
c
t
0
4

J
a
n
1
9

A
p
r
2
4

M
a
y
1
8

F
e
b
0
3

J
u
n
0
8

J
u
l
0
4

A
p
r
1
8

J
u
l
2
2

A
u
g
1
9

M
a
y
0
1

S
e
p
0
6

O
c
t
0
5

J
a
n
2
0

A
p
r
2
5

M
a
y
1
9

F
e
b
0
4

J
u
n
0
9

J
u
l
0
5

A
p
r
1
9

J
u
l
2
3

A
u
g
2
0

M
a
y
0
2

S
e
p
0
7

O
c
t
0
6

J
a
n
2
1

A
p
r
2
6

M
a
y
2
0

F
e
b
0
5

J
u
n
1
0

J
u
l
0
6

A
p
r
2
0

J
u
l
2
4

A
u
g
2
1

M
a
y
0
3

S
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p
0
8

O
c
t
0
7

J
a
n
2
2

A
p
r
2
7

M
a
y
2
1

F
e
b
0
6

J
u
n
1
1

J
u
l
0
7

A
p
r
2
1

J
u
l
2
5

A
u
g
2
2

M
a
y
0
4

S
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p
0
9

O
c
t
0
8

J
a
n
2
3

A
p
r
2
8

M
a
y
2
2

F
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b
0
7

J
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n
1
2

J
u
l
0
8

A
p
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2
2

J
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l
2
6

A
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g
2
3

M
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0
5

S
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p
1
0

O
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t
0
9

J
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n
2
4

A
p
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2
9

M
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2
3

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b
0
8

J
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n
1
3

J
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l
0
9

A
p
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2
3

J
u
l
2
7

A
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g
2
4

M
a
y
0
6

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p
1
1

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t
1
0

J
a
n
2
5

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p
r
3
0

M
a
y
2
4

F
e
b
0
9

J
u
n
1
4

J
u
l
1
0

A
p
r
2
4

J
u
l
2
8

A
u
g
2
5

M
a
y
0
7

S
e
p
1
2

O
c
t
1
1

J
a
n
2
6

A
p
r
3
1

M
a
y
2
5

F
e
b
1
0

J
u
n
1
5

J
u
l
1
1

A
p
r
2
5

J
u
l
2
9

A
u
g
2
6

M
a
y
0
8

S
e
p
1
3

O
c
t
1
2

J
a
n
2
7

A
p
r
0
1

J
u
n
2
6

F
e
b
1
1

J
u
n
1
6

J
u
l
1
2

A
p
r
2
6

J
u
l
3
0

A
u
g
2
7

M
a
y
0
9

S
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D
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o
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d
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t
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P
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(
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P
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1
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2
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p
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p
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c
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b
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L
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Appendix F

S
e
c
o
n
d

T
r
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m
e
s
t
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r

T
i
m
e

W
i
n
d
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w
L
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P
D
R
A
W

B
L
O
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D
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D
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B
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O
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L
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D
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A
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B
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D
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B
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D
D
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F
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G
H
D
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F
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0
1

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1
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1
8

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1
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2
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3

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Appendix H
Prenatal Screening for Trisomy 18
Estimated Positive Rates and Detection Rates (by maternal age at term)
(Full) Integrated
Age
Positive
Rate
Detection
Rate
Positive
Rate
Detection
Rate
Positive
Rate
Detection
Rate
Positive
Rate
Detection
Rate
18 0.08% 50% 0.06% 74% <0.1% 28% 0.08% 68%
19 0.12% 50% 0.07% 74% <0.1% 29% 0.05% 68%
20 0.07% 51% 0.06% 74% <0.1% 29% 0.10% 68%
21 0.08% 51% 0.08% 74% <0.1% 29% 0.07% 68%
22 0.05% 51% 0.07% 74% <0.1% 29% 0.08% 69%
23 0.10% 51% 0.08% 75% <0.1% 29% 0.06% 69%
24 0.10% 51% 0.10% 75% <0.1% 30% 0.10% 69%
25 0.10% 52% 0.10% 75% <0.1% 30% 0.09% 70%
26 0.11% 52% 0.08% 75% <0.1% 30% 0.07% 71%
27 0.06% 53% 0.09% 76% <0.1% 30% 0.09% 71%
28 0.10% 53% 0.09% 75% 0.05% 32% 0.10% 71%
29 0.12% 55% 0.09% 77% 0.10% 33% 0.07% 73%
30 0.13% 55% 0.10% 78% 0.07% 36% 0.19% 74%
31 0.16% 56% 0.12% 78% 0.08% 38% 0.21% 76%
32 0.20% 58% 0.14% 80% 0.11% 40% 0.22% 77%
33 0.30% 62% 0.18% 81% 0.12% 43% 0.25% 79%
34 0.37% 63% 0.31% 83% 0.16% 48% 0.27% 82%
35 0.36% 67% 0.35% 85% 0.23% 57% 0.51% 84%
36 0.78% 69% 0.37% 86% 0.39% 61% 0.81% 86%
37 0.97% 73% 0.65% 88% 0.45% 66% 0.95% 89%
38 1.39% 75% 0.84% 90% 0.72% 70% 1.27% 91%
39 1.70% 78% 1.12% 91% 1.13% 74% 1.92% 92%
40 2.44% 79% 1.27% 92% 1.40% 77% 2.29% 93%
41 2.90% 81% 1.62% 93% 1.65% 79% 2.78% 94%
42 3.94% 83% 1.80% 94% 2.77% 81% 4.12% 95%
43 4.45% 83% 2.17% 95% 2.84% 83% 4.17% 95%
44 5.12% 85% 2.33% 95% 3.78% 84% 5.15% 96%
45 5.89% 85% 2.49% 95% 4.15% 85% 5.54% 96%
46 5.43% 86% 3.07% 95% 4.50% 86% 6.07% 96%
47 6.07% 86% 3.12% 95% 4.75% 86% 6.50% 97%
48 7.24% 87% 3.05% 96% 4.77% 87% 6.62% 97%
49 7.24% 86% 2.95% 96% 5.03% 87% 6.82% 97%
50 7.24% 87% 3.13% 95% 5.06% 87% 6.70% 97%
< 35 0.13% 55% 0.11% 75% 0.05% 36% 0.12% 76%
>=35 1.38% 77% 0.80% 91% 0.82% 72% 1.41% 91%
All Ages 0.31% 67% 0.21% 79% 0.16% 59% 0.31% 81%
(*) Second Trimester rates assume patients with positive results in first trimester accept referral
and all patients with preliminary (negative) risk assessments return for second trimester screening
First Trimester
Total after
Second Trimester(*) Quad Serum Integrated

Appendix

H
Prenatal Screening for Down Syndrome
Estimated Positive Rates and Detection Rates (by maternal age at term)
Age
Positive
Rate
Detection
Rate
Positive
Rate
Detection
Rate
Positive
Rate
Detection
Rate
Positive
Rate
Detection
Rate
18 2% 61% 2% 71% 1% 55% 2% 81%
19 2% 61% 2% 72% 1% 55% 2% 81%
20 2% 61% 2% 73% 1% 55% 2% 81%
21 2% 61% 2% 72% 1% 55% 2% 81%
22 2% 62% 2% 72% 1% 55% 2% 81%
23 2% 62% 2% 72% 1% 55% 2% 81%
24 2% 62% 2% 73% 1% 56% 2% 81%
25 2% 63% 2% 73% 1% 57% 2% 82%
26 2% 63% 2% 73% 1% 58% 2% 83%
27 2% 64% 2% 74% 1% 58% 2% 83%
28 2% 65% 3% 74% 1% 59% 3% 83%
29 3% 67% 3% 76% 1% 61% 3% 84%
30 3% 68% 3% 77% 1% 61% 3% 84%
31 3% 69% 4% 78% 2% 64% 4% 86%
32 4% 72% 4% 80% 2% 66% 4% 87%
33 5% 74% 5% 82% 3% 69% 5% 88%
34 7% 78% 6% 84% 3% 72% 6% 89%
35 8% 81% 7% 86% 5% 75% 8% 91%
36 10% 84% 10% 88% 6% 79% 9% 92%
37 12% 86% 12% 90% 8% 81% 12% 93%
38 16% 89% 15% 92% 10% 84% 14% 94%
39 19% 91% 18% 94% 13% 86% 18% 94%
40 23% 93% 21% 94% 16% 89% 21% 96%
41 26% 94% 25% 95% 20% 90% 25% 96%
42 29% 95% 28% 96% 22% 92% 27% 97%
43 32% 95% 31% 96% 26% 93% 31% 97%
44 34% 96% 33% 97% 28% 94% 33% 97%
45 37% 96% 35% 97% 30% 94% 36% 97%
46 38% 97% 37% 97% 32% 94% 38% 98%
47 40% 97% 39% 98% 35% 95% 39% 98%
48 41% 97% 40% 98% 35% 95% 40% 98%
49 42% 97% 40% 98% 36% 95% 41% 98%
50 43% 97% 41% 98% 37% 95% 42% 98%
< 35 3% 68% 3% 77% 1% 62% 3% 85%
>=35 15% 90% 14% 93% 10% 86% 14% 94%
All Ages 4.5% 80% 4.5% 85% 2.5% 75% 4.5% 90%
(*) Second Trimester rates assume patients with positive results in first trimester accept referral
and all patients with preliminary (negative) risk assessments return for second trimester screening
(Full) Integrated
First Trimester
Total after
Second Trimester(*) Quad Serum Integrated
Appendix I

Program Supplies and Patient Education Materials

The following materials are available free of charge. Call (866) 718-7915 toll free to order.

Program Supplies

First Trimester Test Forms Test Request Forms for drawing blood from10 weeks 0 days to
13 weeks 6 days.

Second Trimester Test Forms Test Request Forms, for drawing blood from 15 weeks 0 days to
20 weeks 0 days.

Blood Shipping Kits each kit contains one serum separator tube, one tray, one absorbent pouch, and
one box to mail the blood specimen. The kits meet the shipping requirements of the U.S. Postal Service.

Tubes 3.5ml Beckton-Dickinson serum separator tubes with a yellow hemoguard. These tubes must be
used for the Prenatal Screening Program. No other tubes are allowed.

All Prenatal Screening Program supplies are the property of the State of California. Other use is
strictly prohibited.

Patient Education Materials

Patient Booklet The California Prenatal Screening Program.
This booklet describes the Prenatal Screening Program, its purpose and cost. It also contains the
consent form. It is available in English, Spanish, Chinese, Vietnamese, and Korean.

Important Information for Parents About the Newborn Screening Test
Provides a description of the Newborn Screening Tests. (Required by State law for prospective parents.)

Folate Pamphlet Folic Acid: Every Woman, Every Day.
This brochure informs women about the benefits of folic acid particularly in preventing birth defects. It is
available in English and Spanish.

Prenatal Diagnosis of Birth Defects
This brochure describes genetic counseling, ultrasound, amniocentesis, and CVS. It provides a checklist
for women to use to see whether prenatal diagnosis may be recommended for them in this pregnancy. It
is available in English, Spanish, and Chinese.

Screen Positive Booklets
These booklets are only for women with Screen Positive Prenatal Screening blood test results. They are
given to women receiving follow-up services at a State-Approved Prenatal Diagnosis Center (PDC).
For first trimester Screen Positive results, there are separate booklets for trisomy 21 and for
trisomy 18, in English and Spanish. Electronic copies for Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese are
available on the Prenatal Screening Program website.
For second trimester Screen Positive results, there are separate booklets each for trisomy 21,
trisomy 18, SLOS, and neural tube defects (NTD), in English and Spanish. Electronic copies for
Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese are available on the Prenatal Screening Program website.

These and other Program materials, including Supplies Order Forms, are available on the Program
website: www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/pns.
C I T Y S T Z I P
OR
Signature of Patient/Insured/Authorized Person Date

1. PATIENT INFORMATION
2. RACE/ETHNICITY (mark all races that apply)
5. CLINICIAN TO BE NOTIFIED OF PATIENT'S RESULTS
PART A:
FIRST TRIMESTER
SCREENING
10 WEEKS 0 DAYS TO 13 WEEKS 6 DAYS
BIRTH
DATE
OTHER
UNKNOWN
WHITE
BLACK
HISPANIC/LATINA
JAPANESE
KOREAN
GUAMANIAN
SAMOAN
FILIPINO
VIETNAMESE
CAMBODIAN
LAOS
OTHER SOUTHEAST ASIAN
MIDDLE EASTERN
INDIAN SUBCONTINENT
ULTRASOUND
DATE PERFORMED
UTERINE SIZE
IN WEEKS
GESTATIONAL AGE ON
DATE OF ULTRASOUND
LMP - FIRST DAY OF LAST

NORMAL MENSTRUAL PERIOD
DATE OF MOST RECENT
PHYSICAL EXAM
Years
If yes, age of donor at
time of donation.
NT PRACTITIONER CRED #
NT EXAM DATE
NT SUPERVISOR CRED #
NT SITE CODE
CRL (FETUS A)
CRL (FETUS B)
NT (FETUS A)
OR
C
D
P
H

4
0
9
2

(
5
/
0
8
)
I authorize the release of any medical or other information necessary to process an insurance claim and assign
payment of medical benefits to the California Department of Public Health, Genetic Disease Screening Program for
services rendered. I understand and agree that I am ultimately responsible for payment.
X
A
D
D
R
E
S
S
O
G
R
A
P
H
3. BILLING INFORMATION
6. PREGNANCY DATING: ULTRASOUND PREFERRED. IF NO ULTRASOUND, PROVIDE EITHER LMP OR EXAM (not both).
12. NUCHAL TRANSLUCENCY INFORMATION (if NT done)
13. PATIENT CONSENT FROM BOOKLET:
4. PATIENT'S/AUTHORIZED PERSON'S SIGNATURE FOR INSURANCE OR MEDI-CAL BILLING
AND
1 (ONE) 2 (TWINS) (UNKNOWN) YES NO
7. NUMBER OF FETUSES IN THIS PREGNANCY
10. WAS THERE AN OVUM DONOR FOR THIS PREGNANCY?
8. PATIENT'S MOST RECENT WEIGHT 9. IS PATIENT INSULIN-DEPENDENT DIABETIC (prior to pregnancy)?
YES NO YES NO
TWIN PREGNANCY?
YES NO
IF TWINS, WHAT IS CHORIONICITY?
MONOCHORIONIC
DICHORIONIC
UNABLE TO DETERMINE
PART B: MUST BE COMPLETED AT TIME OF SPECIMEN COLLECTION. SEE COVER FOR
COLLECTION AND MAILING INSTRUCTIONS.
COLLECTION DATE IS MANDATORY!
BLOOD SPECIMEN COLLECTED ON:
TELEPHONE
COLLECTOR'S
INITIALS
NT (FETUS B)
FILL IN BOX IF UNABLE
TO MEASURE CRL
TO MEASURE NT
FACILITY WHERE BLOOD COLLECTED
CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH
CALIFORNIA PRENATAL SCREENING PROGRAM
(866) 718-7915 Toll Free
L F I R S T A S T N A M E
L A S T N A M E
N AME
F I R S T N AME
N AM MA I D E N E
MM D D Y Y S S N
S T R E E T A D D R E S S
S T R E E T A D D R E S S
A P T
S U I T E
ME D I C A L R E COR D # C I T Y S T Z I P
P HO N E
P HO
F A X
N E E X T
N P I # L I C E N S E #
F A C I L I T Y N AME
MM D D Y Y
OR
MONTH DAY YEAR MONTH DAY YEAR MONTH DAY YEAR WEEKS WEEKS DAYS DECIMAL WEEKS
LBS KILOS
11. HAS PATIENT SMOKED CIGARETTES IN THE LAST 7 DAYS?
MM D D Y Y
MM D D Y Y MM D D Y Y MM D D Y Y
P HO NE
NATIVE AMERICAN
HAWAIIAN
CHINESE
PLEASE WRITE CLEARLY. USE CAPITAL LETTERS.
14. THIS FORM COMPLETED BY (please print name)
MAIDEN
NAME
FIRST
NAME
LAST
NAME
ADDRESS
MEDICAL
REC. NO.
SSN
PHONE
NUMBER
FAX
PHONE
NUMBER FACILITY
ADDRESS
LAST
NAME
FIRST
NAME
FIRST TRIMESTER SCREENING (10 WEEKS 0 DAYS-13 WEEKS 6 DAYS)
DISTRIBUTION: WHITE ORIGINAL MUST ACCOMPANY SPECIMEN.
ENCLOSE A COPY OF INSURANCE CARD OR PROVIDE MEDI-CAL NUMBER IN #3 ABOVE TO ALLOW CORRECT BILLING.
PATIENTS MEDI-CAL #, BIC, OR PE #
PNS BILLING CODE
ACCESSION LABEL
FOR STATE LAB USE ONLY
DO NOT COVER
mm
mm
mm
mm
IF PATIENT MARKED I DECLINE THE USE OF MY SPECIMEN FOR RESEARCH ON THE CONSENT FORM, FILL IN THE BOX AT RIGHT. PATIENT DECLINED RESEARCH
Appendix J
OR
2. PATIENT INFORMATION
3. RACE/ETHNICITY (mark all races that apply)
PART A:
SECOND TRIMESTER
SCREENING
15 WEEKS 0 DAYS TO 20 WEEKS 0 DAYS
ACCESSION LABEL
FOR STATE LAB USE ONLY
DO NOT COVER
BIRTH
DATE
ULTRASOUND
DATE PERFORMED
UTERINE SIZE
IN WEEKS
GESTATIONAL AGE ON
DATE OF ULTRASOUND
LMP - FIRST DAY OF LAST

NORMAL MENSTRUAL PERIOD
DATE OF MOST RECENT
PHYSICAL EXAM
Years
If yes, age of donor at
time of donation.
NT PRACTITIONER CRED #
NT EXAM DATE
NT SUPERVISOR CRED #
NT SITE CODE
CRL (FETUS A)
CRL (FETUS B)
NT (FETUS A)
OR
C
D
P
H

4
0
9
1

(
5
/
0
8
)
12. HAS PATIENT SMOKED CIGARETTES IN LAST 7 DAYS?
A
D
D
R
E
S
S
O
G
R
A
P
H
7. PREGNANCY DATING: ULTRASOUND PREFERRED. IF NO ULTRASOUND, PROVIDE EITHER LMP OR EXAM (not both).
14. NUCHAL TRANSLUCENCY INFORMATION (if NT done)
15. PATIENT CONSENT FROM BOOKLET:
AND
1(ONE) 2 (TWINS) (UNKNOWN) YES NO
8. NUMBER OF FETUSES IN THIS PREGNANCY
11. WAS THERE AN OVUM DONOR FOR THIS PREGNANCY?
9. PATIENT'S MOST RECENT WEIGHT 10. IS PATIENT INSULIN-DEPENDENT DIABETIC (prior to pregnancy)?
YES NO YES NO YES NO
TWIN PREGNANCY?
YES NO
IF TWINS, WHAT IS CHORIONICITY?
MONOCHORIONIC
DICHORIONIC
UNABLE TO DETERMINE
NT (FETUS B)
TO MEASURE CRL
TO MEASURE NT
1. IF 1ST TRIMESTER SPECIMEN DRAWN,
ENTER FORM # OR APPLY LABEL
FROM PINK PAGE OF 1ST TRI FORM.
CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH
CALIFORNIA PRENATAL SCREENING PROGRAM
(866) 718-7915 Toll Free
L F I R S T A S T N AME N A M E N AM MA I D E N E
MM D D Y Y S S N
S T R E E T A D D R E S S A P T
ME D I C A L R E C O R D # C I T Y S T Z I P
P HO N E
MONTH DAY YEAR MONTH DAY YEAR MONTH DAY YEAR WEEKS WEEKS DAYS DECIMAL WEEKS
LBS KILOS
13. HAS PATIENT HAD CVS?
MM D D Y Y
MM D D Y Y MM D D Y Y MM D D Y Y
PLEASE WRITE CLEARLY. USE CAPITAL LETTERS.
16. THIS FORM COMPLETED BY (please print name)
MAIDEN
NAME
FIRST
NAME
LAST
NAME
ADDRESS
MEDICAL
REC. NO.
SSN
PHONE
NUMBER
SECOND TRIMESTER SCREENING (15 WEEKS 0 DAYS-20 WEEKS 0 DAYS)
OTHER
UNKNOWN
WHITE
BLACK
HISPANIC/LATINA
JAPANESE
KOREAN
GUAMANIAN
SAMOAN
FILIPINO
VIETNAMESE
CAMBODIAN
LAOS
OTHER SOUTHEAST ASIAN
MIDDLE EASTERN
INDIAN SUBCONTINENT
NATIVE AMERICAN
HAWAIIAN
CHINESE
C I T Y S T Z I P
Signature of Patient/Insured/Authorized Person Date
I authorize the release of any medical or other information necessary to process an insurance claim and assign
payment of medical benefits to the California Department of Public Health, Genetic Disease Screening Program for
services rendered. I understand and agree that I am ultimately responsible for payment.
X
4. BILLING INFORMATION 5. PATIENT'S/AUTHORIZED PERSON'S SIGNATURE FOR INSURANCE OR MEDI-CAL BILLING
L A S T N A M E F I R S T N AME
S T R E E T A D D R E S S S U I T E
P HO
F A X
N E E X T
N P I # L I C E N S E #
F A C I L I T Y N AME
OR
FAX
PHONE
NUMBER FACILITY
ADDRESS
LAST
NAME
FIRST
NAME
PATIENTS MEDI-CAL #, BIC, OR PE #
PNS BILLING CODE
6. CLINICIAN TO BE NOTIFIED OF PATIENT'S RESULTS
PART B: MUST BE COMPLETED AT TIME OF SPECIMEN COLLECTION. SEE COVER FOR
COLLECTION AND MAILING INSTRUCTIONS.
COLLECTION DATE IS MANDATORY!
BLOOD SPECIMEN COLLECTED ON:
TELEPHONE
COLLECTOR'S
INITIALS
FACILITY WHERE BLOOD COLLECTED
MM D D Y Y
P HO NE
DISTRIBUTION: WHITE ORIGINAL MUST ACCOMPANY SPECIMEN.
ENCLOSE A COPY OF INSURANCE CARD OR PROVIDE MEDI-CAL NUMBER IN #4 ABOVE TO ALLOW CORRECT BILLING.
mm
mm
mm
mm
IF PATIENT MARKED I DECLINE THE USE OF MY SPECIMEN FOR RESEARCH ON THE CONSENT FORM, FILL IN THE BOX AT RIGHT. PATIENT DECLINED RESEARCH
Appendix J
Appendix K
Bibliography
Screening
ACOG Practice Bulletin, Clinical Management Guidelines for Obstetrician-Gynecologists,
Screening for Fetal Chromosomal Abnormalities, Number 77, January 2007.
Cunningham, G., Tomkinson, D.G. Cost and effectiveness of the California triple marker
prenatal screening program. Genet Med, 1999, 1:199-206.
Haddow, J.E., Palomaki, G.E., Knight, G.J., et al. Reducing the need for amniocentesis
in women 35 years of age or older with serum markers for screening. N Engl J Med,
1994, 330:1114-1118.
Malone, F.D., Canick, J.A., Ball, R.H., et al., First- and Second-Trimester Evaluation of
Risk (FASTER) Research Consortium. First-trimester or second-trimester screening, or
both, for Downs syndrome. N Engl J Med., 2005, Nov 10; 353(19):2001-2011.

Palomaki, G.E., Bradley, L.A., Knight, G.J., Craig, W.Y., Haddow, J.E. Assigning risk for
Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome as part of 2
nd
trimester screening for Downs Syndrome.
J Med Screen, 2002, 9:43-44.
Palomaki, G.E., Haddow, J.E., Knight, G.J., et al. Risk-based prenatal screening for
trisomy 18 using alpha-fetoprotein, unconjugated oestriol and human chorionic
gonadotropin. Prenat Diagn, 1995, 15:713-723.
Wald, N.J., Rudnicka, A.R., Bestwick, J.P., Sequential and contingent prenatal
screening for Down syndrome. Prenat Diagn, 2006, Sep; 26(9):769-777.

Wald, N.J., Rodeck, C., Hackshaw, A.K., et al. First and second trimester antenatal
screening for Downs syndrome: the results of the Serum, Urine and Ultrasound
Screening Study (SURUSS). J Med Screen, 2003, 10(2):56-104.

Wapner, R., Thom, E., Simpson, JL., et al. First Trimester Maternal Serum Biochemistry
and Fetal Nuchal Translucency Screening (BUN) Study Group. First-trimester screening
for trisomies 21 and 18. N Engl J Med, 2003, Oct 9; 349(15):1405-1413.

Disorders
Hook, E.B., Cross, P.K., Schreinemachers, D.M. Chromosomal abnormality rates in
amniocentesis and live born infants. JAMA, 1983, 249:2034-2038.
Kelley, R.I., and Hennekam, R.C.M., The Smith Lemli Opitz syndrome. J Med Genet,
2000, 37:321-335.
Milunsky, Aubrey. Genetic Disorders of the Fetus. Second ed., New York: Plenum
Press. Chapter 16.

Morris, J.K., Mutton, D.E., Alberman, E. Revised estimates of the maternal age specific
live birth prevalence of Downs syndrome. J Med Screen, 2002, 9(1):2-6.
Appendix K
Bibliography
Analytes
Bogart, M.H., Pandian, M.R., Jones, O.W. Abnormal maternal serum chorionic
gonadotropin levels in pregnancies with fetal chromosome abnormalities. Prenat Diagn,
1987, 7:623-30.
Canick, J.A., Knight, G.I., Palomaki, G.E., et al. Low second trimester maternal serum
unconjugated oestriol in pregnancies with Downs syndrome. Br J Obstet Gynaecol,
1988, 95:330-333.
Haddow, James E., et al. Second trimester screening for Downs syndrome using
maternal serum Dimeric Inhibin A. Journal of Medical Screening, 1998, 5:115-119.

Lambert-Messerlian, G.M., Eklund, E.E., Malone, F.D., Palomaki, G.E., Canick, J.A.,
DAlton, M.E. Stability of first- and second-trimester serum markers after storage and
shipment. Prenat Diagn, 2006, Jan; 26(1):17-21.

Merkatz, I.R., Nitowsky, H.M., Macri, J.N. et al. An association between low maternal
serum alpha-fetoprotein and fetal abnormalities. Am J 0bstet Gynecol, 1984, 148:886-
894.
Shackleton, C.H.L., Roitman, E., Dratz, I. et al. Dehydro-oestrial and
dehydropregnanetriol are candidate analytes for prenatal diagnosis for Smith-Lemli-
Opitz syndrome. Prenat Diagn, 2001, 21:207-212.
Adjustments

Haddow, J.E., Holman, M.S., Palomaki, G.E. Can gestational dates routinely derived
from very early ultrasound be used to interpret maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein
measurements? Prenat Diagn, 1992, 12:65-68.
Neveux, L.M., Palomaki, G.E., Larrivee, D.A., Knight, G.J., Haddow, J.E. Refinements
in managing maternal weight adjustment for interpreting prenatal screening results.
Prenat Diagn, 1966, Dec; 16(12):1115-1119.

Palomaki, G.E., Knight, G.J., Haddow, J.E. Human chorionic gonadotropin and
unconjugated oestriol measurements in insulin-dependent diabetic pregnant women
being screened for fetal Down syndrome. Prenat Diagn, 1994, 14:65-68.
Rudnicka, A.R., Wald, N.J., Huttly, W., Hackshaw, A.K. Influence of maternal smoking
on the birth prevalence of Down syndrome and on second trimester screening
performance. Prenat Diagn, 2002, Oct; 22(10):893-897.

Spencer, K., Kagan, K.O., Nicolaides, K.H. Screening for trisomy 21 in twin pregnancies
in the first trimester: an update of the impact of chorionicity on maternal serum markers.
Prenat Diagn, 2008, Jan; 28(1):49-52.
Wald, N.J., Rish, S. Prenatal screening for Down syndrome and neural tube defects in
twin pregnancies. Prenat Diagn, 2005, Sep; 25(9):740-745.

CaliforniaDepartmentofPublicHealth
GeneticDiseaseScreeningProgram
850MarinaBayParkway,F370
Richmond,CA94804
8667187915tollfree
www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/pns
March2009

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Genetic Disease Screening Program

Signature of Patient/Insured/Authorized Person Date

LMP - FIRST DAY OF LAST

LMP - FIRST DAY OF LAST

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