The

Foreign Exchange
and
Interest Rate Derivatives
Markets:

Turnover in the United States

April 2007

Federal Reserve Bank of New York

Turnover in the United States 2007 1

The Foreign Exchange and Interest Rate Derivatives Markets:

Turnover in the United States

Background The Federal Reserve Bank of New York together with 53 other central banks
surveyed turnover in the over-the-counter (OTC) foreign exchange and
interest rate derivatives markets during the month of April 2007. This
worldwide, cooperative effort is undertaken every three years and is
coordinated by the Bank for International Settlements (BIS).

The “Triennial Survey” is a comprehensive source of information on the size

and structure of the OTC foreign exchange and derivatives markets. These
markets trade private, bilateral contracts so no turnover statistics are available
as there are for the organized exchanges. (Data for exchange-traded futures
and options are excluded from the survey.)

To measure the OTC markets, the dealers who make markets in foreign
exchange and interest rate derivatives reported trading volumes for the month
of April to the central banks in the countries where they are located. The
participants reported separately the volume of trading they do with each other
to permit adjustments for double reporting. The central banks then compiled
national aggregates from the dealers’ data and the BIS compiled global totals
from the central banks’ national data.1 (See Annex I for a complete
description of survey terms and methods.)

Despite continued consolidation among dealers, turnover in the U.S. foreign

exchange and derivatives markets has shown considerable growth since the
last survey in April 2004. In 2007, a total of 33 dealers in the United States
participated in the foreign exchange part of the survey and 28 in the interest
rate derivatives part, down from 43 and 40, respectively, in 2004. Participating
dealers were commercial banks, brokers and investment banks. They were
both U.S.-owned institutions and foreign-owned institutions with dealing
operations in the United States. See Annex II for a list of participating dealers.

Continuing a practice adopted in an earlier survey, this report discusses

turnover in foreign exchange (FX) spot, forwards, and swaps as the foreign
exchange part of the survey. Trading in forward rate agreements (FRAs),
currency and interest rate swaps, foreign exchange options and interest rate
options are then treated together as the interest rate derivatives part of the
survey. Aggregate data are included as Annex III.

Overview After adjusting for double reporting of trades between participating dealers,
daily foreign exchange turnover in the United States (spot, forwards and FX
1
See the BIS web site (www.BIS.org) for its report on global turnover.
Turnover in the United States 2007 2

swaps) averaged $664 billion in April. This was an increase of 44 percent from
the 2004 survey. See Chart 1.
Chart 1 Daily U.S. Foreign Exchange Turnover
Includes Spot, Forwards, and FX Swaps. In $ billions equivalent.

800 Adjusted* Unadjusted 709

700
600 508
500 405
400 295 287
230 664
300 183
461
200 77 351
244 254
100 167
129
58
0
1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007
* Adjusted for double reporting by participating dealers.

Daily turnover for the other derivatives markets covered by the survey (FRAs,
interest rate swaps, cross currency swaps, and foreign exchange and interest
rate options) averaged $607 billion, up 70 percent. See Chart 2.

Chart 2 Daily U.S. FX and Interest Rate Derivatives Turnover

Includes currency swaps, currency options, FRA’s, interest rate swaps and options. In $ billions equivalent

712
800 Adjusted* Unadjusted
700
600
423
500
400
300 167 607
110
200 64 355
100 135
52 91
0
1995 1998 2001 2004 2007
* Adjusted for double reporting by participating dealers.
 Turnover in the United States 2007 3

Daily foreign exchange turnover in the United States increased 44 percent

The U.S. Foreign from 2004 to $664 billion2, continuing the strong growth shown by the surveys
Exchange Market of the previous two decades. At constant exchange rates, to remove the
effects of exchange rate changes on reported foreign currency amounts,
turnover increased 27 percent. 3

Turnover in 2004 The 2004 survey took place during a period of heightened interest in foreign
exchange as a separate asset class. A return to steadier trends and higher
volatility led to increased volumes largely due to momentum trading by
investors. In addition, a widening of interest rate differentials encouraged
growth in the so-called “carry trade,” where investors finance positions in high
yielding currencies by borrowing in low yielding currencies. The growth in the
number and variety of electronic trading alternatives available to market
participants also contributed to the increase in reported turnover as they
reduced trading costs and other barriers to entry while enhancing pricing
transparency. This in turn led to an increase in the number of leveraged
accounts, commodity trading advisors (CTAs), and currency overlay managers
focusing on foreign exchange as an asset class, many of which regularly
engage in high volume programmed and algorithmic trading strategies.

Some of the trends that supported the increase in turnover reported in 2004
have continued into 2007, with dealers attributing increased turnover to prime
brokerage flows, as well as more hedging by corporations and portfolio
managers taking active approaches to managing exchange rate risks. Market
commentary has also focused on the emergence of retail aggregators and
non-bank financial institutions and the increasing role they are playing in the
marketplace. This has resulted in some traditional buy-side entities, such as
hedge funds, acting more like dealers with regard to pricing and the liquidity
they are willing to provide to the market.

Instruments Among the three instruments that are considered together as foreign
exchange turnover, spot trading increased the most, with trading up 43
percent. Turnover in FX swaps rose 30 percent and FX forwards 86 percent
from the 2004 survey. See Chart 3.

2 This total is adjusted for the double reporting of transactions between participating dealers in the
United States.
3 Foreign currency amounts are reported in dollar terms. See Annex I.1 (f) for a description and

explanation of the effect of exchange rate changes.

 Turnover in the United States 2007 4

Chart 3 Daily Foreign Exchange Turnover by Instrument

In $ billions equivalent

350
300 Spot Forwards FX Swaps
250
200
150
100
50
0
1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007

‰ Spot trading represented 47 percent of total foreign exchange turnover,

unchanged from 2004.

‰ FX swaps represented 36 percent of the turnover, down from 40 percent.

• Average FX swap maturities were somewhat shorter in the latest

survey. Almost 75 percent of all swaps had maturities of seven days
or less compared to 72 percent in 2004. Maturities of over seven
days and up to one year accounted for 23 percent of swaps, down
from 27 percent. Less than two percent of all swaps had maturities of
over one year.

‰ Outright forward transactions rose slightly to 17 percent of total turnover,

up four percentage points.

• Maturities in the forward market have shortened over the past three
years. Forward transactions with maturities of seven days or less
accounted for 44 percent of the total against 38 percent in 2004.
Maturities of over seven days to up to one year represented 55
percent, down from 60 percent. As in the FX swaps market,
maturities over one year remain under two percent of the total.

‰ The U.S. dollar was traded in almost 83 percent of all transactions, down
Currencies from 92 percent in the last survey.

‰ The euro, the second most actively traded currency, was on one side of
38 percent of all trades in the U.S. markets, unchanged from April 2004.
 Turnover in the United States 2007 5

‰ Trading of the dollar/euro currency pair accounted for 27 percent of total

turnover in the U.S. market. See Chart 4.

‰ Yen trading declined to 17 percent from 22 percent and remained the third
most actively traded currency.

Chart 4 Daily FX Volume by Currency Pair

In $ billions equivalent
180 27.0

160
Percent of total turnover
140
120
14.2
100 12.2
11.6
80
60 6.9 6.8
5.2
40 4.7
3.8
2.7
20 0.9 1.6 1.6
0.2 0.3 0.5
0 Eu JP GB CH CA A SE Ot J GB CH CA A SE Ot Re
ro Y P F N$ UD K he PY P F N$ UD K he sid
r r ua
USD vs. Euro vs. l*

* Residual trades are those not involving either the dollar or the euro.

Market Structure Participating dealers also reported their trading activity according to types and
location of counterparties.

‰ The majority of trades were undertaken with other financial institutions (45
percent) as the counterparty, 39 percent with other reporting dealers, and
16 percent with non-financial customers. See Chart 5.
Turnover in the United States 2007 6

Chart 5 Foreign Exchange Trading by Counterparty

Percent of Total

Non-Financial
Customers
Reporting
16% Dealers
39%

45%
Other Financial
Institutions

‰ Highlighting the international nature of foreign exchange trading, 58

percent of spot, forward and FX swap transactions were conducted with
market participants outside the United States. This is down from 66
percent in 2004.

‰ The market shares of the biggest foreign exchange dealers continued to

grow reflecting consolidation among dealers and banking institutions and
the declining number of dealers participating in the survey.

• In considering the competitive implications, it should be noted that the

lists of the largest dealers vary from instrument to instrument. For
example, only one institution ranked among the top five dealers on the
lists of the largest spot, outright forwards, and foreign exchange
swaps dealers. Lastly, in these global markets, rankings may look
quite different on a worldwide basis considering the large trading
operations that many global institutions maintain outside the United
States.

• In the spot market, the market share of the top 10 firms in the U.S.
market increased to 79 percent from 73 percent. The five largest
accounted for 56 percent of turnover, up from 47 percent.

• In the forward market, the market shares of the top 10 and top five
dealers rose respectively to 86 from 77 percent and to 59 from 53
percent, respectively.
Turnover in the United States 2007 7

• In the foreign exchange swaps market, the top 10 accounted for 81

percent compared to 76 percent at the previous survey. The share of
the top five increased to 55 percent from 49 percent.

Differences Between the BIS Triennial and the Foreign Exchange Committee’s
Survey of North American Foreign Exchange Volume

Since October 2004, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York has collected and published
foreign exchange turnover data on a semi-annual basis on behalf of the Foreign
Exchange Committee (FXC), an industry-trade group comprised of representatives from
leading foreign exchange dealers and sponsored by this Bank.

The reporting panel for the Triennial is slightly larger than the semi-annual survey, with 33
dealers in total compared to 31 for the semi-annual FXC survey. The semi-annual survey
captures turnover in all of North America, including Canada and Mexico, unlike the U.S.
results to the BIS survey, which is limited to U.S.-based transactions. However, the
specified currency pairs collected on the FXC survey is significantly narrower than those
collected on the BIS survey.

The most notable difference between the two surveys is the reporting basis, with the
location of the trading desk determining reporting on the semi-annual survey, whereas on
the BIS survey the location of the sales desk of any trade is the determining factor.

Data collected on the FXC survey is limited to spot, outright forwards, foreign exchange
swaps and total foreign exchange options. No data is collected on currency swaps or
single-currency interest rate derivatives. In addition, the FXC survey expressly excludes
related-party trades, while certain related party trading is captured on the BIS survey and
identified in aggregate. Other differences include:
• different maturity bucket information
• no maturity data for options on the FXC survey
• separate reporting of options bought and options sold on the BIS survey
• the absence of any local/cross border reporting on the FXC survey

Despite these differences, reported aggregates for the two surveys conducted
simultaneously in April were very similar. The results of the two surveys for April 2007 are
as follows:

Instrument BIS Survey FXC Survey Difference

Spot $311 $319 -8
Outright Forwards $114 $109 5
Foreign Exchange $239 $221 18
Swaps
Options $75 $66 9
(daily averages in billions of U.S. dollars)
 Turnover in the United States 2007 8

Currencies

Foreign Exchange Daily turnover for the other derivatives markets covered by the survey rose
and Interest Rate more strongly than trading in the traditional foreign exchange contracts.
Derivatives Markets These other derivatives include forward rate agreements (FRAs), interest rate
swaps, cross currency rate swaps, and foreign exchange and interest rate
options. As a group, turnover in these instruments averaged $607 billion per
day in the United States during April, up 71 percent from the last survey. (See
Chart 2.)

‰ Daily turnover for interest rate swaps was $318 billion, an increase of
Instruments more than 60 percent since the last survey. See Chart 6.

‰ Turnover for interest rate options rose to $115 billion per day, the second
heaviest trading among these contracts, while turnover in FRAs rose 130
percent to $92 billion per day.

‰ Turnover in currency swaps, while remaining a smaller market than the

other instruments at less than $6.5 billion per day, jumped over 260
percent.

‰ Turnover of FX options were up 110 percent over the past three years.

Chart 6 Daily FX and Interest Rate Derivatives Turnover

by Instrument In $ billions equivalent

350
Currency Swaps FX Options
300
FRAs IR Swaps
250
IR Options
200
150
100
50
0
1995 1998 2001 2004 2007

U.S. dollar-denominated contracts and contracts with the dollar on one side
accounted for 77 percent of the month’s turnover in these instruments
compared to 83 percent three years before.
 Turnover in the United States 2007 9

‰ U.S. dollar contracts represented 86 percent of the single currency

interest swaps, up from 70 percent in 2004 when it fell by more than 10
percent, as turnover in many non-dollar contracts lagged the increase
dollar contract trading in 2007. In particular, Euro contracts slipped from
13 percent to just 5.4% of the total. Trading in yen, sterling, and Canadian
dollar each accounted for less than 2 percent of the total.

‰ The U.S. dollar was the currency in 89 percent of forward rate agreements
and 92 percent of interest rate options. It was on one side of 80 percent
of foreign exchange options and 97 percent of currency swaps.

There was considerable variability across the five instruments for location and
type of counterparty.

Market Structure ‰ On average for all contracts, 60 percent of trading during April was
conducted with a market participant outside the United States. Among the
contracts, this percentage varied between 48 percent for interest rate
options to 67 percent for foreign exchange options and FRAs.

‰ Other reporting dealers were the counterparty for 54 percent of turnover in

these contracts on average, ranging from 32 percent for currency swaps
to 73 percent for FRAs. See Chart 7.

Chart 7 Foreign Exchange and Interest Rate Derivatives

by Counterparty Percent of total

Non-Financial
10% Customers
36%

Other Financial
54% Institutions
Reporting Dealers

‰ Trading in the derivatives market is more concentrated than it is in the

foreign exchange market.
 Turnover in the United States 2007 10

• For the three single currency instruments covered by this part of the
survey, the top five dealers accounted for about 70 percent of
reported turnover and the top ten accounted for over 90 percent. The
currency swap market had relatively few reporting dealers and was
even more concentrated, while the FX options market was less
concentrated, with the top 5 dealers accounting for 59 percent of
reported turnover.

• As in the foreign exchange side of the survey, there is movement in

dealer rankings from instrument to instrument and survey to survey.
A total of 12 dealers ranked in the top five in trading in at least one of
the contracts. In addition, in view of the high degree of cross-border
trading in all of these instruments, market share on a global basis may
be a better indicator of market positions and concentration.

Additional Since the survey only covers one month every three years, dealers are also
information asked about the trading patterns and trends of their business to help assess
Recent trend whether the survey month’s turnover should be considered normal, and
in turnover whether it had been increasing or decreasing over the previous six months.

‰ More than 3 out of 4 dealers considered turnover during the month as

normal. The views of the remaining dealers that responded indicated that
activity was above normal.

‰ Regarding the trend in trading over the previous six months, dealers were
almost evenly split in viewing their business as steady or increasing. Just
five percent viewed turnover as decreasing during that period.
 Turnover in the United States 2007 11

ANNEX I

Survey Terms 1. Turnover

and Methods
a) Turnover is the volume of transactions during April 2007 in US dollar
equivalents. The amount of each transaction is reported before the effects
of any netting arrangements. In the case of swap transactions, only one
leg is reported.

b) The survey covered three types of counterparties:

1) reporting dealers participating in the survey,

2) other financial institutions, and
3) non-financial customers.

Each type of counterparty was broken down into local and cross-border
resulting in a total of six categories for counterparties.

c) Market totals. Transactions between two participating dealers were

reported twice, once by each of them. Survey figures for market totals are
therefore adjusted to avoid double counting of such trades. Adjusted
figures are market totals after adjusting for double reporting by
participating dealers. Unadjusted figures are gross totals without
adjusting for double reporting. The data in this report are adjusted figures
unless otherwise noted.

• Since transactions between local reporting dealers were reported

twice, the total of local dealer transactions is divided by two for the
adjusted total.

d) Average daily turnover was obtained by dividing total volume by 21 trading

days.

e) Turnover for non-U.S. dollar transactions was reported in U.S. dollar

equivalents using exchange rates at the time of the transactions.

f) Changes in exchange rates affect comparisons of turnover between

surveys. Turnover of non-U.S. dollar transactions are reported in U.S.
dollar equivalents using exchange rates at the time of the transaction.
The decline of the dollar against most foreign currencies since the last
survey therefore raised the reported amounts of foreign currency turnover
in dollar terms.
Turnover in the United States 2007 12

ANNEX I

For example, if the same amount of a particular foreign currency that had
risen against the dollar was purchased and sold in 2004 and in 2007, a
higher amount in dollar terms would be reported in 2007. Turnover for
foreign currencies can be recalculated to help assess volume changes
due to valuation changes over time by converting the reported dollar
equivalents into the original foreign currencies using average April 2004
exchange rates and then converting these amounts back into dollar
equivalents at April 2007 exchange rates. For the foreign exchange part
of the present survey, revaluing reported 2004 turnover lowered the
increase to 27 percent from 44 percent. For the 2004/2001 comparison,
the adjustment also lowered turnover because of the dollar’s generalized
decline. By revaluing 2001 turnover in foreign currencies at 2004 dollar
exchange rates, the increase in turnover was about 60 percent compared
to the 82 percent decline in unadjusted dollar terms.

2. Location

Trade vs. book location. Transactions were reported on the basis of the
location of the dealer agreeing to do the transaction. For example, a
dealer in New York might engage in a trade that is booked at a London
affiliate. In this case, the trade location is New York and the book location
is London. This transaction would be included in the turnover figures in
the U.S. survey. If a trader in London entered into a trade but the trader's
firm booked the trade in its New York affiliate, the transaction would be
included in the institution’s survey report to the Bank of England.

3. Participating firms

A total of 33 dealers participated in the foreign exchange part of the

survey. See Annex II. A total of 43 dealers participated in this part of the
survey in 2004 and 79 in 2001. A total of 28 dealers participated in the
foreign exchange and interest rate derivatives part of the survey,
compared to 40 in 2004, 54 in 2001, 60 in 1998, and 51 in 1995. The
dealers included both U.S. institutions as well as foreign institutions with
dealing operations in the United States. Participation is voluntary. See
Annex II.

Dealers were asked to participate based on several criteria including

participation in the last Triennial survey or the Foreign Exchange
Committee’s semi-annual survey, the firm's outstanding contracts reported
in bank call reports, or in the case of nonbanks, outstanding contracts
reported in published financial statements. Private surveys and articles in
Turnover in the United States 2007 13

ANNEX I

the financial press were also used to identify foreign banks who may book
contracts outside the United States and non-bank dealers who do not
publicly report their contracts.

4. Instrument definitions

In each risk category, OTC derivatives were broken down into three types
of plain vanilla instruments (forwards, swaps and options). Plain vanilla
instruments are those traded in generally liquid markets using
standardized contracts and market conventions. If a transaction was
composed of several plain vanilla components, dealers were asked to
report each one separately. Foreign exchange spot and OTC derivatives
transactions should be defined as follows:

Spot transaction
Single outright transaction involving the exchange of two currencies at a
rate agreed on the date of the contract for value or delivery (cash
settlement) within two business days. The spot legs of swaps do not
belong to spot transactions but are to be reported as swap transactions
even when they are for settlement within two days (i.e., spot transactions
should exclude “tomorrow/next day” transactions).

Outright forward
Transaction involving the exchange of two currencies at a rate agreed on
the date of the contract for value or delivery (cash settlement) at some
time in the future (more than two business days later). This category also
includes forward foreign exchange agreement transactions (FXA), non-
deliverable forwards and other forward contracts for differences.

Foreign exchange swap

Transaction involving the actual exchange of two currencies (principal
amount only) on a specific date at a rate agreed at the time of the
conclusion of the contract (the short leg), and a reverse exchange of the
same two currencies at a date further in the future at a rate (generally
different from the rate applied to the short leg) agreed at the time of the
contract (the long leg). Both spot/forward and forward/forward swaps
should be included. For turnover, only the forward leg should be reported
as such. The spot leg should not be reported at all, i.e. neither as spot nor
as foreign exchange swap transactions. Short-term swaps carried out as
“tomorrow/next day” transactions should also be included in this category.
Turnover in the United States 2007 14

ANNEX I

Currency swap
Contract which commits two counterparties to exchange streams of
interest payments in different currencies for an agreed period of time and
to exchange principal amounts in different currencies at a pre-agreed
exchange rate at maturity.

Currency option
Option contract that gives the right to buy or sell a currency with another
currency at a specified exchange rate during a specified period. This
category also includes exotic foreign exchange options such as average
rate options and barrier options.

Currency swaption
OTC option to enter into a currency swap contract.

Currency warrant
OTC option; long-dated (over one year) currency option.

Forward rate agreement (FRA)

Interest rate forward contract in which the rate to be paid or received on a
specific obligation for a set period of time, beginning at some time in the
future, is determined at contract initiation.

Interest rate swap

Agreement to exchange periodic payments related to interest rates on a
single currency; can be fixed for floating, or floating for floating based on
different indices. This group includes those swaps whose notional
principal is amortized according to a fixed schedule independent of
interest rates.

Interest rate option

Option contract that gives the right to pay or receive a specific interest rate
on a predetermined principal for a set period of time.

Interest rate cap

OTC option that pays the difference between a floating interest rate and
the cap rate.

Interest rate floor

OTC option that pays the difference between the floor rate and a floating
interest rate.
Turnover in the United States 2007 15

ANNEX I

Interest rate collar

Combination of cap and floor.

Interest rate corridor

1) A combination of two caps, one purchased by a borrower at a set strike
and the other sold by the borrower at a higher strike to, in effect, offset
part of the premium of the first cap. 2) A collar on a swap created with two
swaptions –the structure and participation interval is determined by the
strikes and types of the swaptions. 3) A digital knockout option with two
barriers bracketing the current level of a long-term interest rate.

Interest rate swaption

OTC option to enter into an interest rate swap contract, purchasing the
right to pay or receive a certain fixed rate.

Interest rate warrant

OTC option; long-dated (over one year) interest rate option.

Forward contracts for differences (including non-deliverable forwards).

Contracts where only the difference between the contracted forward
outright rate and the prevailing spot rate is settled at maturity.
 Turnover in the United States 2007 16

Annex II

Turnover Survey Participants

Foreign Exchange Dealers

ABN AMRO North America

Bank of America
Bank of Montreal
Bank of New York
Bank of Nova Scotia
Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi
Barclays Capital
Bear Stearns
BNP Paribas
Calyon
Canadian Imperial Bank
Citigroup
Commerzbank
Credit Suisse Group
Deutsche Bank
Goldman Sachs
JP Morgan Chase
Lehman Brothers
Mellon Financial
Merrill Lynch
Mizhuo Corporation
Morgan Stanley
PNC Bank
Royal Bank of Scotland
Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken
Societe Generale
Standard Chartered Bank
State Street Bank & Trust Company
Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corp
Svenska Handelsbanken
UBS
Wells Fargo
West LB
 Annex II

Turnover Survey Participants

Derivatives Dealers

ABN AMRO North America

Bank of America
Bank of Montreal
Bank of New York
Bank of Nova Scotia
Barclays Capital
Bear Stearns
BNP Paribas
Calyon
Canadian Imperial Bank
Citigroup
Commerzbank
Credit Suisse Group
Deutsche Bank
Goldman Sachs
JP Morgan Chase
Mellon Financial
Merrill Lynch
Mizhuo Corporation
Morgan Stanley
PNC Bank
Royal Bank of Scotland
Societe Generale
State Street Bank & Trust Company
Svenska Handelsbanken
Toronto Dominion
UBS
West LB
TableA1

RSSD Central Bank Survey of Foreign Exchange and

999 Derivatives Market Activity

1
NAME FOREIGN EXCHANGE CONTRACTS
Aggregate Data Turnover in nominal or notional principal amounts in April 2007
(in millions of USD)

USD against
Instruments

EUR JPY GBP CHF CAD AUD SEK OTHER 2 TOT

3
SPOT

with reporting dealers 737500 319417 350311 124471 135897 109736 13989 224480 2015803
- local 148296 67275 46685 25538 26299 19701 3907 45538 383239
- cross-border 589204 252142 303626 98933 109598 90035 10082 178942 1632564
with other financial institutions 946409 454042 337716 184496 147088 111407 11247 329529 2521933
- local 573637 262431 182351 104560 82400 67002 7452 135094 1414927
- cross-border 372771 191609 155365 79937 64689 44405 3795 194435 1107003
with non-financial customers 204982 97260 84208 32830 45596 25594 7422 99818 597712
- local 114843 48875 38457 13817 25391 13152 4138 62804 321477
- cross-border 90138 48383 45753 19013 20203 12442 3284 37014 276233
TOTAL 1888891 870720 772235 341802 328581 246737 32658 653825 5135448

OUTRIGHT FORWARDS 4
with reporting dealers 101979 59505 41265 19862 16951 24550 9633 144362 418107
- local 18929 8669 8011 4434 3052 4904 1980 23290 73268
- cross-border 83050 50836 33254 15428 13899 19646 7653 121072 344839
with other financial institutions 318333 182067 119003 47733 68916 69841 17078 231550 1054521
- local 171252 94231 67359 25605 36446 50629 11007 123315 579844
- cross-border 147082 87837 51645 22128 32470 19212 6070 108237 474679
with non-financial customers 142978 65454 49068 24842 38796 22489 8446 115734 467808
- local 89816 41501 25468 12320 22089 13552 5667 66505 276919
- cross-border 53162 23953 23600 12522 16706 8938 2779 49229 190888
TOTAL 563289 307026 209336 92437 124662 116880 35157 491650 1940434
Maturities
seven days or less 282638 156660 77473 46292 41807 47144 14854 185446 852315
over seven days and up to one year 295403 156445 138712 50353 83028 74310 22092 317304 1137646
over one year 4177 2288 1165 229 2645 330 188 12191 23214

FOREIGN EXCHANGE SWAPS

with reporting dealers 538523 295134 246827 130943 253982 144097 32303 282270 1924076
- local 88231 51983 32994 12885 40338 15581 5197 53717 300925
- cross-border 450292 243152 213831 118058 213644 128517 27105 228552 1623151
with other financial institutions 595028 320360 277938 114475 213239 116589 19926 231250 1888803
- local 292687 167235 123365 53474 105930 60657 8844 118576 930769
- cross-border 302341 153123 154572 61000 107309 55932 11083 112674 958034
with non-financial customers 175916 179970 113737 42693 40148 24311 3175 45920 625869
- local 99195 144941 87318 25078 21021 17633 2055 16113 413354
- cross-border 76721 35029 26419 17615 19127 6678 1120 29806 212514
TOTAL 1309468 795462 638503 288110 507367 284996 55403 559439 4438749
Maturities
seven days or less 1011189 650481 495785 232839 435108 233396 38531 451112 3548442
over seven days and up to one year 375719 186949 174200 65014 109770 66599 22015 140666 1140932
over one year 10794 10014 1509 3140 2827 579 53 21382 50297
1. All transactions involving exposure to more than one currency, whether in interest rates or exchange rates.
2. See also table A3 for a more detailed breakdown of total turnover in "other" currencies.
3. Excluding "tomorrow/next day" transactions. 4. Including non-deliverable forwards and other contracts-for-differences.
5. A swap is considered to be a single transaction in that the two legs are not counted separately. Including
"tomorrow/next day" transactions.
TableA2

RSSD Central Bank Survey of Foreign Exchange and

999 Derivatives Market Activity

NAME FOREIGN EXCHANGE CONTRACTS 1

Aggregate Data Turnover in nominal or notional principal amounts in April 2007
(in millions of USD)

EUR against
Instruments RESI- GRAND

2 3
JPY GBP CHF CAD AUD SEK OTHER TOT DUAL TOTAL 4
5
SPOT

with reporting dealers 151139 72399 83306 3656 6388 24292 108888 450067 169946 2635815
- local 17732 10508 13875 656 846 4226 22430 70271 41574 495084
- cross-border 133407 61891 69433 3001 5542 20067 86458 379798 128370 2140732
with other financial institutions 127422 57366 73438 3024 5101 12208 58952 337513 131015 2990464
- local 61529 33931 43678 2000 2458 6026 38126 187750 82537 1685214
- cross-border 65892 23435 29761 1024 2644 6183 20826 149763 48478 1305244
with non-financial customers 36296 26130 23943 6402 9040 9578 57011 168400 145640 911752
- local 15128 17493 10538 5347 8295 7734 47717 112253 120447 554177
- cross-border 21167 8637 13404 1055 745 1845 9294 56148 25194 357575
TOTAL 314857 155894 180688 13083 20530 46077 224850 955982 446600 6538030

OUTRIGHT FORWARDS 6
with reporting dealers 11632 5617 7193 728 1948 5296 13404 45820 43631 507559
- local 2229 700 938 80 101 934 2849 7830 19505 100603
- cross-border 9402 4916 6256 649 1847 4363 10556 37989 24124 406952
with other financial institutions 21554 12557 10694 3772 3455 6889 19999 78920 74450 1207894
- local 11608 5958 5014 2179 1909 3228 11268 41164 44987 665995
- cross-border 9946 6599 5680 1593 1546 3661 8732 37759 29464 541902
with non-financial customers 14385 14788 8868 5033 6205 9352 45401 104032 98768 670608
- local 9792 13066 6377 4309 5234 7629 37722 84129 82251 443299
- cross-border 4593 1722 2491 723 971 1723 7678 19901 16517 227306
TOTAL 47570 32962 26755 9533 11609 21538 78805 228774 216848 2386056
Maturities
seven days or less 29544 19716 17561 5960 6428 12241 40345 131796 118862 1102973
over seven days and up to one year 19790 13785 9437 3651 5273 10162 41001 103096 116463 1357205
over one year 470 162 696 3 8 71 312 1720 1026 25960

FOREIGN EXCHANGE SWAPS `

with reporting dealers 3909 1971 1836 318 275 2076 127249 137635 169302 2231014
- local 598 292 290 52 2 40 29615 30889 30290 362103
- cross-border 3310 1680 1546 267 273 2035 97634 106744 139013 1868908
with other financial institutions 9365 11165 2392 1520 5454 1465 70840 102200 58097 2049100
- local 6350 4981 630 658 5304 520 33956 52400 41727 1024896
- cross-border 3015 6184 1761 862 150 944 36884 49800 16370 1024204
with non-financial customers 2304 15689 3815 4354 3006 1118 21014 51299 54460 731628
- local 760 9495 1561 3891 2838 735 18760 38040 48049 499443
- cross-border 1544 6194 2254 463 168 383 2254 13261 6412 232187
TOTAL 15578 28825 8042 6192 8735 4659 219102 291133 281860 5011743
Maturities
seven days or less 8974 16171 4566 4267 3154 1337 215421 253888 248339 4050669
over seven days and up to one year 7017 12933 3138 1884 5584 3322 33203 67084 58156 1266172
over one year 184 12 630 94 0 43 92 1055 5653 57005
1. All transactions involving exposure to more than one currency, whether in interest rates or exchange rates. 2. See also table A3 for a more detailed
breakdown of total turnover in "other" currencies. 3. "Residual" covers all currency pairs except those involving the USD and the euro. 4. Covers the
sum of the totals in tables A1 and A2 and the column "Residual". 5. Excluding "tomorrow/next day" transactions. 6. Including non-deliverable
forwards and other contracts-for-differences. 7. A swap is considered to be a single transaction in that the two legs are not counted separately.
Including"tomorrow/next day" transactions.
TableA3

RSSD Central Bank Survey of Foreign Exchange and

999 Derivatives Market Activity

NAME FOREIGN EXCHANGE CONTRACTS 1

Aggregate Data Turnover in nominal or notional principal amounts in April 2007
(in millions of USD)

Instruments
Total turnover in listed currencies against all other currencies 2
BRL CNY CZK DKK HKD HUF IDR INR KRW MXN NOK NZD PHP PLN RUB SGD THB TRL TWD ZAR
SPOT 3

with reporting dealers 11607 1186 1772 18758 14896 8267 1384 2104 2806 92965 38420 28887 621 5893 350 11208 287 1429 1240 8863
- local 2176 284 272 2024 2882 767 639 573 461 23925 5914 4979 181 488 203 1949 77 356 313 1333
- cross-border 9431 902 1500 16734 12014 7500 745 1531 2345 69040 32506 23908 440 5405 147 9259 210 1073 927 7530
with other financial institutions 16276 1631 1511 6031 45982 20450 1975 2247 3036 115489 20302 31870 914 3963 602 10546 272 34824 1893 9624
- local 9671 793 436 2504 9266 16972 1532 1324 2198 52175 11996 15422 625 1079 329 6055 185 1656 1293 4924
- cross-border 6605 839 1074 3527 36716 3478 443 923 838 63314 8306 16448 288 2884 273 4491 88 33168 599 4700
with non-financial customers 3373 1107 5637 2862 7099 11296 194 1413 2523 18093 23765 23594 279 9374 71 4645 1355 213 790 3197
- local 1924 1013 5201 1697 5046 4115 106 1372 1234 13774 19222 20340 249 6734 47 3070 1225 122 672 1865
- cross-border 1449 94 436 1166 2053 7180 88 41 1289 4319 4543 3254 30 2640 24 1575 130 91 118 1332
TOTAL 31256 3925 8920 27652 67978 40013 3553 5763 8364 226550 82484 84350 1814 19231 1023 26398 1915 36466 3923 21684

OUTRIGHT FORWARDS 4
with reporting dealers 34633 4938 1371 1461 2356 5768 1579 4913 8456 16029 10695 9725 1434 4630 1284 3736 75 208 4331 4382
- local 6157 473 224 133 1035 304 139 1143 1003 2770 993 1295 240 525 292 571 13 115 588 861
- cross-border 28476 4465 1147 1328 1321 5464 1440 3770 7453 13259 9702 8430 1194 4105 992 3165 62 93 3743 3521
with other financial institutions 56583 7426 2007 2341 11697 3529 1421 6778 8701 31104 17183 19223 1907 4244 2364 12836 357 1555 4797 9178
- local 27021 4016 1091 1456 2564 2504 642 3586 4291 18653 10308 10587 1150 2643 1310 6018 138 1064 2814 5915
- cross-border 29562 3410 916 885 9133 1025 778 3192 4410 12451 6875 8636 757 1601 1054 6818 219 491 1984 3262
with non-financial customers 13831 1832 8266 2111 4731 8976 296 1546 1799 23882 23066 20422 243 9321 332 6392 1387 187 1056 4775
- local 6700 1363 7253 1840 4085 4542 133 945 1028 12920 19920 18070 151 538 179 4781 1131 134 867 3025
- cross-border 7131 469 1013 271 646 4434 163 601 771 10962 3147 2352 92 8784 153 1612 256 53 189 1750
TOTAL 105046 14197 11644 5912 18783 18272 3295 13236 18957 71014 50944 49370 3584 18196 3980 22965 1818 1950 10184 18335
Maturities
seven days or less 36987 1021 8781 3218 12123 13288 404 2461 1836 33793 25382 28246 1013 11532 291 9271 1096 633 1564 9243
over seven days and up to one year 72599 11863 3080 2739 7038 5286 3029 10651 17922 38793 26490 21692 2762 7185 3810 14026 730 1000 8911 9917
over one year 1621 1783 7 90 655 0 2 1267 201 1200 72 723 51 7 173 239 6 431 295 34

5
FOREIGN EXCHANGE SWAPS
with reporting dealers 1829 259 2568 13340 30218 6112 15 186 212 102265 32480 43171 212 4931 206 25539 1005 753 23 8493
- local 367 0 151 671 2684 812 3 47 0 31092 2205 6919 91 529 0 4666 48 511 23 874
- cross-border 1462 259 2417 12669 27534 5300 12 139 212 71173 30275 36252 121 4402 206 20873 957 242 0 7619
with other financial institutions 3673 893 2248 7230 15557 3735 93 404 437 105508 20999 31029 559 5898 359 13600 385 1681 98 10926
- local 2303 827 1029 2758 5134 2161 78 274 297 55465 9394 21282 511 3233 297 6586 267 708 70 5877
- cross-border 1370 66 1219 4472 10423 1574 15 130 141 50044 11605 9746 48 2665 62 7014 118 973 28 5050
with non-financial customers 299 11 646 515 672 428 7 13 60 14809 2653 10910 0 1277 6 2746 199 89 45 1411
- local 76 11 401 222 465 353 2 2 11 5344 1910 9613 0 737 6 1294 49 3 22 1147
- cross-border 223 0 245 293 207 75 5 11 49 9465 743 1297 0 541 0 1452 150 86 23 264
TOTAL 5800 1163 5462 21083 46448 10275 115 603 709 22581 56132 85110 771 12107 571 41885 1588 2523 166 20831
Maturities
seven days or less 1399 54 3476 17368 35672 8784 11 29 140 193826 38665 75199 7 7691 20 34886 1176 2213 43 15743
over seven days and up to one year 4717 1109 2091 4236 13168 2303 106 620 552 39926 19615 16632 838 4946 551 11520 418 820 145 5928
over one year 49 0 45 146 291 0 0 0 17 19921 57 198 15 0 0 146 41 0 0 35
1. All transactions involving exposure to more than one currency, whether in interest rates or exchange rates. 2. Only transactions which are included in the columns "other and "residual" in tables A1 and A2. Direct cross-trade between two currencies list
3. Excluding "tomorrow/next day" transactions. 4. Including non-deliverable forwards and other contracts-for-differences. 5. A swap is considered to be a single transaction in that the two legs are not counted separately. Including "tomorrow/next day."
TableA4

RSSD Central Bank Survey of Foreign Exchange and

999 Derivatives Market Activity

NAME FOREIGN EXCHANGE CONTRACTS 1

Aggregate Data Turnover in nominal or notional principal amounts in April 2007
(in millions of USD)

USD against
Instruments

2
EUR JPY GBP CHF CAD AUD SEK OTHER TOT
3
CURRENCY SWAPS

with reporting dealers 14954 1130 3765 3296 2552 527 150 16353 42728
- local 308 93 638 31 455 267 150 4155 6097
- cross-border 14645 1035 3128 3265 2096 260 0 12197 36628
with other financial institutions 22400 2806 3503 1403 5039 729 299 12467 48645
- local 20139 1527 1492 151 852 555 299 5395 30410
- cross-border 2261 1278 2010 1252 4187 174 0 7072 18234
with non-financial customers 1822 570 10598 2781 1740 18 4338 19063 40930
- local 1041 186 4077 2769 717 18 4338 13885 27030
- cross-border 781 384 6522 13 1023 0 0 5178 13900
TOTAL 39177 4505 17866 7480 9331 1274 4785 47882 132301

OTC OPTIONS 4
Sold
with reporting dealers 58617 599781 30791 6075 18790 14196 128 25106 213482
- local 10028 6967 7168 1182 3358 1610 1 3590 33904
- cross-border 48590 52814 23624 4892 15432 12585 127 21516 179578
with other financial institutions 60054 58209 39249 6129 22424 14482 504 47384 248434
- local 22909 19776 21376 2231 9676 6116 489 17684 100257
- cross-border 37145 38433 17873 3898 12749 8366 15 29700 148177
with non-financial customers 33589 19196 14809 4441 9353 6433 253 43657 131733
- local 16097 5971 6061 2266 3195 1282 6 36570 71448
- cross-border 17493 13224 8748 2175 6158 5151 247 7090 60285
TOTAL 152260 137185 84850 16644 50567 35111 885 116147 593646

Bought
with reporting dealers 61529 62837 33693 6921 20742 12589 206 28107 226625
- local 9475 7058 5919 1140 4475 1447 94 4117 33725
- cross-border 52054 55779 27774 5781 16267 11143 112 23991 192899
with other financial institutions 74681 91755 45232 8945 21662 16596 753 47975 307595
- local 32177 30515 28576 3259 9160 9958 361 19995 134000
- cross-border 42504 61240 16656 5686 12502 6637 392 27978 173595
with non-financial customers 34648 23484 16165 5526 13784 6480 14 28872 128974
- local 15690 8014 2746 1858 3717 2405 5 21767 56201
- cross-border 18959 15470 13419 3668 10067 4075 9 7107 72772
TOTAL 170858 178076 95089 21392 56189 35665 972 104954 663194

TOTAL OTC OPTIONS 323118 315261 179939 38036 106756 70776 1857 221101 1256840

TOTAL FX CONTRACTS 4123943 2292972 1817879 767864 1076697 720663 129860 1973896 12903772
1. All transactions involving exposure to more than one currency, whether in interest rates or exchange rates.
2. See also table A6 for a more detailed breakdown of total turnover in "other" currencies.
3. A swap is considered to be a single transaction in that the two legs are not counted separately.
4. Including currency warrants and multicurrency swaptions.
TableA5

RSSD Central Bank Survey of Foreign Exchange and

999 Derivatives Market Activity

NAME FOREIGN EXCHANGE CONTRACTS 1

Aggregate Data Turnover in nominal or notional principal amounts in April 2007
(in millions of USD)

EUR against
Instruments RESI- GRAND

JPY GBP CHF CAD AUD SEK OTHER 2 TOT DUAL 3 TOTAL 4
5
CURRENCY SWAPS

with reporting dealers 3 7 71 0 0 0 53 134 1549 44408

- local 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 689 6787
- cross-border 3 7 71 0 0 0 53 134 860 37622
with other financial institutions 6 110 145 132 0 31 139 563 558 49766
- local 0 60 16 0 0 2 10 88 178 30676
- cross-border 6 50 129 132 0 29 129 475 380 19089
with non-financial customers 0 28 61 396 0 0 0 485 606 42021
- local 0 28 61 0 0 0 0 89 559 27678
- cross-border 0 0 0 396 0 0 0 396 47 14343
TOTAL 9 145 277 528 0 31 192 1182 2713 136195

OTC OPTIONS 6
Sold
with reporting dealers 23991 6168 4094 1025 809 970 5568 42626 12144 268252
- local 3565 765 171 77 19 48 309 4954 1760 40618
- cross-border 20428 5402 3923 948 791 924 5258 37675 10384 227637
with other financial institutions 23577 7782 7105 682 1094 3039 4473 47751 34294 330479
- local 12352 2808 3728 239 169 974 1003 21272 13299 134828
- cross-border 11224 4974 3377 443 925 2065 3470 26478 20995 195650
with non-financial customers 11924 1003 5362 38 501 395 2219 21442 7370 160545
- local 1417 71 1771 5 404 74 887 4629 1312 77389
- cross-border 10507 932 3591 33 97 321 1332 16813 6057 83155
TOTAL 59491 14953 16562 1745 2404 4404 12261 111820 53808 759274

Bought
with reporting dealers 17507 5261 4459 921 542 1405 4036 34130 11862 272617
- local 4348 719 309 15 42 163 429 6025 1948 41698
- cross-border 13159 4541 4149 906 500 1243 3608 28106 9913 230918
with other financial institutions 19231 11413 5998 839 856 1364 4155 43856 28265 379716
- local 9367 5552 1954 371 251 941 849 19285 6822 160107
- cross-border 9865 5861 4044 468 605 423 3306 24571 21443 219609
with non-financial customers 15285 1944 7967 444 610 301 2006 28557 8070 165601
- local 1627 308 803 36 404 162 950 4290 1310 61801
- cross-border 13658 1636 7164 408 206 139 1056 24267 6760 103799
TOTAL 52023 18618 18425 2204 2008 3070 10197 106544 48197 817935

TOTAL OTC OPTIONS 111514 33571 34987 3949 4412 7474 22458 218364 102005 1577209
Other products 7 0
TOTAL FX CONTRACTS 489528 251397 250749 33285 45286 79779 545407 1695437 1050026 15649235
of which:
8
Related party trades 482082
1. All transactions involving exposure to more than one currency, whether in interest rates or exchange rates. 2. See also table A6 for a more detailed
breakdown of total turnover in "other" currencies. 3. "Residual" covers all currency pairs except those involving the USD and the euro. 4. Covers
the sum of the totals in tables A4 and A5 and the column "Residual". 5. A swap is considered to be a single transaction in that the two legs are not
counted separately. 6. Including currency warrants and multicurrency swaptions. 7. Any instrument where the transaction is highly leveraged and/or the
notional amount isvariable and where a decomposition into individual plain vanilla components is impractical or impossible. 8. Report trades with
branches and affiliated firms included in Total FX Contracts above. Notes, however, that the survey excludes all trades (1) conducted as back-to-back
deals, (2) to facilitate internal bookkeeping or internal risk management within a reporting institution, or (3) between desks and offices of the
reporting dealer in the same country.
TableA6

RSSD Central Bank Survey of Foreign Exchange and

999 Derivatives Market Activity

NAME FOREIGN EXCHANGE CONTRACTS 1

Aggregate Data Turnover in nominal or notional principal amounts in April 2007
(In millions of USD)

Instruments
2
Total turnover in listed currencies against all other currencies

BRL CNY CZK DKK HKD HUF IDR INR KRW MXN NOK NZD PHP PLN RUB SGD THB TRL TWD ZAR
CURRENCY SWAPS 3

with reporting dealers 35 8 0 0 61 0 5 5 710 473 0 198 10 0 82 5 0 181 0 18

- local 4 3 0 0 60 0 5 5 233 30 0 198 10 0 82 5 0 155 0 18
- cross-border 31 5 0 0 1 0 0 0 477 443 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 0 0
with other financial institutions 37 122 0 0 0 0 10 0 295 2009 0 2 0 111 143 0 0 135 0 98
- local 0 6 0 0 0 0 10 0 50 674 0 1 0 111 143 0 0 125 0 56
- cross-border 37 116 0 0 0 0 0 0 245 1335 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 42
with non-financial customers 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
- local 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
- cross-border 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
TOTAL 72 130 0 0 61 0 15 6 1005 2482 0 200 10 111 225 5 0 316 0 116

OTC OPTIONS 4
Sold
with reporting dealers 6372 211 252 0 711 816 70 294 1027 4545 933 3948 0 1790 35 974 0 3381 216 1056
- local 1081 2 1 0 100 1 0 113 181 588 122 472 0 94 21 134 0 389 2 61
- cross-border 5291 209 251 0 611 815 70 181 846 3947 811 3477 0 1696 14 840 0 2992 214 995
with other financial institutions 9968 625 535 0 3655 1063 289 1655 1485 16084 3701 6976 18 606 119 1436 20 3024 15 1757
- local 4901 0 417 0 115 195 50 446 323 9472 1318 2063 6 206 4 326 0 955 9 974
- cross-border 5066 625 118 0 3540 868 239 1209 1162 6612 2383 4913 12 401 115 1110 20 2069 6 783
with non-financial customers 1603 409 301 5 608 195 13 271 25845 5176 892 767 9 255 434 341 15 1728 260 1131
- local 748 139 6 5 28 0 0 206 25583 2970 25 181 9 151 352 156 0 830 246 440
- cross-border 855 270 295 0 580 195 13 65 262 2206 867 586 0 104 82 185 15 898 14 691
TOTAL 17943 1245 1088 5 4974 2074 372 2220 28357 25805 5522 11691 27 2651 588 2751 35 8133 491 3944

Bought
with reporting dealers 7013 38 272 0 729 548 0 230 281 7468 1797 4042 2 395 40 773 0 2935 288 911
- local 936 2 7 0 50 28 0 88 38 808 280 489 2 91 0 79 0 433 2 113
- cross-border 6077 36 265 0 679 520 0 143 243 6660 1517 3552 0 304 40 694 0 2502 286 798
with other financial institutions 10442 281 616 0 3049 843 95 1000 1099 10433 3937 6326 16 669 0 1651 0 3269 22 1641
- local 5924 53 343 0 1095 155 60 126 106 4537 1024 2399 0 313 0 274 0 731 20 818
- cross-border 4518 228 273 0 1954 688 35 874 993 5896 2913 3927 16 356 0 1377 0 2538 2 823
with non-financial customers 749 401 566 10 624 270 35 160 12889 5399 586 562 9 162 36 229 63 1372 124 1188
- local 244 191 139 6 92 72 0 133 12806 2586 28 144 9 95 34 34 53 524 108 360
- cross-border 505 210 427 4 532 198 35 27 83 2813 558 418 0 67 0 195 10 848 16 828
TOTAL 18204 720 1454 10 4402 1661 130 1390 14269 23300 6320 10930 27 1226 76 2653 63 7576 434 3740

TOTAL OTC OPTIONS 36147 1965 2542 15 9376 3735 502 3610 42626 49105 11842 22621 54 3877 664 5404 98 15709 925 7684

TOTAL FX CONTRACT 178320 21380 28566 54661 142645 72293 7480 23218 71660 571741 201400 241652 6232 53521 6461 96655 5418 56964 15197 68650
1. All transactions involving exposure to more than one currency, whether in interest rates or exchange rates. 2. Only transactions which are included in the columns "other" and "residual" in tables A4 and A5. Direct offshore cross-trades between two cu
3. A swap is considered to be a single transaction in that the two legs are not counted separately. 4. Including currency warrants and multicurrency swaptions.
TableB1

RSSD Central Bank Survey of Foreign Exchange and

999 Derivatives Market Activity

NAME SINGLE-CURRENCY INTEREST RATE DERIVATIVES 1

Aggregate Data Turnover in nominal or notional principal amounts in April 2007
(in millions of USD)

Instruments
USD EUR JPY GBP CHF CAD AUD DKK HKD IDR MXN NOK NZD SEK SGD THB OTH TOT
FORWARD RATE
AGREEMENTS
with reporting dealers 1263973 55270 0 44082 21090 2503 1172 183 0 0 0 1046 0 3982 0 0 9572 1402872
- local 323986 14522 0 5534 1405 1510 393 183 0 0 0 0 0 170 0 0 2548 350250
- cross-border 939987 40748 0 38548 19685 994 780 0 0 0 0 1046 0 3811 0 0 7024 1052623
with other financial institutions 453009 32673 1775 5344 12732 4530 6236 366 0 0 67 771 1758 1080 0 0 7164 527504
- local 262730 8453 1685 1048 1112 1298 1841 0 0 0 67 0 0 43 0 0 2095 280373
- cross-border 190279 24220 90 4296 11620 3232 4395 366 0 0 0 771 1758 1036 0 0 5069 247130
with non-financial customers 1464 1822 0 0 0 862 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4148
- local 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
- cross-border 1464 1822 0 0 0 862 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4148
TOTAL 1718447 89765 1775 49426 33823 7895 7409 549 0 0 67 1817 1758 5061 0 0 16736 1934524

SWAPS 2
with reporting dealers 3018316 113230 44474 37182 33854 79293 2171 30 1372 0 24254 0 963 1016 1216 409 32253 3390034
- local 1010593 21213 7526 9108 1494 13220 244 30 177 0 8599 0 0 241 39 0 9647 1082129
- cross-border 2007724 92017 36949 28074 32360 66072 1927 0 1195 0 15656 0 963 776 1177 409 22605 2307905
with other financial institutions 2145362 186746 45734 49010 19986 43554 562 60 1861 10 36641 0 347 1383 761 223 42961 2575199
- local 1255951 41418 16596 16752 463 19192 504 60 1019 0 12480 0 340 720 129 36 12628 1378287
- cross-border 889411 145328 29137 32258 19524 24362 57 0 842 10 24160 0 7 664 632 188 30332 1196912
with non-financial customers 586230 63825 24276 12656 1384 7331 326 10 654 0 3406 1 181 19 343 420 8057 709120
- local 134695 6580 1560 487 63 3004 314 0 0 0 497 1 0 0 0 137 267 147605
- cross-border 451535 57245 22715 12169 1321 4327 12 10 654 0 2909 0 181 19 343 283 7791 561514
TOTAL 5749907 363801 114484 98848 55223 130178 3059 100 3887 10 64301 1 1491 2418 2320 1052 83271 6674353
1. All transactions where all the legs are exposed to one and only one currency's interest rate, including all fixed/floating and floating/floating single-currency interest rate contracts. 2. A swap is considered to be a single transaction in that the t
TableB2

RSSD Central Bank Survey of Foreign Exchange and

999 Derivatives Market Activity
SINGLE-CURRENCY INTEREST RATE DERIVATIVES 1
NAME Turnover in nominal or notional principal amounts in April 2007
Aggregate Data (in millions of USD)

Instruments
USD EUR JPY GBP CHF CAD AUD DKK HKD IDR MXN NOK NZD SEK SGD THB OTH TOT
OTC OPTIONS
Sold
with reporting dealers 506720 11444 19329 4730 642 6094 0 0 89 0 1120 0 0 643 0 0 555 551367
- local 150445 1639 12624 281 62 2953 0 0 0 0 133 0 0 0 0 0 87 168224
- cross-border 356275 9805 6705 4448 580 3141 0 0 89 0 988 0 0 643 0 0 468 383142
with other financial institutions 288195 7802 19350 1349 622 3247 0 0 124 0 1708 0 0 0 0 0 1439 323838
- local 176392 1849 12049 170 0 738 0 0 0 0 884 0 0 0 0 0 750 192831
- cross-border 111803 5953 7302 1178 622 2509 0 0 124 0 825 0 0 0 0 0 690 131006
with non-financial customers 102547 3119 6161 191 0 1429 0 0 356 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 282 114086
- local 60831 402 1985 32 0 1429 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 64679
- cross-border 41716 2718 4176 159 0 0 0 0 356 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 282 49407
TOTAL 897464 22365 44841 6269 1264 10770 0 0 569 0 2829 0 0 643 0 0 2276 989290

Bought
with reporting dealers 879231 13195 16031 2741 414 8802 0 0 618 0 1161 0 0 641 7 0 405 923967
- local 500985 1205 9962 206 0 3833 0 0 0 0 246 0 0 0 0 0 60 516497
- cross-border 378245 12711 6068 2535 414 4969 0 0 618 0 915 0 0 641 7 0 346 407470
with other financial institutions 330094 14552 15285 1464 41 1119 17 0 99 0 3327 0 0 0 0 0 1504 367500
- local 223995 6380 8623 20 0 841 0 0 0 0 2499 0 0 0 0 0 183 242540
- cross-border 106098 8172 6662 1444 41 278 17 0 99 0 828 0 0 0 0 0 1321 124959
with non-financial customers 125079 3055 5519 178 0 1446 0 0 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 296 135591
- local 58593 0 1637 148 0 1405 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 61783
- cross-border 66486 3055 3882 30 0 41 0 0 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 296 73808
TOTAL 1334403 31522 36835 4383 455 11367 17 0 717 0 4505 0 0 641 7 0 2205 1427058

TOTAL OTC OPTIONS 2231867 53887 81676 10652 1719 22137 17 0 1286 0 7334 0 0 1264 7 0 4481 2416348
Other products 2 10756
TOTAL CONTRACTS 9700221 507453 197935 158926 90765 160210 10485 649 5173 10 71702 1818 3249 8763 2327 1052 104488 11025225
of which:
Related party trades 3 3414972
1. All transactions where all the legs are exposed to one and only one currency's interest rate, including all fixed/floating and floating/floating single-currency interest rate contracts.
2. Any instrument where the transaction is highly leveraged and/or the notional amount is variable and where a decomposition into individual plain vanilla components is impractical or impossible.