1

CHAPTER 5 RESPONSE OF SDOF SYSTEMS TO

NONPERIODIC EXCITATION
(General Load)
) ( ) (
1
t p T t p = + periodic load
<ex> Harmonic loads

Forms of Nonperiodic Excitation



















Duration t
d
:







t
) (t p

0
p

Step Load
t
) (t p
0
p
r
t
Ramp Load
Time Rise t
r
:
t
) (t p
0
p
Triangular Pulse

t
) (t p
0
p
d
t
Rectangular
Pulse Load
t
) (t p
0
p
Explosion load
t
) (t p
Half-sine pulse load
2

Ref: Introduction to Structural Dynamics, J. M. Biggs, McGraw-Hill,
1982

5.1 Response of a SDOF System to an Ideal Step Load

Undamped System

0
0
= + t , p ku u m & &
0 ) 0 ( ) 0 ( = = u u &



Figure 5.1. Step Load.
) ( ) ( ) ( t u t u t u
h p
+ =
t A t A
k
p
n n
w w sin cos
2 1
0
+ + =
Apply 0 ) 0 ( ) 0 ( = = u u & , then

k
p
A
0
1
- = 0
2
= A
) cos 1 ( ) (
0
t
k
p
t u
n
w - =
) (
0
t R
k
p
=
t t R
n
w cos 1 ) ( - =
: ) (t R Response Ratio or Dynamic Load Factor (DLF)
t
) (t p

0
p

3

Damped System
0 , ku
0
= + + t p u c u m & & & (5.1)
0 ) 0 ( ) 0 ( = = u u & (5.2)
) ( ) ( ) ( t u t u t u
h p
+ =
) sin cos (
2 1
t A t A e
k
p
d d
o nt
w w
zw
+ + =
-
(5.4)

Apply 0 ) 0 ( ) 0 ( = = u u &
0 ) 0 (
1
= + = A
k
p
u
o

k
p
A
o
- =
1

) sin cos ( ) (
2 1
t A t A e t u
d d n
nt
w w zw
zw
+ - =
-
& +
) cos sin (
2 1
t A t A e
d d d
nt
w w w
zw
+ - +
-


1
) 0 ( A u
n
zw - = & 0
2
= + A
d
w
d
n o
k
p
A
w
zw
=
2

] sin [cos 1 { ) ( t t e
k
p
t u
d
d
n
d
t o n
w
w
zw
w
zw

+ - =
-
} (5.5)
) ( ) ( t R
k
p
t u
o
=
: ) (t R Response Ratio, or Dynamic Load Factor (DLF) (5.6)
] sin [cos 1 ) ( t t e t R
d
d
n
d
nt
w
w
zw
w
zw

+ - =
-
2
max
R (5.7)

4

Figure 5.2. Response ratio plot for a step input.
If , 0 = z ) cos 1 ( ) (
0
t
k
p
t u
n
w - = (5.8)


5.2 Response of an Undamped SDOF System to
Rectangular Pulse and Ramp Loadings

Rectangular Pulse Load: Undamped System






Duration t
u u
d
:
0 ) 0 ( ) 0 ( = = &



(a) For 0 t t
d
(Forced Vibration Era)

0
p u k u m = + & &
0 ) 0 ( ) 0 ( = = u u &
) ( ) ( ) ( t u t u t u
h p
+ =
t
) (t p
0
p
d
t
Rectangular
Pulse Load
t t
t t p t p
t p ku u m
d
d
=
=
= +
0
0 ) (
) (
0
& &
5
t A t A
k
p
t u
n n
w w sin cos ) (
2 1
0
1
+ + =
Apply 0 ) 0 ( ) 0 ( = = u u &

k
p
A
0
1
- = 0
2
= A

( )
) (
cos 1 ) (
1
0
0
1
t R
k
p

t
k
p
t u
n
=
- = w

t t R
n
w cos 1 ) (
1
- =
(5.10)
(b) For t
d
t (Free Vibration Era)

Method 1 (Conventional Method)
o ku u m = + & &
= ) (
1 d
t u ( )
d n
t
k
p
w cos 1
0
- ) (
1 d
t u&
d n n
t
k
p
w w sin
0
=
) ( sin
) (
) ( cos ) ( ) (
1
1 2 d n
n
d
d n d
t t
t u
t t t u t u - + - = w
w
w
&

)] ( sin
) (
) ( cos ) ( [ ) (
1
1
0
2 d n
n
d
d n d
t t
t R
t t t R
k
p
t u - + - = w
w
w
&
(5.11)
) (
2
0
t R
k
p
=
) ( sin sin ) ( cos ) cos 1 ( ) (
2 d n d n d n d n
t t t t t t t R - + - - = w w w w
) ( sin sin ) ( cos cos ) ( cos
d n d n d n d n d n
t t t t t t t t - + - - - = w w w w w
t t t t R
n d n
w w cos ) ( cos ) (
2
- - = \


6
Method 2 (Superposition Method)







) ( ) ( ) (
1 1 2 d
t t u t u t u - - = ) (
2
0
t R
k
p
=
) ( ) ( ) (
1 1 2 d
t t R t R t R - - =
( ) [ ] ) ( cos 1 cos 1
d n n
t t t - - - - = w w
t t t t R
n d n
w w cos ) ( cos ) (
2
- - = \
Plot

p - = w - =
n
n
T
t
t t R 2 cos 1 cos 1 ) (
1
0
n
T
t

n
d
T
t

p -

- p =
w - - w =
n n
d
n
n d n
T
t
T
t
T
t

t t t t R
2 cos 2 cos
cos ) ( cos ) (
2

n
d
n
T
t
T
t


0
p
0
p -
= +
) 0 ( ) (
0
= t p t p
) ( ) (
0 d
t t p t p - =
d
t
0
p
7
Ramp Load: Undamped System

) (t p

:
r
t rise time



r
t
Figure 5.5 Ramp Load.

= +
t t p
t t p
t
t
ku u m
r
r
r
0
0
0
& & (5.14)
0 ) 0 ( ) 0 ( = = u u & (5.15)
(a) For 0 t t
r

=
k
p
t
t
t u
r
p
0
) ( (5.16)
t A t A
k
p
t
t
t u
n n
r
w w sin cos ) (
2 1
0
+ +

= (5.17)
Apply 0 ) 0 ( ) 0 ( = = u u & , then

= t
t t
t
k
p
t u
n
r n r
w
w
sin
1
) (
0
1
(5.18)


t
0
p

8

If
n r
T t 3 ) 6 ( p w
r n
t , the second term is small

=
r
ic pseudostat
t
t
k
p
u
0

r
t t 0 (5.20)

(b) For t
r
t

- -

= ] sin ) ( [sin
1
1
0
2
t t t
t k
p
u
n r n
r n
w w
w
(5.19)

Plot


9

5.3 Response of Undamped SDOF System to a Short-Duration
Impulse: Unit Impulse Response

dt t p I
d
t

=
0
) ( impulse (5.21)










Figure 5.7. Undamped SDOF system subjected to short-duration
impulse.


For an undamped system

<
= +
t t
t t t p
ku u m
d
d
0
0 ) (
& & (5.22)
Method 1


= +
t t
dt t p dt ku u m
0 0
) ( ) ( & &
0 ) 0 ( ) 0 ( = = u u & (5.23)
I t ku t u m
d avg d
= + ) ( & (5.24)

d avg
t
t u udt
d

=
0


avg
u : average displacement in
d
t t 0
For ), ( 0
n d d
T t t << ignore the second term in (5.24)
m ) (t p

k
) (t u
10
I u m =
+
) 0 ( & (5.25)

m
I
u =
+
) 0 ( & (5.26a)
0 ) 0 ( =
+
u since 0
d
t (5.26b)

Recall, for 0 = + ku u m & &
t
u
t u t u
n
n
n
w
w
w sin cos ) (
0
0
&
+ =
Therefore
t
m
I
t u
n
n
w
w
sin ) (

= impulse response (5.27)

t
m
t h
n
n
w
w
sin
1
) (

= unit impulse response function (5.28)

For a viscous-damped system
t e
m
I
t u
n
t
d
n
w
w
zw
sin ) (
-

= (5.29)
t e
m
t h
n
t
d
n
w
w
zw
sin
1
) (
-

= (5.30)

11
Method 2
Using the response of a system under rectangular pulse load

) ( ) ( t p t ku u c u m = + + & & &
load impulse dt t p I : ) (
0

=
e


e t 0

Assume
0 ) 0 ( ) 0 ( = = u u &
Then

e
I
ku u c u m = + + ) 0 ( ) 0 ( ) 0 ( & & &
0 ) 0 ( ) 0 ( = = u u & Thus

e m
I
u = ) 0 ( & &
e = t at

m
I
u u = = e e ) 0 ( ) ( & & &
@ = = e e e
m
I
t u u
2
1
) (
2
1
) ( & 0

vibration free t > e
e = t from measured is time The
0 = + + u k u c u m & & &
0
0
= u
m
I
u =
0
&

+
+ =
-
t
u u
t u e t u
d
d
n
d
t
n
w
w
zw
w
zw
sin cos ) (
0 0
0


d
t
n
d
e
m
I
t u w
w
zw
sin ) ( = \
-


e
n
T << e

=
e
0
) ( dt t p I

) (t p
t
t
u& &

e
t
u&

e
12
Response Impulse t h I t u ) ( ) ( =
t e
m
I
t h
d
t
d
n
w
w
zw
sin ) ( =
-

Function Response Impulse Unit

Method 3
Using the response of a system under rectangular pulse load
Ref: Example 5.1





0 ) 0 ( ) 0 ( = = u u &

d
t <<
n
T

(a) For 0 t t
d
(Forced Vibration Era)
) cos 1 ( ) (
0
1 d n
t
k
p
t u w - =

t
k
p
t u
n
w sin ) (
0
1
= &
) cos 1 ( ) (
0
1 d n d
t
k
p
t u w - = (1)

d n n d
t
k
p
t u w w sin ) (
0
1
= & (2)
Since p w 2 =
n n
T and
n d
T t <<
p w 2 <<
d n
t and 0
d n
t w

0
lim

d
t
( )
2
2
1
) cos 1 (
d n d n
t t w w = - &

0
lim

d
t
d n d n
t t w w =& sin
t
) (t p
0
p
d
t
Rectangular
Pulse Load
t t
t t p t p
t p ku u m
d
d
=
=
= +
0
0 ) (
) (
0
& &
13

m
I
t
k
p
t u
m
t I
t
k
p
t u
d n
n
d
d
d n d
=

=
) ( ) (
2
) (
2
1
) (
0
1
2 0
1
w
w
w
&
&
&
(3)

(b) For t
d
t (Free Vibration Era)

0 = + ku u m & &
) ( sin
) (
) ( cos ) ( ) (
1
1 2 d n
n
d
d n d
t t
t u
t t t u t u - + - = w
w
w
&

+ -

=

) ( sin ) ( cos
2
lim ) ( lim
0
2
0
d n
n
d n
d
t t
t t
m
I
t t
m
It
t u
d d
w
w
w (4)
t
m
I
t u
n
n
w
w
sin ) (

= \ (5)
14

5.4 Response of a SDOF System to General Dynamic Excitation:
Duhamel Integral (Convolution Integral) Method



Figure 5.8 Incremental response of an undamped SDOF system.


) ( sin ) ( t w
w
-

= t
m
dI
t du
n
n
undamped system (5.31)

=
t
n
n
d t p
m
t u
0
) ( sin ) (
1
) ( t t w t
w
Duhamel Integral (5.32)
or

- =
t
d t h p t u
0
) ( ) ( ) ( t t t
) t (
m
t h
n
n
t w
w
t - = - sin
1
) ( (5.33)
It can be shown that
t t t t t t d h t p d t h p
t t

- = -
0 0
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( convolution integral
15

=
- -
t
d
t
d
d ) t ( e ) ( p
m
t u
n
0
) (
sin
1
) ( t t w t
w
t Vw
damped system (5.34)
For integration, use the MATLAB program.

General solution

t
u
t u
d t p
m
t u
n
n
n
t
n
n
w
w
w
t t w t
w
sin cos
) ( sin ) (
1
) (
0
0
0

+ +
-

=

&
undamped system (5.36)
( ) t e u u
t e u
d t e p
m
t u
d
t
n
d
d
t
t
d
t
d
n
n
n
w Vw
w
w
t t w t
w
Vw
Vw
t Vw
sin
1

cos
) ( sin ) (
1
) (
0 0
0
0
) (
-
-
- -
+

+
+
-

=

&
damped system (5.37)
Comments
(1) : t time of loading : t time of response
(2) The Duhamel integral was derived assuming 0 ) 0 ( ) 0 ( = = u u &
(3) The Duhamel integral is a convolution integral.
(4) From Eqs. (5.32) and (5.34), it can be seen that as
n
w or
d
w
increases, ) (t u becomes smaller.
(5) The integration may not be easy.
t p ku u c u m W = + + cos
0
& & &

- W

=
t
n
n
d t
m
t u
0
) ( sin cos
1
) ( t t w t
w
complicate
Assume
t i
Ue t u
W
= ) ( or t U t u W = cos ) (
16
Numerical Computation of Duhamel Integration

=
t
n
n
d t p
m
t u
0
) ( sin ) (
1
) ( t t w t
w
(5.32)
Use Simpsons Rule or Trapezoidal Rule


Step Load: Undamped System
0 ,
0
= + t p ku u m & &
0 ) (
0
= t p t p
0 ) 0 ( ) 0 ( = = u u &

General solution of undamped system
t
u
t u
d t p
m
t u
n
n
n
t
n
n
w
w
w
t t w t
w
sin cos
) ( sin ) (
1
) (
0
0
0

+ +
-

=

&
(5.36)
0 ) 0 ( ) 0 ( = = u u &

=
t
n 0
n
d ) t ( p
m
t u
0
sin
1
) ( t t w
w

[ ]
t
n
n
t
m
p
0 2
0
) ( cos t w
w
-

=
) cos 1 ( ) (
0
t
k
p
t u
n
w - = \
t
) (t p
0
p
Step Load
17
Rectangular Pulse Load: Undamped System

) (t p ku u m = + & &
0 ) 0 ( ) 0 ( = = u u &
d
t t 0 p t p =
0
) (
t t
d
= 0
d
t t 0
) cos 1 ( ) (
0
t
k
p
t u
n
w - =
t t
d

=
t
n
n
d ) t ( t p
m
t u
0
sin ) (
1
) ( t t w
w

=
d
t
n
n
d t p
m
0 0
) ( sin
1
t t w
w

[ ]
d
t
n
n
t
m
p
0 2
0
) ( cos t w
w
-

=
[ ] t t t
k
p
t u
n d n
w w cos ) ( cos ) (
0
- -

=



t
) (t p
0
p
d
t
Rectangular
Pulse Load
18
Example 5.2 Triangular Pulse Load: Undamped System

) (t p







d
d
t t
t
t
p t p

- = 0 1 ) (
0
(1)
t t t p
d
< = 0 ) ( (2)
d
t t 0

-
-

=
- -

=
t
n n
d
n
t
n n
d
n
t
n
d n
d
t
t
k
p
d
t
t
k
p
d t
t
p
m
t u
0
0
0
0
0
0
) ( sin ) 1 ( cos
) ( cos ) 1 ( sin
) ( sin ) 1 (
1
) (
t w t w
t
w
t w t w
t
w
t t w
t
w
(3)
Using integration by parts, we get

t w
w
t w t
t w t w
w
t w t t w t w t
n
n
n
n n
n
n n n
d d
cos
1
sin
) ( sin
1
sin ) ( cos

+ =

- =

(4)
Similarly,
t w
w
t w t t w t w t
n
n
n n n
d sin
1
cos ) ( sin

+ - =

(5)
Hence,
t
d
t
0
p
19

+ + - -

=
t
t
t
t
t
t t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t t
k
p
t u
n
d n
n
d
n n
d n
n
d n
n
d
n n
w
w
w w w
w
w
w
w w w
sin
1
cos 1 cos cos
1
cos
1
sin sin sin ) (
0
(6)
Simplifying this expression, we get
) ( ) (
1
0
t R
k
p
t u

=
t
t
t
t
t
t R
n
d n
n
d
w
w
w sin
1
cos 1 ) (
1

+ -

- = (7)
t t
d
<

- -

=
d
t
n
d n
d t
t
p
m
t u
0
0
) ( sin ) 1 (
1
) ( t t w
t
w
(8)
Note that this is the same as Eq. 3 except that it is evaluated at
d
t ,
since 0 ) ( = t p for
d
t t > . Equation 6 can be used by setting
d
t t =
within the square brackets. Thus,

sin
1
1 cos -
1
cos
1
sin ) (
n
n
0

=
d n
d n
d n
d n
d n
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
k
p
t u
w
w
w
w
w
w
w

Thus
[ ] ) sin ( cos ) cos 1 ( sin
1
) (
2 d n d n n d n n
d n
t t t t t
t
t R w w w w w
w
- - -

= (9)

20
Plot


21

5.5 Response Spectra

A response spectrum is a plot of maximum response (e.g.,
displacement, stress, acceleration, etc.) of SDOF systems to a given
input versus some system parameter, generally the undamped
natural frequency. A set of such curves, for example, curves plotted
for various levels of system damping, may be referred to as
response spectra.

) , (
max max n
u u w z =


Figure 5.9 Example of a design problem amenable to solution using
a response spectrum.
(a) Vehicle moving over specified bump.
(b) Relative displacement response spectra.

22
Rectangular Pulse Load: Undamped System





0 ) 0 ( ) 0 ( = = u u &

t t R
n
w cos 1 ) (
1
- =
t t t t R
n d n
w w cos ) ( cos ) (
2
- - = (5.11)

max 1
) (R
0
1
=
dt
dR
0 sin = t
n n
w w

2
) (
max 1
n
n
T
t = =
w
p
or
2
1
)
) (
max 1
=
n
T
t

2 )
2
( ) (
1 max 1
= =
n
T
R R (5.10)

max 2
) (R
0
2
=
dt
dR

0
2
) 2 (
cos
2
sin 2 =
-

d n d n
t t t w w

2 2
) 2 ( p w
=
-
d n
t t

2 4 2
1
) (
max 2
d n
d
n
t T
t t + =

+ =
w
p
) (
2
1
4
1 ) (
max 2
n
d
n
T
t
T
t
+ =
( )

=
n
d
T
t
R p sin 2
max 2

t
) (t p
0
p
d
t
Rectangular
Pulse Load
t t
t t p t p
t p ku u m
d
d
=
=
= +
0
0 ) (
) (
0
& &
23

Figure 5.3. Response to a rectangular pulse input.
(a) Rectangular Pulse. (b) Response Ratios.

2
) (
n
d
T
t a >
2
) (
n
d
T
t b <


Figure 5.4. Maxi mum 2 )
2
( ) (
1 max 1
= =
n
T
R R
( )

=
n
d
T
t
R p sin 2
max 2







2
1
)
) (
max 1
=
n
T
t

Figure 5.4. Maximum ) (
2
1
4
1 ) (
max 2
n
d
n
T
t
T
t
+ =
Free -- Forced Era
Fig. 5.4 Maximum response ratio for rectangular pulse excitation
(a) maximum response amplitude
(b) time at which maximum response occurs
24

Note
(1) If 2 /
n d
T t , the maximum occurs in the forced-vibration era,
that is, prior to
d
t
(2) If 2 /
n d
T t < , the maximum occurs in the residual vibration era,
that is, after
d
t ,

Ramp Load-Undamped system
) (t p






r
t
Figure 5.5 Ramp Load.

= +
t t p
t t p
t
t
ku u m
r
r
r
0
0
0
& & (5.14)
0 ) 0 ( ) 0 ( = = u u &
t
t t
t
t R
n
r n r
w
w
sin
1
) (
1

= (5.18)
] sin ) ( [sin
1
1
2
t t t
t
R
n r n
r n
w w
w
- -

+ = (5.19)

= 0 cos
1 1
) (
1 m n
r r
t
t t
t R w
&



t
0
p

25

m n
t w cos =1
=
max 1
) (R
0 ] sin ) ( [sin
1
2
= - -

- = t t t
t
R
n r n
r
n
w w w
&

=
max 2
) (R

Figure 5.6. Response of an undamped SDOF system to ramp inputs.
(a) Response to ramp inputs.
(b) Maximum response to ramp inputs.


26
Plot: Time of maximum



27

Example 5.2: Triangular Load-Undamped system

) (t p

0
p




t
d
t
d
d
t t
t
t
p t p

- = 0 1 ) (
0
(1)
t t
d
< = 0 (2)
Solution
) ( ) (
0
t R
k
p
t u

=
t
t
t
t
t
t R
n
d n
n
d
w
w
w sin
1
cos 1 ) (
1

+ -

- =
d
t t 0 (7)
For t t
d
<
[ ] ) t t ( t ) t ( t
t
t R
d n d n n d n n
d n
w w w w w
w
sin cos cos 1 sin
1
) (
2
- - -

= (9)

= =
d n
d
n
n
t
t
T
t
t
T
t p
p
w 2
2
since
n
n
T
p
w
2
=

=
n
d
d n
T
t
t p w 2
28
Example 5.3 Plots of R(t) and R
max
Using the response ratio expressions determined in Example 5.2,
a. Plot the response ratio versus
d
t t / for =
n d
T t / 0.25, 0.5, 1.0
and 1.5 for 0 . 2 / 0
d
t t .
b. Determine expressions for the maximum response for
d
t t and
d
t t . Using this information, plot a response
spectrum in the form of
max
R versus
n
f .
(a) Plots

t
t
t
t
t
t R
n
d n
n
d
w
w
w sin
1
cos 1 ) (
1

+ -

- =
(1)
[ ] t ) t t ( t ) t (
t
t R
n d n d n n d n
d n
w w w w w
w
cos sin sin cos 1
1
) (
2
- - -

= (8)

Fig. 1 Response Ratio Plots
29


max
R

t
t
t
t
t
t R
n
d n
n
d
w
w
w sin
1
cos 1 ) (
1

+ -

- =
(1)

( ) t t t
t
t R
n n d n
d
w w w cos sin 1
1
) (
1
+ + -

=
&
=0 (2)

m n m n d n
t t t w w w cos 1 sin - = (3)
Note

1 cos 2 2 cos
cos sin 2 2 sin
sin 2 2 cos 1
2
2
- =
=
= -
a a
a a a
a a ) (
(4)

d n
m n
t
t
w
w
=

2
tan (5)
) ( tan 2
1
d n m n
t t w w
-
= (6)
( )
m n
d n
m n
d
m
t
t
t
t
t
R w
w
w sin
1
cos 1
max 1

+ - - = (7)

[ ] t ) t t ( t ) t (
t
t R
n d n d n n d n
d n
w w w w w
w
cos sin sin cos 1
1
) (
2
- - -

= (8)
( ) [ ]
2 / 1
2 2
max 2
sin cos 1
1
) t t ( ) t (
t
R
d n d n d n
d n
w w w
w
- + -

= (9)
Note

n n
f p w 2 =
d n d n
t f t p w 2 =
30
Plots of
max
R


Figure 2 Response Spectrum for a Triangular Pulse Load

Note
371 . 0
d n
t f
max 2
) (R
max 1
) (R
371 . 0
d n
t f
max 1
) (R
max 2
) (R
31
32

Example 5.4: Application of Response Spectrum










Blast Force

Given:
k = 9.0 GN/m
m = 10 Mg
Case 1 4 . 0 =
d
t sec 5
max
= u mm
Case 2 04 . 0 =
d
t sec 5
max
= u mm
For: Compare
max 0
) ( p
Solution

Find the maximum response ratio from the figure 2 shown in
Example 5.2

a. Determine the natural frequency
( )
( )
30
10 10
10 9
2 / 1
6
9
2 / 1
=

=
m
k
n
w
rad/s (1)
77 . 4
2
= =
p
w
n
n
f Hz
b. Determine the maximum response ratio from the figure 2 shown in
Example 5.2:
m
p(t)
k/2 k/2
u(t)
p(t)
t
d
t

d
t

33

Figure 2 Response Spectrum for a Triangular Pulse Load

For Case 1,
( ) 91 . 1 4 . 0 77 . 4 = =
d n
t f (2a)

From the response spectrum of Example 5.2
75 . 1
max
= R (2b)
For Case 2,
( ) 191 . 0 04 . 0 77 . 4 = =
d n
t f (3a)
and from the response spectrum of Example 5.2,
58 . 0
max
= R (3b)
c. Determine the static displacement for each case and the
0
p :
mm 5
max
= u (4)

=
k
p
R u
0
max max

max
max
0
R
ku
p =
(5)
Thus, for Case 1,
( )
75 . 1
10 5 10 9
3 9
1 0
) )( )( (
p
-
=
( ) MN p 7 . 25
1 0
= ( 4 . 0 =
d
t sec) (6)
34
( )
58 . 0
10 5 10 9
3 9
2 0
) )( )( (
p
-
=
( ) MN p 6 . 77
2 0
= ( 04 . 0 =
d
t sec) (7)
Comment
10
04 . 0
4 . 0
) (
) (
2
1
= =
d
d
t
t

3
1
6 . 77
7 . 25
) (
) (
2 0
1 0
= =
p
p



MN 6 . 77
MN 7 . 25
sec 04 . 0 sec 4 . 0
t
) (t p
Case 1
Case 2
35
Support Motion






Figure 5.10 Prototype Relative Motion SDOF system.

0 ) ( = - + z u k u m & &
(5.39)

z m kw w c w m & & & & & - = + + (5.40)
) ( ) (
max
t f z t z
a
& & & & =

) (
) ( ) (
max
t f z m
t z m t p
a
& &
& &
- =
- =

t p t p W = cos ) (
0


max 0
z m p & & - =

t t w t
w
t t w t
w
d t z
d t z m
m
t w
n
t
n
n
t
n
) ( sin ) ( ) (
1

) ( sin ) ( ) (
1
) (
0
0
- - =
- - =

& &
& &
undamped system

- - =
t
n a
n
d t f z
0
max
) ( sin ) ( ) (
1
t t w t
w
& &

z u w - =
m
c
k
u(t)
p(t)
) (t z
36
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2
max max 0
t R
z
t R
k
z m
t R
k
p
t w
n
w
& & & & -
=
-
= =

- =
t
n a n
d t f t R
0
) ( sin ) ( ) ( t t w t w (5.43)

max 2
max
max
R
z
w
n

= \
w
& &
(5.44)

=
- -
t
d
t
d
d t e z t w
n
0
) (
) ( sin ) (
1
) ( t t w t
w
t Vw
& & damped system

- =
- - t
d
t
n
a
d
n
d t e f t R
0
) (
2
) ( sin ) ( ) ( t t w t
w
w
t Vw
(5.42)

Undamped system under support motion

0 ) ( = - + z u k u m & &
0 = + kw u m & & (5.45)
w
m
k
t u - = ) ( & &

max
2
max
w u
n
w = & & (5.46)

Using (5.44)

max max 2 max
1
R z w
n
& &

=
w
(5.44)

max max max
z R u & & & & = (5.47)
37

Example 5.5 Support Motion














z m kw w m & & & & - = +
) (
max
t f z z
a
& & & & =

<
-
=
t t
t t
t
t
t f
d
d
d
a
2 0
2 0 1
) (


Solution

From Eq. 7 of Example (5.2)
t
t
t
t
t
t R
n
d n
n
d
w
w
w sin
1
cos 1 ) (
1

+ -

- = (1)
From Eq. 8 of Example (5.2)
) 2 ( sin
) 2 (
) 2 ( cos ) 2 ( ) (
1
1 2 d n
n
d
d n d
t t
t R
t t t R t R -

+ - = w
w
w
&
(2)
d
t 2

t

max
z& & -
max
z& &

z& &
38
[ ] t t t
t
t R
n n d n
d
w w w cos sin ) ( 1
1
) (
1
+ + - =
&
(3)
) ( tan 2
1
d n m n
t t w w
-
= (4)

[ ] p w w p t t
d n m n
+ =
-
) ( tan 2 2
1
(6)
( )
m n
d n
m n
d n
m n
t
t
t
t
t
R w
w
w
w
w
sin
1
cos 1
max 1

+ -

- = (7)


( ) [ ]
2 / 1
2
1
2
1 max 2
) 2 (
) 2 (

+ =
n
d
d
t R
t R R
w
&
(8)


max 2 2
2
max
max
1
R
t t z
w
d n d

=
w & &
(9)

max 2
max
max
1
R
z
w
n

=
w & &

Recall

max
2
max
w u
n
w = & & (5.46)
Therefore

max
max
max
R
z
u
=
& &
& &
(10)

Why should we consider
max
w and
max
u& & ?

max
w : related to spring force

max
u& & : related to the safety of human body
39




40


Figure 2.1.2c Medical Center Building. Richmond. California.
The fundamental natural vibration periods of this three-story
steel frame building are 0.63 sec for vibration in the long direction,
0.74 sec in the short direction, and 0.46 sec for torsional vibration
about a vertical axis. These vibration properties were determined
from motions of the building recorded during the 1989 Loma
Prieta earthquake.
(Courtesy of California Strong Motion Instrumentation Program)

Figure 2.1.2d Pine Flat Dam on the Kings River, near Fresno,
California.
The fundamental natural vibration period of this 400-ft-high
concrete gravity dam was measured by forced vibration tests to be
0.288 sec and 0.306 sec with the reservoir depth at 310 ft and 345 ft,
respectively. (Courtesy of D. Rea)