IRC 56-1974

RECOMMENDED PRACTICE
FOR
TREATMENT OF EMBANKMENT
SLOPES
FOR
EROSION CONTROL
C. C. ~ARY~MADR~
i~ece~edon d~fe:~-~
Ser~tNo.
Call No. ;
~_ 2 ~)
THE INDIAN ROADS CONGRESS
<<
IRC 56-1974
RECO1~i. MENDED PRACT].CE
FOR
TREATMENT OF EMBANKMENT
SLOIES
FOR
EROSION CONTROL
L h h P
~:::~t~ ~
jj.jhjjc/p~dby
THE INDIAN ROADS COt~CRESS
Jainnagar House, S. hahjahan Road,
New DeIhiA10011.
1974
Price ~ Ri 1/=.
(plus Postage & Packing)
<<
mc: 561974
First published: July 1974
(R~ghlsof Publication and of Translation are reserved)
Primedat PRINTALD, NewDeIhWtO 024
-b
<<
IRC S61974
I. iS. Marya
2. 1K. Natarajan
1. D.S.N. Ayyar
2. Dr. R.K. Bhandari
3. iN. Rhargava
4. Brig. Harish Chandra
5 E.C. Chandrasekharan
6. M.K. Chatterjee
7, AK.. L)eb
S. Dr. CR. Ciangopadhyaya.
9. LID. (:iupta
10. SN. Gupta
It. Prof. 5K. c;tiiluui
12. Dr. C.E.G. Justo
13. i)r. R.K. Katti
MrrnbcrSccrerarj.
14. Kewal Krishan
15. (i.L. Kumar
16. Shri MR. Maiya
17. tIC. Maihotra
18. AR. Satyanarayana Rso
19. Dr. V.N.S. Murthy
20. N. Sen
21. Dr. Shamsier Singh
22. R.C. Sharrna
23. R.P. Sinha
24. S.N.Sinha
25. C. Thandapani
26. Dr. 1.5. Uppat
Later, it was approved by the Specifications & Standards Corn-
imflci in thin inciting hild on iht. 31st J inuary and 1st FiNtnt~
1974 tnd thin by the E~ecutiseC ommittic in thur nkcting held on
the 1st May, 1974. Finally, it was approved by the Council in their
meeting held on the 2nd May, 1974.
2. GENERAL
instances are not wanting where many embankment sIc pes
made up of diflrent types of soils have suffered a high. degree of
damage due to erosion from rain and wind. Denudation of vegeta-
tion from soil slopes or else the lack of vegetative cover on emhank~
RECOMMENDED PRACTICE
FOR TREATMENT OF EMBANKMENT
SLOPES FOR EROSION CONTROL
1. INTRODUCTION
This Recommended Practice was approved by the Soil Engi-
neering Conirnittee (Personnel given below) in their meeting held
on I he 29 t Ii November 1 972 so bject to certain modibca tions which
were subsequently carried out,
N1embe~s:
I
<<
taC: 5 6 -19 7 4
ment s l o p es i s o f ten responsible f o r th e f o rmati o n o f SI; and rai n-
cu ts , es entu al l y l ead i ng to a s u rf i ci al slide o i to an u nd ermi ni ng o f
th e ed g es o f th e ro ad p av ement s tru ctu re. Wh en veqetation i s
cstitbliihed o n slopes, there becomes available an etTective d ens e
netw o rk o f ro o t s y s tem, p enetrati ng to a depth of about 0 .5 to 0.75
metre Into th e s l o p e, w h i ch s erv es to anch o r d o w n th e s o i l mantl e
and render It resistant to ero s i o n.
Th e need f o r bri ng i ng o u t a g u i d el i ne o n th e treatment o f
embank ment slopes f o r erosion control Is thereibre strongly i nd i cat-
ed . This g u i d el i ne h i g h l i g h ts s o me o f th e techniques o f es tabl i s h i ng
a v eg etal cover o n embank ment s l o p es including s o me o f th e rel a-
ti v el y ne~o nes s u ch as th e asphalt mu l ch tech ni q u e; use o f wood
s h av i ng s o r saw dust; read y -mad e tu rf s o f g ms s ap p l i cati o n o f co l t
nettin
3 and ju te netti ng , etc.1 to th e solution o f th e p ro bl em. Th i s
g u i d el i ne does not co ncern i ts el f s s i th o th er meth o d s w h i ch are i n
ro u ti ne use s u ch as the provision o f ap ro ns , p i tch i ng w i th s to ne, u s e
o f cement s tabi i s ed soil, etc.
a SIMPLE v i i i t*ttv i TUNP1NS WITHOUT USINS ANY
SPECIAL TECHNIQUE
11d t~i s th e mo s t eco no mi cs ! meth o d o f p ro v i d i ng v eg etati o n
o n embank ment s l o p es . Natu ral l y , th i s method should be ad o p ted
w h erev er p racti cabl e. Th e meth o d consists o f preparing a slope
ares i nto s eed bed s by g rad i n~It to th e extent p o s s i bl e and th en
bao s d cas ti ng s eed s o r p l anti ng root slips o f th e p ro mi s i ng types of
l o cal l y as ai l abl e p l ants . So me ty p i cal deep-rooted species o f g ras s .
etc.. are g i v en i n th e Appendtr.
One reco mmend ed v ari ati o n o f th i s technique i s that i ns tead o f
ti eati ng th e w h o l e o f th e s l o p e i n p o o r s o i l s , p l antati o n could be
encouraged by p u tti ng i n s eed l i ng s i n i s o l ated p o ck ets o f s p eci al l y
enri ch ed s o i l .
Th ere are limits to th e successfttl ap p l i cati o n o f th i s meth o d .
Th e meth o d i s ap t to 11th In th e f o l l o w i ng s i tu ati o ns :
(i i On ~cry cred i bl e slopes w h ere s eed i ng o r sprigging i s l i abl e to be
aaah ed down before they have had ti me to tak e ro o t.
(2) When work is to be done immediately preceding or duringvery
heavy downpour.
(3) In p l aces w h ere no s rl th e(al supply of water i s av ai l abl e f o r pro.
moting gro~thof vegetation or whereadequste supply of moisture
to the slopes by light rain or drizzle Is not avaltable outsIde of the
IflOflSOOit 515508.
2
<<
1RC 56-1974
Only under these circumstances, it is advisable to go in for a
special technique such as the ones recommended in the succeeding
pants of this standard.
4 . TRANSPLANTATION OF READY-MADE TURFS OF GRASS
It i s also possible to provide vegetative turfing by sodding
which involves~~tlic bodily transplantation of blocks of turfs of grass
(with sonic 5 8 cm or so of soil covering the grass roots) from the
original site to the s~desiopesof the embankment to he treated. if
found iecessary, pegs or nails could be used to hold down the crrij~s
sods iii the initial stage.
5. STRAW Wi TH COWDUNG OR WOOD SHAVINGS OR
SAWDUST AS MULCH
in the case of emha.nkments which are less than 3 metre high,
where the severity of the erosion problem is not of a high order, the
use of straw mixed with cowdung, or wood shavings or sawdust
mixed with cowdung prelerably is recommended as a mulch - The
approximate thickness ci wood shavings or sawdust cover should be
2~mm Thc org mu mulch coscring thi sod slopes can hi. hild in
place and made resistant to being washed downhill or heing blown
away, pegging them down with bamboos, at suitable intervals, on a
grid pattern and also laying bamboos horizontally connecting the
pegs and thus forming the grid.
6 . SLOPE TREATMENT BY ASPHALT MULCH TECHNIQUE
AS AN AID TO VEGETATIVE TURFING
Firstly, the slope propov~dto he treated should he demarcated
arid fenced by local prickly hushes or by barbed wiring. [he slopes
should be then prepared into vas1, seed beds by rounding nfl the
tops, regrading or reshaping the slope a.nd by finally raking the
top soil to about 5 cm thickness. If the slopes are entirely raw
and infertile and if the soil happens to he slightly acidic, calcium
ummonium nitr tic should hi tpplicd at thi 1 itt ol ~O kg pir SQ U
5Q metres. The root slips: of the Illost promising types of locally
ava~iahlegrasses should then be dibbied, 15 to 25 cm apart, root to
root, and row to row. The asphaltic film gradually disintegrates,
its place being gradually taken tip by a carpet of green vegetation,
penetrating through the asphaltic film. The, carpet of grass that
supplants the asphaltic film acts as an immediate cover for the
slopes till the more deep rooted species of shrubs and trees develop
and take root. After planting of grass roots, etc, these should be
3 <<
IRC 56-1974
watered. An asphalt emulsion (mulch) is then sprayed by a suitable
sprayer, (The term mulch refers to any loose or soft material, e.g.
strawy dung, etc., laid down on the slopes to protect the roots of
plants). The optimum rate of application of the emulsion shall be
0.7- 1.0 kg per sq. in. If required, water may be added to the bitu-
minous emulsion to give a 50 50 composItion of binder and water,
The thickness of the emulsion coating should be optimum because
thicker applications would tend to retard the gross Us of plants and
seeds, whereas application thinner than optimum would not be
effective in controlling erosion,
The advantages resulting front the application of the asphalt
emulsion are (i) susceptibility to erosion is cut down, (ii) the mois
ture content as well as the nutrients in the soil niantle are conserv-
ed, and (iii) the soil temperature is raised by absorbing the light
rays~promoting the emergence of tiny saplings.
The method proves particularly successful if it is so timed that
advantage is taken of the increased, moisture content in the soil
resulting from the first couple of monsoon showers. However,
neither a continuous heavy dow npour nor a long spell of dry
weather occurring immediately after the completed treatment is
desirable since in such an eventuality the process will perhaps have
to he repeated partially or fully,
By and large, on the basis of requirements of this technique,
it would be preferable to use a medium to slow breaking emulsion.
A list of equipment necessary for undertaking the spraying is given
belc:w:
I) SPRAYERS (any one of the following types):
(a) Knapsack sprayer 10 to 20 litres capacities, Wt. 3 to 7 kg.
Being portable, it is particularly suitable for steep slopes above
the highway
(hi (iator rocking sprayer Wt. 10 kg to 20 kg capacity of pressure
upto 13.5 kgjcm
2. (Tan be used on up-slopes with the provision of
tamps
(c( Hand compression sprayers. Capacity 15 to 20 litre. Wt. 6 to
10 kg
(d) Charge pump with spray tanks
(ii) Spray guns with lances and boom
(iii) Spray nozzles
ta) Three-action adjustable nozzle
tbj Circular mist-type nozzle
(c) Flat fan type nozzle
4
<<
IRC 56-1974
(iv) Hose connection and pressure plastic tubing 12.5 mm dia or suiting
to hose connection (enough length with connectors)
(v) 30 cm adjustable wrench, screw driver and a plier.
(vi) Strainer 30 to 50 mesh
(vii) Kerosene
(viii) Bitumen emulsion
The equipment should be cleaned. thorottghly with kerosene or
some other solvent at the close of each days work. Failure to do so
will result in clogging of the equipment, thereby making delayed
cleaning somewhat more diffiettit. After the bituminous emulsion is
tilled in the container, it is pressurised by means of a pump upto 3.5
to 4.8 kg/em
2 svhieh is maintained constant. The use of higher
ressures should b.c avoided because higher pressures generally give
rise to uneven spray pattern.
7. SLOPE TREATMENT BY VEGETATIVE TURFING
USING JUTE NETTING
it has been found that if a heavy mesh of jute fabric is firmly
laid on loose earth and sown upon with suitable. grass seeds, it gives
maximum prote.et~onto the soil until the grass takes root and
furnishes a permanent coverage.. After the soil is thus stahilised, the
nettiri,gs decompose and ,provide. nourishme:nt toth... e grass growing on
a soil medium svh,ich hardly possesses any nutrient. The netting can
have 2.5 to 5 cm. square openings hetween the threads, giving the
grass plenty of room to grosv and at the same time providing a large
number of check dams per unit area of the material. The netting
is just roiled out on th.e areas to be treated a.nd is properly secured
over the grormd svhere a concentrated flow of svater is liable to
occur and where there is danger of under-cutting of the soil. The
netting is firmly secured on to the sloping surface by means of
special staples at specified intervals, Control of erosion is effected
immediately after the netting is laid. One half of the normal
amount of seeding is broadcast prior to the placement of the net-
ting and the other half is broadcast after the netting is in place.
8. USE OF COIR NETTING
Coir netting can also be effectively used more or less on the
same lines as set out in the preceding paragraph.
9. SLOPES IN COHESIONLESS SANDS
In a purely granular material, it is rather diffie-ult to establish
vegetation. Even if it were possible, the sand drains in-between the
5
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IRC : 561974
network of root system are most susceptible of being piped out
or washed out, since the distant roots can hardly afford resistance
to the mos ement of individtial grains at the surface. Once the
mm ement starts, it can become progressively uncoo fined and is
most liable to flow.
The reniediul treatment is therefore to pros ide P.25 m to
(U m thick of clayey soil (but not heavy clays) asa blanket cover
np the slopes o.1 the embankment, tamp it well on the slopes a nd
subsequently provide the simple vegetative treatment recommended
in pai-a 3. If the circumstances are unfavourahie for the ordinary
method described in para 3, resort may he made to the use of special
techniques such as those described in paras 4 to 8.
10. SLOPES IN BLACK COTTON SOILS
Invariably, there does not appear to be any need flu r any spe-
cial treat rnent against erosion on black cot ton soil slopes since most
black cot ton soil slopes are seen to promote natural growth of grass
and other types of vegetation. The main prol,lem seems to be the
formation of shrin kage cracks, Therefore, it is recommended that
these slopes may he tnan aged ss ith the simple method of providing
vegetative turfing if the natural growth of grass happens to he in-
adequate.
I n case the soil does not s.upport vegetation dl irectly, a blanket
soil, 0.3 metre thick, of clayey soil (hut nt t heavy clays) should he
provided to support the vegetative turfing.
During the adoption of any of the techniques mentioned above,
artificial watering can be resort ed to if there are economic means of
procuring water, in the eventuality of the monsoons proving to be
very scanty and in the event of the svork having to be carried out
oti tsid e of the tnoonsoon season,
11. NEED FOR DRAINAGE
Proper roadside drains should be provided to shed off rain
water which can be carried down the slopes i~ymeans of properly
placed slope drains at. suitable intervals. Such treatnient would he
called for especially in the ease of emhankments which are more
the ii 3 as in height, in addition to the provision of vegetative ttzrfing,
where-as br embankments of smaller height, the relatively inexpen-
sive treatment by means of simple vegetative turfing would invari-
ably suffice. The berms on either side of the road pavement should
he given a slope of I in 30.
6
<<
IRC -.56-1974
Appendix
The following typcs of vegetation are recommended tor use on soil slopes,
rrespcct sc of the typc of soil. Altitude is of course a more signitieant
factor.
PLAINS (including altitudes apto l.SOt) ru abovc sea level)
Geneses & Shrubs
(I) Doob Grass
Cynodon t)actylon
~2) Cynodon Plectostycu.ns
(3) Chloris Gyr~a
(4) Saecharuni Slont ancu m
rat I Pernicious flcet~rooted Perennial
(5) Sachharum Munja
(6) lponea Cornea (liacharum hoot))
(7) L.antana Species
(8) Agave Americana
19) Eriihcrinrt lndica
(It)) Psosopis Species
(II) dIasuarina
1 2) Goat loot creepers
It. HILlS:
d;n ~e,vsn sdi Sl,ruis
(I) Fragrn;stis tIursu[a t,,.se cinass
ll(uniaon -(cntral Iiiniala~.st
t2) Era,g~osts Superva
(locally known Babla in Kumaia CenI.jaI hIirualayas)
(3) d,Thrysopogon Mountanas Central Ilirnal.avas
(4) Pcnniscturn Orientalc Central Himalayas
(5) iLoliurn Pcrrcrtc (Rai Grass H. P. & Kumaonl
6) Pao Pra tensis (above 6000 (t)
(7) I irperate Cylindrica
8) Robinia Pseudoaceadia
Cuttings: as well as plants
(9) Kudzu Vine all over upto 8000 ft
( Pucraria Thunghcrgiane)
110) FZikoyu )icnniscturn (,.landestinurn)
(11) Jatrcpha curcas
( 12) Ficas ~
(Ii) Philendus cuttings
(14) Lemon Grass (f o r trsc in elevations around 900 m)
7
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LIST OF INDIAN ROADS CONGRESS (ODES & STANDARDS
S lttC: 11971
6. IRC: ~ j9~9
7. IRC: 9~1972
8, IRC: tO 1961
9. iRC: II i962
10. IRE: 12 1967
II. lEd: 13 1967
I 1RC: 2 1968
2. IRC: 4~1955
7, IRC:5 1970
4. IRE: 6 1966
PRICE
per copy
(Postage &
packing
charges extra)
Rs, P.
Route Marker Signs for National Highways (in
Metric Units) (First Revision). 2 50
TypiaDesigns for Furlong and Boundary Stones I 00
Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for
Road Bridges Section I General Features of
Design (in Metric Units) (Fourth Revision). 4 00
Standard Specifications and Code of Practice
for Road Bridges Section Il Loads and
Stresses (in Metric tjnils) (Second Revision). 5 00
Recommended Practice for Numbering Bridges
a.nd Culverts (First Revision). 2 00
Type Designs for Higltway Kilometre Stones
(First Revision). 2 50
Traffic Census on Non-Urban Roads (First
Revision). 3 01)
Recomntended Practice for Borrowpits for
Road Embankments Constructed by Manual
Operation (First Reprint). 1 00
Recommended Practice for the Design and
Layout of Cycle Tracks (First Reprint). 2 00
Recommended Practice, for Location arid layout
of IC oa.dside Motor Fuel FiIiing-.Cum-Service
Stations (First Revision). 2 00
Recommended Practice for Location and
Layout of Rc.adside Motor-Fuel Filling
Stat ions (First Revision). 2 00
t(ecommended Practice for 2 Cm Thick
Bitumen and Tar Carpets (First Revision). 2 50
Standard Specifications and Code of Practice
for C onstrut tion ot (out i etc Ito sd, (I rst
Revision). 5 00
Tentative Specification for Priming of Base
Course with Bituminous Primers. 1 50
ienta.tive Specification for Single (oat Ilitumi-
nonis Stir face Dressing. 2 00
Design Criteria for Prestressed Concrete
Road Bridges (Post Tensioned Concretei
(First Reprint). 3 00
Standard Specifications and Codeof Practice for
Water Bound Macadam (First Revision). 4 00
Recommended Practice for Bituminous Penetra-
ion Macadam (Full Grout) (First Reprint). 2 00
Standard Specifications and Code of Practice
for Road Bridges Section Ii iCement
Concrete (Plain and Reinforced) (First Revision), 6 50
Standard Specifications and Code of PracI ice for
Road Bridges Section Vi Composite Cons-
truction for Road Culverts and Medium
Span Bridges (First Reprint).
12.
13.
IRC: 14 1970
IRE: IS 1970
14. IRC: i6 1965
15.
6.
1 ICC: 965
IRe:: 18 1965
Ii. IRC: 19 1972
18.
t9.
IRC: 20 1966
iRC: 21- 972
20,, lIt C: 22- I 966
4 00
<<
Rs P
!RC: 41 1972
IRC: 42- - 1972
IRC: 43 1972
Tentative Speciuicat ion for Two Ccrat Bitumin-
ous Sur face Dr essing.
Standar d Specifications and Code of Pr actice for
Road Br idgesSection V Steel Road Br idges.
Type Designs for Boundary Stones (in Metric
Units),
Type Design for 200-Metr e Stones,
Tentative Specification for Bitunt inous Maca-
dam (Base & Binder Cour se),
Tentative Specification for the Constr uction of
Stabilized Soil Roads with Soft Aggr egate in
Ar eas of Moder ate and Etigh Rainfall,
Tentative Specitication for 4 Cut (Ii in,)
Asphaitic Concr ete Sur face Cour se,
Standar d Letter s and Numer als of DitTerent
Heights for Use on Highway Signs (in Metric
Units).
Route Mar ker Signs for State Routes (in Metric
t.tnits).
Standard for Vertical and Horizontal Clearances
of Over hea.d Electr icPower and Telecommuni-
cation lines as Related to Roads (in Metric
Units),
Standar d Pr ocedur e for Evaluation and Con-
slit ion Sur veys of Stabi I ised Soil Roads.
Recommendations for Road Constr uction in
Water logged Ar eas,
Code of Pr actice for Road Mar kings (with
Paints).
Recomniended Pr actice for the Constr uction of
Ear th Embnnknsents for Road Wor ks, 4 00
Guidelines for the Design of Flexible Pavements. 3 50
Design Tables for Hor izontal Cur ves for
Highways, 20 00
Standar ds for Road-Rail Level Cr ossings. 3 00
Standar d Specifications and Code of Pr actice
for Road Br idges-Section IV (Br ick, Stone
and Block Masonr y). 3 50
Type Designs for Check Bar r ier s, 3 00
Pr ofor ma for Recor d of Test Values of Locally
Available Pavement Constr uction Mater ials. 3 00
Recommended Pr actice for lools, Equipment
and Appliances for Concr ete Pavement Con-
str uction. 5 00
Tentative Guidelines for Cement Concr ete Mix
Design for Road Pavements (for non-air ent-
r ained and continuously gr aded concr ete). 2 50
Reconinsendations for Estimating the Resis-
tance of Soil Below the Maximum Scour Level
in the Design of Well Foundations of Br idges, 5 00
A Policy on Roadside Adver tisements, (Fir st
Revision). 3 00
Tentative Specification for Built-up Spr ay
Gr out. 3 00
1 50
6 00
2 00
2 00
2 00
2 00
2 1)0
2 00
2 Sf1
3 00
2 00
3 00
5 00
21. 11CC: 23 -1966
22, IRC: 241967
23. I [CC: 251967
24. 1RC: 26 1967
25. IRC 271967
26. lFtf: 2.8 1967
27, 11CC: 29 1968
28. IRC,3 0-1968
29, 1RC.,3 1l969
3 0. 11CC: 3 21969
3 !. IRE: 33 1969
12. IRE : 3 41970
3 3 . 11CC: 35 1970
3 4, 1RC: 3 61970
3 5. 1RC: 3 71970
3 6 IRE: 3 81970
3 7. 11CC: 3 91970
3 8. 11CC: 401970
39,
4(1.
41
42. 11CC: 44 1972
43 . IRC: 45-- 1972
44. IRE: 46-- 1972
45. 1RC: 471972
<<
46. IRC: 48 1972
ICC: 49 1973
11CC. 50 -1973
11CC: 51 -1973
IRE: 52 1973
51. 11CC: 53 ~1973
52 IRC,54 1974
53. IRE?: 55 - 1974
IRC. 56- l974
IRE, 57 - 194
56. 11CC: 58 - 1974
Tentative Specification lor Bituminous Surface
Dressing using Precoated Aggregates.
Recommended Practice for the Pulverization of
Black Cotton Soils for [,irne Stabilisation,
Recommended Design Criteria for the ise of
Cement Modified Soil in Road Construction.
Recommended Design Criteria for the Use of
Soil-Lime Mixes in Road Construction.
Keconimendations About the Alignment Sun ey
and Geometric Design of Hill Roads.
Road Accident Forms A-I and 4.
Lateral and Vertical Clearances at Undet-
passes for Vehicular Traffic.
Recommended Practice for Sand Bitumen Basc
Courses.
Recomniended Practice for Ti eatnient of Em~
bankment Slopes for Erosion Control,
Recommended Practice for Sealing of Joints
in Concrete Pavements,
Ciuidelines for the Design of Rigid Pavements
for Highways.
S No A/rena of PnhIreut too
Special Publication ~ I - 197!
Bridging Indias Rivers, Vol. 1
2. Special Publication -. 2 - 1961
Report on Road Transport
operation of various types of
surf:tces in pLritts
3. Special Publication 3-- 1966 Geo-
metrics of Roads
4. Special PuhIication~-4 -1966 Bridge
Loadings Around the World
5. Special Puhlication S 1967 Road
Drainage Practices Around the
World
6. Special Publication 6 - 1966 Modern
Ircnds in thc Design and Cons-
truction nf Prestressed Concrete
Bridges A round the World
7. Special Publication - 7 1971 Report
on Itoad Tra nsp 0 rt Operation
(ost on Various fypes of Road
Surfaces in Hilly Regions
8. Special Puhlication- 8 1972 Metho-
dology of Flexible Pasement
Design Around the World
9. Special Publication - 9 1972 Rating
of &iogcs
10. Special Publication 10 1972 Brid-
ging Indias Rivers, Vol. 11
Pr icc
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Stock
Out of
Stock
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48.
49.
50.
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55,
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2 00
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2 50
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5~00
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<<
II. SpecialPuhlication 2l -1973 Hand- Packing &
hook of quality Control for Cons- Postage Extra
truct ion of Roads and Runways
12. Special Publication 12 1973 Ten-
tative Recommendation on the
Provision of Parking spaces for
Urban Areas
13. Special Publication 13- 1973
Guidelines for the Design of
Small Bridges & Culverts
14, Special Publicationl4 1973 A
Manual for the Application of the
Critical Path Method of Highway
Projects in India
15, Preliminary Publication containing
40 Papers for the Seminar held on
Strengthening of Existing Road
Pavements. (Ihe contributions
published are by eminent experts
from India and abroad and cover
the subject in a very comprehen-
sive tnanner)
Proceedings do-
Ministry of Shipping and Transport
(Roads Wing) Specification for
Road and Bridge Works
10-00
2-00
10-00
6~00
35-00
20-00
20-00
16.
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