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SOME REMARKS ON THE STRUCTURE OF

EGYPTIAN DIVINE TRIADS'
By
H. TE VELDE
ALTHOUGH the
Egyptian
word for triad
rarely appears
in
Egyptian
texts,
the triad is
undoubtedly
a structural element of
Egyptian religion.2
We too often find traces in
Egypt
of the triadic
ordering
of
gods
to
suppose
it to be due to an illusion of modern
scholars
preoccupied
with Christian trinitarian doctrine.3 A critical
approach
is
needed,
however;
the triadic structure was not realized
always
and
everywhere
in
Egypt.
Neither
is there much
point
in
disqualifying
the triad as a
secondary religious phenomenon.
Theological
treatment of the
religious
tradition,
such as
grouping gods
into
triads,
is
no less an element of
religion
than certain
aspects
and
developments
of cult and
devotion.
The triadic structure
(or
structural
element)
was used in
Egypt
to answer the
problem
of divine
plurality
and
unity.
The triad restricts
plurality
and differentiates
unity,
as
every plural
number does. In
Egypt
the triad was an
extremely
suitable
structure for
connecting plurality
and
unity,
because the number three was not
only
a
numeral,
but also
signified
the indefinite
plural.
This is
apparent,
for
instance,
in
hieroglyphic writing:
to
express
the
plural,
an
ideogram may
be
repeated
three times
or three strokes
placed
after the
signs indicating
a noun.
Thus the triad was a structure
capable
of
transforming polytheism
into tritheism or
differentiated monotheism. Because of the nature of
binary oppositions
within the
triad,
its monistic
tendency
could not
always
be
realized,
and
pluralism
remained
dominant in most cases. Monistic and
pluralistic
triads
may
be
distinguished,
with
differently
assembled inmates. One
might
reserve the term triad for the
pluralistic
triads and call the monistic triads trinities. The
danger
is, however,
that in
doing
so
one would lose
sight
of their
connections,
and would also no
longer distinguish
a
main
objection
in
Egyptian religion
to monotheism. The
breaking-point
between the
monistic and
pluralistic
triads,
or a
stumbling-block
for monistic tendencies lies in
sexual differentiation. In triads
containing
the
binary opposition
of male and
female,
the
way
from
plurality
to
unity
is obstructed.
I
Paper
read at the XIIth
Congress
of the International Association for the
History
of
Religions
at Stock-
holm, Aug. i6-22, 1970.
I do not
pretend
to have reached definite conclusions in this
paper
on the vast
subject
of
Egyptian triads,
but it
may
stimulate further research to
publish
it.
I thank Professors E.
Anati, J. Bergman, J. Gwyn Griffiths,
L.
Kakosy,
M. Heerma van
Voss,
and
J.
Zandee for their remarks and
questions.
Dr.
J. Gwyn
Griffiths read at the same
congress
a
paper
entitled
'Triune
Conceptions
of
Deity
in Ancient
Egypt',
and I thank him for his readiness to
publish
this
paper
in EA.
2
H.
Kees, Gotterglaube, 148-61;
H.
Bonnet, RARG, 251.
3 Cf. S. Sauneron in G. Posener et
al.,
Dictionnaire de la civilisation
egyptienne (Paris, 1959), 29I:
'On
peut
meme se demander si la notion de triade n'est
pas
une illusion des modernes .. .'.
THE STRUCTURE OF EGYPTIAN DIVINE TRIADS 81
We can
distinguish (a)
triads
consisting
of three
gods
or three
goddesses,
and
(b)
triads
consisting
of two
gods
and a
goddess
or one
god
and two
goddesses.
The triads
containing
both sexes
usually
have the
family
structure: father, mother, and child.
When a
family
was
placed
in the triadic
structure,
the
concept
of a differentiated
monad could not
subsist,
and it remained a
pluralistic totality.
In the lesser
temple
of Abu Simbel there is a
place
where three Nubian
gods
are
portrayed:
Horus of
Miam,
Horus of
Bak,
and Horus of
Buhen.'
The three of them
together represent
the
many
Nubian deities.
Actually
the triad restricts this
profusion
by only comprising
three
gods.
Since their names and
iconography agree although
their
origins
are
different,
these three Horus
gods
make the
impression
of
being
three
local forms of one
god.
The tritheistic reduction of
polytheism
is mono- or heno-
theistic here. In the
great temple
of Abu
Simbel,
not three but four
figures
are carved
in a central
place:
Amen-Re', Rc-HIarakhte, Ptah,
and Pharaoh Ramesses II. The three
gods
form an essental
representation
of the
many gods
of the
empire,
and the
pharaoh
seems to
represent
the
unity
of this triad. And
indeed,
the
great temple
of Abu Simbel
is named: House of Ramessesmeramin.2
By way
of the
triad,
plurality
moves to
unity here,
and vice
versa,
for in this
temple
to the
unique pharaoh many gods
are
present
in written or
sculptured
form. Elsewhere too we find that a
god may
be the
unity
of this triad. Thoth is called: 'The heart of
Re,
the
tongue
of Tatenen
(= Ptah)
and the throat of the Hidden of name
(= Amun).'3
Sometimes the
starting-point
is not
plurality
but
unity,
which is differentiated into
three,
that is into
plurality.
In the
sun-god
the
rising
sun
Khepri,
the
midday
sun
Re
,
and the
setting
sun Atum are
distinguished,
and these modalities are
joined
in the
name
Khepri-Rec-Atum.
The
gods Pta, Sokaris,
and Osirians could be
conjoined
and
depicted
as a
single
being:
Ptah-Sokaris-Osiris. The
great majority
of texts
regard
this
composite god
as
singular.
In a few
cases,
where the third
person plural
is used of
him,
he seems to be
looked
upon
as a
plural being.4
An excellent
example
of the triad not
only
as a
triple,
and so
implicitly plural
differentiation of
unity,
but
particularly
as a restriction of
plurality
is found in
Pap.
Leiden
I, 350 Iv,
2I.5 The
Egyptian
scribe even uses the
Egyptian
word for triad:
The
pantheon (ntrw nbw)
is a triad who do not have their
equal.
Hidden is his name as Amfun.
He is Re( in countenance. Ptah is his
body.
We note the
changing
inflexion for the number of the
pronouns.
The
many gods-
all the
gods, says
the text6-are summarized in a
triad,
an
Egyptian plural.
At the
same time
they
are restricted to three
gods. Referring
to this
passage,
Gardiner7
I C. Desroches-Noblecourt and C.
Kuentz,
Le Petit
Temple
d'Abou Simbel
(Cairo, 1968), I, 90; ii, pl.
civ.
2
L.
Habachi,
'Features of the deification of Ramesses
II',
ADAIK
5 (Gliickstadt, 1969), 10, pl.
vb.
3
Opet, I I9 i, 167 c;
Urk.
vIII, 47 (58 b);
C. de
Wit,
Les
Inscriptions
du
temple d'Opet
a
Karnak,
iii
(Brussels,
1968), 64, 95, 133,
n. 262. 4 S.
Morenz, Agyptische Religion, I50.
5
J. Zandee,
De
Hymnen
aan Amon van
Papyrus
Leiden I
350, 87
ff.
6
If this translation is
right.
In his
paper
'Triune
Conceptions
of
Deity
in Ancient
Egypt',
which he read at
the above-mentioned
congress, J. Gwyn
Griffiths translated nbw as 'lords'.
7
ZAS
42 (I905), 36.
C 7959 G
speaks
of
'trinity
as a
unity'
and Zandee' remarks:
'Amiin, Rec
and Ptah are
regarded
as one
god.' By
the aid of the
triad,
divine
plurality
is
explained
as a
unity.
The
examples
of triads
given
so far were
trinities.
They
all consist of male deities.
Morenz2
gives
an
example
of a
trinity consisting
of three female deities:
Qadesh-
Astarte-<Anat. He also mentions a triad
containing
one
goddess:
Atum, Shu,
and
Tefnut. He calls this 'eine
Trinitat des
Werdens',
and remarks: 'Wir sehen zwar die
Einheit sich
entfalten,
aber der Grundakkord der
Einheit
wird nicht
durchgehalten,
der die Trinitaten erst zu dem
macht,
was sie sind.'3
Where the threefold
differentiation
comprises
a differentiation of male and female
divinities,
no return to
unity
is
possible any
more. One
god
as indweller of another is
a common
conception
in
Egypt,
for instance Atum and
Re<,
so that
they
are looked
upon
as the
single god Atum-Rec.
For the indweller of a
goddess
to be a
god,
however,
or the other
way round,
is not
possible.
The union of man and woman is not re-
strictive but
productive,
and leads to the birth of the
child.
The triad
Atum, Shu,
and
Tefnut, indeed, develops
into an ennead. Mixed male-female triads are no
trinities,
and not monistic but
pluralistic
triads.4
Worship
in the
temples
was not
usually
confined to a triad. The tritheism inherent
in the
triad,
also in the
pluralistic
triads of mixed
sex,
was
clearly
felt as too much of a
limitation. An ennead was
worshipped,
in which the triadic structure was sometimes
plain
to see. Such an ennead did not
always
consist of nine
gods;
there
might
be more
or less. It was not a matter of a definite number of
gods,
but of undefined
plurality.
In the
temple
of
Abydos
there were seven
chapels,
for
Osiris, Isis, Horus, Amiin, Re(,
Ptah,
and the
pharaoh.
The Osirian
triad,
the triad of the
empire,
and the
pharaoh
together
constitute a triad.5 The ennead of
Karnak, consisting
of fifteen
gods,
was
I Hymnen
aan
Amon, 87.
2
S. Morenz, Agyptische Religion,
loc. cit.
3 S.
Morenz, op.
cit.
153
f. In the discussion after the
paper
was read
J. Bergman
remarked:
'Pap.
Ebers
95,
8 stellt bekanntlich Isis als Mutter von Schu und Tefnut dar. Dahinter scheint eine Struktur von
Urgottin-
erster Zweiheit
(etwa
als Parallele zu
Atum-iitt,
CT
Spell 261/
siehe
Bergman,
Ich bin
Isis, 286 mit Anm.
3)
zu
stecken. Man denke an den
Sagenkreis um s;'ti biti ,,das Kinderpaar
des
K6nigs
von
Unteragypten" (vgl. Pyr.
804c,
IoI7a
und
Sethe,
Komm. Bd.
IV, 30 f.).
Hier sind
wohl auch
andere
unterigyptische Muttergottheiten
(vor
allem
Neith;
vielleicht auch Bastet
-
vgl.
die
gew6hnliche spate Darstellung
dieser Gottin als Katze
zusammen mit zwei
Kitzchen)
in der Rolle einer
einzigen Urg6ttin-Muttergottheit aufgetreten.'
In future
studies on divine triads in Ancient
Egypt
it
may
be of interest to make further
investigations
into these 'Trini-
taten
des
Werdens', consisting
of one 'Urwesen' with a male son and a female
daughter.
Cf. also S.
Sauneron,
Les Fetes
religieuses
d'Esna
(Cairo, I962),
ii
i, ? 6.
4
J. Bergman
remarked:
'Wenn
auch der
Geschlechtsunterschied gew6hnlich
fur die
G6tteridentifikationen/
Zusammenschmelzungen
eine nicht zu iibertretende Grenze zu bilden
scheint, zeugen
die
spiten Spekulationen
iiber Neith und
Isis,
nach denen diese
Gottheiten zu zwei
DritteIn
minnlich,
zu einem Drittel weiblich sein
sollen
(siehe
hierzu
Sauneron, Melanges
Mariette
(196i), 242
ff.
("Le
cr6ateur
androgyne"),
von einer
auffiilligen
Einheit vom
Mannlich-Weiblichen.
Diese aus drei Elementen bestehende Einheir kommt m. E. einer aus drei
Gottheiten entstandenen
Trinitat
sehr nahe.' These
examples
seem to be connected with the
problems,
as
yet
unsolved,
about the above-mentioned
'Trinitaten
des Werdens'. One
might
call the two-thirds male and one-
third female
goddess
a
preliminary stage
in the 'Trinitaten des Werdens'. She is not
yet
a
triad,
nor even a
trinity
with three different names. As soon as the three
parts
in the
goddess
are
given
three different divine
names the
point
of no return is
reached,
because of the male-female
opposition.
Answering
a
question
of
J. Gwyn
Griffiths on the difference between triads and
trinities,
we stress the
point
that trinities are monistic triads or 'tri-unities' and triads
groups
of three
gods.
5
E.
Otto, Saeculum, 14
(I963),
268
n.
48.
82 H. TE VELDE
THE STRUCTURE OF EGYPTIAN DIVINE TRIADS
structured in three
phases:
i became
2,
2 became
4, 4
became
8,
15 altogether (I +2+
4+8).'
The ennead of
Heliopolis
was also structured in three
phases:
Atum became
Shu and
Tefnut;
Shu and Tefnut became Geb and
Nut;
Geb and Nut became
Osiris, Isis, Seth,
and
Nephthys.
Thus the triadic structure of the ennead of
Heliopolis
is not
3
x
3
but
+
2
+
2
+4.
To the one
god, gods
were added three
times,
that is
many
times. The ennead is
unity
and
plurality together,
like the
quaternity
in the
temple
of Abu Simbel.
Most
pluralistic
triads consist of
father, mother,
and child. As a
rule,
the child is a
son. The most familiar
example
is
Osiris, Isis,
and Horus. Other
examples
are:
Amuin,
Mut,
and Khonsu in
Thebes; Ptah, Sakhmet,
and Nefertem in
Memphis;
Montu,
Rattawy,
and
Harpre<
in Hermonthis and Karnak; Horus, Hathor,
and Harsomtus or
Ihi in Edfu and
Denderah; Atum, Bastet,
and Horhekenu in Bubastis.
The deities of these triads are often named
together
in the texts and
depicted
to-
gether
on the
monuments,
but
they
are never referred to in the
singular, always
in the
plural
form. Because of the male-female
opposition they
cannot be
regarded
as a
trinity.
The contrast of man and woman is not unified in the child because of its
sexual differentiation. The
binary opposition
of father and mother is
repeated
in the
opposition
of mother and son.
The deities are summarized in a
pluralistic
triad: the
family.
This
theological
solution of the
problem
of divine
unity
and
plurality corresponds
to the
Egyptian
conception
of man not as a lone
individual,
but as a member of
society.
This
society
was not the
larger family,
as we see from the
comparative poverty
of the
Egyptian
language
in
kinship
terms. Neither did a local or social
community
take first
place,
though
ties with town and nome were
certainly
felt; what counted was the small
family
unit. In
Egyptian
texts and visual material it is noticeable how
important
to the
Egyptians
were the
relationships
within the
family unit,
of man and
wife,
mother
and
child,
father and son. As the
family
unit was so
important
in
Egyptian society,
we can understand that
Egyptian theologians
made use of the
family
to solve the
problems
of divine
unity
and
plurality.
It is remarkable that the divine
family
does
not
impair
the triadic structure. Triads contain one
child,
and no more. The
child,
usually
Horus the
child, represents
the
pharaoh
who is the ideal man. Where a
triad is
incomplete
and a divine
pair
is
worshipped, e.g.
Khnum and Heket in
Antinoe,
we
may suppose
that the
pharaoh
or man forms the third member: Khnum is
the creator of man.
Examples
of triads
consisting
of father or mother with two children
are
hardly
to be
found,
apart
from
Atum, Shu,
and
Tefnut,
which is a
special
case.
The
example given by
Kees2 of Hathor with Harsomtus and Ihi at Denderah is
highly
doubtful.
However
important
the
family
was in
Egyptian culture,
in itself the triad is a
totality
and a
plural.
Thus we find triads in
Egypt
that are not
trinities,
nor does the
family
structure seem to have been
impressed upon
them in order to
preserve
the
aspect
of
unity.
P.
Barguet,
Le
Temple
d'Amon-Re a Karnak
(Cairo, 1962), 23.
2
H.
Kees, G6tterglaube, 151.
83
Therare several stelae from Deir el-Medineh
bearing
the
figures
of the
Syrian
goddess
Qadesh
with the
Syrian god Resheph,
and athe
Egyptian god
Min. The struc-
ture of this triad is
problematic.
In this triad
consisting
of a
goddess
with two com-
panions, worshipped
in a
non-Egyptian
milieu of
Syrian immigrants,
we must take
into consideration a deliberate disturbance of the
family
structure.
Though
Min can
be the son in a
family triad,2
this triad of
Qadesh-Resheph-Min
would rather seem to
be a 'triad of
sexuality', appearing
in those Ramesside times when
extra-conjugal
erotic
relations were not so
suppressed
as before.3
The
family
structure is also
problematic
in triads
consisting
of a
god
with a
pair
of
goddesses:
Khnum with Satis and
Anukis,
Montu with
Iunyt
and Tenenet. Sometimes
such triads are formed
by
Osiris with Isis and
Nephthys,
or Horus with Isis and
Nephthys,
or Atum with Iusaas and Hathor-Nebet-H
etepet.
In the
family
triad of
father, mother,
and son the masculine element is doubled in
father and son. This
duplication
does not
always appear.
It is resolved in the
figure
of
Kamutef
('bull
of his
mother').
Min-Kamutef of
Koptos
is husband and son of Isis.4
It was
suggested
above that the son
may
sometimes be absent in a triad because the
pharaoh
or man took the
place
of third member. The
conception
of a divine
pair
without a
son,
or a
goddess
and her son without a father
(Isis
and
Horus)
was
obviously
regarded
as
incomplete.
The triadic structure could be filled out
by doubling
the female
component.
Duplication
of a
goddess
or
pairs
of
goddesses
are often found in
Egyptian religion:
the two Macat
goddesses,
the two Meret
goddesses,
the two mistresses Nekhbet and
Uto,
the two sisters Isis and
Nephthys, 'Anat
and Astarte. Hathor is called
angry
as
Sakhmet and
gay
as
Bastet,5
while in the list of
fifty-six goddesses
at Karnak6 Bastet
and Uto form a
pair,
as do Satis and Anukis and
lunyt
and Tenenet. One
may
also
name Mut and Sakhmet at
Karnak,
and Nebtu and
Menhyt
at Esna who
according
to
Sauneron7 'ne sont
pas
deux deesses, mais
deux fonctions differentes d'une deesse'.
In all these cases we have little or no indication as to the nature of the division.
Too little is known of the triad
comprising
the
god
Montu with the
pair
of
goddesses
lunyt
and
Tenenet,
to draw
any
certain conclusions.8 The two
companions
of Montu
form
part
of the Ennead of
Karnak,
and
appear
in other connections also as a divine
pair
or as one
goddess
with a double name.9 A text
speaks
of the mother of Montu
and one of his
companions,
but it would be too uncertain to conclude from this alone
that the
relationship
of
lunyt
and Tenenet was that of mother and
daughter.10
The
goddess Rattawy,
female sun of the two
lands,
can
replace lunyt
and Tenenet as
I
Cf. R.
Stadelmann, Syrisch-paldstinensische
Gottheiten in
Agypten, 74, II8.
2
L.
Habachi,
MDAIK
I9 (1963), 44, fig.
2 I. Pharaoh
Mentuhotep
as the
ithyphallic
Min-Amun-Kamutef.
3 W.
Helck,
'Zum Auftreten fremder Gotter in
Agypten',
Oriens
Antiquus, 5 (I966), 9.
4 H.
Bonnet,
RARG
364.
s
H.
Junker,
Der
Auszug
der
Hathor-Tefnut
aus
Nubien, APAW, Phil.-hist. Ki.
(Berlin, 1911), 32.
6
G.
Legrain,
ASAE
15 (1915),
28o.
7
BIE
45 (1968), 47.
8
M. S. Drower in R. Mond and 0. H.
Myers, Temples of Armant, I, 159; J. Leclant,
Recherches sur les
monuments
th6bains, 260 f. 9 E.
Otto, Topographie
des thebanischen
Gaues, 89.
10
H.
Wild,
BIFAO
54 (1954), I9I.
84
H. TE VELDE
THE STRUCTURE OF EGYPTIAN DIVINE TRIADS
consort of Montu. Her son is
Harpre<.
Montu is also often called lord or
king
of the
two lands. This is accentuated
by
the
iconographical
element which characterizes
him: two
uraeus-serpents
on his
forehead.'
The name
Iunyt
means the 'Hermonthic'
or
'Upper-Egyptian Heliopolitan' goddess.
The name Tenenet can be connected with
the
god
Tatenen and
Lower-Egyptian Memphis. Perhaps
this
pair
of
goddesses
represent
the two lands of
Egypt
of which Montu is lord.
The
duplication
of the female
complex
in the triad of
Elephantine,
Khnum with
Satis and
Anukis,
is
according
to Habachi2 that of mother and
daughter.
A stela in
Berlin names 'Satis mistress of
Elephantine,
Anukis the beloved of her
mother,
Khnum lord of the cataract
region'.
Elsewhere Anukis is 'favourite of her mother'.
From these
epithets
of Anukis Habachi deduces that Satis is the mother of
Anukis,
and that the
family
structure was maintained in this
triad,
the
only
difference
being
that the child is not a son but a
daughter. However,
this difference is
by
no means
slight. Although
the
position
of women in
Egypt
was
certainly
not
very
subordinate,
the ideal child was
undoubtedly
a son.3
In so far as could be
checked,
Anukis is nowhere else
plainly
described or
portrayed
as child and
daughter
of Khnum or Satis. Anukis is
chiefly
known as nurse of the
king,4
and her name
might
mean wet-nurse
(snk-to
suckle).5 Apparently
an
Egyptian prince
was
usually
not suckled
by
the
queen,
but cared for
by
an official
nurse,
while the
actual
suckling
seems to have been done
by
other women.6 Thus the child with its
mother and nurse was a familiar
conception
in
Egypt.
In
mythology:
Horus with Isis
and
Nephthys.
If Anukis is the
daughter
of
Satis,
then she is not like Horus in the
Osirian triad the
representative
or redeemer of her
father,
i.e.
Harendotes,7
but her
mother's
helper.
An
Egyptian princess
could take over certain functions from her
mother,
so that sometimes she was not
only 'daughter
of
pharaoh'
but also 'consort of
pharaoh'.
The 'divines adoratrices' of Amun were
daughters,
but also consorts of the
god.8
Habachi
goes
a little too far in
pronouncing
that the old
theory
that Anukis was
one of the two consorts of Khnum 'has
nothing
to
justify
it'. That Anukis was Khnum's
daughter
need not
always prevent
her from
functioning
as consort. In the Theban
tomb no.
73
Anukis is indeed the 'consort' of Khnum.9 As the
opposition
between male
and female in the
father, mother,
and son triads is
repeated
in the mother and son
relationship,
so it is
repeated
here in the father and
daughter relationship
of Khnum
x
J. Leclant, Me'langes Maspero, I, 4, 78.
2
L.
Habachi,
'Was Anukis considered as the wife of Khnum or as his
daughter?',
ASAE
50 (I950), 501-7.
3
A. de Buck, JEOL 1i (I949-50), 9 (stela
of
Taimhotep).
4
C. Desroches-Noblecourt and C.
Kuentz,
Le Petit
Temple
d'Abou
Simbel, I, 59;
i88.
5
I concede to M. Heerma van
Voss,
who made an
objection
to this
suggestion
that the name Anukis
might
mean
nurse,
that indeed the
Egyptian
verb snk
(causative
of the verb
*ink,
cf. E.
Edel, Altdgyptische
Gr.
I, I955,
? 443)
and the
corresponding
Hebrew verb do not show the
ayin
which is written in the name of Anukis
(rnkt).
There
is, however,
an
Egyptian
verb
rnk, alternatively
written ink
(Wb. I, 20o6, 2-3)
and a verb rrk
(Wb. I,
21
I)
alternatively
written irk (Wb. I, 116).
The
Egyptian
verb
ink,
'embrace' etc.
(Wb. I, I00, 19 ff.)
is written in
Semitic rnk
(M. Cohen,
Essai
comparatif
sur le vocabulaire et
laphondtique
du
chamito-s6mitique (Paris, 1969), 91).
6
F.
Jonckheere, Aesculape, 37 (I955), 203-23.
7
G. van der
Leeuw, Godsvoorstellingen
in de
Oud-Aegyptische pyramideteksten, (Leiden, I9I6), 85; J. Gwyn
Griffiths, JEA 37 (I951), 32-7.
8
J. Leclant,
MDAIK
15 (I957),
169.
9
T.
Save-S6derbergh,
Four x8th
Dynasty Tombs, 4.
85
H. TE VELDE
and Anukis. It is
noteworthy
that in the
father, mother,
and son triads father and son
do not form a
pair
as Satis and Anukis do. The son
replaces
the
father,
the
daughter
helps
the mother and
duplicates
her.
Although
one of the
Egyptian
words for nurse
(rnnt)
can also mean
virgin,'
it does not become clear in how far the
separation
into
mother and nurse also
implies
the
separation
into mother and
virgin
in the triad of
Elephantine.
Comparative religion
has shown that the
duplicating
of a
goddess may comprise
more than mother and
daughter,
mother and
nurse,
mother and
virgin,
older and
younger
woman. Careful
study
of
Egyptian religious
material will
surely yield
more
findings.
Female
reduplication
was at
any
rate
popular
in
Egypt.
Hence
Egyptian
theologians,
unable to formulate divine
unity through
triads once male-female dif-
ferentiation had been
introduced,
will have felt the need sometimes to
express
the
female
complex
in a triad not
only
in the two functions of one
goddess
as mother and
consort,
but in two
goddesses,
because to them woman was not
simple,
but
ambiguous.
F.
Daumas,
Les
Moyens d'expression
du
grec
et de
l'dgyptien compares
dans les decrets du
Canope
et de
Memphis
(Cairo, 1952), 236.
86