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1
PARAGRAPH COMPLETION

Parada bo braklan yere uygun den
ifadeyi bulunuz.


1. The brain's main nutritional substance is
glucose. ____ . If a diabetic patient receives
an overdose of insulin there is a fall in the
bloods glucose.
A) Furthermore, the brain is the seat of
intelligence
B) Surgeons know exactly where to cut the
affected part of the brain
C) The brain is very sensitive to changes in the
blood's glucose level
D) This can have a harmful effect on a child's
learning process
E) Even so the effects of smoking cannot be
counterbalanced


2. ____ . This area is called a reservoir. The
water stored in it can be used for irrigation or
power generation; it can also be used to
supply water to homes and industry.
A) A dam is a wall, generally constructed across a
valley, to enclose an area in which water is
stored
B) A dam is a complex structure, consisting of
various parts
C) The GAP Project has already brought great
benefits to the region
D) The site for any dam has to be chosen with
great care
E) South East Turkey is obviously even richer in
water resources


3. People visit Cappadocia for a number of
reasons. Mainly they come for the exotic
scenery and the
archaeological interest. ____ . Moreover, in
the vicinity, there are many places of
remarkable beauty and historical significance.
A) Unfortunately it hasn't been sufficiently
advertised
B) The rock monasteries, in particular, draw large
crowds
C) It is only recently that the number of tourists
to Cappadocia has declined
D) The majority of tourists coming to Turkey
prefer sea-side resorts
E) Few people realise that Cappadocia could be
developed as a tourist centre

4. Before 1950, in Britain, it was the
responsibility of the municipalities to provide
gas and electricity for public use. However
this was changed by the Attlee government;
____ . Among them were steel, coal and
railways.
A) even the Conservatives were impressed at the
results
B) they were extremely concerned about
unemployment and economic decline
C) there was naturally a great deal of public
reaction
D) the policy they followed was bound to make
them unpopular
E) all gas and electricity services were
nationalised along with several other industries

5. Bridges are among the most important, and
often the most spectacular, of all civil
engineering works. ____ . Without them it
would be impossible to imagine how traffic in
Istanbul could circulate. Moreover they are
the symbolic link of two continents.
A) A further aspect of civil engineering is the
choice of a suitable site
B) The construction of bridges requires a number
of engineering skills
C) One of the major problems posed by long
bridges is that of maintenance
D) The bridges across the Bosphorus are a case in
point
E) Historically there has always been a dream to
construct a bridge across the Bosphorus



6. Following World War II, there was an era
of great optimism, economic growth and
affluence. It lasted, however, for only a short
period of time. ____ . This was largely due to
continuous economic recession and a whole
series of world crises.
A) The super powers should be held responsible
for this state of affairs
B) Especially in the West the growth in the
population was noticeable
C) Many people looked forward to a better future
for all
D) Indeed the European Community took serious
measures aimed at reducing unemployment
E) From the 1970s onwards a new mood of
frustration and disillusionment set in


7. Ever since universities have existed there
have been arguments about what books
should be taught to students. ____ . Others
have maintained that such a practice does not
help the students to distinguish between the
good and the bad. Instead, they have
suggested that students should be exposed to
a wider range of writing.
A) Some have acquired that students should be
introduced to the great books of the world.
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B) In fact, university authorities have always
concerned themselves with this problem.
C) This is not to say that all students should read
the same books.
D) The decision taken was that we limit ourselves
to the world classics.
E) The problem was heatedly debated right
through the 1950s.


8. In Britain today every household with a TV
set must, by law, pay for a license which costs
about the same for a year as a popular
newspaper every day. A few people including
those with noncolour TV pay less. ____ .
Another important source is the selling of its
productions to other broadcasting stations.
A) The BBC enjoyed a monopoly until 1954.
B) Unlike the press the BBC has rarely been
accused of being partial.
C) The new payments are mainly compulsory
subscription to the BBC, which derives nearly
all of its funds from this source.
D) News programs and films still attract the
largest audience.
E) Since the 1970s most British households have
had TV sets able to receive channels.

9. The Times newspaper has three weekly
supplements all published and sold
separately. These are The Times Literary
Supplement, The Times Education Supplement
and The Times Higher Education
Supplements. ____ . It is devoted almost
entirely to reviews and covers all kinds of
new literature.
A) Obviously they influence the way people think
to a considerable extent.
B) Glossy weekly magazines cater for special
interests.
C) Both of these appeal only to a restricted
number of people.
D) Of these the Literary Supplement has the
biggest number of readers.
E) They make good use of academic contributions
on issues related to education and literature.

10. In general, the farther north one goes in
England the more adequate are roads for the
traffic they have to carry. ____ . But the
roads in the south of England, apart from the
motorways which radiate from London must
be among the most inadequate in Europe.
Traffic there frequently moves at walking
pace.
A) It is advisable to use the metro in London: for
traffic jams make other forms of transport
completely unreliable.
B) Wales and Scotland for instance are well-
designed with great lengths of nearly empty
dual carriage ways.
C) The noise of the traffic has, in fact, increased
very little in recent years.
D) Similarly in London traffic hardly moves faster
now than it did a century ago when vehicles
were horse-drawn.
E) Several new schemes are now being
considered to alleviate this condition

11. The habit of thinking about the past as
divided into water-tight periods is especially
dangerous when it comes to economic and
social history. Actually periods usually have,
as their names imply a purely political
connotation - the Tudor age or the age of
Louis XIV. ____ . Rather absorbed in its own
daily task it flows on like an underground
river only occasionally making eruption into
the upper daylight of politics.
A) This system, which originated in late medieval
times, only blossomed in modern times.
B) The characteristics of one age thus invariably
overlap into the next.
C) But economic and social life takes little heed of
the deaths of kings or the accession of new
dynasties.
D) The great innovators of social reform have all
too often remained unacknowledged.
E) The approach of the modern historian has
been to play down this important trend.

12. A teachers expectancy of a childs ability
can often determine the childs actual
performance at school. If a group of children
is divided into two groups of equal aptitude
but their teachers are told that the children in
group 1 have high IQs and are expected to do
well, whereas in group 2 the children are
academically poor, ____ . This has been borne
out by numerous studies in many fields not
only in education.
A) The children in group 1 will do much better
than those in group 2.
B) The performance of each group is likely to be
similar.
C) The quality of the teaching could account for
the difference.
D) The children felt discouraged by the results.
E) The children in group 2 soon realized what was
happening and complained accordingly.

13. Most of our misconceptions of art arise
from a lack of consistency in the use of the
words art and beauty. ____ . We always
assume that all that is beautiful is art, or that
all art is beautiful, that what is not beautiful
is not art, and that ugliness is the negation of
art. This identification of art and beauty is at
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the bottom of all our difficulties in the
appreciation of art.
A) The painter usually expresses himself by the
representation of the visible world
B) The relation between art and religion is one of
the most difficult questions that we have to
face.
C) Expressionism in modern art is a distinct
movement, having little or nothing in common
with cubism.
D) It might be said that we are only consistent in
our misuse of these words.
E) Some people are quite unaware of the
importance of proportion in architecture, and
have no sense of shape, surface and mass.

14. At the beginning of this century, a group
of writers from scattered mid-western towns
came together in bustling, commercial
Chicago. From the rough immediacy of the
city, they forged a style that was distinctively
and unsparingly realistic. ____ . In fact the
critics were soon to describe Chicago as the
literary capital of the US.
A) Most of them, however, eventually moved
away from Chicago.
B) The "Chicago Renaissance" fuelled by these
writers soon captured the attention of the rest
of the nation.
C) It is now commonplace of literary criticism that
there is a close relationship between cities and
their writers.
D) Chicano is indeed a city of absorbing contrast
in the field of architecture.
E) American realism differs in many obvious ways
from European realism.

15. Italy is the great country of fountains, and
the fountains of Rome are world famous.
____ . It was built in the time of Pope
Clement XII about the middle of the
eighteenth century. The fountain and the
palace behind it are a good examples of the
baroque style of architecture, which gives a
feeling of magnificence, movement and
excitement.
A) The fountain of Trevi, in Rome, is one of the
most magnificent in the city.
B) This style is especially effective for fountains
because of the moving water.
C) The water is brought underground from a
spring many miles outside the city.
D) A statue of Neptune in the fountain is
surrounded by numerous other figures.
E) The city of Rome has been the capital of Italy
ever since it was founded thousands of years
ago.

16. ____ . His principal equipment is a
leather, couch for patients to lie on and a
cabinet of mysterious drugs of one kind or
another to send them off to sleep. He is
particularly interested in the dreams of his
clients and may use some form of hypnosis to
study their repressed thoughts and secret
emotions.
A) More and more large firms are realising the
advantages offered by psychiatry
B) No one may prescribe drugs or surgery in
treating mentally sick individuals unless he is
medically qualified
C) It is important to realise that psychologists are
first and foremost trained as scientists rather
than as medical experts.
D) Psychologists are primarily concerned with
behaviour and its abnormalities.
E) The popular image of a psychiatrist is a fairly
well defined one

17. The Federal Republic of Germany, founded
in 1949, had as its first Chancellor Dr. Konrad
Adenauer. His Christian Democrat
government produced conditions of stability
and confidence in which Germany rebuilt her
shattered prosperity and a viable
parliamentary democracy. Further, his work
in building a special relationship with France,
culminating in a treaty of friendship, was a
dramatic contrast to the long tradition of
enmity towards France. ____ .
A) Even so, Adenauer's successor Dr. Erhard was
a loyal supporter of the Atlantic Alliance.
B) Moreover, he strove relentlessly for German
reunification within the boundaries of 1937,
stressing West Germany's right to speak for
the whole of Germany.
C) The Brandt Government's main achievements
were in the field of foreign policy.
D) On the other hand, Brandt had built up his
reputation as mayor of West Berlin before he
was elected Chancellor.
E) Indeed, the tension within the government
were heightened by protracted negotiations
between the coalition partners over policies to
counter the sharply rising trend of
unemployment.

18. 1972 was not an easy or a successful year
for the Heath Government in Britain. It was a
year of confrontation with the trade unions.
____ . Indeed, it was even forced to adopt
certain policies similar to those which it had
attacked so vehemently when it had been in
Opposition.
A) Finally, after 1972, there was industrial action
in protest against the Government's prices and
incomes policy
B) These problems were aggravated by
persistently high levels of unemployment,
especially in certain regions.
C) It was also a year in which the pressure of
circumstances forced the Government to
abandon many of the initiatives it had started
in I970
D) Moreover, negotiations with the EEC started
immediately after the general election of 1970
E) Consequently, a 90-day standstill was imposed
on wages, and prices and charges for goods
and services were similarly frozen

19. Aristotle considered that the stars must
move in circles because the circle is the most
perfect curve. In the absence of evidence to
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4
the contrary, ____ . In such a case it is at
once obvious to us that this appeal was
unjustifiable.
A) he was naturally drawn to the least erroneous
method
B) he allowed himself to decide a question of fact
by an appeal to aesthetic-moral considerations
C) all objections to the doctrine were readily
overcome
D) such a scientific attitude of mind might be
expected to dispel all desires other than the
desire for knowledge.
E) His determination to regard this as a natural
phenomenon was greatly admired


20. In connection with the American dream,
one needs to remember that the world
dream is not a synonym for reality; it
means rather a hope or a possibility.
Further the original American dream had little
to do with material possessions but a lot to do
with choices, beginnings and opportunity.
____
A) However, such a really successful businessman
soon outgrows his dreams.
B) This is why so many dreams were realised.
C) Obviously, the only dreams one remembers
are those that come true.
D) Thus everyone had dreams of growing rich
fast.
E) It was not a guarantee of success but simply
an opportunity to try.

21. The style of our lives is often based on the
type of work we do. Some jobs allow for
flexible schedules which enable us to take
time off to deal with personal or family needs.
____ Other jobs are quite inflexible. With
these we only have evenings and weekends to
deal family needs but when we do go home,
work stays at the job site.
A) Thus the type of work we do tends to turn us
all into stereotypes.
B) Naturally, most of us work not only for money
but also for status.
C) There is an important disadvantage with this
type of work; we often have to take our work
home with us.
D) Actually the average person doesnt even hope
for job satisfaction.
E) Changes in traditional family roles are slowly
having an effect usually adverse - on the
work place.

22. According to social scientists we learn to
see ourselves as others see us. In a sense, we
look at ourselves from outside. ____
Presently we settle into a pattern of
behaviour through interactions with others;
and we learn the rules of behaviour for our
particular environment.
A) We form an idea of what others want and
expect of us.
B) Those who dont regularly follow these rules
are regarded as abnormal.
C) Children soon learn that good behaviour is
rewarded.
D) Thus, the physical and social environment
exert less of an influence.
E) The choice we make is invariably governed by
what we assume will be the most rewarding
option.
23. It is now a commonplace to note how the
jet aircraft and the TV screen have
transformed our old ideas of geography.
Technology has indeed compressed time and
space. ____ In the past people grew familiar
with their neighbours across the sea slowly
and gradually over generations. This is no
longer the case. The meeting is abrupt and
often violent.
A) The Mediterranean world at that time had
already the experience of commerce behind it.
B) Documentaries of the natural world are
particularly instructive.
C) Naturally older people tend to feel nostalgic
about their youth.
D) It was Spain in the sixteenth century that
pioneered this sort of work.
E) But living these new realities is not so easy as
talking about them.

24. Bulbs are ideal for new gardeners because
they are easy to plant and flower well in their
first season. ____ and grow happily in all
types of soil. They came up year after year
and delight the eye with their rich colours and
lovely shapes.
A) They require comparatively little attention
B) The tulip, however, isnt everybodys favourite
flower
C) As a result, the site must be chosen with great
care
D) Farmers are all satisfied with the results they
get in a short time
E) Even experienced gardeners get disappointing
results

25. We all know that learning is important.
_____ ? A dictionary might tell you that
learning is acquiring knowledge through
experience and study. A teacher might tell
you that it is memorising what he wants you
to know for an examination. Your boss might
tell you that it is mastery of the task you are
hired to do. A psychologist might tell you that
it is a relatively permanent change in
behaviour due to past experience. Obviously,
learning takes place in many ways and forms.
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A) How is it managed
B) What exactly do you mean
C) Yet can one depend on it
D) But what exactly is it
E) Do you think it can be mastered


26. Someone once said that there are three
sides to every questionable issue: your side,
my side and the right side. _____ . For
instance, the reactions to the issue of
abortion are usually divided into two basic
viewpoints: for or against. But the issue is not
that simple. Other questions begin to surface,
which turn the issue into a complex one and
make it necessary for us to look at it from
many sides.
A) Unknowingly people become conditioned to
speak out of prejudice
B) In truth, there may be many sides, depending
upon the issue itself
C) As we mature, our beliefs are also shaped both
directly and indirectly by the media
D) Consequently our thinking process becomes
overruled by others opinions
E) Even when we think we are acting as
individuals by rejecting the ideas of one group,
we are often just accepting the ideas of
another


27. Some sociologists are concerned that
America is no longer a melting pot but a
salad bowl. Unlike most earlier immigrants
who were willing to learn English and wanted
to melt into American life, many of todays
immigrants do not see the need. _____ ? How
will all this affect Americas future?
A) Why did most European immigrants settle in
the cities rather than on farms
B) What was city life like for most immigrants
C) What changes can we expect in the make-up
of Americas population by the year 2000
D) What hardships did the early immigrants face
when they arrived in America
E) How far back can an American trace his roots


28. _____ . The faltering economy they
inherited was now under additional pressure
from those newly employed, including the
million-man army of the former regime. There
were critical shortages of foreign exchange
and gold, much of which had been stolen in
the final days of the war. There were also at
least two million new refugees, nearly 10 %
of the population. Virtually, the country was
in a state of total bankruptcy.
A) The end of the war in Vietnam brought
massive problems to the new leaders of the
country
B) In the first place, all industry was nationalised
by the new Vietnamese government
C) One unexpected problem facing the new
government was continuing military activity
D) One solution to the urban problems facing
Vietnam was to get people to return to the
countryside
E) In their first months in power Vietnams new
leaders succeeded in persuading hundreds of
thousands of people to move back to their
farms

29. Gathering information on a possible
adversary or adversaries is only the start of
the intelligence process. The raw material,
once in hand, must be drawn together,
analysed, correlated, and evaluated before it
becomes useful knowledge. _____ . From this
appraisal which points to his most likely
course of action, the target state can chart a
course of action best designed to meet the
developing situation.
A) The ethics of secret intelligence operations
have long been debated
B) At this stage there emerges an estimate of the
adversarys intentions and of his ability to
achieve them
C) But the richest source is usually the secret
agent, who is always a highly skilled and well
trained professional
D) Intelligence findings are, therefore, usually
classified and limited in circulation.
E) In recent decades, technology has enormously
lengthened the reach and sharpened the
penetration of intelligence


30. In the 1900s cancer was nearly always
fatal; by the 1930s one out of five cancer
patients was saved; by 1975 treatment was
successful in one out of every three cancer
patients. _____ .
A) New evidence suggests that the highest risk
for lung cancer occurs in asbestos workers who
smoke
B) Indeed every one knows that cancer refers to
a group of over 100 different diseases
C) Today scientists and physicians believe that
half of cancer patients can be saved if present
knowledge is applied promptly in every case
D) Rehabilitation of the cancer patient has
become an important new concern for social
workers
E) The aim of cancer rehabilitation is to help the
patient lead as normal a life as possible

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31. What is soul? From Plato onwards, many
answers have been given to this question, but
no one answer has ever been found to be
adequate. ____ . Presumably we must mean
something by it.
A) His definition, quite understandably, soon
returned to favour
B) Even so, the word is still in constant use
C) At a still later period soul and character were
equated
D) If there had been further developments in this
line they may have proved significant
E) The next step would then have been to
differentiate between soul and body

32. The Japanese have a strong aesthetic
sense; they beautify, adorn and decorate
everything they touch. ____ . It is cut into an
artistic shape and given a colour scheme with
carefully placed pieces of tomato and herbs.
A) Presumably they get a great deal of
satisfaction out of such elegant displays
B) The art of flower arrangement is particularly
well developed in Japan.
C) Many of these arrangements consist of merely
two or three flowers and a spring of green.
D) Naturally this is especially true of the women
of that country
E) A sandwich in Japan is not a sandwich. It is a
work of art, designed to appeal not just to the
palate but also to the eye.

33. ____ . Composers such as Schubert,
Schumann, Listz, and Berlioz sought a new
freedom in musical expression. Form became
of less importance than content; and that
content often had literary connections.
A) Wordsworth is one of the best-known of all the
English Romantic poets.
B) Mendelssohn and Brahms are the two most
typical representative composers of the
Romantic era.
C) The Romantic movement, which began around
the year 1800 in literature, also had its
counterpart in music.
D) In fact, the Romantic movement itself did not
last very long.
E) Among the Romantic composers, Brahms has
generally been the most popular.


34. Just how the Alzheimer disease ravages
the brain isnt understood, but a protein
molecule is thought to be involved. ____ . On
the theory that the protein causes the
disorder by travelling from other tissues to
the brain, researchers may now seek to
devise drugs that would block the protein and
stop it getting there.
A) If this is confirmed it may lead to a break-
through in the treatment of the disease.
B) In fact it hardly seems worthwhile to carry out
further research into the Alzheimer disease.
C) Much research has already been carried out to
discover the causes of the disease.
D) Once the molecule had been isolated it was
possible to cure the condition.
E) The Alzheimer disease is just one of the many
incurable illnesses that inflict people in the
developed countries.


35. Underdeveloped countries are those in
which economic structure and development
are held back. The causes of the condition of
underdevelopment are complex, but two
opposing sets of theories dominates
discussion. ____ . On the other hand there
are the theories that ascribe
underdevelopment directly to the distortions
of economic structure and the exploitation
involved in the relations between the
developed and the underdeveloped countries.
A) In other words, development and
underdevelopment are mutually
interdependent.
B) This view implies that the state and process of
underdevelopment in certain countries is
inevitable.
C) On the one hand there are those theories that
attribute underdevelopment to the internal
characteristics of the underdeveloped countries
themselves.
D) Accordingly, such countries are responsible for
their own underdevelopment.
E) However, no country in the world is completely
isolated from the current monetary policies.

36. The purpose of a novel varies with its
type. Anthony Trollopes statement has a
fundamental validity: the object of a novel
should be to instruct in morals while it
amuses. At one extreme, some novels are
expressly meant to teach, such as some
childrens novels and social novels. ____ .
However, one can say that the aim of most
novels is to reveal and stimulate thought
about aspects of human behaviour both
individually and in personal and social
relationships.
A) Hence, fantasy has become increasingly
popular, especially in the form of science
fiction.
B) Therefore, a novel is a fictitious prose
narrative, usually of more than fifty thousand
words in length.
C) On the whole, Daniel Defoe is regarded as the
first notable English novelist.
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D) At the other, some novels are meant simply as
entertainment, such as detective stories and
much science fiction.
E) At the same time, the reading public has
increased in numbers, especially among the
educated.
37. ____ . Not easy, is it? Yet 150 years ago,
that is exactly what it was. Over a century
and half the people of Hong Kong have
managed to transform that rock into a world
financial centre. With a government
committed to free trade and free enterprise,
and also because of its location in the heart of
Asia Pacific region, Hong Kong has thrived
and is now the worlds eleventh largest
trading economy.
A) Imagine Hong Kong as a barren rock
B) There are a host of reasons behind Hong
Kongs economic success
C) Hong Kong has a harbour which has been
described as the worlds busiest
D) Imagine what one can achieve in Hong Kong
E) Think of the excellent investment opportunities
Hong Kong offers today.

38. Today most of Frances 600.000 Jews are
well established and assimilated, though
some pockets of anti-Semitism still remain.
Research earlier this decade found one in four
Frenchmen complaining that there were too
many Jews in France, while one in five
admitted to feelings of antipathy towards
them. ____ .
A) During the Second World War the Vichy
government introduced laws that banned Jews
from holding a wide range of jobs
B) According to another poll at the time, only 9%
said they would not vote for a Jew as president
C) Consequently, from the 13th century until the
French Revolution in 1789, Jews in France, as
in many other places in Europe, were
systematically persecuted
D) Even so the Germans still wrestle with their
consciences over their attitude, past and
present, to the Jews
E) In 1995, Chirac became the first French
president to admit the French states
responsibility in rounding up the Jews to be
sent to Nazi extermination camps.

39. Africans have at last lost patience with
their governments. They are particularly
angry about declining living standards, the
breakdown of law and order. The government
officials in particular, are full of complaints.
____ . Most of them are members of militant
trade unions, through which they
demonstrate and go on strike. So, chaos and
continuous political instability can never be
averted.
A) It is possible that market forces and world
economic conditions can upset their high
hopes for improvement
B) Among the demonstrators are people from the
countryside who have been flooding into town
seeking a better life
C) Undoubtedly, Africans want multy-party
democracy and are working hard to achieve it
D) Since most governments are short of cash,
these officials are underpaid or paid late
E) Obviously, people tend to accept painful
policies more readily from elected
governments than from dictators

40. The Pitcairn Islanders in the Pacific were
originally the mutineers of the ship Bounty.
They took possession of the island Pitcairn in
1790, and it was not until 1814 that their
whereabouts were ascertained, accidentally,
by a passing ship. ____ . In the course of
years they increased so in numbers that they
were too many for the island to support.
Finally, in 1856 they were removed by the
British Government to the much larger
Norfolk island.
A) The Bounty was originally chartered to explore
the Pacific islands and establish British colonies
there
B) Actually, much of their history is still
controversial and there is a considerable
difference of opinion about their origin
C) Up to that date trade in the Pacific region had
been their main occupation
D) The British Government sponsored a number
of search projects, but all of them ended in
failure
E) The mutineers, under their leader Adams, had
settled to a communal existence and married
Tahitian women

41. The planets are the celestial bodies that
revolve round the sun in elliptical orbits. ____
. There are also a large number of minor
planets, commonly called asteroids. Today
many important questions concerning the
planets can be answered by means of probes
sent to them. These include the measurement
of the magnetic field, if any, of the planets,
the study of their atmospheres and, in some
cases, surface conditions.
A) Among them Pluto was the last planet to be
discovered in 1930 by the American
astronomer Tombaugh
B) At present only nine major planets are known,
and they are different in many respects from
the fixed stars
C) Scientists have recently managed to land on
the surface of Mars an extremely efficient
instrument for exploration
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D) Yet the moon revolves round the earth and has
already been explored
E) However, Pluto is the most distant of the
planets and has an orbit more elliptical than
the other planetary orbits

42. It was the worst ice-storm in living
memory. What started in the clouds as rain
became ice as it hit power lines, trees and
roads. ____ . Well over 100.000 people had to
flee their freezing homes for those of luckier
or better equipped neighbours.
A) It fell for days and it paralyzed much of
Quebec, knocking out the power supply to 3
million people
B) Until then it was regarded as one of the worst
natural disasters ever to hit Canada
C) The cleaning up process was soon in full swing
and life returned to normal
D) Old people in particular are at risk if
temperatures continue to fall in this way
E) The midweek forecast for the area is far from
encouraging

43. There are several ways in which to write
medical history. ____ Then there is the social
approach to the history of medicine which
concentrates on how, when, by whom and
with what effect, the ill were treated in times
gone by. Yet, another approach is to deal with
the influence of disease upon the course of
human affairs.
A) It is only in the past 50 years that doctors
have appreciated how dangerous experience
can be as a guide to action.
B) A major area with which medical history is
concerned is pathology.
C) But all the strands of medical history could not
possibly be woven into a coherent and
comprehensive whole.
D) Most accounts of medical developments lack
coherence and are often out-dated.
E) One method, and this is the one preferred by
doctors, is to trace progress from complete
medical ignorance to a high level of medical
competence.

44. The firm Carter was founded by Louis
Franois Carter in 1847 in Paris, but until the
end of the century, it remained quite a small
concern. ____ Within ten years there were
also branches in London and New York, and
each of the branches was run by a grandson
of the founder.
A) No one guessed then how these Carter
creations would soon capture the popular
imagination.
B) A move to new and more spacious premises in
1899 opened the way to expansion.
C) Many of Carters craftsmen drew on original
antique artifacts for their inspiration.
D) For many years the designs were to remain
largely Renaissance-inspired.
E) More exotic work followed, based on Persian,
Indian and finally on Russian styles.

45. How intelligent can machines become?
Philosophers and scientists have
inconclusively debated this question since
before the computer age. One of the reasons
put forward for believing in the impossibility
of truly intelligent machines is simply that
machines are created by people. ____ They
do what he wants them to: machines have
derived intent, while only humans have
original intent.
A) Laziness is a human failing and unknown to
machines.
B) Computers themselves are now presenting a
more practical side to this debate.
C) This is actually why people are giving
machines more and more responsibility.
D) This, it is argued, makes them mans slaves
rather than his equals.
E) The more complex a task the machine
achieves, the more it will be asked to do.

46. A career as a space-traffic controller isnt
one most guidance counsellors recommend.
But that could change. ____ Industry analysts
worry that, without properly trained ground-
control crews to steer them, satellites could
easily hurtle into one another.
A) NASA intends to launch successive waves of
each model to keep the data coming in for 15
years.
B) The satellites presently on the NASA drawing
boards will focus primarily on scientific
uncertainties surrounding global warming.
C) With more than 200 satellites already in orbit
and 1.300 more set to be launched during the
next decade, space is going to need some
traffic control.
D) The EOS satellites alone are expected to cost 8
billion dollars to build, launch and maintain
just through the year 2000.
E) The EOS sensors will chart the visible, infrared
and microwave affects of clouds.


47. There are, apparently, sufficient raw
materials at hand on the moon to turn it into
the shipbuilding capital of the solar system.
Building shuttles and satellites on the moon
would allow them to be launched from the
low-gravity lunar surface. ____ .
A) This would mean that less fuel and thus, less
money would be needed.
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B) The amount and variety of the mineral
deposits on the moon have yet to be assessed.
C) The potential for solar energy on the moon is
unlimited.
D) Other companies are particularly interested in
the helium deposits on the moon.
E) Iron will thus be the first mineral to be mined
on the moon.

48. Napoleon, the greatest of all generals,
dismissed and disgraced Admiral Brulx for
questioning an order to sail his fleet. ____ As
a result, twenty ships were wrecked, and,
2.000 men were drowned. From this incident
we can understand that the absolute
obedience that a general can command is not
appropriate at sea.
A) Even so, Brulx continued to admire and obey
Napoleon.
B) By the time his successors had been
appointed, the adverse weather conditions
were over.
C) Everyone knew that this admiral never took
risks.
D) Napoleon seemed to know instinctively what
the right course of action would be.
E) His deputy obeyed the command although the
wind was wrong.

49. A long time ago, many things were
explained by reference to the will of unseen
deities. ____ . In our world, we explain things
by reference to genes, and feel much superior
for it. But there is not, if we think about it,
very much difference between saying The
gods have made him angry and saying He
has the gene for anger. Both are ways of
attributing a matter of personal agency to
some fateful and mysterious impersonal
power.
A) Today, we regard this as a foolish and
primitive approach
B) Most people are likely to want to believe in a
little of both
C) Man has always struggled to change his
destiny and enjoy happiness
D) In fact, human behaviour is determined by an
inherited genetic package
E) In the end, though, people have to figure
things out for themselves

50. ____ . The usual causes are unsanitary
tools and careless manicurists. To protect
yourself, check that the tools used in your
salon are sterilized before and after each use,
either with heat or a disinfectant.
A) A lot of people in the health services
recommend nail care at beauty salons
B) One sign of an affluent society is that more
and more beauty salons are being opened
throughout the country
C) With the growing popularity of manicure salons
all across the country, dermatologists are
reporting a sharp rise in nail infections
D) In a hairdressers salon one can usually find an
experienced and reliable manicurist
E) It is generally felt that nail deformities must
always be treated in a hospital

51. Today deflation comes in both benign and
malign guises. ____ . But weak demand is
also creating harmful deflationary pressures
in some countries. A good way to detect this
is to look at output gaps, that is, the
difference between actual output and output
at full capacity.
A) Deflation, like many economic concepts, is a
widely misunderstood and often misused term
B) There are several causes for concern, and
none of them are easy to control
C) New technology is pushing down prices of
goods and services around the globe which
should be good for most economies
D) 0fficial consumer-price indices often overstate
inflation rates
E) Inflation is equally misunderstood by the
majority of ordinary people


52. Innovation has become the industrial
religion of the late twentieth century. ____ .
Governments also reach for it when trying to
fix the economy. In fact, around the world,
the rhetoric of Innovation has replaced the
post war language of welfare politics.
A) It is only later that people realize that any
special product constitutes an innovation of
the highest order
B) One way to describe innovation is to explain
what it is not
C) Otherwise, innovation would have been hard to
explain and even harder to measure
D) Two centuries later economists are still no
nearer the truth
E) Business sees it as the key to increasing
profits and market share


53. For forty years or more, the pesticides
used by farmers all over the country have
been blamed for the contamination of water
supplies in Britain. ____ . This is the
fertilizers that are being so widely used. The
most important one seems to be nitrate. Only
half of the nitrogen put into the soil is taken
up by plants. Most of the rest gradually drifts
to the underground water table.
A) Arable land needs to be fertilized regularly
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B) Nevertheless farmers continue to use
pesticides in very large amounts
C) In fact, pesticides should have been banned
long ago
D) More recently, a new cause has been
recognized
E) Research is presently being carried out on the
harmful side-effects of pesticides on humans


54. In the days of white rule, the South
African economy suffered immensely from
global indifference. Sanctions deterred
foreign firms from investing in the country.
____ . Since they could not easily operate
abroad, they then started to expand
sideways. The mining company Anglo Tech,
for instance, diversified into cars, newspapers
and other enterprises.
A) At the same time, rigid exchange controls
prevented South African firms from expanding
overseas
B) As a result, there was no foreign competition
and this proved disastrous
C) The crisis is not yet over and interest rates
remain steep
D) In fact, South Africa desperately needs access
to global capital
E) Actually neither of these expectations
materialized

55. In an earthquake, the toll depends largely
on four factors. ____ . Then there is the type
and quality of housing. The time or day is a
further important factor. Finally there is the
population density.
A) The first is the magnitude of the earthquake
itself
B) All of these are outside our control
C) Of these only two can be controlled by man
D) If only we knew when an earthquake was
likely to occur, we could be better prepared
E) In these recent earthquakes, the toll of human
life was needlessly great


56. Economic liberalization, which is itself a
vague term, occurs in various forms and in
many countries. ____ . With a few notable
exceptions, however, almost every country in
the world has been affected by this trend. In
the industrialized world, it was epitomized in
the goals and policies of the Thatcher and
Reagan governments. Also, encouraged by
the World Bank and IMF, most less developed
countries including India, Brazil, Argentina,
and Mexico have made some movements
towards economic liberalization.
A) In fact, the movement towards liberalization
relates to the change in thinking in the
economics profession in the 1950s and 1960s
B) Even Vietnam has taken some small steps
towards opening up its economy to the outside
world
C) This policy recognizes the role of the state in
the stabilization of a country's economy
D) Next, however, is the question of the relation
of these trends to the overall global processes
of economic development and social
modernization
E) It is, therefore, difficult, if not impossible, to
produce a list of countries that can be said to
have fully liberalized

57. D. H. Lawrence differed in many ways
from his contemporaries. In particular he
wrote with more urgency and intensity than
most. ____.This is in keeping with his subject
matter which is so often the dreams and
aspirations of man.
A) His subject matter is all too often the personal
relationships of opposite characters
B) Indeed, there is a poetic quality to much of his
work
C) He knew at first-hand the hardships of a coal
miner's life
D) It was the working class and its problems that
he presented most accurately
E) Actually, he was somewhat of a rebel himself



58. Mercury, which is the smallest of the
planets, is the closest to the sun at a little
more than one-third of the Earth's distance.
____. It was first visited In March 1974 by
the spacecraft Mariner 10 which passed
within a few hundred kilometres of it. The
craft relayed pictures on the two following
passes in September 1974 and March 1975. It
still continues to revisit Mercury every 176
days.
A) The relayed picture showed that the planet has
an approximately 59-day rotation period
B) It is only recently that we have been able to
gain any accurate information about it
C) Mariner 10 measured a small magnetic field at
the surface
D) Today we are in possession of vast amounts of
information about the planets
E) Obviously it will take many thousands of years
to reach even the nearest stars

59. Despite technological improvements
which allow exploration to proceed rapidly, it
is no simple matter to obtain oil from
undersea fields. Prospecting must be followed
by the leasing of potential oil-producing
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areas, and then by drilling to see whether oil
is actually there. Offshore drilling platforms
must be constructed most efficiently so as to
withstand the force of waves. Especially
during the season for hurricanes. _____.
A) Therefore, the technical difficulties of far more
extensive offshore operations do not
discourage specialists in petroleum
engineering
B) Naturally, the search for petroleum has
repeatedly led geologists to sedimentary rocks
under the seas
C) It is a fact that by no means all of the land
resources of petroleum have been discovered
D) Actually, off California, Texas and Louisiana, oil
companies have drilled into the sediments of
the shelf and are obtaining oil
E) Indeed, winds, storm waves, fogs and the
corrosive effects of seawater upon metal
structures are the major hazards that must be
faced and overcome in offshore oil production

60. National self-reliance in disaster relief is a
goal towards which all countries must strive.
However, international assistance may be
needed to provide locally unavailable
resources and skills for relief and
rehabilitation. Many agencies, associations,
groups and governments aid countries
affected by natural disasters. _____. If
properly coordinated, international relief is
beneficial to disaster victims.
A) The rehabilitation period provides an
opportunity for making major changes in
health-care methods, for during it people are
receptive to new ideas
B) The arrival of unsolicited medical assistance,
particularly in the form of volunteer
physicians, may be a persistent problem
C) A major disaster with high mortality leaves
orphaned children whose care may become the
responsibility of health agencies
D) Each has different objectives, expertise, and
financial support to offer, and over a hundred
may become involved in any single major
disaster
E) Funding long-term projects from international
resources may prove difficult since many
organizations are reluctant to take on such
expenditures


61. It is an old wives' tale that reading in the
dark is harmful or will weaken the eyes. With
the exception of looking directly at the sun or
another very high intensity light source, one
does not hurt one's eyes by using them. True,
reading, with insufficient light, may tire the
eye muscles. ____ . Admittedly, the proper
level of illumination for reading is the level
which one feels comfortable.
A) Moreover, light from behind is ideal for
reading, and any close work
B) Therefore, higher illumination can actually be a
disadvantage
C) On the contrary, one would feel more
comfortable if the light were better
D) It may even cause headaches, but it does no
permanent damage
E) In fact, there are new, inexpensive, high-
intensity lamps available now which provide
sufficient light

62. A simple idea could make flying much
safer. Tests in the US have shown that cooling
fuel before it is put into an aircraft prevents
explosive fumes building up in the fuel tanks.
____ . For this purpose, an American
company has developed a system that cools
fuels to -1 degree Celsius or below, before it
is put into an aircraft. This is the ideal safety
temperature and almost completely
eliminates the chance of an explosion in the
fuel tanks.
A) Research has revealed that the fuel delivered
to an aircraft before take-off will heat up fast if
the aircraft is in the sun
B) The explosion of the TWA flight 800 off Long
Island in the United States is thought to have
been caused by a fire in one of the aircraft's
tanks.
C) As an aircraft climbs, the drop in pressure
draws more fumes into the tanks, and if this
occurs, safety depends largely on the absence
of a spark
D) The US Federal Aviation Administration has
since been looking for many ways of making
air travel safer
E) The idea is to minimize vaporization, so that
there is no danger of an explosion even if
static electricity of faulty wiring creates a spark

63. ____ . Periodic environmental cues such
as dawn or dusk or the change of the seasons,
regulate these clocks. There is scientific
evidence that matching clocks to these cues
helps animals live longer. Indeed, most
researchers think that the clocks help animals
co-ordinate metabolic and physiological
processes for survival.
A) In the case of some insects, the biological
clocks are never affected by changes in the
environment in which they live
B) Biological clocks do not always enable animals
to live in harmony with their natural habitat
C) Biological clocks allow organisms to anticipate
when to feed, mate, migrate, or, in short,
synchronise their activities with the
environment
D) Some scientists argue that biological clocks
disappear over time in populations raised in an
environment with no periodic changes
E) Many people find it difficult to adapt to a new
time schedule


64. Want, neglect, confusion, and misery in
every shape and in every degree of intensity
filled the endless corridors of the hospital.
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The very building itself was shockingly
defective. ____ . There were not enough
bedsteads and the sheets were of canvas and
very coarse. There was no furniture of any
kind, and empty beer bottles were used for
candlesticks. There were no basins, no
towels, no soap, no brooms, no trays, or
plates.
A) There had been some delay in the delivery of
the medical stores sent out by various
European countries
B) The structural defects were equalled by the
deficiencies in the commonest objects of
hospital use
C) The authorities had taken measures to ensure
that there would be an adequate supply of
stretchers, bandages and the most ordinary
drugs
D) Indeed, great detachments of the wounded
were already comfortably accommodated
E) The first signs of hope came when a fair supply
of the most necessary objects arrived

65. When the Crimean War broke out, Captain
Gordon, who was to become famous in the
future as General Gordon of Khartoum, was
twenty-one. Before the year was over, he had
managed to get himself transferred to the
Crimea. ____ . Upon the declaration of peace,
he was sent to Bessarabia to assist in
determining the frontier between Russia and
Turkey, in accordance with the Treaty of
Paris. Upon this duty he was occupied for
nearly two years. Then he was dispatched to
China.
A) Throughout the war, especially during the
siege of Sebastopol, he behaved with
conspicuous gallantry
B) For the historian, the circumstances of his
tragic end, so bitterly debated, and so
controversially described, still remain a
mystery
C) It was not in peace and rest, but in ruin and
horror, that he reached his end.
D) The news of the catastrophe reached England,
and a great outcry arouse
E) In fact, he was by no means in favour of the
Government's imperial policies in the colonies

66. ____ . The study found that the morale
was low among secretaries. Many of them
claimed that they felt a lack of respect for
their work and that they were not treated as
full members of the company's executive
team. The study also revealed that they were
under-utilised.
A) First of all, we have made a list of tasks that
secretaries can perform in addition to the more
traditional tasks of typing and filing
B) The changes we have made in the personnel
system of the company were in part the result
of a study conducted about secretaries over a
six-month period
C) In addition to the language training that has
been offered, the company is designed a
training programme on office management for
secretaries
D) In upgrading office efficiency, managers also
play an Important role by recognizing and
appreciating the work and career aspirations of
secretaries
E) The questionnaire didnt provide them with any
useful information


67. The creation of a single European state,
towards which the single currency is a major
step, will serve only to further the scope and
power of large corporations. ____ .
Undoubtedly, the single currency will
significantly accelerate the process of
economic globalisation, but the consequences
could prove disastrous.
A) Similarly, small businesses and communities
will have no voice in this corporate Europe
B) Moreover, the further away government drifts
from the communities it is supposed to serve,
the less accountable it will become
C) The ongoing standardisation of European
culture, taste and regulations can only be
achieved with the unanimous support of all
Europeans
D) It is unlikely that ordinary people will ever
achieve access to the working strategies of the
institutions that govern them
E) It is, indeed, these corporations which have
called most persistently for a single currency


68. Why are organisations important? ____ .
The working force, which means the bulk of
the adult population, spends more than a
third of its waking hours in the organisations
by which it is employed. The life of the child
takes place to almost an equal extent in the
environment of the school organisation.
A) The answer is that organisations are important
because people spend so much of their time in
them
B) The obvious answer might be that it is
organisations that give employment to the
workforce
C) Housewives are obviously less affected by
organisations than working women in full-time
employment
D) Influence processes can be specific or they can
be diffuse
E) It is often argued that organisations have a
profound influence on human behaviour


69. The anthology has been edited by two
very fine poets, but the result is
disappointing. Quite simply, it fails to excite.
____ . Further, the selection itself is
overburdened by the need to support this
thesis.
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A) Each new anthology is, in a way, a new effort
to reassess the past
B) The bibliographical material, moreover, is
correspondingly informative
C) The selection also includes, besides old
favourites, many delightful poems that have
been unfairly overlooked
D) The introduction is without originality and
indeed says nothing
E) The introduction is heavy and the thesis that
poetry has been fully democratised" since
World War I, is overstated
70. In certain countries, air pollution from
road traffic kills more people per year than
fatal car crashes. According to a study carried
out in Sweden, traffic fumes cause lung
cancer and, hence, a high rate of mortality.
____ . People who have only lived in areas of
heavy traffic for ten years are 20 per cent
more likely to develop the illness.
A) On the contrary, the effects of the pollution
caused by road traffic have proved to be fatal
B) Researchers have found that those living in
areas of high density traffic for a period of
thirty years are 40 per cent more likely to
contact the disease
C) A lot of people are hospitalised as a result of
accidents on roads and this puts a great strain
on health resources
D) Clearly, further measures are needed to
reduce air pollution caused by traffic, as well
as that caused by industry
E) Similar studies have been carried out in other
countries with similar results

71. ____ . This, we are assured, will enable it
to become more "efficient". All affiliated
sectors are targeted: hospital care and other
care services, ambulance services, care for
the aged, social benefits, and the highly-
lucrative area of plastic surgery. Patients
would henceforth become customers, and
hospitals health-care supermarkets.
A) The medico-pharmaceutical industry is one of
the worlds leading business sectors and one
with an enormous potential for growth and
profits in the new century
B) In fact, to subject healthcare to the laws of the
market can only lead to increased inequality
and tension in the country
C) After the privatisation of telecommunications
and postal services, it is now the turn of the
health sector to be opened up to competition
and eventual take-over by corporations
D) The service sector, in which health-care is
included, is as vast as it is undefined
E) For over fifty years, access to health-care for
all has come to be regarded as a fundamental
human right in many countries

72. In 1906 the US authorities declared
cocaine illegal and then prohibited its import.
____ . In financial, artistic and political milieu
in the US, it is regarded as synonymous with
opulence and distinction. Therefore, its
desirability has launched a fabulous business
known as narco traffic.
A) At present, the US market almost entirely
absorbs Latin American drug production
B) Towards the end of the nineteenth century,
cocaine consumption spread through the upper
classes of both Europe and the US
C) In Peru, for example, the cocaine industry
occupies 15 per cent of the active labour force
and reports a yearly income of one billion US
dollars
D) In spite of the prohibition, cocaine has all
through the century been much in demand
E) The US approach to the popularity of cocaine is
a classic example of the misrepresentation of
the real problem

73. The oldest direct evidence we have of life
on Earth consists of fossilised bacteria in 3,5
billion-year-old rocks from Western Australia.
____ . So we can deduce that the origin of life
on Earth goes back even farther, to perhaps
close on four billion years ago.
A) Obviously, once conditions had stabilised
sufficiently on Earth, life appeared very quickly
B) This fact does not help us to determine the
actual age of Earth itself
C) These fossilised organisms are actually quite
advanced and must have had a long
evolutionary history
D) The very fact that life appeared so late in
geological time suggests that it was not easy
for nature to achieve it
E) It is usual to assume that life is bound to arise
whenever physical conditions are similar to
those of Earth



74. ____ . Food can be protected from them
by gauze covers, or the house itself can be
protected by gauze. Further, householders
should wage continual war against them with
insecticide sprays.
A) Those topics are all covered in great detail in
their book Good Health in the Tropics
B) Visitors to the tropics frequently catch
intestinal diseases
C) Certain intestinal diseases are spread through
contaminated water
D) In such cases anti-malarial tablets are usually
recommended
E) In the tropics, great care must be taken to
prevent food from being polluted by flies

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75. Venice was founded by refugees from the
Italian mainland. They were fleeing before
the barbarian invaders to the islands of the
lagoons, hitherto inhabited by a few
fishermen. At first the newcomers returned to
the mainland when the invaders' force was
spent, but after the Lombard conquest they
made a permanent home in the islands. ____
.
A) During the first three crusades Venice
developed its carrying trade and acquired
commercial bases in the principal Syrian ports
B) From these small beginnings Venice rose to
become the most powerful maritime state in
the Mediterranean
C) At the height of its power Venice held Crete,
Corfu and many islands in the Aegean
D) Venice has a great number of interesting
churches, among the most important being the
basilica or St Mark
E) Important industrial establishments lie north
and west of the intricate harbour basins of the
city

76. ____ . More than ninety per cent of the
inhabitants were primarily engaged in
agriculture. The remainder were fur traders,
fishermen, craftsmen, merchants and
professional people. The last three groups
were also likely to be farmers.
A) The early settlers in America were faced with a
hostile environment and, hence, security was
of primary importance
B) The scarcity of large areas of good farmland
and the lack of a large market for their
agricultural products forced the early settlers
in America to turn to the sea
C) The economic life of the early colonists in
America was essentially based on the land
D) The great period of colonial migration to
America was in the 18th rather than the 17th
century
E) Although African slaves were imported early
into Virginia, it was not until the 18th century
that their number increased dramatically


77. A network of roads linked cities in
Babylonia. Rivers and canals were spanned by
bridges or crossed by ferry and were
themselves much used for transport. ____ .
There were also rafts of wood on inflated
skins which could be dismantled at the end of
the downstream journey.
A) Music played a large part in temple worship
and in the lives of the people in general
B) The Babylonians were primarily a nation of
merchants and were quick to open trade
routes
C) The country retained its ancient civilisation and
cuneiform writing right on to Sassanian times
D) There was a vaulted building there which may
have housed the Hanging Gardens, which were
one of the Seven Wonders of the World
E) Some of the boats used were flat-bottomed
barges, very like those seen today on the
waterways of Iraq

78. Roof design varies with geography and
climate. In northern countries they slope
steeply for quicker dispersal of melting snow.
____ . On the southern shores of the
Mediterranean and in hot climates, flat roofs
are the common type.
A) In temperate zones roofs do not slope so
steeply, as excessive snow is rare
B) A well-designed roof will carry rain water well
away from the house
C) The upkeep of roofs of all descriptions is quite
expensive
D) There are usually pipes, too, to carry rain
water to ground level
E) In factories, roof structures are very often of
steel

79. Little was known in the past about the
economic life of Hittite Anatolia. ____ . For
instance, we now know that the mining of
such metals as copper, lead and silver, and
that the metallurgical techniques used were
relatively well advanced. Among agricultural
activities, sheep farming was the most
common while in some districts horses were
bred. In daily life, bread and beer were the
staple foods in addition to dairy products.
A) Evidently, regulations in the Hittite civil code
protected farmers, and some prices were fixed
B) In fact, every Hittite subjects, except the
members of privileged class, was forced to
assist in such public works as the upkeep of
roads and temples.
C) However, some facts about the Hittite
economy have been established in recent
decades
D) Hittite cities were well built walls of stout
masonry
E) On the other hand, the Hittites had a
considerable reverence for the law

80. The simpliest of the nutrients are the
minerals. ____ . Its atoms are all alike. As a
result, its identity never changes. Iron, for
example, remains iron when a food is cooked,
when a person eats the food, when iron
becomes part of a red blood cell, when the
cell is broken down, and when the iron is lost
from the body by excretion.
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A) The nutrients that foods supply are essential
nutrients, that is, they are needed from
outside the body
B) The body can make some nutrients, but it
cannot make all of them
C) The amount of energy a food provides depends
on how much carbohydrate, fat and protein it
contains
D) minerals are inorganic nutrients as they
contain no carbon
E) Each mineral is a chemical element

81. In a developed country, the demand for
luxury goods expands rapidly as people's
incomes rise. ____ . Thus, items such as cars
and foreign holidays have a high income
elasticity of demand whereas items such as
potatoes and bus journeys have a low income
elasticity of demand.
A) Poor people respond differently from rich
people to a rise in their incomes
B) The demand for basic good, however, such as
bread, rises only a little if not all
C) The reason is that producers and consumers
take time to respond to a change in price
D) The luxury goods of one generation are often
not regarded as luxury goods by the next
E) Whenever there is a noticeable change in the
price of a commodity, one can expect a change
in the demand for that commodity
82. Every volcano has its own geology and
history. Indeed, no two volcanoes are alike.
Hence, each need to be studied separately so
that its warning signals can be recognized.
The two volcano-watching satellites now
orbiting earth are simply not adequate. ____ .
A) Even so, once a volcano has erupted, there is
nothing men can do to stop it
B) A volcano may be active, dormant or dead; all
of them are of interest to the geologist
C) For instance, the Pocoye Volcano in Guatemala
began spouting lava hundreds of metres into
the air two years ago
D) A system six to eight such satellites, however,
could keep a much more effective watch on
the world's volcanoes
E) It is the cracks on the surface of the volcano
that allow these hot gases to escape

83. The modern historian of Greece and Rome
bases his writings on a wide range of
archaeological and literary material. He has
no access to ancient archives, but certain
imperishable objects survive and take the
place of modern "official document". Many
surviving Greek and Latin inscriptions were
carved usually in Stone Age; official records
of treaties, of expenditure or of decrees of a
monarch. ____ .
A) The Greeks were not the first to chronicle
human events but they were the first to apply
criticism
B) The earliest Greek writers, like Homer, wrote
epic poems describing great heroes and their
deeds
C) As a poor story-teller Herodotus stands second
only to Homer among the ancients
D) And many other, recording the private affairs
of individuals, reflect meaningfully on the
social life of a moment or an age
E) The origins and growth of Roman
historiography remain obscure

84. ____ . Such problems include damage to
the earth's environment, overcrowding and
famine in developing nations, and
translational disputes over oil, water or other
natural resources. Illegal immigration and the
flow of illicit drugs across national borders
are further problems. Americans can neither
solve these problems alone and nor escape
the consequences, should the international
community fail to take action for a solution.
A) Global problems are increasingly likely to
threaten the Americans' security and well-
being.
B) A large proportion of the national income of
America has accordingly to be invested in
security
C) No nation has a greater stake than the USA in
the outcome of today's democratic upheavals
D) America must reinvigorate its economy, not
only to generate the resources needed to
sustain global leadership, but also to stimulate
global growth
E) The best way to ward off new threats to
America's security and to international stability
is to support the spread of free markets and
democratic politics
85. There are some people who are worried
that one day man will regret that he
ever made robots. -----. They also
promise that within the next few
decades we will be freed from all
manner of boring jobs for the robots
will do them for us.
A) A robot is any machine that can make
decisions independent of human control
B) The UN Economic Commission for
Europe predicts that there will shortly
be as many as 290,000 robots in
homes around the world
C) Robots are going to be particularly
necessary in Japan as the number of
elderly citizens there is expected to
increase rapidly
D) The scientists, however, say they can
guarantee they will be able to control
their mechanical creations
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E) Meanwhile, the technology behind
industrial robots is improving rapidly


86. Autonomous underwater vehicles are
small, pilotless submarines that can be
equipped with sensors of various kinds
and programmed to carry out
observations within the ocean. -----.
For example, the current quest to
identify deep-sea hydrothermal vents
within the Arctic Ocean cannot be
carried out by a piloted deep-sea
vehicle because of the dangers
involved.
A) In some instances, they provide the
only reasonable means to obtain the
desired information
B) They are being used everywhere to
carry out work that is dull or dirty
C) It is not at all easy to manoeuvre heavy
equipment towed from a ship at the
end of a lengthy cable
D) More traditional oceanographic tools
have also certain advantages
E) One such will prospect for hydrothermal
sites by crisscrossing the ocean above
them
87. The new company manager has
introduced a number of revolutionary
changes, and he underlines the
difference between what used to be
and what is, now. -----. "Now we ask
what is required to capture an
opportunity and then either try to get
those skills by alliances or develop
them internally to fit."
A) Ambitious younger managers can
always be counted on to offer useful
suggestions, he says
B) "A new openness towards external
partners should result in valuable
deals," he says
C) "Divisional managers must think in
terms of the group as a whole." he
says
D) "We shall have to introduce a great
many cuts in order to reduce
overheads," he says
E) "We used to start by identifying our
core competences and then looking for
market opportunities," he says
88. Proposals to ban the pesticide DDT by
2007 have been dropped as it seemed
likely that this would have an adverse
effect on efforts to fight malaria. -----.
Before that can happen, however, the
poor countries must be helped to find
and adopt suitable alternatives.
Otherwise, the spread of malaria will
continue uncontrolled.
A) In some quarters, it is believed that
DDT is actually not as harmful as it was
once believed
B) It is still agreed, however, that DDT
must, eventually, be banned
C) The various countries negotiating to
limit persistent organic pollutants were
all agreed on this
D) Obviously, there are many safer
insecticides
E) The draining of mosquito breeding
areas has also been effective in the
control of malaria
89. Non-lethal weapons could offer the
prospect of a less violent world where
lethal force is only a last resort. But not
everyone welcomes them. -----. But the
strongest objections come from civil
rights protesters.
A) Non-lethal weapons are typically given
names that make them sound
acceptable
B) Language is sometimes designed to
mislead, as is the case with "rubber-
coated bullets" which are steel bullets,
the size of a marble, with a very thin
rubber coat
C) The term "non-lethal" is not strictly
accurate as any weapon can kill
D) Thus demonstrations can be swiftly
broken up and the voice of dissent
silenced
E) One group to protest is the military
forces themselves who are not keen to
exchange familiar weapons for untried
technology
90. To open a newspaper today is to be
confronted by an avalanche of ever-
worsening crises. -----. In fact, the list
is endless.
A) Unfortunately, the larger institutions
that cannot easily be called to account,
are taking precedence over their
smaller, more ecological-based
competitors
B) The task of overcoming them seems so
utterly overwhelming that most of us
simply try to ignore them
C) At the heart of our problems is an
economic system that alienates people
from nature
D) These range from global warming to the
extinction of a whole species, and from
the destruction of cultures to rising job
insecurity
E) The need to provide our children with a
sense of security and identity is
therefore gaining importance


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91. Glasgow is now the largest city in
Scotland and, indeed, is home to a
quarter of the population of Scotland.
This, however, has not always been the
case. -----. After 1707, it grew at a
phenomenal rate both as an
international port and as a major
industrial centre.
A) The university of Glasgow is one of the
best in the country
B) The name probably means "dear green
place"
C) There is a cathedral and other
ecclesiastical institutions in the city
D) For a long time it was simply a small
market town
E) It is situated on the river Clyde and
ringed by wind-swept moorlands

92. In 1912, a German weatherman named
Alfred Wegener declared that all the
continents of the world had once been
joined together and were now drifting
around the face of the Earth like giant
rafts. At first, Wegener's claim
attracted little interest. Most would
have given up, but not Wegener. -----.
When this still failed to provoke a
reaction, he brought out a second
edition. That did it. Many of the world's
top experts on geology gradually began
to agree with him.
A) A decade later, he died, and his mad
idea died with him
B) He published a small book on
"continental drift" in 1915
C) But by the early 1960s, geologists were
discovering evidence to support his
theory
D) He was right about continental drift but
unable to explain why it happened
E) Today, continental drift is regarded as a
science and is routinely taught at
universities
93. On 5 December 1952, Londoners
received a rude awakening. They
opened their curtains to find a choking
dark cloud hanging over their city: a
corrosive mixture of fog and smoke and
gas. -----. That week there were more
deaths in London than at the height of
the cholera epidemic of 1866.
A) For some inexplicable reason the fog
stayed for the next four days causing
an epidemic of bronchitis
B) Indeed, air-pollution had never been
regarded as a serious matter
C) Even so, it was not until 1956 that the
Clean Air Act came into force
D) Consequently, smokeless zones were
established to reduce domestic sources
of smoke, and in these only smokeless
fuels could be burnt
E) Those four, dark smoky days marked a
turning point in public and political
thinking about pollution
94. When tourists eventually start arriving
in space they will need somewhere to
stay. -----. A three-day stay at these
hotels will cost roughly 40,000, but
they are confident the public will be
prepared to pay.
A) They are hoping to produce a reusable
rocket large enough to carry three
people 100 km into space and back
B) Scientists and researchers worldwide
were consequently trying to make
space tourism affordable
C) Orbiting space hotels have already been
designed by a Japanese construction
giant and a group of international hotel
architects
D) A notable reduction in prices finally
opened up the aviation industry to the
general public
E) The problem is not simply to launch
people into space but to see that they
remain comfortable throughout the
flight
95. About seven out of ten fires are due to
the hand of man, either accidental or
deliberate, one to products and
processes of materials, and the
remaining two to defects in buildings.
The most dangerous products in the
home are plastics and rubber, which
give off highly toxic fumes when
burning. Video cassettes and foam-
backed carpets are major culprits. -----.
A) The number of fire deaths has shown a
steady fall in recent years, but the risk
of a blaze can never be ruled out
B) If a means of escape does not exist,
these hot gases develop a pressure on
the walls of the upper parts of the
structure
C) When an opening is made to reach the
fire, the admission of oxygen causes
these gases to explode
D) Once air is heated, it becomes lighter,
rises and seeks escape through any
openings that may be available
E) Although the foam used in furniture is
now treated so that it is less
flammable, it still helps to spread the
blaze
96. For many centuries before the coming
of the first Europeans, Arabs had been
trading with the island of Madagascar,
and had established various
settlements on the coast. -----. During
the ensuing three centuries, sporadic
attempts at colonization were made by
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both Dutch and French, especially the
latter. In 1642, after the French had
been in touch with the island for more
than a century, a French company was
established to trade with the island,
and in 1643 Fort Dauphin was founded
on the southeast coast.
A) But in 1500, the island was discovered
by the Portuguese, and thus attracted
Europeans
B) It was not until the last years of the
18th century that the island had been
relatively colonized
C) In 1840-41, the French navy occupied
the island Nossi-Be, close to the north-
western coast of Madagascar
D) In the 18th century, French commercial
contact with the island was fairly
continuous
E) Historically, the island had the status of
an overseas territory within the French
Union