Charts on the Book of Revelation is a useful supplement to courses on the book of Revelation in both the

church and the academy. Wilsons charts cover a range of historical, literary, rhetorical, and interpretive issues
that will guide the careful student in making more viable interpretations of this difcult yet enriching book. An
excellent resource to use with todays visual learners as they approach this highly visual book for study.
ROBERT WALTER WALL
The Paul T. Walls Professor of Biblical and Wesleyan Studies
Chair, Department of Christian Scriptures
Seattle Pacic University
Author of Revelation in the New International Biblical Commentary series
This is an enormously helpful book, bringing together in visual form extensive comparative data both from and
about Revelation. Not to be confused with prophecy charts of a bygone era, here we nd charts on everything
from various views of authorship and date to extensive lists of scriptural allusions and verbal parallels, from
Johns use of symbols and numbers to all references to angels and demonsand much elseseventy-nine in
all. Each is carefully annotated with the source of the information. While the parallels are not always convinc-
ing, they always provide an interesting place to start and will save the reader much time in collecting data.
DAVID L. BARR
Brage Golding Distinguished Professor
Wright State University
Editor of Reading the Book of Revelation
Wilsons Charts on the Book of Revelation synthesizes an enormous amount of material relevant to the study of
the Revelation of John and makes it available in a clear, useful, and unusual format for students of the Bible.
DAVID E. AUNE
Professor of New Testament
University of Notre Dame
Author of the three-volume Revelation in the Word Biblical Commentary series
If you are looking for helpful maps and charts that are substantive and revealing in regard to the book of
Revelation, look no further than Mark Wilsons excellent resource. I know of no better collection of materials
that illuminates Revelation than this resource.
BEN WITHERINGTON III
Professor of New Testament Interpretation
Asbury Theological Seminary
Author of Revelation in the New Cambridge Bible Commentary series
Charts on the Book of Revelation is a useful tool for teachers and a helpful guide for students to many complex
and disputed issues related to the interpretation of that biblical book. The charts provide handy thumbnail
sketches and collections of data on the contents of the book itself, its connections with other biblical and
extracanonical works, its historical setting, and various brands of its reception-history. Teachers and students
from a great variety of cultural and theological backgrounds will all nd that this book enhances their access
to and communication of the book of Revelation.
ADELA YARBRO COLLINS
Buckingham Professor of New Testament Criticism and Interpretation
Yale Divinity School
Author of The Apocalypse and Crisis & Catharsis: The Power of the Apocalypse
More than any book in the Bible, Revelation needs to be visualized to be understood. Charts on the Book of
Revelation is a major step forward in doing just that. Every pastor and Bible teacher will benet from using
these charts in their study and as overheads when teaching and preaching through the book.
GRANT R. OSBORNE
Professor of New Testament
Trinity Evangelical Divinity School
Author of Revelation in the Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament series
This is a novel idea and an inspired one. These charts will be invaluable to anyone studying the book of
Revelation in detail.
RICHARD BAUCKHAM
Professor of New Testament Studies and Bishop Wardlaw Professor
University of St. Andrews
Author of The Theology of the Book of Revelation
Charts on the
Literary, Historical,
and Theological
KREGEL
CHARTS OF THE BIBLE
AND THEOLOGY
Charts on the
Literary, Historical, and
Theological Perspectives
Mark Wilson
Charts on the Book of Revelation: Literary, Historical, and
Theological Perspectives
2007 by Mark Wilson
Maps Tim Dowley, Threes Company. Used by permission.
Published by Kregel Publications, a division of Kregel, Inc.,
P.O. Box 2607, Grand Rapids, MI 49501.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by
any meanselectronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or
otherwisewithout written permission of the publisher, except
for classroom use or brief quotations in printed reviews.
Scripture taken from the Holy Bible, New International Version

.
Copyright 1973, 1978, 1984 by International Bible Society.
Used by permission of Zondervan. All rights reserved.
Scripture quotations marked NRSV are from the New Revised
Standard Version Bible, copyright 1989, by the Division of
Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches
of Christ in the U.S.A., and are used by permission. All rights
reserved.
BWHEBB, BWHEBL, BWTRANSH [Hebrew]; BWGRKL,
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TrueTypeT fonts Copyright 19942006 BibleWorks, LLC.
All rights reserved. These biblical Greek and Hebrew fonts are
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ISBN 978-0-8254-3939-1
Printed in the United States of America
07 08 09 10 11 / 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Preface 9
Abbreviations 11
1 Authorship of Revelation 13
2 Date of Revelation 14
3 Roman Empire in the Late First Century a.d 15
4 Time Line of the First-Century Church in Asia 17
5 Jewish and Christian Apocalypses 19
6 Literary Genres of Revelation 20
7 Chapter and Verse Counts with Text Set as Poetry 21
8 Words Occurring Only in Revelation (Hapax Legomena) 22
9 Allusions and Verbal Parallels in the Old Testament and Extrabiblical Literature 25
10 Structure of Revelation 31
11 Identifcation of Christ with God in Revelation 32
12 Divine Names in Revelation 33
13 Names for Believers in Revelation 35
14 Apocalyptic Themes in Revelation, the Synoptic Gospels, and Pauline Epistles 36
15 Thematic Parallels Between Revelation and John 38
16 Thematic Parallels Among Revelation, Jude, and 2 Peter 40
17 Thematic Parallels Between Revelation and 4 Ezra 41
18 Theme of Victory in Revelation 42
19 Theories of Interpretation of Revelation 43
20 Five Senses in Revelation 44
21 Minerals, Gems, and Other Commodities in Revelation 45
22 Symbols Interpreted in Revelation 46
23 Use of Numbers in Revelation 47
24 Symbolism of Colors and Numbers in Revelation 49
25 Figures of Speech in Revelation 50
26 Doublets in Revelation 56
27 Paired Characters in Revelation 57
28 Angels and Demons in Revelation 58
29 Seven Beatitudes and Their Relationship to the Coming/Victor Sayings 60
30 Epithets of Jesus with Old and New Testament Background 61
31 Suggested Divisions of the Letters in Revelation 23 62
32 Structure of the Seven Letters in Revelation 23 63
33 An Imperial Edict Compared to the Letter to Ephesus 64
34 Promise Images in the Seven Letters with Background in Jewish Literature 65
35 Promises with Fulfllments and Relationship to Faithful Works 66
36 Rhetorical Situation of the Church in Revelation 67
37 Wars and Battles in Revelation 69
38 Theories of the Rapture from Revelation 70
39 Heavenly Throne-Room Vision with Parallels in Daniel 71
40 Four Living Creatures with Background in Ezekiel and Isaiah 72
41 Identifcation of the Four Living Creatures with the Gospels 73
42 Hymns of Revelation 74
7
43 Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse with Background in Zechariah 76
44 Seven Seals and the Apocalypses in the Synoptic Gospels 77
45 Possible Interrelationships Among the Seals, Trumpets, and Bowls 78
46 Biblical Lists of the Twelve Tribes of Israel 79
47 Trumpet and Bowl Judgments Compared to the Egyptian Plagues 80
48 Vice Lists in Revelation Correlated to the Ten Commandments 81
49 Identifcation of the Two Witnesses 82
50 Time Periods of Persecution 83
51 Fall of Satan in Revelation 84
52 Calculating the Number of the Beast (Gematria) 85
53 Two Marks of Revelation 86
54 Thematic Parallels Between the Beast of Revelation and the Beasts of Daniel 87
55 Portrait of the Beast in Revelation 88
56 Rise and Demise of the Evil Trinity 90
57 Worship of the Emperorthe Beast of Revelation 13:4Contrasted with Divine Worship 91
58 Four Hde ('.e. Here) Sayings of Revelation 92
59 Paired Angelic Revelations in Revelation 93
60 Historical Identifcation of the Seven Emperors (Rev 17:911) in Relationship to the
Twelve Caesars 95
61 Trading Products of Revelation 18 in Relationship to Tyre and Rome 97
62 Last Battle in Revelation 98
63 Messiah as an Eschatological Judge 99
64 Interpretations of the 1,000 Years from Revelation 20:16 100
65 Lists of Jewels in Antiquity 102
66 Paradise Motifs in Revelation and the Prophets 103
67 Death and Resurrection in Revelation 1922 104
68 Architectural Features of the New Jerusalem 105
69 Literary Parallels Between Revelations Prologue and Epilogue 106
70 Benedictions in the New Testament 107
71 Thematic Parallels Between Genesis 13 and Revelation 108
72 Textual Evidence for Revelation 109
73 Canonical History of Revelation 111
74 Seven Churches Today 113
75 Map of Roman Province of Asia 114
76 Map of Imperial Cult Temples of Asia Minor 115
77 Map of the Myth of Nero Redivivus, or Nero Redux 116
78 Map of Rome: City of Seven Hills 117
79 Map of Trade in the Roman Empire 118
Commentary and Sources Consulted 119
Bibliography 131
8
Preface
W
hile working on this volume, I mentioned to friends and colleagues that I was preparing a book of
charts on Revelation Invariably I detected an unspoken reaction like, Just what we need, another
book of charts on Revelation This volume, however, should prove different from other charts books that have
appeared For years commentators have developed charts to illustrate their reading of Revelation, which was
usually from a dispensational and futurist perspective From my earliest days as a Christian, some thirty-two
years ago, I recall seeing large wall charts that displayed the chronology of last-days events supposedly depicted
in Revelation and Daniel
In the latter part of the twentieth century, new methods of reading the text have opened fresh perspectives
for examining Revelation Literary readings particularly have examined the complex intertextuality and
intratextuality of the book From my perspective, Revelation is one of the most extraordinary documents ever
written, with new levels awaiting discovery on each reading For these reasons, of all the books of the Bible,
Revelation lends itself best to visualization in charts
The format used in most contemporary commentaries, though, lends little room for charts For example,
Osborne in his 869-page commentary has only three charts (pp 233, 340, 757), and the frst is related to the
Gospels rather than Revelation Beale offers eight charts in the introduction (pp 7071, 7375, 9091, 106,
107, 119, 128, 13435), but only four (pp 80910, 874, 992, 1005) in the rest of his 1,245-page commentary
For a new generation of students who are primarily visual learners, charts are an important pedagogical tool
Information that might take pages of text to explain can be distilled into an easily comprehensible chart Other
books of charts with limited material on Revelation include H Wayne House and Randall Prices Charts of
Bible Prophecy (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2003), H Wayne Houses Chronological and Background Charts of
the New Testament (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1981), and Nelsons Complete Book of Bible Maps and Charts
(Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 1993)
Many of the charts in this volume were initially developed during my doctoral research, and some were
frst published in my doctoral thesis accepted at the University of South Africa in 1996 Other charts were
prepared by me for various writing projects or for presentation in church or seminary lectures One distinctive
of these charts is that the material in Revelation is primary and thus usually listed frst, with Old Testament
and extrabiblical literature secondary This arrangement helps to underscore the hermeneutical principle
that any context must be interpreted through the primary text of Revelation Breaking the verses down into
sections of a, b, c, etc, has been avoided within the charts as much as possible Usually the applicable portion
of the verse in question is evident For chart 32, however, Structure of the Seven Letters in Revelation 23,
more detailed verse breakdowns were unavoidable Notes related to each chart, with abbreviated bibliographic
references, appear after the charts A full bibliography concludes the book
I thank my wife, Dindy, for her patient editorial work in verifying many of the references in the volume
I also thank Jim Weaver and Dennis Hillman of Kregel Publications for their patience with the manuscript,
which was delivered long past its promised date Tim Dowley did an excellent job in preparing the maps from
the material that I supplied I especially want to dedicate this volume to my former students at Oral Roberts
University, Regent University, and Fuller Seminary Northwest, who have studied Revelation with me and have
given me valuable feedback on the charts
9
11
Abbreviations
Ancient and Extrabiblical Sources
1 Clem. 1 Clement (The Apostolic Fathers)
1 En. 1 Enoch (OT Pseudepigrapha)
2 Macc 2 Maccabees (OT Apocrypha)
3 Macc 3 Maccabees (OT Apocrypha)
5QNJ Dead Sea Scroll (5Q New Jerusalem)
Adv. Haer. Irenaeus, Adversus Haereses (Against Heresies)
Adv. Marc. Tertullian, Adversus Marcion (Against Marcion)
Ann. Tacitus, Annals
Ant. Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews
Bar Baruch (OT Apocrypha)
Carm. Saec. Horace, Carmen Saeculare
Dial. Justin, Dialogue with Trypho
Dom. Suetonius, Domitian
Ep. Augustine, Epistles
Epig. Martial, Epigrams
Gen. litt. Augustine, De Genesi ad Litteram
Hist. Tacitus, Historiae
Hist. eccl. Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica (Ecclesiastical History)
IGR Inscriptiones Graecae ad Res Romanas Pertinentes
J.W. Josephus, Jewish War
Nat. Pliny, Natural History
Nero Suetonius, Nero
OCD Oxford Classical Dictionary, 3rd ed (1996)
OGIS Orientis Graeci Inscriptiones Selectae
Or. Dio Chrysostom, Orations
Pss. Sol. Psalms of Solomon (OT Pseudepigrapha)
Sat. Juvenal, Satires
SIG
3
W Dittenberger, Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum, 3rd ed (19151924)
Silv. Statius, Silvae
Sir Sirach/Ecclesiasticus (OT Apocrypha)
Tob Tobit (OT Apocrypha)
Trist. Ovid, Tristia
Wis Wisdom of Solomon (OT Apocrypha)
Bible Versions and Translations
kjv King James Version
LXX Septuagint
MT Masoretic Text
niv New International Version
nkjv New King James Version
nlt New Living Translation
nrsv New Revised Standard Version
NT New Testament
OT Old Testament
12
reb Revised English Bible
UBS
3
Te Greek New Testament, 3rd ed United Bible Societies
UBS
4
Te Greek New Testament, 4th ed United Bible Societies
13
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1. Authorship of Revelation
John the Apostle
Pro Con
Patristic testimony: Justin, Papias, Melito, Irenaeus,
Origen, Tertullian, and Hippolytus affrm apostolic
authorship of Rev
Marcion, Dionysius, and Alogoi testify against apostolic
authorship
Apocryphal Acts of John (8890) portrays apostle as
ministering among seven churches
Papias (Hist. eccl. 33946) speaks of two Johns whose
tombs are in Ephesus
Gnostic Apocryphon of John identifes Apocalyptist as
brother of James and son of Zebedee
Lack of apostolic claim: absence of explicit identifcation
as son of Zebedee, beloved disciple, or elder
Muratorian Canon (late 2nd c) identifes author of Rev
with author of fourth gospel
Stylistic differences: grammatical solecisms in Greek
text contrast with accurate and clear text of fourth
gospel
Apocalypse and fourth gospel share some common
ideas, theology, and terminology
Theological differencestheology, Christology, and
eschatologyare too distinct between Rev, fourth
gospel, and 1 John
Like the other apostles Paul (Rom 1:1; Titus 1:1), James
(James 1:1), and Peter (2 Peter 1:1), Apocalyptist calls
himself a servant in the books introduction (1:1; cf
22:9)
Apocalyptist regards himself as a prophet, calling his
work a prophecy six times (1:3; 19:10; 22:7, 10, 18, 19)
Ephesian church tested so-called apostles (2:2) and
found them false, so must have judged John to be a true
apostle
Twelve apostles spoken of as past fgures in 21:14, so
unlikely that Apocalyptist was the son of Zebedee
Epistolary greeting Grace and peace (1:4) is apostolic
and opens all Pauline letters as well as 1 & 2 Peter
Aged apostle would be too old to produce virile
imaginativeness of the Apocalypse
Epistolary closing The grace in 22:21 is apostolic and
closes every Pauline letter
Rev to be read publicly (1:3), which is similar to Pauls
injunction to have his letters read publicly (1 Thess 5:27;
Col 4:16; 1 Tim 4:13) and suggests apostolic authority
and inspiration
John the Elder
Pro Con
Papias (Hist. eccl. 33945) speaks of two Johns: a
disciple and an elder
Eusebius misunderstood Papiass distinction between
the elder and apostle
Dionysius (cf Hist. eccl. 3396) states there were two
Johns and two tombs in Ephesus, both tombs called
Johns
Dionysiuss comment based on a travelers report, and
his suggestion is only tentative
Papias (Hist. eccl. 33967) says he actually heard the
elder John, so Eusebius says it is probable that it was this
John who saw Rev
Inconclusive that John the elder ever existed
John the elder known to Ephesian community through
his letters
Early church mistaken in belief that apostle lived in
Ephesus because presence of two Johns would have
caused confusion
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2. Date of Revelation
Evidence Early Date (ca. a.d. 69) Late Date (ca. a.d. 95)
Christian literary
evidence
Domitian ruled eleven months in Rome
until his father Vespasian returned from
the Jewish War; perhaps Irenaeus, wrong on
other dates, got the evidence confused
Firm tradition in Irenaeus (Adv. Haer.
5303): Seen not long ago, but almost in our
own day, at the close of the principate [reign]
of Domitian
Church situation Galatians quickly deserted (Gal 1:6) and
Pauls companions shipwrecked in their
faith (1 Tim 1:19), so period needed for
decline can be brief
Decline takes time: Ephesus has lost frst love;
Sardis is dead and Laodicea is now lukewarm;
rise of Nicolaitan party shows time lapse
Historical situation 60s a turbulent time in Roman Empire with
Neros suicide and year of four emperors
Reign of terror begins against Domitians
enemies in a.d 93
Persecution by
Domitian
No literary evidence exists for Domitian
persecuting Christians; he killed only
presumed political opponents
Eusebius (Hist. eccl. 31720) calls Domitian
a second Nero, who persecuted and martyred
Christians
Food sacrifced to
idols (2:14, 20)
Problematic hot issue among several
churches in Asia
Issue appears resolved with only brief
mention in Didache (63) and not mentioned
by Ignatius
Asian earthquake in
a.d. 60 (cf 3:17)
Laodicea refused aid from Rome because of
civic independence; her wealth enables city
to begin rebuilding right away
Devastation of earthquake at Laodicea
required decades to restore city to former
grandeur
Great Tribulation
(7:914)
Fiercest persecution of Christians occurred
under Nero after Romes fre of 64; Tacitus
(Ann. 1544) and Clement (1 Clem. 6:1)
speak of great multitudes of Christians
dying
Asian persecution limited only to Antipas
in Pergamum; expectation of greater
persecution suggests later period
Temple in Jerusalem
(11:12)
That the temple can be measured suggests it
is still standing
Reference to temple is from an earlier source
incorporated into the vision
Political situation
(13:18)
Beast need not refer to Domitian but could
refer to earlier Caesar (Nero)
Beast depicts Caesars (Domitians) successful
war against saints and his worship by all
earth dwellers
Nero redivivus
(resurrection) myth
(13:3, 12, 14; 17:8)
First Nero pretender appears on Aegean
island of Cythnus in 69 and his body
is displayed publicly in Ephesus; myth
circulates soon after
References to resurrected Beast suggest time
period needed for myth to arise following
Neros death in 68
Roman imperial cult
(13:1115)
Cult active in Asia since Augustus
authorized temple in Pergamum in 29 b.c.,
and Tiberius authorized temple in Smyrna
in a.d. 26
Worship of emperor as Lord and God
reached zenith under Domitian; temple to
Flavian dynasty built in Ephesus in a.d. 89/90
666 (13:18) Gematria (numerology) in Hebrew fts only
Nero
Apocalyptic tradition is now historicized and
fulflled in Flavian dynasty
Name Babylon
(14:8; 16:19; 17:5;
18:2, 10, 21)
If 1 Peter (5:13) and Rev are dated before
a.d. 70, this is early literary evidence for use
of Babylon
Use of Babylon not documented in literary
sources until after a.d. 70
Seven emperors
(17:911)
Nero is the ffth fallen emperor of the
principate
Domitian is the ffth fallen emperor among
the principates tyrants
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3. Roman Empire in the Late First Century A.D.
Roman Empire in the 60s Roman Empire under Domitian (8896)
64 July 19 Fire in Rome 88 False Nero appears in Asia and fnds refuge
among Parthians
65 April Pisonian conspiracy to kill Nero foiled 89 Jan 1 Saturninus, governor of Upper Germany,
revolts
Spring? Persecution of the church begins Spring Revolt of Chatti in Germany
Summer? Martyrdom of Peter in Rome Summer Revolt of Dacians on the Danube; First
Pannonian War
30,000 die of plague in Rome; hurricane
at Campagna
91 Governor of Asia, G Vettulenus Civica
Cerealis, assassinated by Domitian
Former governor of Asia, L Antistius
Vetus, condemned by Nero
Manius Acilius Glabrio exiled for atheism
66 June Vinician conspiracy to kill Nero foiled Fall Grain famine causes Domitian in the spring
to issue edict to destroy vineyards
July Jews capture Masada and halt temple
sacrifce for the emperor
92 May Sarmatians and Suebi revolt on the Danube;
second Pannonian War
Aug? Gentiles massacre tens of thousands of
Jews in Caesarea and Alexandria
Famine in Pisidian Antioch
Sept 25 Nero begins performance tour in Greece 93 Fall Domitians reign of terror begins
Oct
Nov
Cestius attacks Jerusalem but forced to
retreat in defeat
Apollonius of Tyana travels to Rome, where
he is arrested
Former governor of Asia, M Barea
Soranus, condemned by Nero
94 Domitians reign of terror continues
66
or
67?
Martyrdom of Paul in Rome 95 May Flavius Clemens (frst cousin of Domitian)
killed
67 July Jewish forces defeated at Jotopata;
Josephus captured
His wife Flavia Domitilla (niece of Domitian)
banished to Pontia (Eusebius) or Pandateria
(Cassius Dio [this form used by OCD])
68 Nero returns from Greece Summer Third Pannonian War?
March Vindex revolts at Lugdunum, Gaul Apollonius escapes condemnation and
returns to Asia
April 3 Galba proclaimed emperor at Carthago
Nova, Spain
96 Sept 18 Domitian murdered by his attendant
Stephanus
May Vindex defeated at Vesontio by German
legions
June 8 Galba recognized by Senate
June 9 Nero commits suicide by sword
June 20 Vespasian and Trajan occupy Jericho;
Jerusalem surrounded
October Galba arrives in Rome from Tarraco,
Spain
Fall False Nero executed on Aegean island of
Cythnus; corpse shipped from Ephesus
to Rome
Famine in Rome
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69 Jan 2 Vitellius acclaimed emperor by Rhine
legions at Colonia Agrippina
Jan 10 Galba adopts Piso as heir to principate
Jan 15 Otho usurps principate, assassinating
Galba and Piso
Feb Titus visits Ephesus to conspire with
Governor C Fonteius Agrippa
March Otho leaves Rome to fght Vitellius
April
1416
Othos army defeated at frst battle of
Cremona; he commits suicide
May Vitellius recognized by Senate
Late June Capitol burned by foreign mercenaries
when Vitellius arrives in Rome
July 1, 3 Vespasian proclaimed emperor in
Alexandria and Judea
Aug Batavian revolt along the Rhine under
Civilis
Sept Dacian revolt along the Danube
Oct 18 Moon turned to blood in lunar eclipse
Oct
2425
Flavians under Antonius Primus defeat
Vitellians at Cremona with the city
subsequently burned
Dec 18 Capitol burned, including temple of
Jupiter Optimus Maximus
Dec 20 Rome captured by Flavian army under
Antonius Primus; Vitellius killed in the
Forum
Dec Domitian with Mucianus begin to govern
jointly in his fathers absence from Rome
Flood of Tiber in Rome
70 Jan Gauls revolt
Winter 1st, 4th, 16th, & 22nd legions mutiny in
Germany
May 1 Titus besieges Jerusalem
June Domitian and Mucianus leave Rome to
campaign in Gaul
Sept 26 Titus captures Jerusalem and destroys
the temple
Oct Vespasian arrives in Rome to assume
principate
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4. Time Line of the First-Century Church in Asia
a.d. 30 Acts 2:9 Jews from Asia at Pentecost in Jerusalem
49 Acts 16:6 Paul on his second missionary journey forbidden by Holy Spirit from
preaching in Asia
49 Acts 16:811 Paul has vision of Macedonian man in Troas
52 Acts 18:1922 Paul visits synagogue in Ephesus on way to Jerusalem
52 Acts 18:19 Priscilla and Aquila remain in Ephesus
53 Acts 18:2427 Apollos speaks in Ephesus synagogue, is instructed by Priscilla and
Aquila, and leaves for Corinth
5355 Acts 19:141 Paul ministers in Ephesus for over 2 years
53 Acts 19:89 Paul speaks in synagogue for 3 months
5354 Acts 19:910 Paul lectures daily in hall of Tyrannus for 2 years, and Jews and Greeks of
Asia hear the word
55 1 Cor 16:19 Paul writes 1 Corinthians from Ephesus, sending greetings from the
churches of Asia
55 2 Cor 2:1; 12:14; 13:12 Paul makes painful second visit to Corinth from Ephesus
55 Acts 19:22; 1 Cor 4:17;
16:10
Timothy and Erastus are sent frst to Macedonia, then Corinth
55 1 Cor 16:11; 2 Cor
10:111
Timothy apparently returns to Ephesus with news that Paul is under
personal attack
55 1 Cor 15:3132; 2 Cor
1:311
Paul fghts wild beasts in Ephesus, experiencing great suffering,
pressure, and hardships in Asia
55 Acts 20:1; cf 2 Cor 1:1 Paul leaves Ephesus, probably with Timothy, after the riot in theater
55 2 Cor 2:1213 Paul searches for Titus in Troas, leaving behind open door there for
Macedonia
55 1 Cor 16:19; Rom 16:3 Aquila and Priscilla depart Ephesus for Rome
56 Acts 20:5 Pauls seven companions, including Trophimus of Asia, sail to Troas,
carrying collection for Jerusalem church
56 Acts 20:612 Paul and Luke arrive in Troas; Paul raises Eutychus from the dead
56 Acts 20:1315; 21:1 Paul walks to Assos, then sails with eight companions to Asian islands of
Lesbos (Mitylene), Chios, Samos, and Cos on way to Jerusalem
56 Acts 20:1738 Paul meets Ephesian elders in Miletus
56 Acts 21:2729; 24:1819 Jews from Asia charge Paul with bringing Trophimus, an Ephesian Gentile
believer, into the temple area
59 Acts 27:25 Paul sails on Adramyttium-based ship to Myra
59 Acts 27:7 Paul sails off Cnidus on voyage to Rome
6162 Eph 1:1; Col 1:2; 4:13,
1516
From Rome, Paul writes Asian churches at Ephesus, Colossae, Laodicea,
and Hierapolis
6162 Philem 12 From Rome, Paul writes Philemon, Apphia, and Archippus at Colossae
63 1 Peter 1:1; 5:13 From Rome (Babylon), Peter writes to Christians in Asia
64 2 Peter 3:1 Peter apparently writes a second letter to Christians in Asia
64? 1 Tim 1:3 Paul, apparently after release from prison in Rome, visits Ephesus and
leaves Timothy there
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64? Philem 22 Paul perhaps visits Philemon, Onesimus, and churches in Colossae,
Laodicea, and Hierapolis
65 1 Tim 1:3; Titus 3:12 Paul writes frst letter to Timothy at Ephesus possibly from Nicopolis
65 2 Tim 4:1315 Paul leaves for Ephesus when he is probably rearrested at Troas
65? 2 Tim 4:19 Priscilla and Aquila return to Ephesus
65 2 Tim 4:20 Paul stops at Miletus, where he leaves Trophimus sick
65 2 Tim 1:1518; 4:19 Onesiphorus of Ephesus ministers to Paul in Rome, while other believers
in Asia desert him
66 2 Tim 4:12 Paul sends Tychicus to Ephesus with second letter to Timothy
66 2 Tim 4:13 Timothy brings Pauls cloak and scrolls from Troas to Rome before his
martyrdom
67? Rev 1:9 John apparently moves to Asia after start of Jewish revolt in Judea
69 Rev 1:9, 11 John writes Revelation from Patmos to seven churches of Asia (early date)
70s? John John writes gospel to Asian Christians
70s80s? Hist. eccl. 331; 524 Apostle Philip lives, and is martyred, in Hierapolis
80s? 1 & 2 John John writes letters to Asian Christians
80s? 3 John John writes letter to Gaius at Ephesus
90s? Adv. Haer. 334; Hist.
eccl. 414
Polycarp becomes bishop of Smyrna
90s? Adv. Haer. 533 Papias becomes bishop of Hierapolis
95 Rev 1:9, 11 John writes Revelation from Patmos to seven churches of Asia (late date)
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5. Jewish and Christian Apocalypses
Jewish Apocalypses Christian Apocalypses
Title Date Title
Date
(all a.d.)
Book of the Watchers
(1 Enoch 136)
3C b.c. Shepherd of Hermas 12C
Book of the Heavenly Luminaries
(1 Enoch 7382)
3C b.c. Book of Elchasai 12C
Animal Apocalypse
(1 Enoch 8590)
2C b.c Ascension of Isaiah 611 12C
Apocalypse of Weeks
(1 Enoch 91:1117; 93:110)
2C b.c Apocalypse of Peter 2C
Jubilees 23 2C b.c. 5 Ezra 2:4248 23C?
Testament of Levi 25 2C b.c. Jacobs Ladder 2C?
Testament of Abraham 1C b.c.
a.d 2C
Testament of the Lord 1:114 3C?
Apocalypse of Zephaniah 1C b.c.
a.d. 1C
Questions of Bartholomew 3C?
Similitudes of Enoch
(1 Enoch 3771)
a.d. 1C Apocalypse of Sedrach 24C?
2 Enoch a.d 1C Apocalypse of Paul 4C
4 Ezra a.d 1C Testament of Isaac 15C?
2 Baruch a.d. 1C Testament of Jacob 25C?
Apocalypse of Abraham a.d
12C
Story of Zosimus 35C
3 Baruch a.d
12C
Apocalypse of St John the Theologian 29C?
Book of the Resurrection of Jesus Christ
by Bartholomew the Apostle 8b19b
36C?
Apocalypse of the Virgin Mary 49C?
Apocalypse of the Holy Mother of God
Concerning the Punishments
411C?
Apocalypse of Esdras 59C?
Apocalypse of James, the Brother of the
Lord
pre-11C
Mysteries of St. John the Apostle and
Holy Virgin
pre-11C
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6. Literary Genres of Revelation
Apocalypse Prophecy Epistle
Identifes itself as an apocalypse (1:1) Identifes itself as a prophecy (1:3;
19:10; 22:7, 10, 18, 19)
Identifes author, thus not
pseudonymous (1:4, 9; 22:8)
Angelic mediation (1:1; 2:1, 8, 12,
18; 3:1, 7, 14; 17:118; 21:922:6;
22:811)
Use of disclosure language: e.t-|ut
(show; 1:1; 4:1; 17:1; 21:9, 10; 22:1,
6, 8); cat|a (make known; 1:1)
Recipients named (1:4)
Epiphany (1:1220) Language of fulfllment: a e.t
,.|.cat (what must soon happen;
1:1; 4:1; 22:6; cf 1:19)
Epistolary greeting (1:4)
Persecution (2:10, 13; 6:911; 7:9,
14; 11:710; 12:11; 13:7; 16:6; 18:24;
20:4)
Receives word of God (1:2, 9; 6:9;
20:4)
Body (1:922:20)
First-person vision narratives (4:1;
5:1, 2, 6, 11; 6:1, 2; et al)
Parenesis, or exhortations (1:3; 2:5,
7, 10, 11, 16, 17, 25, 26; 3:2, 3, 5, 8,
10, 11, 12, 19, 21; 12:17; 13:10; 14:12;
16:15; 21:7; 22:7, 9, 11)
Seven letters (2:13:22)
Future eschatological orientation
(1:19; 4:1)
Suffering in exile (1:9) Epistolary closing (22:21)
Visions (4:222:6) Prophetic experiences in the Spirit
(1:10; 4:2; 17:3; 21:10)
Otherworldly journey (4:1) Commanded to write (1:11, 19; 2:1,
8, 12, 18; 3:1, 7, 14; 14:13; 19:9; 21:5)
Otherworldly writing (5:16:17; 8:1;
10:2, 811)
Present historical orientation (1:19)
Dialogue (7:1317; 17:6b18) Use of Tae. .,.t (Thus says )
declaration formula (2:1, 8, 12, 18;
3:1, 7, 14)
Auditions (11:1518; 14:23, 13;
19:18)
Heavenly throne room vision (4:12)
Discourse (21:58) Prophets mentioned (10:7; 11:10, 18;
16:6; 18:20, 24; 22:6, 9)
Prophetic commission (10:811)
Prophetic act (11:12)
Prophetic journey (17:1; 21:10)
Prophetic oath formula (19:9; 21:5;
22:6, 18)
Prophetic seal (22:10)
Prophetic curse (22:1819)
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7. Chapter and Verse Counts with Text Set as Poetry
Chapters Verses UBS
4
NIV NKJV
22 405 53 verses 51 verses 16 verses
1 20 1:7 1:7
2 29 2:2627 2:27 2:27
3 22 3:7
4 11 4:8, 11 4:8, 11 4:8, 11
5 14 5:910, 12, 13 5:910, 12, 13 5:910, 12, 13
6 17
7 17 7:10, 12, 1517 7:10, 12, 1517 7:12
8 13
9 21
10 11 10:56
11 19 11:15, 1718 11:15, 1718 11:1718
12 17 12:1012 12:1012
13 18 13:10 13:10
14 20
15 8 15:34 15:34 15:34
16 21 16:56, 7 16:56, 7 16:56
17 18 17:5 17:5
18 24 18:23, 48, 10, 14, 16,
1920, 2124
18:23, 48, 10, 1617,
1920, 2124
19 21 19:12, 3, 4, 5, 68 19:12, 3, 4, 5, 68, 16 19:16
20 15
21 27
22 21
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8. Words Occurring Only in Revelation
(Hapax Legomena)
Verse Hapax NRSV (unless noted)
1:8; 21:6; 22:13 a|a Alpha
1:8; 21:6; 22:13 a Omega
1:13 :ee; long robe
1:15; 2:18 ,a-eta|e| burnished bronze
2:23 |.|e; mind
2:27 -.at-e; clay
2:28; 22:16 :at|e; morning
3:15 (2x), 16 ,.ce; hot
3:16 ,tae; lukewarm
3:16 ..a to spit out
3:18 -e[e|ute| salve
3:18 .,,ta to anoint
3:19 ,.ua to be earnest
4:3 caa,et|e; emerald
4:3, 4, 8 -u-e.| around
4:3; 10:1 tt; rainbow
4:3; 21:11, 18, 19 tac:t; jasper
4:3; 21:20 caete| carnelian
4:6; 15:2 uat|e; of glass
4:6; 22:1 -ucae; crystal
4:7; 8:13; 12:14; 14:6; 19:17 :.eat to fy
5:1 -a.c|a,t,a to seal
5:8; 15:7; 16:1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 10, 12, 17;
17:1; 21:9
|ta bowl
6:2 ee| bow
6:4; 12:3 :ue; bright red
6:6 (2x) ,et|t quart
6:6 -t barley
6:9; 9:1; 16:10; 21:20 :.:e; ffth
6:12 t,t|e; of hair (nkjv)
6:13 eu|e; late fgs (niv)
7:3; 9:4; 13:16; 14:1, 9; 17:5; 20:4; 22:4 .a:e| forehead
7:16; 16:9 -aua scorching heat
8:1 tate| half an hour
8:3, 5 ta|ae; censer
8:7; 11:19; 16:21 (2x) ,aa,a hail
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8:12 :cca to strike
8:13; 14:6; 19:17 .ceua|a midheaven
9:5 (2x); 14:11; 18:7, 10, 15 aca|tce; torture
9:10 (2x), 19 (2x); 12:4 eua tail
9:16 t::t-e; cavalry
9:16 etcuta; twenty thousand [20,000 x 10,000 = 200 million]
9:17 :ut|e; color of fre
9:17 ua-t|t|e; [color of] sapphire
9:17 O.tae; [color of] sulfur
9:20 ,a-eu; bronze
9:21 -.a theft
10:2, 9, 10 tatete| little scroll
10:3 u-aeat to roar
12:3, 4, 7 (2x), 9, 13, 16, 17; 13:2, 4, 11;
16:13; 20:2
ea-a| dragon
12:3; 13:1; 19:12 etaea diadem
12:10 -a,a accuser
12:15 :eae|ee; sweep away with the food
13:2 :aeat; leopard
13:2 a-e; bear
13:18; 14:20 .a-ectet six hundred
14:2; 18:22 -taaee; harpist
14:10 a-ae; unmixed
14:10; 18:6 -.a|ut to pour
14:18 a-a,a to be ripe
14:18 eu; cluster
16:10 acaeat to gnaw
16:13 aa,e; frog
16:21 aa|tate; weighing about a hundred pounds
17:4; 18:16 ,uceu; gold
18:2; 19:17, 21 e|.e| bird
18:3 c|e; luxury
18:6 et:ea double
18:7, 9 L|taa to live in luxury
18:12 ucct|e; fne linen
18:12 ctt-e; silk
18:12 ut|e; scented wood
18:12 ..|a|t|e; of ivory
18:12 aae; marble
18:13 -t||aae| cinnamon
18:13 aae| spice
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n18:13 c.teat; choice four
18:13 .e chariot
18:14 e:aa fruit
18:14 et:ae; dainties; luxuries (nlt)
18:19 tte; wealth
18:21 ut|e; millstone
18:21 ea violence
18:22 euct-e; musician (niv)
18:22 ca:tc; trumpeter
19:1, 3, 4, 6 aeuta hallelujah
19:16 e; thigh
20:4 :..-t,a to behead
20:9 -u-.ua surround
21:8; 22:15 |aa-e; sorcerer
21:11 -ucat,a to be clear as crystal
21:16 .a,a|e; foursquare
21:18 .|eact; construction (nkjv)
21:18, 21 uae; glass
21:19 ca:|te; sapphire
21:19 ,a-ea| agate; chalcedony (niv)
21:19 caa,ee; emerald
21:20 caee|u onyx; sardonyx (niv)
21:20 ,ucete; chrysolite
21:20 ue; beryl
21:20 e:a,te| topaz
21:20 ,uce:ace; chrysoprase
21:20 ua-t|e; jacinth
21:20 eae.-ae; twelfth
21:20 a.uce; amethyst
21:21 etau,; transparent
22:3 -aa.a accursed
22:11 u:at|eat to be flthy
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9. Allusions and Verbal Parallels in the
Old Testament and Extrabiblical Literature
Revelation Old Testament and Extrabiblical Literature
1:1 Dan 2:28, 29, 45
1:4 Exod 3:14; Isa 41:4
1:5 Pss 89:27; 130:8; Isa 40:2
1:6 Exod 19:6; Isa 61:6
1:7 Dan 7:13; Zech 12:10, 12, 14
1:8 Exod 3:14; Isa 41:4; Amos 3:13 LXX; 4:13 LXX
1:13 Ezek 9:2, 11 LXX; Dan 7:13; 10:5
1:14 Dan 7:9
1:1415 Dan 10:6
1:15 Ezek 1:24; 43:2
1:16 Isa 49:2
1:17 Isa 44:6; 48:12
1:19 Isa 48:6 LXX; Dan 2:28, 29, 45
2:6 Ps 139:21
2:7 Gen 2:8 LXX, 2:9; 3:22, 24; Ezek 28:13 LXX; 31:8, 9 LXX
2:8 Isa 44:6; 48:12
2:10 Dan 1:12, 14
2:12 Isa 49:2
2:14 Num 25:12; 31:16
2:16 Isa 49:2
2:17 Ps 78:24; Isa 62:2; 65:15
2:18 Dan 10:6
2:20 Num 25:12; 1 Kings 16:31; 2 Kings 9:22
2:23 Pss 7:9; 62:12; Prov 24:12; Jer 11:20; 17:10
2:2627 Ps 2:8, 9; Pss. Sol. 17:2324
3:5 Exod 32:32, 33; Ps 69:28; Dan 12:1
3:7 Job 12:14; Isa 22:22
3:9 Isa 43:4; 45:14; 49:23; 60:14
3:12 Isa 62:2; 65:15; Ezek 48:35
3:14 Prov 8:22
3:17 Hos 12:8
3:19 Prov 3:12
4:1 Exod 19:20, 24; Dan 2:28, 29, 45
4:2 1 Kings 22:19; 2 Chron 18:18; Ps 47:8; Isa 6:1; Ezek 1:2627; Sir 1:8
4:3 Ezek 1:2628
4:4 Isa 24:23
4:5 Exod 19:16; Esther 1:1d LXX; Ezek 1:13; Zech 4:2
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4:67 Ezek 1:510; 10:14
4:8 Exod 3:14; Isa 6:2, 3; 41:4; Ezek 1:18; 10:12; Amos 3:13 LXX; 4:13 LXX
4:9 1 Kings 22:19; 2 Chron 18:18; Ps 47:8; Isa 6:1; Ezek 1:2627; Dan 4:34; 6:26; 12:7; Sir 1:8
4:10 1 Kings 22:19; 2 Chron 18:18; Ps 47:8; Isa 6:1; Ezek 1:2627; Sir 1:8
5:1 1 Kings 22:19; 2 Chron 18:18; Ps 47:8; Isa 6:1; 29:11; Ezek 1:2627; 2:910; Sir 1:8
5:5 Gen 49:910; Isa 11:1, 10
5:6 Isa 53:7; Zech 4:10
5:7 1 Kings 22:19; 2 Chron 18:18; Ps 47:8; Isa 6:1; Ezek 1:2627; Sir 1:8
5:8 Ps 141:2
5:9 Pss 33:3; 40:3; 96:1; 98:1; 144:9; 149:1; Isa 42:10
5:10 Exod 19:6; Isa 61:6
5:11 Dan 7:10; 1 En. 14:22
5:12 1 Chron 29:11; Isa 53:7
5:13 1 Kings 22:19; 2 Chron 18:18; Ps 47:8; Isa 6:1; Ezek 1:2627; Sir 1:8
6:2 Zech 1:8; 6:3, 6
6:4 Zech 1:8; 6:2
6:5 Zech 6:2, 6
6:8 Jer 14:12; 15:3; Ezek 5:12, 17; 14:21; 33:27
6:10 Deut 32:43; 2 Kings 9:7; Ps 79:10
6:12 Joel 2:31
6:1213 Isa 13:10; Ezek 32:7, 8; Joel 2:10; 3:15
6:1314 Isa 34:4
6:15 Isa 2:10, 19, 21; Jer 4:29
6:16 1 Kings 22:19; 2 Chron 18:18; Ps 47:8; Isa 6:1; Ezek 1:2627; Hos 10:8; Sir 1:8
6:17 Joel 2:11; Nah 1:6; Mal 3:2
7:1 Jer 49:36; Ezek 37:9; Dan 7:2; Zech 6:5
7:3 Ezek 9:4
7:10 1 Kings 22:19; 2 Chron 18:18; Ps 47:8; Isa 6:1; Ezek 1:2627; Sir 1:8
7:14 Dan 12:1
7:15 1 Kings 22:19; 2 Chron 18:18; Ps 47:8; Isa 6:1; Ezek 1:2627; Sir 1:8
7:16 Isa 49:10
7:17 Ps 23:1, 2; Isa 25:8; 49:10; Jer 2:13; Ezek 34:23
8:3 Exod 30:13; Ps 141:2
8:4 Ps 141:2
8:5 Exod 19:1619; Lev 16:12; Esther 1:1d LXX
8:7 Exod 9:2325; Ezek 38:22; Wis 16:22
8:8 Exod 7:20, 21
8:11 Jer 9:15
8:12 Isa 13:10; Ezek 32:7, 8; Joel 2:10; 3:15
9:2 Gen 19:28; Exod 19:18
9:3 Exod 10:12, 15; Wis 16:9
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9:6 Job 3:21; Jer 8:3; Hos 10:8
9:7 Joel 2:4, 5
9:8 Joel 1:6
9:9 Joel 2:5
9:13 Exod 30:13
9:20 Deut 32:17; Pss 115:47; 135:1517; Dan 5:23
10:4 Dan 8:26; 12:4, 9
10:56 Deut 32:40; Dan 12:7
10:6 Gen 14:19, 22; Exod 20:11; Neh 9:6; Ps 146:6
10:7 Dan 9:6, 10; Amos 3:7; Zech 1:6
10:910 Ezek 2:8; 3:13
10:11 Jer 1:10; 25:30; Dan 3:4; 7:14
11:1 Ezek 40:3; Zech 2:12
11:2 Ps 79:1; Isa 63:18; Zech 12:3 LXX
11:4 Zech 4:3, 1114
11:5 2 Sam 22:9; 2 Kings 1:10; Ps 97:3; Jer 5:14
11:6 Exod 7:17, 1920; 1 Sam 4:8; 1 Kings 17:1
11:7 Dan 7:3, 7, 21
11:8 Isa 1:10
11:11 Ezek 37:5, 10
11:12 2 Kings 2:11
11:13 Ezek 38:1920
11:15 Exod 15:18; Pss 10:16; 22:28; Dan 2:44; 7:14; Obad 21; Zech 14:9
11:17 Exod 3:14; Amos 3:13 LXX; 4:13 LXX
11:18 Pss 2:1; 46:6; 115:13; Dan 9:6, 10; Amos 3:7; Zech 1:6
11:19 Exod 9:24; 19:16; 1 Kings 8:1, 6; 2 Chron 5:7; Esther 1:1d LXX; Ezek 1:13
12:2 Isa 66:7; Mic 4:10
12:3 Dan 7:7
12:4 Dan 8:10
12:5 Ps 2:9; Isa 7:14; 66:7
12:7 Dan 10:13, 21; 12:1
12:9 Isa 14:12
12:10 Job 1:911; Zech 3:1
12:14 Dan 7:25; 12:7
12:17 Dan 7:7, 21
13:1 Dan 7:3
13:2 Dan 7:46
13:5 Dan 7:8, 20, 25; 11:36
13:7 Dan 7:7, 21
13:8 Exod 32:32, 33; Ps 69:28; Isa 53:7; Dan 12:1
13:10 Jer 15:2; 43:11
13:13 1 Kings 18:2439
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13:15 Dan 3:56
14:1 Ezek 9:4
14:2 Ezek 1:24; 43:2
14:3 Pss 33:3; 40:3; 96:1; 98:1; 144:9; 149:1; Isa 42:10
14:5 Ps 32:2; Isa 53:9; Zeph 3:13
14:7 Exod 20:11; Ps 146:6
14:8 Isa 21:9; Jer 51:7, 8
14:10 Gen 19:24; Pss 11:6; 75:8; Isa 51:17, 22; Jer 25:15; Ezek 38:22; 3 Macc 2:5
14:11 Isa 34:10
14:14 Dan 7:13
14:15 Joel 3:13
14:18 Joel 3:13
14:20 Isa 63:3; Lam 1:15
15:1 Lev 26:21
15:3 Exod 15:1, 11; Deut 32:4; Pss 92:5; 111:2; 139:14; 145:17; Jer 10:10 Theodotion; Amos 3:13 LXX; 4:13
LXX; 1 En 9:4; 25:5; 27:3; Tob 13:7, 11
15:4 Ps 86:9; Jer 10:67; Mal 1:11
15:5 Exod 38:21; 40:34
15:6 Lev 26:21
15:7 Ps 75:8; Isa 51:17, 22; Jer 25:15
15:8 Exod 40:34; 1 Kings 8:1011; 2 Chron 5:1314; Isa 6:4; Ezek 44:4
16:1 Ps 69:24; Isa 66:6; Jer 10:25; Ezek 22:31; Zeph 3:8
16:2 Exod 9:10; Deut 28:35
16:3 Exod 7:1721
16:4 Exod 7:1924; Ps 78:44
16:5 Exod 3:14; Deut 32:4; Pss 119:137; 145:17
16:6 Ps 79:3; Isa 49:26
16:7 Pss 19:9; 119:137; Amos 3:13 LXX; 4:13 LXX
16:10 Exod 10:21; Isa 8:22
16:12 Isa 11:15; 44:27; Jer 50:38; 51:36
16:14 Amos 3:13 LXX; 4:13 LXX
16:16 Judg 5:19; 2 Kings 9:27; 23:29; Zech 12:11
16:17 Isa 66:6
16:18 Exod 19:1619; Esther 1:1d LXX; Dan 12:1
16:19 Ps 75:8; Isa 51:17, 22; Jer 25:15
16:21 Exod 9:24
17:1 Jer 51:13
17:2 Isa 23:17; Jer 51:7
17:4 Jer 51:7; Ezek 28:13
17:8 Exod 32:32, 33; Ps 69:28; Dan 7:3; 12:1
17:12 Dan 7:24
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17:14 Deut 10:17; Dan 2:47; 1 En 9:4; 2 Macc 13:4; 3 Macc 5:35
17:16 Lev 21:9
18:2 Isa 13:21; 21:9; 34:11; Jer 50:39; 51:8; Bar 4:35
18:3 Isa 23:17; Jer 51:7
18:4 Isa 48:20; 52:11; Jer 50:8; 51:6, 9, 45
18:5 Gen 18:20, 21; Jer 51:9
18:6 Ps 137:8; Jer 50:15, 29
18:78 Isa 47:79
18:8 Lev 21:9; Jer 50:34
18:9 Ezek 26:16; 27:3035
18:10 Ezek 26:17; Dan 4:30
18:11 Ezek 27:36
18:1213 Ezek 27:12, 13, 22
18:15 Ezek 27:36
18:16 Ezek 28:13
18:17 Ezek 27:2729
18:18 Ezek 27:32
18:19 Ezek 27:3034
18:20 Deut 23:43 LXX; Ps 96:11; Isa 44:23; 49:13; Jer 51:48
18:21 Jer 51:6364; Ezek 26:21
18:22 Isa 24:8; Ezek 26:13
18:23 Isa 23:8; 47:9; Jer 7:34; 16:9; Jer 25:10
18:24 Jer 51:49; Ezek 24:7
19:1 Tob 13:18
19:2 Deut 32:43; 2 Kings 9:7; Pss 19:9; 79:10; 119:137
19:3 Isa 34:10
19:4 1 Kings 22:19; 2 Chron 18:18; Ps 47:8; Isa 6:1; Ezek 1:2627; Sir 1:8
19:5 Pss 22:23; 115:13; 134:1; 135:1
19:6 Exod 15:18; Pss 22:28; 93:1; 97:1; 99:1; Ezek 1:24; 43:2; Dan 7:14; Amos 3:13 LXX; 4:13 LXX;
Zech 14:9
19:8 Isa 61:10
19:11 Ps 96:13; Isa 11:4; Ezek 1:1; Zech 1:8; 6:3, 6
19:12 Dan 10:6
19:13 Isa 63:13
19:15 Ps 2:9; Isa 49:2; 63:3; Lam 1:15; Joel 3:13; Amos 3:13 LXX; 4:13 LXX
19:16 Deut 10:17; Dan 2:47; 1 En 9:4; 2 Macc 13:4; 3 Macc 5:35
19:1718 Ezek 39:1720
19:19 Ps 2:2
19:20 Isa 30:33
19:21 Ezek 39:17, 20
20:4 Dan 7:9, 22, 27
20:6 Exod 19:6; Isa 61:6
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n20:8 Ezek 7:2; 38:2
20:9 2 Kings 1:10; Ezek 38:22; 39:6
20:10 Gen 19:24; Ps 11:6; Isa 30:33; Ezek 38:22; 3 Macc 2:5
20:11 Ps 114:37
20:1112 Dan 7:910
20:12 Exod 32:32, 33; Ps 69:28; Dan 12:1
20:1213 Pss 28:4; 62:12; Prov 24:12; Isa 59:18; Jer 17:10
20:15 Exod 32:32, 33; Ps 69:28; Isa 30:33; Dan 12:1
21:1 Isa 65:17; 66:22
21:2 Isa 52:1; 61:10
21:3 Lev 26:1112; 2 Chron 6:18; Ezek 37:27; Zech 2:10
21:4 Isa 25:8; 35:10; 65:19
21:5 1 Kings 22:19; 2 Chron 18:18; Ps 47:8; Isa 6:1; Ezek 1:2627; Sir 1:8
21:6 Ps 36:9; Isa 44:6; 48:12; 55:1; Jer 2:13
21:7 2 Sam 7:14
21:8 Gen 19:24; Ps 11:6; Isa 30:33; Ezek 38:22; 3 Macc 2:5
21:10 Ezek 40:2
21:11 Isa 60:1, 2, 19
21:1213 Exod 28:21; Ezek 48:3035
21:15 Ezek 40:3, 5
21:1617 Ezek 48:16, 17
21:19 Isa 54:1112
21:22 Amos 3:13 LXX; 4:13 LXX
21:23 Isa 60:1920
21:24 Isa 60:3, 5; Pss. Sol. 17:31
21:25 Isa 60:11; Zech 14:7
21:26 Ps 72:1011; Pss. Sol. 17:31
21:27 Exod 32:32, 33; Ps 69:28; Isa 52:1; Dan 12:1
22:1 Ezek 47:1; Joel 3:18; Zech 14:8
22:2 Gen 2:9; 3:22; Ezek 47:12
22:3 Zech 14:11
22:4 Pss 17:15; 42:2
22:5 Isa 60:1920; Dan 7:18, 27; Zech 14:7
22:6 Dan 2:28, 29, 45
22:10 Dan 12:4
22:12 Pss 28:4; 62:12; Prov 24:12; Isa 40:10; 59:18; 62:11; Jer 17:10
22:13 Isa 44:6; 48:12
22:14 Gen 2:9; 3:22; Ezek 47:12
22:16 Num 24:17; Isa 11:1, 10
22:17 Isa 55:1
22:1819 Deut 4:2; 12:32
22:19 Gen 2:9; 3:22; Ezek 47:12
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10. Structure of Revelation
Treefold Structure Based on 1:19
I What You Have Seen (1:120)
II What Is Now (2:13:21)
III What Will Take Place Later (4:122:21)
Fourfold Structure Based on In the Spirit Experiences
I In the Spirit on the Island of Patmos (1:910)
II In the Spirit in Heaven (4:12)
III In the Spirit in a Desert (17:3)
IV In the Spirit on a Mountain (21:10)
Chiastic Structure
A Prologue and Greeting (1:18)
B Seven Churches (1:44:2)
C Seven Seals (3:218:5)
D Seven TrumpetsAngelsTwo Witnesses (8:211:19)
E Woman, Dragon, and Male Child (12:117)
D' Two BeastsAngelsSeven Bowls (13:116:21)
C' Destruction of Babylon (16:1819:10)
B' New Jerusalem, the Bride (19:622:9)
A' Closing and Epilogue (22:621)
Sevenfold Drama Structure
Prologue (1:18)
Act 1 The Seven Golden Lampstands (1:93:22)
Act 2 The Seven Seals (4:18:4)
Act 3 The Seven Trumpets (8:511:18)
Act 4 The Seven Tableaux (11:1915:4)
Act 5 The Seven Bowls of Wrath (15:516:21)
Act 6 The Seven Judgments (17:120:3)
Act 7 The Seven Great Promises (20:422:5)
Epilogue (22:621)
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11. Identication of Christ with God in Revelation
A B B' A'
1:8 1:17 21:6 22:13
Prologue First vision Last vision Epilogue
God Christ God Christ
Alpha and Omega Alpha and Omega Alpha and Omega
First and Last First and Last
Beginning and End Beginning and End
One who is to come
(cf 1:7)
He is coming soon
(22:12; cf 7, 20)
Connection with
eternal life (1:18)
Connection with
eternal life