HIDROLIK DAN PNEUMATIK

Pada sistem Mekatronika

Sistem transmisi Energi
Sistem transmisi energi listrik
Sistem transmisi energi mekanik
Sistem transmisi energi fluida bertekanan
Fill the two syringes (plungers) and pipe with water, taking care to
exclude any air. If you press down on one syringe the other will lift - even
if you try to stop it
Uncompressible
If you fill the two syringes with air and repeat the experiment you will find
that you can press down on one syringe and stop the other one moving
by compressing the air inside
compressible
Contoh aplikasi pada alat berat
Hukum Dasar Hidromekanika
Tekanan p
Berdasarkan teori Pascal, jika sebuah gaya diterapkan pada sebuah luas
an terhadap cairan dalam tabung tertutup, maka tekanan dari luasan ter-
sebut akan diteruskan ke segala arah dengan besaran yang sama ke
seluruh cairan tersebut.
p
F
A

Force = F
Luasan
penampang = A
satuan ;1 Pa = N/m
2
1 Pa = 10
-5
bar
Diterapkan dalam silinder hidrolik (gerak linier)
p
F
A
F p A A
F
p
.
p = pressure
F = force
A =area
Sistemhidrolik dasar
Sirkuit dasar Hydrolik
M
Pompa Hidrolik
Gear pump
Vane pump
Piston pump
Centrifugal pump
External Gear Pump in
Operation
Depending on the number of teeth, the "idler" gear might be driven directly by the "drive"
gear. Generally with six or more teeth this is possible. In other cases an extra gear
external to the pump drives the secondary gear at the same rate.
The teeth on Gear Pumps can be spur (straight), helical (slanted), herringbone, etc.
There can be two, or more teeth on each gear -- twenty is not uncommon. The diameter
of the gears and their thickness varies widely.
External Gear Pump
Lobe pump
Internal gear pump
Gerotor pump
Vane pump
Two types of vane pumps are most often
used:
Balanced Vane Pumps
Unbalanced Vane Pumps
The balanced vane pump is strictly a fixed
displacement type. The unbalanced vane can
have a fixed or a variable displacement.
Balanced Vane Pump
Balanced Vane
Pump in Operation
UNBALANCED VANE PUMPS
UNBALANCED
VANE PUMPS,
fixed capacity
Variable capacity vane pump
Piston pump
The axial piston pump
In hydraulic systems with a working pressure above aprox. 250 bar the
most used pump type is the piston pump. The pistons move parallel to
the axis of the drive shaft. The swash plate is driven by the shaft and the
angle of the swash plate determines the stroke of the piston. The valves
are necessary to direct the flow in the right direction. This type of pump
can be driven in both directions but can not be used as a hydromotor. can be driven in both directions but can not be used as a hydromotor.
The axial piston pump with rotating swashplate.
The axial piston pump with rotating swashplate. Variable
Displacement
Axial Piston Pump - Fixed Displacement
Axial Piston Pump - Fixed Displacement
Bent-Axis Axial Piston Pump
Bent-Axis Axial Piston Pump -
Fixed Displacement
Constant Bent Axis Axial piston Pump
In this pump, the pistons are at an angle to the drive shaft and Thrust Plate.
The piston block shaft is connected to the drive shaft by a universal joint, not
shown. The drive shaft, thrust plate, piston block shaft, and piston block all
revolve. revolve.
The connecting rods are attached to the thrust plate and revolve with it, unlike
the swash plate pump where the piston rods slide past a stationary swash
plate.
The outlet ports are semi-circular holes in the Valve Plate, shown on the far
right of the animation on edge and in a head-on view below, right.
As the pump revolves, half the pistons suck in fluid as they pass over the
intake port. The other pistons discharge their fluid through the outlet port.
Radial piston pump
Piston pump with stationary cam and
rotating block
Power calculation
(pressure in bar, flow rate in litres min -1) pressure in psig, flow rate in gallons min-1
Filter
Sumber :AndrewA Parr, Hydraulics and Pneumatics, Elsevier, 1999
Pressure gauge
Pressure transduser
Flow vs pressure
Energi Potensial
PRESSURE CONTROL VALVE
Pressure control valves are used to:
Limit system pressure
Reduce pressures
Set pressure at which oil enters a circuit
Unload a pump
Fungsi : untuk mengendalikan tekanan secara otomatis yang terjadi dalam
sistem hidrolik, sehingga tekanan yang besar tidak merusak sistem.
Terdiri dari:
1. Unloading Valve
2. Pressure relief valve
3. Pressure reducing valve
4. Pressure Squence valve
Unload a pump
RELIEF VALVES
Each hydraulic system is designed to operate in a
certain pressure range. Higher pressures can
damage the components or develop too great a
force for the work to be done.
Two types of relief valves are used:
DIRECT ACTING relief valves are simple open-
closed valves.
PILOT OPERATED relief valves have a trigger
which controls the main relief valve.
RELIEF VALVES
Each hydraulic system is designed to operate in a certain pressure range.
Higher pressures can damage the components or develop too great a force
for the work to be done.
Two types of relief valves are used:
DIRECT ACTING relief valves are simple open- closed valves.
PILOT OPERATED relief valves have a trigger which controls the main relief
valve.
Direct Acting Relief Valves, constant pressure
Adjustable Pressure Relief Valve
manually operated
Pilot Operated Relief Valves
When a relief valve is needed for large volumes with little pressure differential,
a pilot operated relief valve is often used.
The pilot operated pressure relief valve
SIRKUIT RELIEF VALVE
Sirkuit pressure relief valve adjustable
x
F
k
A
F
p
A
p
PRV DIRECTLLY OPERATED
PRESSURE REDUCING VALVES
A pressure reducing valve is used to keep the pressure in one branch of a
circuit below that in the main circuit.
Two Types of Pressure Reducing Valves Two Types of Pressure Reducing Valves
Pressure reducing valves can operate in two ways:
Constant Reduced Pressure
Fixed Amount Reduction
Ke beban
Ke tangki
p T
Pressure Reducing Valve
DIRECTIONAL CONTROL VALVES
Directional control valves direct the flow of oil in hydraulic systems. They
include these types:
1. Check Valves 1. Check Valves
2. Rotary Valves
3. Spool Valves
4. Pilot Controlled Poppet Valves
5. Electro-Hydraulic Valves
ROTARY DIRECTIONAL VALVES
SPOOL DIRECTIONAL VALVES
Spool Valve Directing Oil to Cylinder
Symbol of a 4/3-
direction control
valve
Katup kendali arah ISO 1219:
Directional control valve 2/2 way valve normally closed
Jumlah port
Jumlah posisi
P
A
S
Directional control valve 3/2 way valve normally closed
Directional control valve 3/2 way valve normally open
Jumlah port
dalam satu kotak
Jumlah posisi
/ kotak
P
A B
S
Directional control valve 4/2 way valve
P S
A B
Directional control valve 5/2 way valve
Directional control valve 4/3 way valve
Logika kerja simbol katup
kendali arah A
0 1
P
T
MANUAL
Push/pull
Button
Lever
Idle return roller
Spring
Pilot operated
hydrolik
Detent
Mekanisme penggerak katup
Lever
Pedal
Plunger
Roller
hydrolik
Pilot operated
pneumatik
Signal elektrik
Signal elektrik
proporsional
VOLUME CONTROL VALVES
Volume control valves control the volume or flow of oil, usually by
throttling or diverting it.
Basic Principle of Volume Control Valve
Katup kendali aliran
Throtle valve
Double-Acting Cylinder
Ram-Type Cylinder
Double-Acting Cylinder
1Cup Packing
2Flange Packing
3U-Packing
4V-Packing
5Spring-Loaded Lip Seal
60-Ring
7Compression Packing
8Mechanical Seal
9Non-Expanding Metallic Seal
10Expanding Metallic Seal
Seals for Hydraulic Cylinders
SIRKUIT DASAR HYDROLIK
p
1
p
2
=p
1
+10 bar
Sirkuit pembatasan tekanan
Sirkuit pembatasan tekanan akibat inersia masa
Sirkuit tanpa tekanan
SIRKUIT METER-IN dan METER-OUT
SIRKUIT
METER-IN
SIRKUIT
METER-OUT
p1
p2<p1
PNEUMATIC SYSTEMS
In pneumatic systems, force is produced by air pressure acting on the surface
of a piston.
Air is a colourless, odourless and tasteless gas consisting of approximately
78% Nitrogen and 20% Oxygen. The remaining 2% consists of about 1% Argon
and a mixture of other trace elements such as helium, hydrogen and neon. and a mixture of other trace elements such as helium, hydrogen and neon.
Air
Compressed air is produced in a compressor and stored in a receiver. From
here it is routed to valves which control the direction of fluid flow, flow control
valves which control the amount of power produced by the cylinders which
convert the potential energy of the compressed air into kinetic energy at the
output.
The physical behaviour of a fluid was first discovered by Blaise Pascal. Pascal
found that when a force is applied to the end of a container of liquid, the force is
transmitted
Blaise Pascal also discovered that pressure is equal to force per unit area (or
the force divided by the area on which it acts)
A force of 100 kPa (100 000 pascal's) is known as 1 bar. Normal atmospheric
pressure ( the force exherted on a square metre of land at sea level by a
square metre column of air rising from sea level to the outer atmosphere is
approx 101.3 kPa (1.013 bar)
Force = Pressure x Area
Air is pumped through a non-return valve into a strong metal tank called a
receiver. When the air inside the receiver reaches, the required pressure
(usually set on a regulator) the pump switches off. In case the regulator fails a
safety valve is fitted to the receiver so that if a dangerous pressure is reached
the safety valve opens to allow air to escape, reducing the pressure in the
receiver.
PNEUMATIC SYSTEMS
Pneumatics is all about using compressed air to 'make something happen'.
Compressed air is simply the air we breathe squeezed into a small space under
pressure. You might remember that air under pressure possesses potential
energy which can be released to do useful work.
You might also remember that a system is a group of components which work You might also remember that a system is a group of components which work
together to perform a task.
A pneumatic system consists of a group of pneumatic components connected
together so that a signal (compressed air) is passed through the system to
make something happen at the output.
Understanding pneumatics is really very simple. All you have to do is learn how
a few basic components work. There are two main groups of components:
Valves
Cylinders
Cylinders are output components they cause something to move. Valves can be
input or process components. If they are used as input components they
introduce a signal into the system. If they are used as process components they
decide what happens to the signal when it is recieved.
Cylinders
Cylinders convert the energy in the compressed air into linear motion. The air
enters the cylinder and pushes a piston from one end of the cylinder to the
other. There are two main types of cylinder:
Single acting
Double acting
A single acting cylinder has only one air connection, whilst a double acting has
two
With a single acting cylinder, the piston is pushed outwards by the pressure of
the air. When the air supply is removed and the air inside the cylinder is allowed
to escape (we call this the exhaust), the piston moves back, due to the
compressed spring. It is possible to slow down the return movement of the
piston, if we limit the rate at which the air can escape.
The double acting cylinder has two air connections. When compressed air is
sent to one side and the other side is allowed to exhaust, the piston is pushed
to one end of the cylinder. When air is then sent to the other side and the first
side is allowed to exhaust, the piston is pushed back. This type of cylinder is
more powerful on the return stroke than the single acting cylinder.
Directional Control Valves
Valves receive external commands from a mechanical, pneumatic or electrical
source and release, stop or re-direct the air that flows through them.
Directional Control Valves can be used to provide a number of different
functions. They can:
Control the direction of cylinder movement;
Select the path air takes through the system;
Perform logic control functions;
Stop and start air flow (on-off valves);
Sense cylinder positions (limit valves)
Valves
Valves control the switching and routing of air in a pneumatic system. Valves
not only have to control the flow of the compressed air, they also have to control
the flow of the exhaust to the atmosphere. There are two main types of valves
used in pneumatic switching circuits: used in pneumatic switching circuits:
the 3/2 valve
the 5/2 valve
The 3/2 valve is used to control components such as single acting cylinders
which have just one single input. The input to the cylinder is connected to port
2, the air supply to port 1 and port 3 is allowed to exhaust to atmosphere.
The number 3 signifies that the valve has three ports, whilst the number 2
signifies that the valve has 2 directions or states
the 3/2 valve
normally closed
The 5/2 valve is used to control components such as double acting cylinders
which have two inputs. The inputs to the cylinder are connected to ports 2 and
4, the air supply to port 1. Ports 3 and 5 are allowed to exhaust to atmosphere.
The number 5 signifies that the valve has five ports, whilst the number 2
signifies that the valve has 2 directions or states.
Component Symbols
SIRKUIT KENDALI LANGSUNG
SAC
DAC
4/2 W.V.
3/2 W.V.N.C
SIRKUIT KENDALI TIDAK LANGSUNG
SAC
SIRKUIT KENDALI TIDAK LANGSUNG
DAC
SIRKUIT AND dan OR
AND
x y A
1 0 0
0 1 0
1 1 1
0 0 0
SIRKUIT OR
x y A x y A
1 0 1
0 1 1
1 1 1
0 0 0
KATUP THROTLE and CEK
SIRKUIT KENDALI KECEPATAN
Kendali kecepatan maju
SAC
Kendali kecepatan mundur
SAC
Kendali kecepatan maju/mundur
SAC
A
P S
SIRKUIT KENDALI KECEPATAN DAC
Sirkuit meter-in Sirkuit meter-out
A B
P S
A B
P S
SIRKUIT BOLAK-BALIK KENDALI
MANUAL
DAC
A
B
z y
P S
P
A A
P S S
A B
z y
1.0
1.2
1.3
SIRKUIT BOLAK-BALIK
KENDALI OTOMATIS MEKANIK
DAC
P S
A A
P S P S
1.2 1.3
1.1
SIRKUIT TIME DELAY
z y
A
B A
P S
A
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.5
1.3
z
P
P
1.3
Sirkuit bolak-balik dengan
penguncian melalui katup
impulse dan or
Sirkuit bolak-balik dengan
penguncian melalui katup
impuls dan AND