SYNONYMS

1. They waited for the crowd's fury to abate.

(A) dwindle (B) amplify (C) enhance (D) astound

2. Legal proceedings are in abeyance, while further enquiries are made.
(A) dormancy (B) continuance (C) full swing (D) orderliness

3. He was a hard-working man with abstemious habits.
(A) well-established (B) gruesome (C) self-abnegating (D) disgusting

4. They accepted the offer with alacrity.
(A) dullness (B) enthusiasm (C) audacity (D) apathy

5. Steps have been taken to ameliorate the situation.
(A) amend (B) worsen (C) mar (D) blemish

6. The book is full of anachronisms which suggest there were parts rewritten in later centuries.
(A) contemporaries (B) refurbish (C) antiques (D) evidences

7. The council has finally indicated its approbation of the plans.
(A) disparagement (B) opprobrium (C) affirmation (D) negation

8. The couple had a break up because of the capricious lifestyle of the man.
(A) steadfast (B) consistent (C) arbitrary (D) extravagant

9. The pop diva deserves better than Australias boorish intrusive media
(A) charming (B) polite (C) barbaric (D) cultured

10. That candidate won the election only through chicanery.
(A) honesty (B) subterfuge (C) ingenuity (D) publicity

ANTONYMS

1. History abounds in instances of courage.
(A) shines (B) Lacks (C) suffices (D) Fails

2. The inhabitants of the island were barbarians.
(A) Civilized (B) Cruel (C) Uncivilized (D) bad

3. The members thought that the task was feasible.
(A) Impractical (B) impossible (C) Difficult (D) impracticable

4. Crestfallen he returned as he had never faced such humiliation in the whole of his life.
(A) vainglorious (B) indignant (C) triumphant (D) disturbed

5. Feasibility of the project is under study.
(A) unsuitability (B) cheapness (C) impropriety (D) impracticability

6. She was often teased as corpulent by her friends.
(A) Fat (B) Belligerent (C) Garrulous (D) gaunt

7. Unsettled conditions in the land led to exodus of hundreds of its citizens.
(A) invasion (B) entry (C) immigration (D) expulsion

8. Many people try to resist reforms in the society.
(A) fight (B) accept (C) welcome (D) repel

9. Because of the economy drive, they very unwillingly surrendered some superfluous posts.
(A) important (B) relevant (C) significant (D) Trivial

10. The young leader was reluctant to shoulder the responsibilities of ministerial office.
(A) wanting (B) willing (C) anxious (D) eager

ODD WORD

1. Abrogate Give Up Repeal Abate
2. Aberrant Accretion Increment Accumulation
3. Aesthetic Adverse Unfavorable Unfortunate
4. Cogitation Chicanery Meditation Thinking
5. Contrite Cryptic Puzzling Hidden
6. Culpable Conundrum Blameworthy Guilty
7. Convoluted Tortuous Coiled Coagulate
8. Debacle Collapse Craven Downfall
9. Bemused Aver Dazed Bewitched
10. Banal Beneficence Goodness Favour

COMMON CONFUSABLES
1. Her remarks seemed __________ [insipid/incipient], and we chose to ignore them.

2. We try to keep the President ___________ [appraised/apprised] of recent developments in the
economy.
3. What is the ___________ [climatic/climactic] event in this short story?
4. He chose some lines from Shakespeare's sonnets as the ___________ [epigram/epigraph] for
his essay.
5. When you are finished, _________ [precede/proceed] to the next part of the exam.
6. We need some new _______________ [stationary / stationery] for our office.
7. The key was made ____________ [especially/specially] for his use.

8. Lincoln was actually well prepared for his __________ [extemporaneous/impromptu]
remarks.

9. If anyone has doubts about the values ________ [that/which] our organization embraces, that
person should leave.
10. If I had that kind of money, I would ________ [flaunt/flout] it.

WORD ANALOGY

Rule 1. Do not look at the answer choices.
Rule 2. Define the relationship between words n the question pair.
$ Some Common Types of Relationships
Engine : Train - Part - whole
Daffodils : Flower - Type/kind of
Germ : Disease - Cause - effect
Anger : Fury - Degree of Intensity
Camel : Desert- Object Habitat
Fat : Plump - Synonyms
Fertile : Barren - Antonyms
Painter : Brush- Person Tool/Instrument used
Knowledge : Expert - Characteristic/Trait
Sheep : Wool - Source end product

ERROR CORRECTION

1. William Pitt urged that the English colonists were given the constitutional rights to which
other English subjects were entitled.

2. The capital city is noted for its many improvements but in other parts of the country, lack of
enough good roads have delayed progress which is the need of the hour.

3. Sulphuric acid is used so extensively in manufacturing, that thousands of factories would go
out of business if this acid is unattainable.

4. Cortes, who conquered Mexico city and destroyed it lately, considered Mexico to be the most
beautiful city he had ever seen.

5. A person, who is on a diet or who will be on a diet, should keep in mind that the worst time to
eat heavy is just before bed time.

6. The dense fogs, like the most inland fogs, are caused by the cooling of humid surface air to a
relatively low temperature.

7. Most bothersome flies belong to the family of Sarcophagidae and are popular known as flesh
flies because the larvae feed on flesh.

8. After every participant had had three minutes to express their opinion the debate was thrown
open to the audience.

9. Great amounts of energy are required for the massive movements of the air in the atmosphere
and for the exchange of heat and moist between the atmosphere and the earths land and water
surfaces.

10. Despite his limited educational opportunities, Lincoln, who though not handsome to look at,
became one of the greatest intellectual the world has ever known.

SENTENCE CORRECTION
Choose the correct option from the given choices

1. Trying to keep her balance on the icy surface, the last competitor's ski-tip caught the pole and
somersaulted into the soft snow.

(A) the last competitor's ski-tip caught the pole and somersaulted into the soft
snow.
(B) the ski-tip of the last competitor caught the pole and somersaulted in the soft
snow.
(C) the last competitor caught the pole with the tip of her ski, and somersaulted
into the soft snow.
(D) the last competitor caught the pole with her ski-tip, which made her
somersault into the soft snow.

2. The temperature dropped suddenly last night, which will mean that the shoots emerging from
the soil will be killed by the frost.

(A) which will mean that the shoots emerging from the soil will be killed by the
frost.
(B) which will mean that the frost will kill the shoots emerging from the soil.
(C) and this will mean that the shoots emerging from the soil will be killed by the
frost.
(D) and the resulting frost will kill the shoots that are emerging from the soil.

3. The impostor eluded detection for so long because she conducted herself as though she were a
licensed practitioner.

(A) as though she were a licensed practitioner.
(B) as though she was a licensed practitioner.
(C) like she was a licensed practitioner.
(D) like as if she was a licensed practitioner.

4. Being abandoned by our friends is the cause of great sorrow for us.

(A) Being abandoned by our friends is the cause of great sorrow for us.
(B) Our being abandoned by our friends is the cause of great sorrow.
(C) Being abandoned by our friends, we feel great sorrow.
(D) We feel great sorrow when our friends abandon us.
5. Among the many reasons for his defeat in the election was his arrogant assumption that his
constituents were incapable of understanding economic conditions, and his unwarranted attack
on his chief opponent.

(A) was his arrogant assumption that his constituents were incapable of
understanding economic conditions
(B) were his arrogant assumption that his constituents were incapable of
understanding economic conditions
(C) were his arrogant assumptions that his constituents were incapable of
understanding economical conditions
(D) were his arrogant assumption that his constituents would be incapable of
understanding economics

6. More and more holidaymakers are choosing to fly to remote islands in search of the perfect
beach; seeking sand, sun and palm trees, rather than centers of entertainment.

(A) seeking sand, sun and palm trees, rather than centers of entertainment.
(B) seeking sad, sun, palm trees and not entertainment.
(C) with sand, sun, palm trees and no entertainment.
(D) they seek sand, sun and palm trees, rather than centers of entertainment.

7. The government requires that these forms should be submitted before the end of the financial
year.

(A) that these forms should be submitted (B) that these forms be submitted
(C) for these forms to be submitted (D) these forms submission

8. After arduous months of fighting, the sight of the white flag being raised generated as much
relief on the victor's side than it did on the vanquished.

(A) as much relief on the victor's side than it did on the vanquished.
(B) as much relief among the victors as among the vanquished.
(C) as much relief on the victor's side as it did on the vanquished.
(D) relief both on the victor's side as well as on the vanquished's.




9. The best way to encourage innovative thinking is not to promise financial rewards for
ideas, but to ensure that the person making the suggestion receives recognition for his
contribution.

(A) but to ensure that the person making the suggestion receives recognition for
his contribution.
(B) but to ensure that the person who makes the suggestion will be receiving
recognition for his contribution.
(C) but rather by ensuring that the person making the suggestion receives
recognition for his contribution.
(D) but rather ensure that suggestion-maker receives recognition for his
contribution.

10. It ought to be her with whom you share your secrets, not me.

(A) her with whom you share your secrets, not me
(B) her with whom you share your secrets, not I.
(C) she with whom you share your secrets, not me
.
.
) she with whom you share your secrets, not I.

L VERBS AND IDIOMS
shed over him
order to get more information
emotion
) Cause something to happen
n local
g
) Open a business (D) Chase or pursue
(D
PHRASA
1. A sense of despair wa
(A) Fall to the ground
(B) Pretend to agree or accept something in
(C) Suddenly experience a strong
(D

2. The community scheme has run up agai st opposition
(A) Encounter problems often unexpected (B) Damage somethin
(C



3. Security at the airport has been pped up since the bomb scare ste
f something quickly
) Confront (D) Increase
our home
) Make a deal or compromise (D) Treat someone badly
e grocery store for some milk
way somewhere
rk
) Do something too quickly
en
) To misbehave (B) to cheat (C) to invite (D) to explain something
to
) to share (B) to come to ones mind (C) to try (D) to deceive
) to create (B) to repeat (C) to repulse (D) to diminish in intensity
sum lm
) to avoid (B) to rejuvenate (C) to begin to see (D) to fall heavily
r lly laid in on e wh ing st night.
e severely
) to illuminate (D) to seek or search

SENTENCE ANAGRAMS
centuries earlier
) DCAB (B) ABCD (C) BDAC (D) CADB
individual had rights against
caught up
(A) Earn, or make money easily (B) try to take hold o
(C

4. I reached out to you but you werent there
(A) Ask someone for help (B) Entertain someone in y
(C

5. Shes asked me to swing by th
(A) Change an opinion quickly
(B) Visit a person or place on your
(C) Help someone to start a wo
(D

6. The kids have be acting up all day.
(A

7. She is out get revenge now that her husband left her for another woman.
(A

8. The controversy about the president's affair finally died down.
(A

9. I veer away from the same old mer blockbuster fi s
(A


10. My mom ea m en I got home at 4:00 in the morn la
(A) to offer (B) to scold or criticiz
(C
1.
(A) With Britain in the 20
th
century he may well decide
(B) Was the preservation of freedom won
(C) When a historian of the future deals
(D) That the nations biggest problem in that period
(A

2.
(A) With the growing conviction that the
(B) Of the latter to safeguard those rights
(C) The state and that it was the proper function
(D) Between 1600 and 1900 the laws of Britain slowly
(A) DACB (B) ABDC (C) ACDB (D) DCB A
stock to his friends
nfirmity
) ABC D (B) BDAC (C) CADB (D) CDB A
ate heavenly clemency
an doings
human ethics.
) CAB D (B) ABCD (C) DCBA (D) BDAC
tion of
draw
) BDAC (B) ABCD (C) DCBA (D) CADB
creativity of the biblical God and the reflexivity of Aristotles
to divinity as he possesses a purified, uncorrupted will that
) BDC A (B) ABCD (D) DBC A (D) BCAD
urrence
he real and
ysical
) ABC D (B) BDCA (C) CDAB (D) DCAB
an beings essential capabilities, distinguishing attributes and highest
e authors revaluation of virtue remains with in the domain of
ut
ch as
3.
(A) Thanks to which he had been a laughing-
(B) The perambulation that he had last night
(C) And an excruciating mystery to himself
(D) Bestowed upon him a glimpse of his psychological i
(A

4.
(A) The confidence of a person strangulates the inn
(B) Which is the cradle of Mephistophele
(C) The nefarious attitude of extirpating
(D) And it is pernicious to the roots of the time-honored
(A

5.
(A) Practical conclusions from his basic convictions
(B) His frustration betrays a distorted percep
(C) For it is precisely his diagnosis of man
(D) His own rhetorical gifts and a striking incapacity to
(A

6.
(A) By commanding himself, he commands the whole of which he is a part
(B) Combing the
divine being
(C) Activities, the objects of its exertions and
(D) The child rises
makes its own
(A

7.
(A) Is necessarily an affirmation of the idea of eternal rec
(B) The removal of the opposition between t
(C) Structures derived from this opposition
(D) The utopian worlds, and of all the moral and metaph
(A

8.
(A) A hum
task
(B) Nevertheless th
the traditional
(C) He openly and unabashedly relies on a definite opinion abo
(D) Conception of virtue it presumes to supplant inasmu
(A) BDC A (B) ABCD (C) BCAD (D) ACDB
elhi
as
ramme
) ABC D (B) DCBA (C) DAC B (D) DCAB
rs, have been scouring
) ACDB (B) ABCD (C) DCBA (D) BDC A

PARAGRAPH ANAGRAMS
rs describe their working
d dismal workplaces with no greenery or natural light, a recent
nditions reportedly take their toll on employee
ge 14 annual sick days, compared with the typical worker's
) ACDB (B) BADC (C) DBAC (D) CDAB
world-class food and wines in
, Florida wine auction, the Napa Valley Auction has a strong
y in
toric
e opportunity to test-drive the new Maserati
e Staglin Family Vineyard have
) ABCD (B) CDAB (C) DBAC (D) BDAC
9.
(A) In the cruel heat of May and J une
(B) Succeeding would be when foreign investors start trekking to D
(C) Used to say a sure indication that the new economic policy w
(D) A senior economist associated with the reforms prog
(A

10.
(A) For products made in their European and American plants
(B) The Indian country side looking for suppliers of cheap components
(C) Ranging from Daimler Benz to General Moto
(D) The fact is that executives from companies
(A
1.
(A) Almost half (46%) of full-time UK worke
environments as gloomy or depressing.
(B) Firms are spending almost 4.5bn a year in sick pay because staff are working
in cramped an
report claims.
(C) Miserable working co
productivity as well.
(D) They take on avera
eight days off ill.
(A

2.
(A) The winners of the lot will go to the Calabria region of Italy with Garen and
Shari staying at the finest hotels and enjoying
Milan and Venice and the Piedmont region.
(B) Like the Naples
car component
(C) The car element is that the party will travel around Italy in two brand new
Maserati Quattroporte sedans, receive a guided tour of the Maserati factor
Modena with lunch at the world-r enowned Panini Collection of his
Maseratis and have th
GranTurismo coupe.
(D) This year Garen and Shari Staglin of th
arranged a special car lot for bidders.
(A



3.
(A) Last week, News Channel 3 showed you how the blood bank was struggling
ere's been an
rdino Blood Bank is taking local
enges.
) ABDC (B) BADC (C) DAC B (D) CDAB
errence
bird feeder-owner
as designed by Gary Cruce as a companion to his Nest
) BDAC (B) BADC (C) DBAC (D) CDAB
nother by explicit and implicit codes of behavious
IS have introduced new elements of complexity
anisms to other social systems that are the responsibility
omplex, it is so intended.
) DCAB (B) ADCB (C) DBAC (D) CADB
brands have
satisfied b y
ypacks doubled their volume share between 1989 and 1991 in
ed phenomenal growth of such brands even
time to
to keep its shelves stocked because of low donations.
(B) Debra Ahlers from the Community Blood Ban k says th
understanding between banks and the areas they serve.
(C) Now, the blood bank says the San Berna
blood away from the Coachella Valley.
(D) The Community Blood Bank is facing more chall
(A

4.
(A) The Feed Bird Feeder makes no guarantees about its squirrel-det
abilities, but the design alone is easily worth giving it a change.
(B) The loss of a bird feeder to the squirrels - something every
is familiar with - means that a replacement is in order.
(C) The feeder w
birdhouse.
(D) Most anti-squirrel feeders are, to be honest, ugly
(A

5.
(A) The mangers are themselves parts of various hierarchies of managerial
influence, coupled to one a
and information network.
(B) Management science and M
into the managers world.
(C) Management deals with complex social systems joined by physical and
informational mech
of other managers.
(D) If this seems to make the social systems appear c
(A

6.
1. If the phenomenon of down gradation is understood and accepted,
to continuously seek options that offer better value to consumers.
(A) Therefore, given an option, the consumer was willing to be
greater value from trusted brand s rather than down grade.
(B) Tea in pol
Bombay.
(C) Biscuits in family packs witness
during the periods of inflation.
(D) The onset of the down gradation phenomenon seems to be good
launch new products, or better still, create new sub-categories.
6. For instance, the more expensive gel toothpaste category upped its share in
nd economy brands.
) BCAD (B) CDAB (C) ADBC (D) DCBA
growth brings

regards language and interests, they have
roblems, each using its own
s, people arriving
eting or the
wers.
) DACB (B) BCAD (C) ACDB (D) CDAB
of us grew up eating meat, wearing leather, and going to circuses
d animals at pet shops, had guinea pigs, and
and fished a lot.
) ABCD (B) BCDA (C) DABC (D) CDAB
d the human attack
lly conventions and condescending style that form the global
five videos of animals attacking TV reporters plus one of a human
) BCDA (B) BDAC (C) DBAC (D) DABC
Bombay by six percent at the expense of popular a
(A

7.
1. Small companies that compete effectively tend to grow, and
increasing complexity and specialization in each function.
(A) Technologists talk about processes, new materials, and worry about prototype
results and technical problems; as
little in common with marketing.
(B) As the company grows it tends increasingly to fragment into separate
functional islands, each trying to solve its own p
special language and having its own priorities.
(C) Marketing people for instance, talk about market segmentation, market
growth, promotions and product image, and worry about changes in share.
(D) Production people talk and worry about industrial relation
on time, and plant and equipment breakdown and delays.
6. They in their turn have little in common with either mark
technologists who, they consider, live in ivory to
(A

8.
(A) We never considered the impact of these actions on the animals involved.
(B) Almost all
and zoos.
(C) Many of us bought our belove
kept beautiful birds in cages.
(D) We wore wool and silk, ate McDonalds burgers,
(A

9.
(A) Four of these are satisfactory.
(B) The two that aren't are the bear attack - too nasty - an
that's just humans as normal so what's the big deal?
(C) But, otherwise, there is something utterly right about the spectacle of animals
disrupting the si
TV vernacular.
(D) There are
assault.
(A



10.
(A) Next month (December) the National Audit Office is due to produce a report
r breath, says Neil Glass. Glass, as the author David Craig, is a
s have cost the taxpayer a 70 billion with
iformly bleak picture of
) DBAC (B) BDAC (C) ABDC (D) CDAB

CRITICAL REASONING
dinosaurs; the meat-eating
inosaurs, which preyed on the plant-eaters, in turn, starved to death.
hich among the following statements would best support the above mentioned theory, if true?
modern volcanic explosions to change the
saurs show that they were very agile
ntains minerals and other trace of elements in proportions characteristic
e dinosaurs
ontinue to exist today, although with a slightly modified appearance.
-5 year old children will lead to an improvement
their chances for success in later schooling.
quite a few children who had earlier been
ge takes up the time, which the
) To establish programs at a national level would require extraordinary public expense.

on government use of management consultants.
(B) 'Dont hold you
whistleblower.
(C) Since 1997, he says, consultant
either zero or negative returns.
(D) His book, Plundering the Public Sector, paints a un
consultant greed and government incompetence.
(A

1. There is a theory that the dinosaurs inhabiting the earth were destroyed when a huge heavenly
body hit the earth. The impact of the heavenly body when it struck the earth threw a mass of
pulverized debris into the atmosphere. This dust created a fog, which blocked the sunlight
depleting plant life. This resulted in the perishing of the plant-eating
d

W

(A) Enough dust has been sent into the atmosphere by
colour of sunsets around the world for several years.
(B) Studies conducted recently on the bone structure of dino
and not ponderous awkward animals as popularly believed.
(C) The sedimentary rock strata of the earth formed from atmospheric dust at the time the
dinosaurs disappeared co
of the heavenly bodies.
(D) Many meat-eating and plant-eating species of mammals that coexisted with th
c

2. A recently conducted study reveals that the prospects for success in later schooling for 3-5
year old children were improved by a particular educational plan. From this, it follows that the
introduction of similar education plans for all 3
in

Which among the following would weaken the above argument, if true?
(A) The cognitive abilities of children are constantly changing between ages three and five.
(B) The people who conducted the research included
exposed to another educational enrichment program.
(C) Many parents are of the view that formal training at an early a
children could better spend exploring their worlds independently.
(D
3. Building codes required all public buildings constructed after 1980 to have reinforced-steel
bomb shelters installed.

From which of the following can the statement above be inferred?

(A) Public buildings had to install reinforced-steel bomb shelters after 1980.
(B) No bomb shelters other than reinforced-steel shelters were installed in public buildings after
1980, but all public buildings constructed after 1980 were required to have bomb shelters.
(C) Some public buildings constructed before 1980 had installed bomb shelters.
(D) Bomb shelters were not required in public building before 1980, but some were installed
voluntarily.

4. An economist was quoted as saying that the Cost-of-Living index (COL) will go up next
month because of a recent increase in the price of fruit and vegetables.
Which of the following cannot be inferred from the statement?

(A) Consumers have decreased their consumption of fruit and vegetables.
(B) The cost of fruit and vegetables is a major item in the COL.
(C) Food cost changes are reflected quickly in the COL.
(D) Other items that make up the COL have not significantly decreased in price.

5. In 1950, the average child visited the dentist once a year; by 1970, the number of visits had
increased to two. Today, the average child visits the dentist thrice a year.

Each of the following, if true, could explain this trend except:

(A) Dentist fees have declined over the period.
(B) Better home care of teeth has reduced the number of cavities.
(C) Dental care has become less painful.
(D) Parents are more aware of the importance of dental care.

6. The burning of coal, oil and other combustible energy sources produces carbon dioxide, a
natural constituent of the atmosphere. Elevated levels of carbon dioxide are thought to be
responsible for half the greenhouse effect. Enough carbon dioxide has been sent into the
atmosphere already to cause a significant temperature increase. Growth in industrial production
must be slowed, or production processes must be changed.

Which of the following, if true, would tend to weaken the strength of the above conclusion?

(A) Carbon dioxide is bad for the health.
(B) A shift to other energy sources would be too costly.
(C) Most carbon dioxide is emitted by automobiles.
(D) Industry is switching over to the synthetic liquid fuel extracted from coal.


7. During 1999, advertising expenditures on canned food products increased by 20 percent,
while canned food consumption rose by 25 percent.

East of the following, if true, could help explain the increase in food consumption except:

(A) Per-capita consumption of frozen foods declined.
(B) Canned food prices decreased relative to substitutes.
(C) Canned food products were available in more stores.
(D) Can opener production doubled.

8. Forty years after African colonies began emerging as nations, modern loyalties still often go
first to the tribe. From Angola to Ethiopia, ethnic hatred has forced hundreds of thousands of
people to flee their homes, making Africa the continent with the worlds largest number of
refugees.

Which of the following statements best summarizes the above?

(A) Africa is best characterized by ethnic fractionalization.
(B) Angola and Ethiopia have the worst record of interethnic strife in Africa.
(C) Africa is best characterized as a continent without loyalties.
(D) Africa is best characterized as a federation of many states.

9. The exchange rate is the ruling official rate of exchange of dollars for other currencies. It
determines the value of American goods in relation to foreign goods. If the dollar is devalued in
terms of other currencies, American exports (which are paid for in dollars) become cheaper to
foreigners and American imports (paid for by purchasing foreign currency) become more
expensive to holders of dollars.

What conclusion can be drawn from the above?

(A) There are certain disadvantages for the United States economy attached to devaluation.
(B) The prospect of devaluation results in a speculative outflow of funds.
(C) By encouraging exports and discouraging imports, devaluation can improve the American
balance of payments.
(D) It is possible that inflation neutralizes the beneficial effects of devaluation.

10. Perhaps the most significant and constructive change in national politics would be the
abolition of the Vice Presidency.

Each of the following, if true, would strengthen the above argument, except:

(A) There are few, if any, specific duties or responsibilities assigned to the Vice Presidency.
(B) A historian claimed that the post was superfluous.
(C) People of Presidential caliber refused the Vice Presidential nomination.
(D) The office can waste a good politician for four or eight years.

READING COMPREHENSION

Passage 1

Government aid is urgently needed to help cities build all kinds of waste-treating facilities.
Above all, man should strive to contain natural decay by recycling or re-using as much
waste as possible. Magnetic extractors in incinerators could do an excellent service by using
materials that disappear fast. The perfect container is the edible ice-cream cone.

To cut air pollution, a J apanese process can be used to convert ash into cinder blocks.
Recovering waste at the source is almost always cheaper than clearing it later. Take sulphur, for
example, which is in short supply round the world. Wasted sulphur dioxide belched from
smokestacks could be trapped in the stack and converted to sulphuric acid or even fertiliser.

We can be sure that just as technology has polluted the land, it can also depollute it. The real
question is whether enough people want to take action. The trouble with modern man is that he
tends to be bored by the news that pesticides are threatening remote penguins or pelicans. The
false assumption that nature exists only to serve man is the root of an ecological crisis a crisis
that ranges from the lowly litter-bug to the madness of nuclear proliferation. At this hour, mans
only choice is to live in harmony with nature, not conquer it.

1. The best way man can solve pollution is to _______________
(A) make very long-lasting containers for goods
(B) burn as much waste as possible
(C) re-use as much waste as possible
(D) dump wastes into the sea

2. An edible ice-cream cone is the perfect container because_______________
(A) it has a pleasant taste (B) it can be completely used
(C) it can be used again and again (D) of its cone shape

3. It is usually cheaper to _______________
(A) recover waste at source
(B) recover waste after the product has been used
(C) reduce incineration
(D) use mechanical devices for conserving waste


4. A suitable title for the passage would be:
(A) Waste Treatment (B) Air Pollution
(C) Depollution (D) In Harmony with Nature

5. The writer of the article could be _______________
(A) a journalist (B) an environmentalist
(C) a technologist (D) a biologist

Passage 2

The Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction (BIFR) was set up in 1987, with the
objective of detecting industrial sickness and rescuing sick companies through preventive and
remedial measures.

Its governing act, the Sick Industrial Companies (Special Provision) Act, provides for
reconstruction, rehabilitation and recovery, as possible panacea for industrial sickness. The
philosophy behind this act is to prevent wastage and to preserve the nations industrial
infrastructure. The approach is curative, wherever feasible, but it does not give unethical and
inefficient managements disproportionate advantages. The act provides for assistance only to
economically viable and socially meaningful companies.

The institution of BIFR is unique. The future of a number of sick companies with large blocked-
up funds is decided by the Board. As the functioning of the Board is impeded by limitations in
the acts provisions, the Board has recommended certain amendments to the act.

BIFR has now been in operation for more than four years and has dealt with a large number of
sick industrial companies, financial institutions and banks.
In the course of examination of the cases reported to BIFR, the following broad categories of the
causes of industrial sickness have been observed:
1. Incompetent or dishonest management or both.
2. State and Central Government policies.
3. Unexpected adverse developments in the external environment.
Detailed project reports involving the techno-economic analysis of all relevant factors are
generally not prepared by entrepreneurs before starting a project, nor are the same insisted upon
by financial institutions or banks. Projects are started on hunches and are sometimes based on
say, Five Year Plan Projections. Assessment of market demand vis--vis capacity on all-India
basis as well as of Economic Marketing Zone for the project is generally not being done. This
has resulted in excess capacity being created in the past in the case of mini cement plants, light
commercial vehicles, two-wheelers, TVs and mini paper plants. The same tendency is now
visible in the cases of sponge iron plants, steel-making units and the units manufacturing
consumer durables.

Use of inappropriate technology has been yet another reason for sickness like the case of the
import of 70-80 years old mini paper plants. In many cases, availability of raw material and its
transportation to the factory site or of power at reasonable rates were not ensured while taking a
decision about the setting up of new projects.

Among the other causes cited for industrial sickness are: Lack of product diversification,
especially in some of the traditional industries like jute and textile; high wages and low
productivity and incompetence of the management. Many entrepreneurs set up their units in
backward areas lured by the incentives offered by the state governments concerned. It has,
however, been observed that many such units suffer on account of lack of infrastructure, non-
availability of trained labour and managerial personnel, etc.

BIFR has observed that the lack of monitoring by banks and financial institutions and the
absence of prompt remedial steps by State and Central Government also contribute towards
perpetuating the problem of sickness in a large number of industrial units. Financial institutions
and banks allow the poor performance of a unit to continue for a long time without analysing the
causes and taking long term remedial measures.

1.The main thrust of the article is directed towards _______________
(A) methods of rehabilitation of sick units in the industrial sector.
(B) the causes of industrial sickness that lead to the BIFRs intervention.
(C) the major obstacles for the rehabilitation of sick units as observed by the BIFR.
(D) the role of the BIFR in the rehabilitation of sick units.

2. The setting up of the BIFR in 1987 was to _______________
I. report the causes for industrial sickness.
II. detect the cases of industries that are sick.
III. categorize the industries that fall under this head.
IV. rescue the sick companies by providing remedial or preventive measures.
(A) I&II (B) II & III (C) III & IV (D) II & IV

3. The Sick Industrial Companies (Special Provision) Act deals with 3 R which are
I. reward
II. rehabilitation
III. recovery
IV. raw material
(A) I & II (B) II & III (C) II, III IV (D) I, III & IV

4. Which of the following statements can be considered true regarding the BIFR after reading the
passage?
I. The Board is given a maximum period of time within which it should revive the sick industrial
unit.
II. The BIFR by its Sick Industrial Companies Act prevents wastage and preserves the nations
industrial infrastructure.
III. The BIFR has started operations recently and is yet to show positive results.
IV. The BIFR has recommended certain amendments to the Special Provision Act due to
limitations in the acts provisions.
(A) I &II (B) II & III (C) III & IV (D) II & IV

5. Which of the following questions cannot be answered in the passage?

(A) Besides setting up the BIFR, how has the government helped to avoid setting up of projects
that turn sick?
(B) What are the reasons that lead to the failure of several projects that do not heed the Economic
Marketing Zone?
(C) Why are units set up in backward areas by some entrepreneurs?
(D) What role do the financial institutions and banks have in the poor performance of sick units?

6. When the author speaks of assessment of market demand vis--vis capacity on all-India
basis, he means by the Latin phrase,
(A) face to face (B) opposite to one another
(C) opposite to (D) in relation to

7. The author speaks of excess capacity in plants which include _______________
I. two-wheelers
II. mini cement plants
III. commercial vehicles
IV. paper plants
(A) I & II (B) II & III (C) III & IV (D) IV alone
8. When the author speaks of the units manufacturing consumer durables he has in mind
I. machinery
II. appliances
III. furniture
IV. hardware
(A) I & II (B) II & III (C) III & IV (D) All

9. Under which of the following heads will you put the availability of raw material, its
transportation to the factory site, or of power at reasonable rates, etc, when you consider
beginning a new project?
(A) labour (B) infrastructure (C) management (D) finance

10. According to the BIFR findings, what the sick units need is _______________
(A) a parting shot (B) grapeshot
(C) a shot in the arm (D) a mug shot