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    Lab Report 5

    Uploaded by

    Melissa Bennett
    This lab report describes a student group's experiment with pulse-width modulation and demodulation. They used a trainer kit to generate a sawtooth waveform and modulate it with DC and AC analog input signals. They were able to recover the analog input voltages and observed the effects of violating the Nyquist sampling rate, including spectral distortions in the recovered message. The report includes circuit diagrams and questions about the concepts investigated.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Lab Report 5

    Uploaded by

    Melissa Bennett
    231 views7 pages
    This lab report describes a student group's experiment with pulse-width modulation and demodulation. They used a trainer kit to generate a sawtooth waveform and modulate it with DC and AC analog input signals. They were able to recover the analog input voltages and observed the effects of violating the Nyquist sampling rate, including spectral distortions in the recovered message. The report includes circuit diagrams and questions about the concepts investigated.

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    This lab report describes a student group's experiment with pulse-width modulation and demodulation. They used a trainer kit to generate a sawtooth waveform and modulate it with DC and AC analog input signals. They were able to recover the analog input voltages and observed the effects of violating the Nyquist sampling rate, including spectral distortions in the recovered message. The report includes circuit diagrams and questions about the concepts investigated.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    231 views7 pages

    Lab Report 5

    Uploaded by

    Melissa Bennett
    This lab report describes a student group's experiment with pulse-width modulation and demodulation. They used a trainer kit to generate a sawtooth waveform and modulate it with DC and AC analog input signals. They were able to recover the analog input voltages and observed the effects of violating the Nyquist sampling rate, including spectral distortions in the recovered message. The report includes circuit diagrams and questions about the concepts investigated.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 7

    United International University

    Course Name : Communication Lab


    Course Code : EEE 310
    Section : B

    Lab 05 : Pulse-width modulation and demodulation

    Submitted BY:
    Group : 03

    Mahdi Abrar ID : 021 103 043

    Tareq Anwer Sohan ID : 021 103 084

    Md. Ashad Uz Zaman ID : 021 111 015

    Abdul Hye ID : 021 111 029





    Summary :
    In this lab we learn, what is pulse width modulation (PWM), how to generate sawtooh
    waveform using Emona telecoms trainer 101 kit, operation of the PWM using a DC analog
    input voltage, PWM operation with an AC analog input signal, recovering the AC analog
    input voltage & the effect of not satisfying the Nyquist sample rate.

    Wave Form
    Part A : Generating the sawtooh waveform

    Fig : 8kHz sawtooh waveform

    Part B : Verifying the operation of the PWM using a DC
    analog input voltage

    Fig : Analog input & 8kHz sawtooh
    waveform


    Fig : PWM signal & 8kHz sawtooh
    waveform

    Part C : PWM operation with an AC analog input signal
    (a message)


    Fig : Message & 8kHz sawtooh
    waveform


    Fig : Message & PWM signal



    Part D : Recovering the AC analog input voltage




    Fig : Message & Recovered message Signal



    Part E : The effect of not satisfying the Nyquist sample
    rate



    Fig : Message & Recovered message Signal


    Part B : Verifying the operation of the PWM using a DC
    analog input voltage

    Minimum analog voltage Maximum analog voltage
    -2.7 V +2.8V

    Question Answer

    Part B : Verifying the operation of the PWM using a DC analog input
    voltage

    Question 1

    What is the relationship between the analog input voltage and the mark-space ratio (that is,
    the duty cycle) of the PWM output?


    Answer :

    PWM the produces series of pulses at only one voltage (other than zero) but with a pulse-
    width that is proportional to the instantaneous analog input voltage.

    When the instantaneous analog voltage is smaller than the instantaneous sawtooth voltage,
    the comparators output is logic-0. And when the instantaneous analog voltage is larger
    than the instantaneous sawtooth voltage, the comparator's output is logic-1. That being the
    case, the comparator's output is a pulse train with a pulse-width that is a function of the size
    of the voltage on the analog input.
    Question 2

    Why is it critical to ensure that the analog input voltage doesn't exceed the sawtooh
    waveform's peak voltages?

    Answer :

    The duty cycle of the pulse train on comparator's output vary between minimum and
    maximum analog voltage. So, it is critical to ensure that the analog input voltage doesn't
    exceed the sawtooh waveform's peak voltages.


    Part B : PWM operation with an AC analog input signal (a message)

    Question 3

    What would be the effect on the pulse-width modulator's output if the set-up was left like
    this?

    Answer :

    We will see DC offset effect.

    Question 4

    In relation to the message, when is the PWM signal's mark-space ratio biggest?

    Answer :

    PWM the produces series of pulses at only one voltage (other than zero) but with a pulse-
    width that is proportional to the instantaneous analog input voltage.

    When the instantaneous analog voltage is smaller than the instantaneous sawtooth voltage,
    the comparators output is logic-0. And when the instantaneous analog voltage is larger
    than the instantaneous sawtooth voltage, the comparator's output is logic-1. That being the
    case, the comparator's output is a pulse train with a pulse-width that is a function of the size
    of the voltage on the analog input.


    Question 5

    Why does the mark-space ratio of the PWMs output signal become more uniform as the
    size of the message is reduced?

    Answer :





    Part D : Recovering the AC analog input voltage

    Question 6

    Why doesn't the volume change when you exceed the setting you noted for Step 31?

    Answer :

    Because the signal is still within Nyquist Sample Rate.


    Part E : The effect of not satisfying the Nyquist sample rate

    Question 7

    Based on what you're hearing and what you can see on the scopas display, what is the name
    of the distortion of the recovered message?

    Answer :


    Question 8

    Describe the spectral composition of Tuneable Low-pass Filter modules output.

    Answer :





    Discussion :
    Pulse-width modulation (PWM) sometimes called pulse duration modulation (PDM). PWM is
    a simple method for generating it that involves a comparator with a sawtooth waveform for
    one of its inputs. Comparator consist of two input analog signal input & sawtooth
    waveform. When the instantaneous analog voltage is smaller than the instantaneous
    sawtooth voltage, the comparators output is logic-0. And when the instantaneous analog
    voltage is larger than the instantaneous sawtooth voltage, the comparator's output is
    logic-1. That being the case, the comparator's output is a pulse train with a pulse-width that
    is a function of the size of the voltage on the analog input. In the lab we practically see the
    effect of pulse-width modulation(PWM) & demodulation.

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