Designation: A34/A34M 06

Standard Practice for

Sampling and Procurement Testing of Magnetic Materials
1
This standard is issued under the xed designation A34/A34M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice covers sampling procedures and test prac-
tices for determination of various magnetic properties of both
soft and hard magnetic materials.
1.2 This practice may be used either in conjunction with, or
independent of, the standard test methods and materials speci-
cations under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A06. In
the former situation, the sampling and testing procedures listed
herein shall not supersede those found in the individual test
methods and materials specications. In the latter situation, the
sampling and testing procedures listed herein shall strictly
apply.
1.3 The values and equations stated in customary (cgs-emu
and inch-pound) or SI units are to be regarded separately as
standard. Within this standard, SI units are shown in brackets
except for the sections concerning calculations where there are
separate sections for the respective unit systems. The values
stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore,
each system shall be used independently of the other. Combin-
ing values from the two systems may result in nonconformance
with this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
2
A340 Terminology of Symbols and Denitions Relating to
Magnetic Testing
3. Terminology
3.1 Denitions:
3.1.1 For denitions of terms relating to magnetic testing,
reference shall be made to Terminology A340.
4. Signicance and Use
4.1 This practice denes test lots and describes the selection
and preparation of test specimens used in the determination of
magnetic properties of various materials.
4.2 A method of calculating the density of iron-base elec-
trical steels is given and a table of assumed densities for
magnetic testing of commercial soft magnetic alloys is pro-
vided.
5. Test Lots
5.1 Wrought, Flat-Rolled, or Long Products:
5.1.1 Atest lot of wrought, at-rolled, or long products shall
consist of not more than 50 000 lb [23 000 kg] of material.
5.1.2 A test lot may be composed of coils or cut lengths. A
test lot of coil product may consist of one or more coils having
essentially the same treatment and composition.
5.2 Amorphous Strip and Wire:
5.2.1 A test lot shall consist of a continuously cast strip or
wire in one coil without breaks. In practice this may represent
quantities up to 2200 lb [1000 kg].
5.3 Powder Metallurgically Produced Parts:
5.3.1 A test lot shall consist of parts of the same geometry
and dimensions, made from powder of the same composition,
molded and sintered under the same conditions, which have
been submitted for inspection at one time.
5.4 Cast Parts:
5.4.1 A test lot shall consist of parts of the same geometry
and dimensions, made from the same casting heat, which have
been submitted for inspection at one time.
6. Sampling
6.1 Electrical Steel Coils:
6.1.1 From test lots in coil form, consisting of only one
master coil, prepare the test strips from test sheets cut from one
or both ends of the coil.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A06 on Magnetic
Properties and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A06.01 on Test
Methods.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2006. Published November 2006. Originally
approved in 1911. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as A34/A34M 01. DOI:
10.1520/A0034_A0034M-06.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
1
Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
2010-03-03, () .
6.1.2 When a test lot in coil form consists of several coils
sheared or slit from a master coil, the test strips shall be
prepared from test sheets representing one or both ends of the
master coil.
6.1.3 When a test lot in coil form consists of several coils
having essentially the same treatment and composition, test
strips shall be prepared from test sheets cut from one or both
ends of enough master coils to be representative of the lot.
6.2 Electrical Steel Cut Lengths:
6.2.1 When cut lengths are sheared from coil material
without subsequent treatments (such as roller leveling or cold
rolling), the test on the original coil shall suffice.
6.2.2 Two or more test sheets shall be taken from the same
lot of cut length steel that has been cold rolled or leveled. These
test sheets shall not lie adjacent to each other, but shall be
selected in a manner to assure representative sampling.
6.3 Wrought Products Other Than Electrical Steels:
6.3.1 Sampling shall be one sample per each heat applied to
the order unless otherwise specied in the appropriate ASTM
specication or by mutual agreement between the producer and
purchaser.
6.4 Amorphous Strip and Wire:
6.4.1 Sampling shall consist of one sample from each end of
each continuously cast coil unless otherwise specied in the
appropriate ASTM specication or by mutual agreement be-
tween the producer and purchaser.
6.5 Powder Metallurgically Produced Parts:
6.5.1 Sampling shall consist of one sample per test lot
unless otherwise specied in the appropriate ASTM specica-
tion or by mutual agreement between the producer and
purchaser.
6.6 Cast Parts:
6.6.1 Sampling shall consist of one sample per test lot
unless otherwise specied in the appropriate ASTM specica-
tion or by mutual agreement between the producer and
purchaser.
7. Test Specimens
7.1 The test specimens used for the determination of prop-
erties of magnetic materials will vary in form, depending upon
the test equipment and the dimensions of the material to be
tested. Prepare the test specimens in a manner to adequately
represent the areas being sampled. Standard forms include at
strips, rings, bars, and links in accordance with the following
practices.
7.1.1 Flat Strips:
7.1.1.1 Except when otherwise established by mutual agree-
ment between the producer and the purchaser, the Epstein test
specimen shall be the standard specimen for determination of
the magnetic properties of at-rolled electrical steels.
7.1.1.2 Standard Epstein test specimens shall be composed
of test strips preferably cut from test sheets in a manner shown
in Fig. 1 (a) or (b). One half of the strips are cut parallel to and
the other half cut perpendicular to the direction of rolling.
7.1.1.3 If the width of the material does not permit cutting
of strips perpendicular to the rolling direction, or, if the
material has preferred properties in any one direction with
respect to the direction of rolling, or, if the material is to be
used with the ux in any one direction, all of the strips may be
cut in a specied direction which shall be agreed upon by the
producer and the purchaser. All lengthwise strips may be
selected as shown in Fig. 1 (c).
7.1.1.4 When fewer than the total number of strips obtained
from the sampled area are needed for the test specimen, the
excess strips should be discarded equally from all locations in
the sampled area. For instance, if approximately
1
4 of the total
strips obtained is excess, every fourth strip should be dis-
carded.
7.1.1.5 The Epstein test specimen shall consist of strips
sheared or punched in a width of 3.00 cm [30.0 mm] and not
less than 28.0 cm [280 mm] long. If for ease of assembling the
specimen in the test frame, it is desired to use strips slightly
longer than 28.0 cm [280 mm], a length of 30.5 cm [305 mm]
is recommended.
7.1.1.6 Test strips shall be nearly rectangular as possible and
shall conform to the specied dimensions within 60.08 cm
[0.8 mm].
7.1.1.7 Test strips shall be cut with sharp shears or dies to
avoid excessive burring or distortion.
7.1.1.8 Reports of test shall state specically the manner in
which the test strips were cut if other than one half parallel and
the other half perpendicular to the direction of rolling.
7.1.2 Rings:
FIG. 1 Suggested Distribution of Strips To Be Cut from Sheets for Magnetic Tests
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7.1.2.1 Ring specimen may be punched, laser cut, spirally
wound, forged, machined, sintered, or cast. The specimens
shall be of uniform radial width and cross-sectional area. They
shall be continuous, having no joints or welds except where
specied or established by mutual agreement.
7.1.2.2 The ratio of mean diameter to radial width shall not
be less than 10:1.
7.1.2.3 Sharp dies or shears shall be used in the preparation
of ring specimens of at-rolled sheet material.
7.1.2.4 If the radial width of punched rings is less than
3.0 cm [30 mm], work-hardened portions shall be removed
before testing by a heat treatment practice acceptable to both
the producer and the purchaser. Spirally wound cores must also
be heat treated before testing.
7.1.3 Bars:
7.1.3.1 Bar or rod specimens may be rolled, forged, ma-
chined, or cast. They shall be straight and of uniform cross
section and of sufficient size to meet the requirements of the
testing equipment used.
7.1.4 Links:
7.1.4.1 Link specimens have the shape of a ring, attened to
form semicircular ends and straight, parallel sides. The semi-
circular parts of a link shall have a ratio of mean diameter to
radial width not less than 10:1.
8. Uniformity of Test Specimens
8.1 The cross section of the test specimens shall be as
uniform along the magnetic path length as commercial practice
permits. Any deviation from uniformity shall be as agreed upon
between the producer and purchaser. Specimens shall be
prepared and heat treated without warping. Cast specimens
shall be machined or ground to a cross section uniform within
1 % unless otherwise agreed upon between the producer and
the purchaser.
9. Cross-Sectional Area of Test Specimens
9.1 Density MethodThe cross-sectional area shall be cal-
culated from measurements of weight and length using a
density value in accordance with Section 10. This method shall
be used for the following specimen types:
9.1.1 Epstein strips.
9.1.2 Laminated stacks of rings or other shapes.
9.1.3 Spirally wound strip, tape, and wire cores.
9.1.4 Shaped bar and wire of a cross section not accurately
measurable with a micrometer or calipers.
9.2 Direct MeasurementThe cross-sectional area shall be
calculated from direct measurements using a micrometer or
caliper. This method shall be used for the following specimen
types:
9.2.1 Bar and wire.
9.2.2 Rings machined from solid samples.
9.2.3 Powder metallurgically produced parts.
9.2.4 Cast parts.
9.2.5 Link specimens.
10. Density
10.1 For the determination of cross-sectional area of lami-
nated or spirally wound test specimens, a calculation based on
length, weight, and density is more accurate than measured
dimensions.
10.1.1 Table 1 gives typical densities for commercial soft
magnetic alloys.
10.2 Electrical Steels (Customary Units):
10.2.1 For iron base alloys, the average relationship be-
tween density and silicon content or silicon and aluminum
content, both in weight percent, is given by the equation:
d 5 7.865 2 0.065 ~percent silicon 1 1.7 3 percent aluminum!
(1)
where:
d = density, g/cm
3
.
10.3 Electrical Steels (SI Units):
10.3.1 For iron base alloys, the average relationship be-
tween density and silicon content or silicon and aluminum
content, both in weight percent, is given by the equation:
d 5 7865 2 65 ~percent silicon 1 1.7 3 percent aluminum! (2)
where:
d = density, kg/m
3
.
10.4 Other MaterialsFor other alloys, the measured den-
sity or, if necessary, an estimated value, shall be used. Refer to
TABLE 1 Densities of Soft Magnetic Materials
Iron Base Alloys Density (g/cm
3
)
A
Low carbon magnetic iron 7.86
17 % Cr Type 430 stainless 7.60
12 % Al-Fe 6.74
16 % Al-Fe 6.53
Silicon-Iron and Aluminum-Bearing Silicon-Iron Alloys
(% Si + 1.7 3 % Al) Assumed density
(g/cm
3
)
00.62 7.85
0.631.38 7.80
1.392.15 7.75
2.162.92 7.70
2.933.69 7.65
3.704.46 7.60
4.475.23 7.55
Nickel-Iron Alloys
45 % Ni-Fe 8.17
48.5 % Ni-Fe 8.25
52 % Ni-Fe 8.30
77 % Ni, 2 % Cr, 5 % Cu-Fe 8.58
78.5 % Ni-Fe 8.60
80 % Ni, 4 % Mo-Fe 8.74
80 % Ni, 5 % Mo-Fe 8.77
Nickel (99.95 % Ni + Co) 8.90
Cobalt-Iron Alloys
27 % Co, 0.6 % Cr-Fe 7.95
36 % Co-Fe 8.00
49 % Co, 2 % V-Fe 8.12
49 % Co-Fe 8.15
Cobalt 8.85
Amorphous Alloys
Iron base 7.20
Nickel base 7.90
Cobalt base 7.59
A
To convert density to SI units of kg/m
3
, multiply by 1000.
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Table 1 or to the appropriate ASTM specication for the
density to be used in magnetic testing.
11. Temperature of Test
11.1 All tests shall be made at 25 65C unless agreed upon
by the producer and purchaser.
12. Inspection and Rejection
12.1 If the results of the test of the original specimen fail to
meet the specications for the properties desired, then two
additional specimens shall be prepared from the same test lot
and tested. If the test results of each of these two additional test
specimens meet the specications, the test lot shall be ac-
cepted. When a report is required, the worst of the two passing
retest values shall be reported.
13. Keywords
13.1 density; electrical steel; magnetic material; magnetic
test
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A34/A34M 06
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