85 5 X

4
9
2
1 0
60 m3/s
This agrees with the answer obtained in Example 14 of Note 27 .
Work is done in moving air against a resistance and energy must be supplied in order to do
this work. The next question is then, how much energy must b supplied?
In Note 7 it was stated that pwer is the rate of doing work. A joule is the amount of work
done when a frce of l newton moves its point of application by I metre .
When a cubic metre of air passes through an opening of one square metre at such a velocity
that the pressure loss is one newton per square metre (1 pasc) it is obvious that the amount
of work done is equivalent to one newton metre or one joule because the frce is a newton and
the air is moved a distance of one metre. If the cubic metre of air, however, passed through a
two square mtre hole with the same pressure drop, the air would only have to move a distance of
0,5 metre. The work done in each square metre of the hole is now only l X 0,5 0,5 J but
the total work is again 2 X 0,5 l Nm * 1 J .
The amount of work done is thus indepndent of the cross-sectional area through which the
air passes. It depends only on the volume of air which is moved and on the amount of pressure or
frce which is required. Thus when 6 m of air is moved through a tunnel of any size over any
ditace and the pressure drop is 1 N/m2 (1 Pa), the amount of work done is
6m1 X 1 N/m2 * 6Nm 6J .
If the pressure drop is 2 N/m2 the work done is
6 m1 X 2 N/m2 * 1 20 Nm 1 20 J.
If the pressure drop is 49 2 N/m2 then the work done is
6 m1 X 49 2 N/m2 * 29 520 Nm
* 29 5 20 J
* 2 9, 5 kJ
If 6 m1 of air is moved every seond .and the pressure drop is 49 2 Pa then work ha to
be done at the rate of 29 5 20 J/s * 29 520 watts * 2 9,5 kW. Thus the power required to
move 6 m1 Is of air at a density of 1 ,35 kg/m1 through a 4 m 3 m rock tunnel I 50 m long
(Example 19) is 29,5 kW and this is called r pewcr. (See Note 7 fr defnition of watt.)
From the reasoning given above, a simplifed frmula cn b derived fr calculating air
power:
Wa
where Wa
Q
p
p
Q
1 0
air power (kW)
volume fow (m1/s)
pressure (Pa)
This is a very important frmula which must b memorized.
T
NOTE 30
NATURAL VENTILATION
When air fows, work is done, and fr work to be done energy (power) is required. This
power can be supplied by a machine such as a fan or co!lpressor or by other sources such as
heat or flling water or rock.
When air movement is caused by heat (normally supplied by the rok) or flling water
(normally fom a fssure in the rock) it is usually called natural \"entilation.
|
11
uL5\d<
2J '
A+r
| |
11
|1
| _
l
<I
L.
DB11
In a mine having a shaft and an adit into a hillside as in Figure 10, air will travel down the
shaft during summer and up the shaft during winter because the temprature of the air in the mine
shaft stays comparatively constant throughout the year due to the consistency of the rok
temprature, while the temperature of the outside air changes with the seasons. During summer,
when the outside air is hot, it is too light to balance the cool column of air in the shaft and
consequently air moves down the shaft and out of the adit. Jn winter the cold outside air is
heavier than that in the shaft and consequently air enters the adit and upasts through the shaft.
| t
|
1

, f+rz
'
L. 11
When two vertical shafts arc sunk fom the sme elevation and conneted at the bottom, the
efect of the outside air temprature is canclled out and it dos not cus air to fow. In the old
days a fow of air was inducd in such a mine by either pouring water down the one shaft (which
was unpopular buse the water had to b pumpd or bailed out of the mine) or by making a
fre at the bottom of the other shaft. b Figure l.
1J
Once the fow of air has ben started by one of these methods, the rock in the downcast
shaft would be cooled more than in the upast shaft and the air would continue fowing because it
would also gradually bcome cooler in the downcast. Consider such a case as applied to a deep
mine:
I
Deplh Vi Rok
m Teture
'C
Top of Shafi 0 18
Middle of Shafi 0 27
Bollom of Shaft 20 36
Mean
TABL 18
LmShft
Barometric
Preure Tempature Dity
kPa 'C kg/m'
81 10/10 0,99
92 16/16 1,10
103 22/22 1,21
16/16 1,10
Upst Shaft
Temprture Deity
'C kg/m'
2/22
I
0,95
27/27 1,05
32/32 15
27/27 1 ,05
For ease of calculation the air has be n assumed to be saturated throughout the circuit.
In each shaft the mass of an air column with a cross-sectional area of l m2 will b given by
the mean density of the air multiplied by the depth of the shaft, thus 2 0 l JO 2 20 kg
in the downcast shaft and 2 0 1,05 2 lO kg in the upast shaft. To obtain the pressure
exerted by these two columns of air the masses must be multiplied by g. the gravitational accelera
tion. Thus the downcast air exerts a pressure of 2 20 X 9,8 * 21 56 N/m2 or 21 56 Pa and
the upcast air exerts a pressure of 2 10 X 9,8 * 20 580 Pa.
The difference between these two pressures is 980 Pa and the available natural ventilation
pressure is thus 980 Pa. It is obvious that the same answer can be obtained more expeditiously
by multiplying the difference between the two masses (2 20 - 2 10 * 10) by 9,8, thus
10 kg/m2 X 9,8 m/s2 * 980 kg m s2/m2
980 N/m2 * 980 Pa (See Note 26)
The above method of calculation involves a considerable amount of work. In practical mine
ventilation work it often happens that an approximate value of the natural ventilation pressure
is required quickly. In such cass the author has fund the fllowing method of calculation, which
can be done mentally, to be very stisfctory.
It is only necessary to remember two facts. The frst is that approximately 0,085 m of
molvccolumnsequivalent to 1 Pa. Ths smplymcansthat an 8Icolumn of standard density
(1,2 kg/m3) and about 85 mm high exerts a pressure of 1 Pa. Secondly, the density of air at
constant pressure is roughly proportional to the absolute dry. bulb temperature, the effect of
humidity being relatively small.
ln the case of the example given above, the mental calculation would b done as fllows:
The mean absolute dry bulb temprature in the downcast shaft is 2 + 16 ~ 2V .
The difference between the mean dry bulb temperature in the two shafts is 27 -16 11C
The moti\e column will therefre b approximately
l l
_ X 200 m
l
20 m
76 m
7l
The natural ventilation pressure is therefre approximately
76
OS5
- 90Pa
This answer is very near to the correct fgure calculated above, but in cases where the one air
column is more humid than the other. discrepancies will be much greater.
The amount of air fowing as a result of natural ventilation pressure w!! depend on the
resistance of the circuit. In the above case. if the shafts and airways are large. i: is quite possible
that 150 m3/s will fow through the mine, which means that the equivalent of nearly 150 kW of
power is supplied by natural sources.
W_
150 X 980
R
c mJ
|000lt1Od,O KH8
l
147 kW
orive l60&Z5W zsw
|
`

,# mJ=
`
0J$o*t l
S.6 m^fs
FIG. 12
52 Ieve|
.= mfs
kaIse GOW x l0m zbM

The author once encountered the case ill.ustrated in Figure 12 in a deep mine.
There was a vertical difference of 45 m be1ween the levels and the virgin rock temperature
was 40C. The barometric pressure was 108 kPa.
Considere purely as an air splitting problem, one would have expected much more air to
have taken the short straight route along 52 level than the long roundabout way down to 53
level and back, but here just the opposite was happning. Calculation shows that in this case the
N.V.P. is only 8,8 Pa but that is just sufficient to create the fow of 5,6 m3/s aloog the longer
route.
t
W
lM m/s
W
`
1; m/>
zJszc
mf>
FIG. J
13
l
z7/z!c

lM mfs

The opposite could also happn in the case of two cross-connected raises of a dry haulage if
water were added to the air at the top as illustrated in Figure 13 .
Another interesting case exprienced by the author was that of an abandoned vertical shaft
which normally carried a dowhcast air volume of about 4 m3/s. This air served to keep an
inclined shaft fresh and then joined the general mine upcast through old outcrop shafts and
workings .
The downcast quantity was always less in summer than in winter, but during one dry summer
period it suddenly stopped altogether, resulting in the inclined shaft bing flled with smoke at
blasting time. Two water hoses were used for spraying water down the shaft from surfce. This
immediately had the efect of starting the fow of air again and within half an hour the fow had
increased to 4m3 s. The water was then turned of and no further trouble was experienced .
In one old isolated inclined shaft there was a strong upast in the ladderway compartment,
probably due to heat from a compressed air main, while the other compartments were all down
casting .
A very common occurrence in hot mines is the fow of air in dead ends. Cold air fows in
along the fot wall. gradually becomes warmer and fows out along the hanging. Such a fow of air
has been seen to persist for over a thousnd metres. Air tempratures near the hanging were
about 3'C higher than near the fotwall. Because fow of this type often occurs it is essential,
when measuring small air quantities by means of the smoke method, not to rely on observations
in the centre olthe drive only, but to make check observations near the hanging and near the
foot wall.
In a mine with wet downcast shafts and airways the fns get considerable assistance from
natural pressure, while in a very dry mine it is even possible that the natural ventilation prcssure
may act against the fans and that the fow may consequently reverse when the fns are stopped.
The efect of air cooling plants on natural ventilation pressures also depnds on the placing
of these plants. As a result of these last two fctors, mines with wet downcast shafts or with
surfce cooling plants are much less afected by fn stoppages than mines with dry shafts and
underground cooling plants .
A kilogram of water (or rock) falling down a shaft 2 0 m deep, loses 2 0 X l X ,8
* l6J of potential energy. If the water falls straight down, without hitting the sidewall or
supports, all this energy, except for the small amount absorbed when it hits the shaft bottom,
is transferred to the air through which it passes. If 2 litres of water fell down this shaft per
second, the energy imparted to the air would be of the order of
2 X l _ 8
* ).2
kW. Part of this energy would cause the air to downcast while the remainder would be con
verted into heat.
Rock which is tippd into an orepass system or discharged fom a conveyor can similarly
cause considerable amounts of air to fow because of the energy imparted to it, and in such cases it
|susually advisable to reduce the distance of free fall of the rock to a minimum in order to prevent
currents of dust-laden air.
7
NOTE 31
FANS
A fan is an appltance designed to cause a fow of air. There are two main typs of fan "
axial fow and centrifugal or radial fow
An axial fow fn consists of a saft with a hub or bss to which is attached a numbr of
blades. These blades can be fxed, which means that they are permanently attached to the hub
at a certain angle, they can have adjustable pitch, which means that the angle of the blades can be
changed by undoing the nuts and lock screws at their bases, or they can be of the variable pitch
type, which means that the angle of all the blades can be altered by operating a suitable mecha
nis;n whilst the lis in motion.
Shaft
Supports
Bell mouth
Blade
Impeller
Diffuser
or Evase
Outlet
Fairing
Housing (Casing)
Construction of an axial-flow fan
FJGURE14A
7
FIGUREl48
Blade pitch
adjustable
Adjustable pitch axial flow impeller
When an axial fow fn is revolved, the blades scoop up air on the one side of the impeller
(the hub together with the blades) and push it to the other side, thereby causing a fow of air
parallel to the shaft, or axis, fom which fct it derives its name. At the same time the air is given
a twist which causes it to leave the impller with a spiral motion. To counteract this motion and
to improve the efciency of the fn, a set of stationary blade is usually installed on either the inlet
or outlet side of the impller. These fxed blades are the inlet or outlet guide nne. Some fns have
two or three impllers, one behind the other, each with its own set of guide vanes. They arc called
two-stage or three-stage fns. Others have two impellers driven by separate motors and revolving
in opposite directions, thereby obviating the need for guide vanes. These are called contra
rotating fan.
Except in the case of small fns used purely fr stirring up the air in a room, axial fow fns also
have casings. In large, efcient fns, these normally consist of three parts -a cylindrical section
round the impeller, an inlet section with a mouth to reduce the entrance losses, and a diverging
outlet section or cvcto reduce shock losses by allowing the air to slow down gradually. Finally,
to improve the efficiency of the fan by ensuring smooth fow of the air through it, the fn has a
short snub-nosed inlet firing on the upstream side of the hub and a long, pointed outlet fairing
on the downstream side.
The fn blades can tcmade from fat steel plate, in which case they are called laminar blade,
or they can be cast or otherwise formed into a special aerodynamic shap in which case they are
called aerofoil blade. In an aerofil blade the leading edge is rounded and thick while the trailing
ege is much thinner and sharp.
-
It is obvious that when the direction of rotation of an axial fo\ fn is reversed, the direction
of the air current will also be reversed. However, because the trailing edges of the blades now
become the leading edges and the evase and outlet firing are now on the inlet side, etc., the fn
will naturally handle less air and be less efcient.
1
A centrifugal fan works on an altogether diferent principle to an axial fow fn. The word
"centrifugal" means "feeing fom the centre". Anything which is revolved tends to leave the
centre and will do so if allowed to. Thus a stone attached to a string and swung around by a man
will move in circles around his hand, but the moment the string is released it will fy away.
, Deliver
Blades
Intake
A typical centrifugal fan
(Left hand drive, top horizontal discharge)
FIGURE14 L
J

.
Discharge
Shaft
Inlet eye
Blade
Impeller (wheel)
Volute (Scroll)
Construction of a centrifugal fan
FIGURE 140
The impeller of a centrifugal fn consists of two rings with blades ftted between them. The
rings are attached to the shaft by means of spokes. When the fn is revolved, air is drawn parallel
to the shaft into the opn ends of the impller (the eye) and thrown out in a radial direction
through the blades. lI the air can enter on both sides of the impeller, it is called a doubleinlet
fn. If air entry is fom one side only, it is called a single-inlet fn.
The blades can be either laminar or of aerofoil shape. They can be either radial, backward
or forward inclined or curved Bshown in Figure I4E.
lt is obvious that when a centrifgal fn is rotated in the wrong direction the air will still
enter at the eye and leave in a radial direction. Thus the air continues fowing in the same direction
as bfre, but the air quantity and the efciency of the fn are reduced .
BCkwtdLuw6d
BId
Hd|
BId
FIGUREJ4 E
80
BmU
Ly6
fomtd InC|nm
BId
Normally a centrifugal fan does not have guide vanes or firings, but it dos have a n evase
and usually a short inlet cone or ring. The casing around the impller is shaped like a spiral
curve and is called the scroll or \'Olute of the fn. The point "here the scroll is nearest to the
impeller is called the cut-f. In some special cases adjustable inlet control \ane are ftted. The
angle of these vanes can be altered in order to change the output of the fn.
Centrifugal fns are not made with variat le pitch blades in the same sense as axial fo" fans .
but in special cases \ariable tip-length blades are used to give fexibility of perfrr.ance. These
consist of short fxed blades to which extensions of diferent lengths can be bolted as required.
While the air passes through an axial fow fan in a straight line unless a bend is spcially
added to it on either side, air is turned through ninety degrees on passing through a centrifugal
fn. This is generally a nuisance because it increases the amount of space required fr the installa
tion, but sometimes it is an advantage when it happns to ft in with the remainder of the layout.
The intake is invariably horizontal, but the discharge direction can easily be arranged to suit the
customer. The most common cases are called: Top Horizontal Discharge, bottom horizontal
discharge, top vertical discharge and bottom vertical discharge.
Centrifugal fns are also classed as either left or right-hand drive. This expression indicates
on which side of the fn the motor is situated. When one stands behind the fn and fces the
direction in which the air is discharged, it is a left-hand drive fan if the motor is on one's left and
vice versa .
The fans on modern mines are nearly all driven by electric motors, but some old units are
still driven by steaD engines while some standby unts ale driven by diesel engines.
The fn can be direct driven, i.e. the motor shaft is in line with and directly connected to
the fn shaft, or it can be indirectly drhen through gears. bell or a friction clutch.
81
NOTE 32
FAN CHARACTERISTIC CURVES
Every fn, just like any other machine or, for that matter, like every person, has certain
characteristics or distinguishing qualities with respect to the work it is able to perfrm under
diferent circumstancs. If a Jong-distance runner and an experienced mountaineer competed in a
series of races to see who could cover the most ground in one hour, one would probably fnd that
the athlete would easily win on level ground, uut that the steeper the ground on which the race
was run, the smaller the diference between the two. On very steep ground the mountaineer might
win, while on a near \Crtical mountain clif, the mountaineer would be able to proceed slowly
while the athlete would not be able to move at all. The fll story of the diferences between the
running characteristics of these two men would probably cover several pages, but it could also be
told by means of the graphs in Figure I 5, which could then be described as characteristic curves
of these two men.
@o
V

@o N
|

L
+
C
0
7
C _go
(
o
o
0 5 10 15
Kilometres covered in an hour
tL. 3
From these curves it is easy to determine which man should be sent to carry an urgent
message if the gradient of the terrain is known.
2
Fan chaacteristic curves indicate how much air a fan can deliver at any particular pressure
and how much power is required to drive the fan in each case. Figure 16 shows the characteristic
curves of a fan.
As indicated, these curves are applicable to a particular fan when it is driven at a speed of
10 r Is and when it is handling air at a density of 1,2 kg/m3
fnWw
r
xa
1,8 b
|
+ + --t!
1,6

.... . .
5nwo
l
'
'
h<
%
tt p
kW

A
2M 0
I
I
I
M 1 1B 1M
tL. b
lt
M
10 M
. !

10
1M 1M
FrnVmmla
The lower right-hand portion of the pr urc velumc curc marked "static pressure"
in the figure, indicates that this fan will handle 175 m3/s at no pressure, i.e. when running in
the open air with no ducts attached to it. When the fan is installed in a mine, it will handle less
air at a higher pressure.
J

The higher the resistance of the mine. the less will be the quantity of air delivered
and the greater the pressure put into it. until a point is reached (A) at which the fn delivers s2
m Is at a pressure of 1,6 kPa. If the mine resistance is increased still further, the fan will deliver
still less air but at a lower pressure, as can be seen from the portion A-B of the curve. This is
called the stall zone of the curve. What actually happens in this zone is that there is insufficient
air to fully fill the space between the blade sections and that the air separates from the trailing
edges of the blade. When a fn is "stalling" the sound tone changes markedly, and the mano
meter and motor ammeter can be seen to oscillate. Fans must never be operated in this stalled
zone because vibrations which arc set up in the blades and in the shaft can cause mechanical
filure .
The Fan Inpt Power Curv, marked "input power" in the fgure. shows the power required
at t

he fn shaft with diferent air volumes being delivered. The motor driving the fn will have to
dehver greatr power than this if there are any losses in the drive. In the case of a direct driven
fn the
.
coupling and bearing losses are negligible. but there can te a loss of about 2 . n\ in a
gear drive and a loss of up to 7 per cent in a belt drive.
)he shape of the input power curve is important. It will be noticed that in this particular
case It starts at about 150 kW with no delivery, gradually increases to 230 kW at 130 m3/s and
then
.
decreases to
.
110
.
kW at 175 m3/s. This is a non-verloading characteristic, which means
tht rI the
.
mtor is tg enough to drive the fan at the normal design duty (about I 15 mfs in
this case) 1t will b big enough for any duty of the fan. This is typical of all axial fow fans and
of backward bladed centrifugal fns as well. Radial bladed centrifugal fns, however have
overloading characteristic
.
as in Figure 17. In such a case a motor is also installed which
.
is big
enough fr
_
the normal design duty plus a reasonable margin of safety, but when the air volume is
allowed to increase by the opening of a door or the breaking of a duct the motor will overload
and may either trip or burn out.
'
-
D

.
.

D S
C
&

&

PfV0|umms
tL.

The Efciency Curve in Figure 16 is derived fom the other two curves. The efciency of any
machine is defned as the ratio of the useful work outf11t to the energy input and it is usually
expressed as a percentage .
The useful work done by a fn is to move air and its output is measured in terms of the
volume of air it moves and the pressure it puts into this air. These two terms are combined into
Air Power as describd in Note 29. The power input into the shaft of the fn is the Fan Input
Power. (Sometimes the electric input power is used, depending on whether the losses in the electric
motor are considered separately or not).
Fan Efciency ( _)
ArPower
x 10
Fan Input Power
It will be seen that when this fa is handling no air it produces a pressure of 2,0 kPa. The
air power is then:
Air Power, W,
Efciency
pxQ
I 0
20 x 0
I 0
0
Air Power
Fan Input Power
0
150
x JO
0
x 10
It requires 150 kW input power to keep the fan turning at 10 rls and to maintain a pressure
of 2 kPa across the fan, but because there is no air movement no useful work is done and there
fore the efficiency of the fan is nil. Energy cannot be destroyed and the 150 kW input is m
converted into heat which raises the temperature of the fan and of the air .
At fee delivery the fn moves a large volume of air, but the useful pressure is nil. The usefl
work is also nil and so is the efciency ,
At the design point, however, this fan delivers 115 m31s at l,37 kPa, requiring an input
power of 225 kW.
Air Power, W, * 1,37 x 115
Efciency
157,6kW
1576
x 10 700
225
The fan efficiency at various air volumes is calculated in this way and the efficiency curve
is drawn by plotting the answers against fan quantity. It can now be seen that this is a fairly
efficient fan when it is handling 115 m3ls, but if it is installed under conditions where it will
handle only 6 m' Is or as much as 170 m'ls it will be a very ineffcient installation .
3
NOTE 33
FA LWS
There are certain laws which apply to fns, by means of which it is possible to calculate
characteristic curves fr a fn at diferent speeds and ait densities once the curve at any one speed
and density is known, and also to determine curves fr similar fns of diferent sizes. These laws
can be stated in many diferent ways, of which the fllowing is prhaps the simplest.
For varying speed but with constant air density:
!. Quantity vaies directly as the sped. Q1 P Q1 ^ 2
2. Pressure vanes as the square of the speed. P2 P1 x
3. Power varies as the cube of the sped. power2 power1 x
4. Efciency is constant. Eff2 P Eff1
1
For 'arying density but with constant speed:
5. Quantity remains constant. Q1 P Q1

6. Pressure varies directly as the density. P2 P1 x
7. Power varies directly as the density. power2 P power1 x
8. Efciency is constant. Eff2 Eff1
For gemetically similar (or homologous) fns:
9. With the same linear velocity of the blade tips, the pressure supplied by two similar
fns will be the same when the quantity given by the larger is to the quantity given
by the smaller as the square of the wheel diameter of the larger is to the square of
the wheel diameter of the smaller.
JO. With the same linear veloity of the blade tips and producing the same pressure, the
power varies as the square of the wheel diameters and the mechanical efciency is the
same.
Laws and 10 will not be discussed in these Notes. They are of great importance to fn
deigners who manufcture small exprimental fns and test them at any convenient speed and air
density, and then use these laws to calculate the performance of larger fns at other speds and
densities. A geometrically similar fn can then be constructed of the correct size to give any
required perfrmance.
The curves mFigure 16 of Note 32 apply to a particular fan running at JO r/s and handling:
air at a density of 1,2 kg/m3 Let us calculate new curves fr this same fn when it is run at a
sped of 13,3 r/s and handling air at a density of 1, 04 kg/m1
At the original speed of 10 r/s and density of 1 ,2 kg/m1 the fan will, at its design point,
deliver 1 1 5 m3/s at l,37 kPa using 225 kW and giving an effciency of70,0 per cent.
At the new speed of 1 3,3 r/s and density of 1,04 kg/m1 the fan laws apply B follows:
New Quantity I 15 x
1
(Law 1) x l (Law 5)
153 m3/s
New Pressure 1,31 x _j(Law 2) x _(Law 6)
2, 1 kPa

New Input Power

New Efciency
Or as a check,
Efciency
13 33 1 0
225 x _j(Law 3) _(Law 7)
,
459 kW
70,0 x l (Law 4) x 1 (Law 8)
70,00
1 53 x 2,1
x l0
459
70,00o
Similarly, various other points on the curves fr the old conditions can b reclculated for
the new conditions and these results can be plotted on a graph as shown in Figure J 8, in which the
fll lines represent the old conditions of 10 r/s and 1 ,2 kg/m1 density, while the dotted lines
represent the new conditions of 13,3 r/s and 1,0 kg/m1 density.

S !O

75

R

. 50

W C
.

g
W =
=
b0 X !$ 7UU $
FenVmms
tL.

When a fn is installed in a mine (or system) its perfrmance will be.determined by the point
at which the mine (or system) characteristic cuts the fn characteristic. The mine or system
characteristic is a curve showing how the pressure drop across the mine or system varies as the
quantity of air varies. A mine.characteristic curve is shown in the fgure which cuts the 10 r/s
fan characteristic at the design point, viz 115 m3/s at 1,37 kPa. Under these conditions the fan
will handle 11 S m3/s if it is not afected by pressures fom any other sources. If it attempts to
handle more air, it fnds it impossible to do so bcause it produces insufcient pressure to overcome
the mine resistanc. Likewise it could not handle less air because it would have pressure to spare.
If the 115 m3/s line is followed vertically up and down, it will be seen that the fan will con
sume 225 kW and that the efficiency will be 70,0 per cent.
It will be sen that this same mine chaacteristic curve cuts the 13,3 r/s fan characteristic
at 14 m3/s.However, this fn characteristic is drawn for a density of I , kg/m3 while the mine
chaacteristic is drawn for a density of 1,2 kg/m3 If the 13,3 r/s fan curve is re-drawn for a
density of 1,2 kg/m it will be seen that it now cuts the mine curve at 156 m3/s and this is the air
volume that will be handle.
When no curve is available fr a fan -either because the original curve has been lost and the
typ of fn is obsolete, or because some alterations have been made to the fan -it is sometimes
necessary to construct a curve fr the fn. This is done by making observations on the fn at
various prforanc levels which are obtained by opning and closing doors if they are con:
veniently available, or otherwise by building a bratticc in stages in the airway some distance from
the fn. At each prformanc level the air quantity, the static pressure, and the power input must
be measured .. It is seldom nessary in !Ch a case to determine the complete curve. Determining
the exact curve through the stall zone is not possible because it is a very unstable area and it is
also dangerous baus of the vibrations set up in the fn .
Only fan static pressures are referred to in this book in order to keep the discussion simple.
However, it wa explained in Note 25 that m has both static and velocity pressure and that
the algebraic sum of these two u the total air pressure. As a general rule fans impart both
static and velocity pressure to the air. It is therefore important, especially when high air veloci
ties ae involved, say more than 10 m/s, and more particularly when there is a marked differ
ence in the velocities at the fan outlet and the fan inlet, that the tubes installed for measuring
the fa prure must be correctly placed and that the results must be corretly interpreted.
In lieu of detailed explanation, only the definitions of terms relating to fan performance and
pressure measurements a they appear in the British Standards (BS 848) are given below:
Idc luorsNdcpm unlubc.A tub which allows the m to fow without disturbance past
one or more small orifces having their aes at right angles to the diretion of the air stream
in which it is place.
EaUnglubcor lolalpm urclubc.Aopen-ended tube, the axis of which is coincident with the
diretion of the mstream in which it is place, the open end facing upstrem, i.e. against
the diretion of fow.
Ean lolal pm. Te agebraic difference betwen the mea total pressure at the fan outlet
and the mean tota presure at the fan inlet .
EanVclmIlpm un. The velocity pressure corresponding to the average veloity at the fan
outlet based on the total outlet aea without any deductions for motors, fairings, or other
boie.
EansNdcpm un.The difference between the fan total pressure and the fan veloity presure .

NOTE 34
FAN SELECON
When it is decided to install an existing fn or to order a new fan for a specifc purpose, one
wants to know bfrehand that the particular fn will be both efective and efcient. This means
that the fn must deliver the required quantity of air at the least possible total cost. Considering
the question of cost frst, it is important to realise that the cost of the power which is required to
drive the fn is usually greater than the actual cost of the fn itself n some cases much greater.
As a rough guide the cost of a large fn, including the cost of the motor and the cost of installa
tion, can be estimated at approximately R250 per kW (air power). (This figure is infuenced
by a variety of factors mdshould therefore not be used indiscriminately.)
The cost of electric power on the South African goldficlds has risen sharply in recent
years. For continuous running machinery it works out at Rl20 per kW per year (1978 cost,
see Note 39) .
Assuming a fan efficiency of 75 per cent, power costs amount to about Rl6 per kW of
air power per year. Thus within a period of two years the electric power which is used to
drive a fan may cost more than the total original cost of the fan itself, and mine fans are
usually installed to run for ten to twenty years. A a comparison, a RIO 0 motor car using
I litre of petrol costing 4 cents per kilometres, may have a life of 150 0 k during which
the total fuel cost will be only R6 670 or two thirds of the original cost of the car. For this rea
son mehanical efficiency is a much more important factor in the case of a fan than in the case
of a motor C.
Take the example of a mine which requires a fan to handle ISO m3/s at 0,66 kPa for a
period of 15 yeas. A new fan to give this performance at not less than 75 per cent efficiency
might cost about R5 0 installed and would use 132 kW costing about Rl60 per annum.
If the fan for which the characteristic curve is given in Figure 16 happens to be available on
the mine, management would be sorely tempted to install it because it can provide exactly the
required duty. However, this fan would be working at an efficiency of only 45 per cent and
would be absorbing 220 kW at a cost of R26 0 per annum. Compared with this fan, the new
fan would thus save RIO 0 per annum in power costs and would pay for itself within three
.years.
When a single fn is required in a mine or a duct system, the selection of a suitable unit is
comparatively easy if the mine characteristic is also known, as was shown in Note 33. However,
the problem becomes rather more complicated when two or more fns are installed in the same
mine in such a way that they have an efect on each other.
When two fns are so installed one behind the other that they handle the same air, they arc
said to be mn.When two fns are installed side by side in such a way that they draw air from
the same source and deliver it to the same destination they are said to be in parallel.
When two fns are in series the same volume of air passes through each and each adds a
crtain amount of pressure to it in the process. Thus in Figure !, if fns A and B arc blowing air
into a duct that is closed of at the end, neither will be handling any volume of air but A will rais
the pressure by 1,25 kPa and B by another 0, 75 kPa and the final pressure will be 1,25 0, 75
V
P 2,0 kPa. When they arc allowed to handle 5 m3/s, A m increae the pressure by 0,9 kPa
and B by another 0,59 kPa giving a total of 1,49 kPa. When hadling 8,3 ml/s fan A mnot
be putting any pressure into the air, but fa b m still be adding 0,4 kPa. When Bis hand
more
.
than 8
'
3 1/s, A will not be of any assistance and will actually form a slight
r

1stancc
.
U the circwt. Curve C for the two fans in series is obtained by plotting these com
bined duties.
On the other hand, when two fans are installed in parallel they do not necessarily handle
te same volume of air, but they must always produce the same pressure because they draw
8 fom a common point and deliver it to a common point. At a pressure of 0,75 kPa fan A
would handle 5,9 m3 Is, but fan B would not handle any air. At a pressure of 0,2 kPa A would
handle 7,m1/s and B 10,7 m3/s, thus a total of 18,6 m3/s at 0,2 kPa. The curve D for the
wo fans Upaallel C be drawn by plotting and joining these points. If the pressure required
is mor

than 0,75 Pa fan B will not be able to provide this pressure and will not only be of
no assistance but will actually be a hindrance because A will force some of its air back through
B.
1.0

S
!

0,8,

V0LUMwla
tL.
Wether
.
it wo1;d be btter to use either one of these fns in a particular case, or to use the two
fns U s
:
n

s or U parallel would depnd on the resistance of the duct system. Tree system
charact

nstJcs are shown in Figure 19. X is a high resistance, Y is a medium resistance and Z a
low resistance system. The fgure is already too congested to show the input power curves mtthe
fans as well, so let it be assumed that fn A always consumes 7, 5 kW and that fn B always
consumes 6, 0 k. W. The following fgures can then be read of the graphs.
W

Syste
7

Z
Volume
P"ure
Input Power j
Efciency
t
Volume
Presure
Input Power
Efciency
Volume
I
Pre ure
Input Power
Efciency
m'/s
kPa
kW
`Ve
g/
kPa
kW
r
m/s
kPa
kW
X
TABLE19
Fan A FanB
alo alone
5,4 4,6
0,84 0,61
7,S 6,0
61 47
7,2 7,3
0,47 0,48
7,5 6,0
45 58
8,0 9,8
0,18 0,28
7,S 6,0
13 %

Fans A & B Fans A & B

in se in prllel
6,3 ,
1,18 ,
13,S 13,5
SS
8,0

8,7
0.58

0,68
13,S 13,S
34 4
, |
13,3
.
I
0,52
13,5 13,S
,
SI
Using this tabulation it is now possible to decide in the case of each system which would be
the most suitable installation.
The performance of each fan when the two are running in combination can be read off the
graph by reversing the original process by which the fan curves were added. Take the example
of system Y. When the two fans are running in parallel and handling 8,7 m3/s at 0,68 kPa,
each of them must be producing 0,68 kPa, and moving horizontally along this pressure line
we fnd that fan A will handle 6,3 m3/s and fan B only 2,4 m3/s. However, when running in
series they both handle 8,0 m3/s but by moving vertically along this volume line we fnd that
fan A is producing only 0, 16 kPa, while fan Bis producing 0,2 kPa.
The same method f

lculation is appli wo fans are installed tther in

series or in parallel.

Natural Ventilation Pressure (N.V.P.) can b regarded as an additional fn, usually in

series with existing fns. N.V.P. depnds on the density diference between the downcast and
upast air and on the depth of the mine. It is only indirectly afected by the volume of air fowing
in so fr as a change of volume may cause a change in the prevailing temperatures. It is therefre
depicted graphically as a straight horizontal line .
91

T,b
!,
1,Z
1,

,d w

Z
m
w
u
d
o
,b
.
,2
IL. Z

F@

"

%
-- ,

N.V. .
VLLUML ml8
Z M
%
%

1
1
1
1
1
When the N.V.P. tends to move the air in the same direction as the fan it is added to the
fan pressure and when it tends to move the air in the opposite direction to the fan it is sub
tracted from the fan pressure, as is shown in Figure 20 . In this case the fan would handle
75 m3/s at 0,8 kPa when there is no N.V.P., 83 m3/s at 0,68 kPa when being assisted by 0,3
kPa N.V.P., and 65 m3/s at 0,9 kPa when 0,3 kPa N.V.P. is working against it. This explains
why mine fans often handle more air at a lower pressure in winter than in summer, because
during winter N.V.P. is at its maximum value .
When using the method described above, care must be taken when more than one fan is
involved. It is best frst to combine the curves of all the fans - in parallel or in series as the
case may be - and then as a final step to add or subtract the N.V.P. as the case may demand,
otherwise there is a danger that N.V.P. may be added twice. To avoid this danger, an alterna
tive method can be used, viz. not to alter the fan curves, but to add the N.V.P. to the mine
characteristic curve when N.V.P. is opposing the fan or subtract the N.V.P. from the mine
characteristic curve when N. V.P. is assisting the fan. The fnal result is exactly the same.
Z
NOTE 35
FANS PARTIALLY IN PARALLEL OR SERIES
In actual mining practice fan combinations are unfonunatcly not always as simple as de
scribed in the previous chapter. Fans arc not always either strictly in series or strictly m para
llel. Fans are partially in scri when most of the air from one fan passes through the other,
but some air is added or removed between the two positions. Similarly fans ae partiHly in
parallcl when they draw their air fom the same place .and discharge it to the same place but
instead of being near to the fans these common points are some distance away. A fairly simple
example of each of these two cases w be shown using the fan rcsidual prsurc mcthed.
Consider the case where two small fans P and Q in ducts F and G both deliver their air
through duct H. Figure 21 shows how to calculate the results of this combination, given the
various characteristic curves.
.
.

YLUML
L. Z
J
First consider fan P in duct F. When 2 m3/s is fowing, fan P produces a pressure of
2 30 Pa and the pressure required by duct F is only 20 pascals. The residual pressure of the
fan at junction J, i.e. the pressure which has not been used up in duct F, is thus 2 30-T *
2 10 Pa. Similarly when 4 m3/s is fowing, the residual fan pressure is I 750 -810 * %Pa
and when S m3 /s is fowing the residual pressure i I 26 - I 26 " 0 Pa (Curves P and F
intersect at this point and thus have equal values, which means that all the pressure produced
by fan P is absorbed in duct F and there is no residual pressure left at point J). When these
residual pressures are plotted and joined by a curve, this curve K represents the difference
between curves P and F, i.e. Kis a reidual fanpressure curc.
In exactly the same way curve G can be subtracted fom curve Q to give curve L which
represents the residual pressure of fan Q after it ha forced its m through duct G.
Next, curves K and L are added as for fans in paallel to give curve M. The operating point
is the point where curve M cuts the curve for the common duct H, viz. 6,8 m3/s at N Pa.
By drawing a horizontal line from this point to where it cuts curves K and L and vertical
Jines up fom these points until they cut the fa curves, we fnd that fan P handles 4,4 m3/s
at I 575 Pa of which 975 Pa is lost in duct F while N Pa is Jost in the common duct H, and
fan Q handles 2,4 m3/s at 1 350 Pa of which 750 Pa is Jost in duct Gand also NPa in duct
H.
The calculation is perhaps a little more confusing when fans are partially in series a shown
in Figure 22. This would occur in practice if fan X was drawing air fom both ducts A and B,
but it then became necessary to increase the volume of mdrawn fom A. If a smaller fan Y
was available, the obvious solution would be to install this fan in duct A, but frst it would be
advisable to calculate the outcome of this plan.
Normally when two fans are in series, their curves are added together on the assumption
that the same quantity of air is passing through each and that the pressures produced by the
two individual fans at each quantity arc simply added together.
In Figure 22 this is obviously not possible because an unknown quantity of air can either
enter or leave the system through duct B, depending on the pressure existing at the junction J.
The pressure at Jmust always be the same for duct A as for duct B, and if mis entering
B, ducts A and B arc in parallel, so what we need to do is to plot the two dct curvein paallel.
But because duct A has fan Y assisting the m along it, the curve of this fan must first be
subtracted fromthe curve of the duct to determine the reidual ytcmcurc.
At 2,65 m3/s where curves A and Y intersect, the fan pressure exactly overcome the duct
reistance and the residual pressure is nil. At 3 m3 /s the duct requires a pressure of l 150 Pa
while the fan pressure is only 750 Pa, thus the fan only overcomes part of the resistance of
duct A and its residual pressure is I ISO -750 * 4 Pa. At 4,05 m3/s the fan pressure is p
and the residual pressure is equivalent to the total duct pressure of 2 050 Pa. When less than
2,65 m3/s is fowing along duct A, the fan pressure is more than the duct pressure and the
residual duct pressure is thus a negative value.
V
1 0
50

u
u
7

0
m
|
0
YLLUMc m"5\
0
#
~
I
I
<
r
r
o
.
|
-I 0
\

Y *
Y
-_^
.^ V`
."
~J
FG. Z
Athese points are now joined by a curve C which represents the residual resistance of the
system, i.e. duct A -Fan Y.
Now this residue of the duct resistance a represented by curve C is in parallel with duct B.
The curves of parallel ducts C be added in the same way a the curves of parallel fans. The
pressure Jost in the two ducts must be equal because both intake ends and both discharge ends
arc at the same pressure. Thus to add curves B and C we add the quantities corresponding to
equal pressures. At nil pressure no air will pass through duc B, but 2,65 m3/s wpass through
duct A (curve C). At 50 Pa, J , l m3/s will pass through duct B and 3, 1 m3/s through duct A
(curve C), a total of 4,2 m3/s. At l 0Pa, 1,6 m3/s will pass through B and 3,45 m3/s through
A (curve C), a total of 5,05 m3/s. Joining these points gives us curve D which represents the
two parallel ducts A and B including fan Y. The oprating point of fan X is the point where

its curve cuts curve D, viz. 4,9 m3/s at 925 Pa. Going back horizontally on this pressure line
we find that 3,4 m3/s will come from duct A (curve C) and 1 ,5 m3/s fom duct B. Following
the 3,4 m3/s line vertically downwards we fnd that fan Y will deliver this mvolume at 550 Pa .
On large mines with several fans various combinations occur of fans partially in parallel
with each other and partially in series with others. Common sense is the main ingredient re
quired in the solution of these problems, of which Figure 23 is an interesting example .
A mine is represented with a downcast shaft with characteristic curve P, two underground
circuits with curves Q and Rand with fns C and D in them partially in parallel, an upast shaft
with curve S and two parallel fans at its top which are only partially in series with the underground
fns bcause 23 m3 /s leaks through the shaft headgear. In addition there is a natural ventilation
presure of 50 Pa assisting the fans. In order to reduce congestion, only the combined curves
for fans A and B in parallel and for the shafts P and S in series are shown on the graph.
B[
==
t
\
\
V t
\ t
\
\
V
V
t ,
\
V
\ \
\ \
I
\
I V

\ :
x

\
-
l
v
vc
1
v \
\
C
\
' =
V
tP
`
\
I
\
\
\

==

= --== =-
==

==== ==
M !w !W 1w
Vmr/o FG. 23
b
In order to avoid further complications, the density diferences between the surfce and
underground fns are ignored in this example:
Briefy the method of solution is as follows:
.
1. Subtract the resistance of airway Q from the pressure of its fn C (C - Q n.
2. Subtract airway Rfrom its fan D (D R ).
3. Add the residual curves T and U as fr fns in parallel (T U V).
4. Add 50 Pa N. V.P. in series to fans A and B combined in parallel (A B + 50 Pa P E).
5. Subtract 23 m/s at each pressure level from E (E - 23 F).
6. Add the pressure of the surfce fns at the residual volumes in series with the residual
pressures of the underground fns (F V W.
7. The mine operating point is represented by tae
.
interstion
_
of this combined residual cuge
for all the fns and N.V.P. (W) with the remammg senes resistance (P S), name
_
ly 136 D /s
at 1 10 Pa. This means that 136 ml/s will flow through the mine and that the pressure loss
in the downcast and upcast shafts combined wll be 1 10 Pa .
8. Moving up from this point to curve F, then right to crve E an
0
d t
p
hen down to curve A B,
we find that fans A and B together will handle 1 59 m Is at 1 1 a .
9. Moving down on the 1 36 ml/s volume line to curve V and then left to curves U and T and
from these points up to D and Q respectively, we fnd that:
Fan C handles 38 m3/s at 810 Pa .
Fan D handles 98 m3/s at 320 Pa.
The pressure lost in system Q is 1 29 Pa .
The pressure lost in system Ris 830 Pa .
10. It is also possible to deduce that:
.
The air volume fowing through the mine would drop to 124 m/s 1f fns C and D were
removed.
h h d
The volume would increase to 139 m3/s if the leakage at the upast s a t e gear were
eliminated .
1
NOTE )6
SURFACE AND UNDERGROUND FANS
A problem which is very confusing to many people concerns the relative merits of ins
talling fans on surface or underground in a mine. The underground density in a deep mine
can be very diferent fom the surfce air density. It has been shown in Note 27 that the pressure
drop in an airway, fr the same volume fow, is directly proportional to the air density. It was
also sho

n in Note )) that the volume delivered by a fn is not afected by air density, but that
fn pressure and power consumption vary directly as the density. The combination of these
fctors is best studied by means of a simplified example which is given below because of the
interesting answers obtained, although the actual calculation is rather beyond the scope of
beginners.
Assume that a crtain mine has a vertical shaft 2 50 m deep and that the air density is
1 , 0 kg/m on surfac, ! , Jkg/m underground and l , 1 5 kg/m at a point approximately halfway
down the shaft. Assume also that a 2 50 m long 80 mm diam. leakless ventilation column is
avalable, which requires a pressure of 1 50 Pa when Jml/s of air at surface density is flowing
through it. Lastly, assume that two identical fans of known characteristics are available.
The volume of air fowing in seven diferent cases will be calculated. These seven cases arc
represented diagrammatically in Figure 24 and the relevant characteristic curves are given in
Figure 25.
The fn curve S at an air density (w) of 1 , 0 kg/m3 is given. From this the fn curve T fr
w 1, 3 kg/m3 can be calculated by multiplying the pressure at the same volume by | _
TABLE 20
Fa characeristic cures
Yat Prs at
Volue w = 1,0 kgm' w = 1.J kgm'
m'Js Pa Pa
2, 0 1 930 2 510
2, S 780 2 310
3,0 50 1 950
3, S 380
4, 0 320 420
The curve U fr the 2 50 m ventilation column at surfce density is calculated fom the
infrmation supplied by means of the square law, e.g. :
Pressure for )ml/s P 1 50 Pa
4
g
Pressure for 4 ml /s P 1 50 X j
P 2 670 Pa
From these fgures curve V, fr a density of l , 15 kg/m3 is plotted by multiplying the
I 15
pressure at each volume by _Curve W fr w 1, 3 kg/m is calculated in the same way.
98
Ar Volue
m'ls
2, 0
2, 5
I
3, 0
3, 5
4, 0
CI
TABLE 21
Jc Ml
Prure

Preure
los al los!
w = l,O k1/m
l

w = 1.1s q/m
l
Pa Pa
670 770
I 0

1 20
50 1 720
2 00

2 3SO
2 670 3 070
Prure
los!
w = 1,3 kc/ml
P
870
1 350
1 950
2 6SO
3 470
In this case the ventilation column is installed horizontally on surface at w P 1 ,0 kg!ml.
One fan draws mthrough it. The fan operating point is point I at which curve S for the fan at
w 1 ,0 kg/ml cuts curve U for the duct at w P 1 ,0 kg/m3, thus Jml/s at 1 50 Pa.
Case U
Here the column is installed horizontally unuerground at w 1 ,3 kg/ml and one fan
again draws mthrough it. The fan operating point is at point where curve T cuts curve W,
viz., Jml/s ai l 950 Pa.
C
A
o
C
Case
Surace W P 1,0 kg/m
W 1 , 15 kg/m
Case D
Underground W P 1 ,3 kg/m
FG. 24 (a)
B E
K
Casem G Casen
F H
In ths case mcolumn is installed verticlly in the shaft and one fn draws air up through it
This cae is more difficult to calculate beause, while the fan is handling mat w " 1 ,0 kg/,
the duct is ng mat a mean density of 1 , 1 5 kg/m. The intersetion of two curves at differ
ent densities has no mening and, therefre, we proed as follows:

When the fan on surface is handling 3 m3/s at 1 50 Pa the amount of air fowing in the
duct halfway down the shaft where w * 1, 1skg/m3 will be 3 X

5
* 2,61 m3/s (the same
mass is flowi
.
ng, but because of the higher density the volume is smaller) and the equivalent
pessure at this point is l 50 x = I 725 Pa (note that the mpower must bl the same at
any point in the circuit to which the values of pressure and volume are referred if there is no
source of energy other than the fan, and therefore 3 X l 50 * 2,61 x l 725) .
In this way various points are calculated fom which curve X is drawn to represent the
efect of the surfce fn E at the point G halfway down the shaft:
TABLE 2
CUVE S CUVE X
at M 0 1 ,0 kg/m' w
M t,O kg/m3 a w = I,Ikg/ml
N0lw8 EtaN N0w6 EtWvt
m'/s E8 m'/s Ea
2, 0 1 930 I , 74 2 220
2, 5 1 780 2, 1 7 2050
3,0 I 50 2, 61 1 730
3 ,5 I 0 3,0 1 220
4, 0 320 3 ,48 370
Curves X and V intersect at the pointl viz. 2,82 m3/s at l 52 Pa and this represents the
air fowing at point G. The fn, however, will be handling 2,82 x
5
* 3,24 m3/s at
1 520 X
1
1

5
" l320 Pa which is represented by point m'on Curve S. o
'
nly 2,45 m3/s enters
the bottom end of the pipe at F .
Case I
In this case the col umn is again installed vertically in the shaft, but this time the fn is at the
bottom forcing air up. Once again it is necessary to convert the fn curve T to curve Y which
represents the efect of the fn at w 1 ,3 kg/m3 at the point where w I , 1 5 kg/m3
Curves Yand Vintersect at point Iwhich shows that 3, 13 m3/s is fowing at Jhalfway up
the shaft, and when converted to underground conditions it is found that fan H is handling
2,77 m3/s at 2 125 Pa while 3,6 m3/s leaves the pipe on surface at K.
It will le noticed that the fn at H is handling less air than the fn at E but this is purely
because it is handling denser air and in actual fct the mine is better ventilated m Csl than
in Case m because at the same depth it has more air fowing. However, it must not be deducd
fom this result that it is always better to install a fn underground than to install it on surfce.
Although the underground fn is more efective in producing a large flow of air, it is not necssarily
more efcient. Bzcause it is handling denser air, it will also consume more power and its relative
efciency will depend on the shape of the input power curve. It may happn in certain cases that
a fn which works quite satisfctorily on surfce, will overload and burn out its motor when
installed at the underground end of the same column, and it may even be less efective due to
running in 0 stalled condition .
ICO

The remaining three cases all have two fans i n series, one at either end of te pip column.
Curve SS represents two fans in series on surface. It is obtained simply by d

ubh

g the rsure
values of curve s at each volume. Similarly, curve Trepresents two fans U senes at \\ - 1 , 3
kg/m'. Curve XYi s obtained by adding curves X and Y in sc
.
ries an: i t represents the efect
halfway down the shaft of one fn on surfce plus one fn underground.
Case Y
. . .
In this case the column is horizontal on surface and the corbmcd operating pomt of the
two fans is where curve SS cuts curve U, viz. 3,52 ml/s at 2 0Pa. Each fan handles 3,52 r1 Is
at I 030 Pa.
Case E o +
With the two fans in the horizontal underground column, the operatmg pomt I5 w ere
curve Tcuts W, viz. 3,52 m1/s at 2 Pa, elh fan producing l 330 Pa.
Case Y
This system operates at point where curve XY cuts curve V, viz. 3,4 m3/s at 2 220 Pa
at w * 1, 15 kg/ml. Fan F handles 3,40 X * 3,9 ml/s at 470 Pa, while fan Q handles
3 4 X =3,0 m1/s at l 94 Pa.
'
1 , 3
Case \
surace w * 1,0 kg/m
w * 1, 15 kg/m
Casel
Underground w P 1 ,3 kg/m
M
t
O
"
FIG. 24 ()
101
P
Case: h

A
Y0L UM Js
FIG. 25
102
Summarising all these answers we fnd :
L

Postio or
No. Column
I
B

On Surface
Underground
In Shaft
@ in Shaft
I
+nd
In Shaft
TABLE 23
Sitution
of fan
Volume
m'/s
I on surface 3, 0
I underground 3, 0
on surface 3, 24 at top
Fan Presure
Pa
50
1 950
I 320

,_tom
I l underground 2, 77 at bottom
1 2 on surface 3, 52
2 underground 3, 52
on surface 3, O
I underground

3, 0
2 1 25
I 030rach
I 340 cach
470
1 940
These answers are not quite exact because certain complicating fctors have been ignored,
such as the volume changes caused by the pressure of the fns and the natural ventilation pressure
which will probably exist due to density diferences between the air inside and outside the pip
in the case of the vertical column. However, this is an easy method by which the efects ofinstalling
a fn in diferent positions in the same circuit can be compared.
103