Database Management Systems Unit 1

Sikkim Manipal University Page No.: 1

Unit 1 DBMS [Database Management System]
Structure
1.1 Introduction
Objectives
Self Assessment Question(s) (SAQs)
1.2 Database Environment
Self Assessment Question(s) (SAQs)
1.3 Working of a Simple Centralized Database System
Self Assessment Question(s) (SAQs)
1.4 Traditional File Systems Vs Modern Database Management Systems
Self Assessment Question(s) (SAQs)
1.5 Persons related to a DBMS
1.5.1 Database Administrator [DBA]
1.5.2 Database Designers [DBD]
1.5.3 End Users
1.5.4 System Analysts and Application Programmers
1.5.5. DBMS System Designers and Implementers
1.5.6 Tool Developers
Self Assessment Question(s)
1.6 Advantages of using DBMS
1.7 Summary
1.8 Terminal Questions (TQs)
1.9 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
1.10 Answers to SAQs, TQs, and MCQs
1.10.1 Answers to Self Assessment Questions (SAQs)
1.10.2 Answers to Terminal Questions (TQs)
1.10.3 Answers to Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
Database Management Systems Unit 1
Sikkim Manipal University Page No.: 2
1.1 Introduction
DBMS-Definition A DBMS is a complex set of software programs that
controls the organization, storage and retrieval of
data in a database.
What does it
consist of?
Collection of related data
Set of programs to access those data.
A complete definition or description of the
database Structures and Constraints.
Where are the
DBMS used?
All areas where computers are used, including
business, engineering, law, education, banking,
hotel and airline reservation.
Examples of
DBMS
Multimedia databases can store pictures, video
clips and sound messages.
Geographic information system can store and
analyze maps, weather data and satellite images.
Objectives
To know about
Database Environment
Various procedures carried on in a DBMS
Working of a Simple Centralized Database System
Differences between the Traditional File Systems and Modern Database
Management Systems
Persons related to a DBMS
WhyDBMS?
Self Assessment Question(s) (SAQs) (for section 1.1)
1. Define DBMS. What does it consist of and where are they used?
Database Management Systems Unit 1
Sikkim Manipal University Page No.: 3
Application Programs / Queries
Software to process Queries/
Programs
Software to Access Stored Data
Stored
Database
Definition
(Meta-Data)
Stored
Database
1.2 Database Environment
Users / Programmers
DATA
BASE
SOFTWARE
DBMS
Software
Fig: 1.1: Database Environment
Vari ous Procedures Carried on in a DBMS
1. Defining the database- means specifying the data types, structures and
constraints (limits imposed).
2. Constructing the Database-involves the process of storing the data on
some storage medium (e.g. hard-disk) which is controlled by the DBMS
3. Manipulating the Database-involves the retrieval (activity of finding) of
required data and modifying it depending on the requirement.
Database Management Systems Unit 1
Sikkim Manipal University Page No.: 4
E.g. EMPLOYEE database
i) Defining of a database
Entity test Attribute Data types Constraints(limitations)
Employee
Employee_name Char(30) Alphabet Only
Employee_no Num(6) Val>0
Employee_addr Char(80) -
Employee_designation Char(20) -
Employee_dept Char (10) Alphabet Only
Employee_sal Number(10.2) Val>0
ii) Constructing the Database
Employee
_name
Employee_no Employee_addr Employee_des
ignation
Employee_Sal
Ram 200 Shanthi Sadan
Near Tiger Circle,
Manipal
Manager 12000
Naresh 201 #176, 4
th
main
Ananth Nagar,
Manipal
IT Assistant 10000
Sarvan 202 #12, Ananthnagar,
Manipal
Lecturer 12000
iii) Manipulating the Database
e.g. for some queries
1. List all employees whose salaries are greater than 20000
2. List all employees whose names start with s
3. Delete records whose Employee_name is Ram
Self Assessment Question(s) (SAQs) (for section 1.2)
1. Write Short Notes on Database Environment
2. Draw a neat diagram of Database Environment.
3. Write down the procedures carried on in a DBMS. Explain with the help
of one example.
Database Management Systems Unit 1
Sikkim Manipal University Page No.: 5
1.3 Working of a Simple Centralized Database System
Request
Output
Fig.: 1.2
Simple Centralized Database System
Database is stored in a central location.
Users have access to the common database.
Users can access the data from the central location from their own
machines using suitable programs. These required programs are
installed on individual computer terminals of the users, as shown in the
figure above.
Self Assessment Question(s) (SAQs) (for section 1.3)
1. Write Short Note on Working of a Simple Centralized Database System
Purchasing
Accounts Payable
Sales
Accounts Receivable
Inventory
User
Query
DBMS
Reports
Data
Base
Personnel
Payroll
Database Management Systems Unit 1
Sikkim Manipal University Page No.: 6
1.4 Traditional File Systems Vs Modern Database Management
Systems:
Traditional File System Modern Database Management
Systems
Traditional File system is the system
that was followed before the advent of
DBMS i.e., it is the older way.
This is the Modern way which has
replaced the older concept of File
system.
In Traditional file processing, data
definition is part of the application
program and works with only specific
application.
Data definition is part of the DBMS
Application is independent and can
be used with any application.
File systems are Design Driven; they
require design/coding change when
new kind of data occurs.
E.g.:: In a traditional employee the
master file has employee
Employee_name, Employee_no,
Employee_addr,Employee_designation,
Employee_dept, Employee_sal, if we
want to insert one more column
Employee_Mobile number then it
requires a complete restructuring of the
file or redesign of the application code,
even though basically all the data
except that in one column is the same.
One extra column (Attribute) can
be added without any difficulty
Minor coding changes in the
Application program may be
required.
Traditional File system keeps redundant
[duplicate] information in many
locations. This might result in the loss of
Data Consistency.
For e.g.: Employee names might exist
in separate files like Payroll Master File
and also in Employee Benefit Master
File etc. Now if an employee changes
his or her last name, the name might be
changed in the pay roll master file but
not be changed in Employee Benefit
Master File etc. This might result in the
loss of Data Consistency.
Redundancy is eliminated to the
maximum extent in DBMS if properly
defined.
In a File system data is scattered in
various files, and each of these files
may be in different formats, making it
difficult to write new application
programs to retrieve the appropriate
This problem is completely solved
here.
Database Management Systems Unit 1
Sikkim Manipal University Page No.: 7
data.
Security features are to be coded in the
Application Program itself.
Coding for security requirements is
not required as most of them have
been taken care by the DBMS.
Hence, a data base management system is the software that manages a
database, and is responsible for its storage, security, integrity,
concurrency, recovery and access.
The DBMS has a data dictionary, referred to as system catalog, which
stores data about everything it holds, such as names, structure,
locations and types. This data is also referred to as Meta data.
Self Assessment Question(s) (SAQs) (for Section 1.4)
1. Distinguish between Modern DBMS and traditional file system.
1.5 Persons related to a DBMS
Different persons who are involved in the design, use and maintenance of a
large database having many users are:
1. Database Administrator [DBA]
2. Database Designers [DBD]
3. End Users
4. System Analysts and Application Programmers
5. DBMS System Designers and Implementers
6. Tool Developers
1.5.1 Database Administrator [DBA]
Database is one of the many Primary resources that are used by many
people in an Organization.
DBMS and related software are the secondary resources. Administering
this secondary resource is the responsibility of the Database
Administrator.
Database Management Systems Unit 1
Sikkim Manipal University Page No.: 8
He usually has the complete authority to access and monitor the
database.
He is responsible for creating, modifying, and maintaining the Database.
He grants permission to the users of the database.
He stores the profile of each user in the database.
He defines procedures to recover the database resulting from failures
due to human, natural or hardware causes.
1.5.2 Database Designers [DBD]
A Database Designer should design the database in such a manner that
it should meet the requirements of the clients.
1.5.3 End Users
People, who access the database, query and update the database and
generate the various reports: the database primarily exists for their use.
1.5.4 System analysts and Application Programmers
System analysts collect the information regarding requirements of the
end users and develop specifications for caned transactions
(Standardized queries and updates with carefully programmed data
validity checking) that meet their requirements.
Application programmers implement specifications developed by the
System Analysts in the form of programs, they are also responsible to
test, debug, document and maintain these programs.
1.5.5 DBMS system designers and implementers
Implementers implement the DBMS modules and interfaces as a software
package.
1.5.6 Tool Developers
Tools are the third party optional software packages which are not
available with the DBMS. They include packages for DB design,
Database Management Systems Unit 1
Sikkim Manipal University Page No.: 9
performance, monitoring, graphical interacts. In many cases
independent software vendors develop and market these tools. They
are called Tool Developers.
Operators and Maintenance Personnel
These are the system administration personnel who are responsible for
the actual running and maintenance of the hardware and software
environment for the DB system
Self Assessment Question(s) (SAQs) (for section 1.5)
1. List and explain roles of the different users of DBMS.
1.6 Advantages of using DBMS
1. Redundancy is reduced
2. Data located on a server can be shared by clients
3. Integrity (accuracy) can be maintained
4. Security features protect the Data from unauthorized access
5. Modern DBMS support internet based application.
6. In DBMS the application program and structure of data are independent.
7. Consistency of Data is maintained
8. DBMS supports multiple views. As DBMS has many users, and each
one of them might use it for different purposes, and may require to view
and manipulate only on a portion of the database, depending on
requirement
Self Assessment Question(s) (SAQs) (for section 1.6)
1. Write short notes on advantages of using DBMS
1.7 Summary
A DBMS is a complex set of software programs that controls the
organization, storage, management, and retrieval of data in a database. The
Database Management Systems Unit 1
Sikkim Manipal University Page No.: 10
four most common types of organizations are the hierarchical, network,
relational and object models. A database query language and report writer
allow users to interactively interrogate the database, analyze its data and
update it according to the users privileges on data. A transaction
mechanism, that ideally would guarantee the ACID properties, in order to
ensure data integrity, despite concurrent user accesses (concurrency
control), and faults (fault tolerance). Organizations may use one kind of
DBMS for daily transaction processing, and then move the detail onto
another computer that uses another DBMS better suited for random
inquiries and analysis. Overall systems design decisions are performed by
data administrators and systems analysts. Detailed database design is
performed by database administrators.
1.8 Terminal Questions (TQs)
1. What are the the various features of traditional database?
2. Define the following
Data
Data base
Data Base Management System [DBMS]
3. Explain briefly the different types of data base users.
1.9 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
1. People, who access the database, query and update the database and
generate the various reports - the database primarily exists for their use-
are
A. End Users
B. Database Designers [DBD]
C. Database Administrator [DBA]
D. Tool Developers
Database Management Systems Unit 1
Sikkim Manipal University Page No.: 11
2. ------- design the database in such a manner that it should meet the
requirements of clients.
A. End Users
B. Database Designers [DBD]
C. Database Administrator [DBA]
D. Tool Developers
3. _________ defines procedures to recover the database resulting from
failures due to human, natural or hardware causes.
A. End Users
B. Database Designers [DBD]
C. Database Administrators [DBA]
D. Tool Developers
4. ________________develop third party optional software packages
which are not available with the DBMS.
A. End Users
B. Database Designers [DBD]
C. Database Administrator [DBA]
D. Tool Developers
1.10 Answers to SAQs, TQs, and MCQs
1.10.1 Answers to Self Assessment Questions (SAQs)
For Section1.1
1. A DBMS is a complex set of software programs that controls the
orgaization, storage and retrieval of data in a database (Refer 1.1).
For Section 1.2
Database Management Systems Unit 1
Sikkim Manipal University Page No.: 12
1. Explanation of components showed in the diagram (Refer 1.2, Fig 1.1)
2. Draw diagram (Fig. 1.1)
3. Various procedures carried on in a DBMS
1. Defining the database means specifying the data types, structures
and constraints (limits imposed).
2. Constructing the Database-involves the process of storing the data
on some storage medium (e.g. hard-disk) which is controlled by the
DBMS
3. Manipulating the Database-involves the retrieval (activity of finding)
of required data and modifying them depending on the requirement.
E.g. Employee database Explain (Refer section 1.2)
For Section 1.3
Database is stored in a central location.
Users have access to the common database.
Users can access the data from the central location from their own
machines using suitable programs. These required programs are installed
on individual computer terminals of the users as shown in figure 1.2. (Refer
Section 1.3)
For Section 1.4
1. Traditional File Systems Vs Modern Database Management Systems.
(Refer Section 1.4)
For Section 1.5
1. Different persons who are involvedin the design, use and maintenance
of a large database having many users are (Refer Section 1.5)
1. Database Administrator [DBA]
2. Database Designers [DBD]
3. End Users
4. System analysts and Applications Programmers
Database Management Systems Unit 1
Sikkim Manipal University Page No.: 13
5. DBMS system designers and implementers
Answers to Terminal Questions (TQs)
1. In Traditional file systemdata definition is part of the application program
and works with only specific application. (Refer Section 1.4)
2. Data Base Management System [DBMS]: A DBMS is a complex set of
software programs that controls the organization, storage and retrieval
of data in a database. (Refer Section 1.1)
3. Different persons who are involved in the design, use and maintenance
of a large database having many users are:
1. Database Administrator [DBA]
2. Database Designers [DBD]
3. End Users
4. System analysts and Application Programmers
5. DBMS system designers and implementers
6. Tool Developers (Refer Section 1.5)
1.10.3 Answers to Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D