This tutorial summarizes the analysis of a 120-foot single span precast concrete bridge with six precast beams and a cast-in-place concrete deck. Materials, section properties, support conditions, prestressing, and time-dependent loads are defined. Structural modeling is performed using nodes and elements to represent the precast beams, cross beams, and composite deck. Construction stages are defined and structural analysis is carried out to obtain results such as tendon losses, stresses, moments, and reactions.
This tutorial summarizes the analysis of a 120-foot single span precast concrete bridge with six precast beams and a cast-in-place concrete deck. Materials, section properties, support conditions, prestressing, and time-dependent loads are defined. Structural modeling is performed using nodes and elements to represent the precast beams, cross beams, and composite deck. Construction stages are defined and structural analysis is carried out to obtain results such as tendon losses, stresses, moments, and reactions.
This tutorial summarizes the analysis of a 120-foot single span precast concrete bridge with six precast beams and a cast-in-place concrete deck. Materials, section properties, support conditions, prestressing, and time-dependent loads are defined. Structural modeling is performed using nodes and elements to represent the precast beams, cross beams, and composite deck. Construction stages are defined and structural analysis is carried out to obtain results such as tendon losses, stresses, moments, and reactions.
This tutorial summarizes the analysis of a 120-foot single span precast concrete bridge with six precast beams and a cast-in-place concrete deck. Materials, section properties, support conditions, prestressing, and time-dependent loads are defined. Structural modeling is performed using nodes and elements to represent the precast beams, cross beams, and composite deck. Construction stages are defined and structural analysis is carried out to obtain results such as tendon losses, stresses, moments, and reactions.
Material and Section Properties 4 Material Properties / 4 Time Dependent Material Properties / 6 Section Properties / 9
Structural Modeling Using Nodes and Elements 12 Precast Beams / 13 Cross Beams / 14 Change Element Dependent Material Property / 15
Structure Support Conditions 16
Loading Data 18 Load Groups / 18 Static Loads / 18 Prestress Loads / 22 Moving Loads / 30
Construction Stage Data 38 Groups / 38 Define Construction Stages / 39
Performing Structural Analysis 45
Verification and Interpretation of Results 46 Load Combinations / 46 Tendon Time-dependent Loss Graphs / 50 Pretension Losses in Tendons / 51 Tendon Elongation / 52 Influence Line / 53 Moving Load Tracer / 54 Stresses in Precast Beams during Construction Stages / 55 Bending Moment Diagrams in Precast Beams / 57 Shear Force Diagrams in Precast Beams / 59 Reactions / 60
SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
1
Summary
This example shows the analysis of a 120-ft single span AASHTO bulb-tee beam bridge with no skew, according to the AASHTO LRFD specifications. The structure consists of six precast, pretensioned beams spaced at 9-0 centers. Beams are designed to act compositely with the 8-in. cast-in-place concrete deck to resist all superimposed dead loads, live loads and impact. A in. wearing surface is considered to be an integral part of the 8-in. deck. A 2 in. wearing surface will be installed in the future.
This example is similar to the one presented in the PCI Bridge Design Manual.
Bridge Dimensions:
Figure 1a Bridge Cross-Section
Figure 1b Precast Beam Dimensions SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
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Materials:
Concrete Deck and Cross Beams ASTM C4000 Modulus of elasticity: 3834 ksi Poissons ratio: 0.2 Density: 0.150 kcf Concrete strength (28-day) 4.0 ksi Deck total thickness 8.0 in Deck structural thickness 7.5 in Cross beam depth 7.5 in (same as thickness of deck) Interior cross beam width 10 ft (c/c distance between adjacent cross-beams) End cross beam width 5 ft
Steel Prestress Tendons: in. dia., seven-wire, low-relaxation Modulus of elasticity: 28500 ksi Ultimate strength: 270.0 ksi Yield strength: 243.0 ksi
Loads:
Dead Load Concrete deck Exterior PC Beam (8/12ft) (7.5ft) (0.150kcf) = 0.750 kip/ft Interior PC Beam (8/12ft) (9.0ft) (0.150kcf) = 0.900 kip/ft Haunch above beam (0.5/12ft) (3.5ft) (0.150kcf) = 0.022 kip/ft Barrier (2 barriers)(0.300 kip/ft)/(6 beams) = 0.100 kip/ft Future wearing surface (2/12ft)(0.15kcf)(48ft)/(6 beams) = 0.200 kip/ft Prestress Load Stress in tendon before transfer = 202.50 ksi (75% of ultimate strength) Assumed initial loss due to elastic shortening = 9.2 % (18.6 ksi) Therefore: Stress in tendon after transfer = 183.90 ksi
Moving Loads (AASHTO LRFD) HL-93
SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
3 File Opening and Preferences Setting
File / New Project File / Save (PSC Single Span)
Tools / Unit System Length>in; Force (Mass)>kips
Figure 2 File Opening and References Setting
SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
4 Material and Section Properties
In this section the materials and sections used to model the structure are defined.
Material Properties:
The following materials are defined: Deck Precast Beams Tendons Cross Beams.
In the Tree Menu: Geometry / Properties / Material Properties dialog box>Material tab> Click Name>Deck Type of Design>Concrete Standard>None Modulus of Elasticity>3834 (calculated for Grade C4000 as per AASHTO formula) Poissons Ratio>0.2 Weight Density>0 Click
Note: Deck weight density is assigned a value of zero, because we want to treat deck weight as beam load, as opposed to self weight calculated automatically by the program after Composite Section for Construction Stage is created (refer page 40).
Figure 3 Material Data Window SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
5 Name> Precast Beams Type of Design>Concrete Standard>None Modulus of Elasticity>4888 (calculated for Grade C6500 as per AASHTO formula) Poissons Ratio (0.2) Weight Density (8.681e-005) kips/in 3 (i.e., 0.150 kcf) Click
Name> Tendon Type of Design>User Defined Standard>None Modulus of Elasticity>28500 Poissons Ratio (0.3) Weight Density (8.681e-005) kips/in 3 (i.e., 0.150 kcf) Click
Note: In this tutorial the density of tendons is considered to be the same as the density of concrete, since it will be easier to compare results with the example presented in the PCI Bridge Design Manual. The example in the PCI Bridge Design Manual does not consider separate density for tendons.)
Name> Cross Beams Type of Design>Concrete Standard>None Modulus of Elasticity>3834 (calculated for Grade C4000 as per AASHTO formula) Poissons Ratio (0.2) Weight Density (0) Click
Note: Weight density of cross beams has been assigned a value of zero because these are fictitious beams used only for generating moving loads (refer to page 32).
Click SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
6 Time Dependent Material Properties:
In the Tree Menu: Geometry / Properties / Time Dependent Material (Creep / Shrinkage)
Time Dependent Material (Creep / Shrinkage) dialog box > Click Name>CEB-FIP Code>CEB-FIP Compressive strength of concrete at the age of 28 days>6.5 Relative Humidity of ambient environment (4099)>70 Notational size of member>10 (This is a provisional value that will be replaced later after calculation by the program). Type of cement>Normal or rapid hardening cement (N, R) Age of concrete at the beginning of shrinkage>3 Click Click Click Click
Figure 4 Creep and Shrinkage Data
SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
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Figure 5 Creep Coefficient
In the Tree Menu: Geometry / Properties / Time Dependent Material (Comp. Strength)
Time Dependent Material (Comp. Strength) dialog box > Click Name>C6500 Type>Code Development of Strength>Code>CEB-FIP Concrete Compressive Strength at 28 Days>6.5 Cement Type(s)> N, R: 0.25 Click Click Click
SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
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Figure 6 Compressive Strength Data
In the Tree Menu: Geometry / Properties / Time Dependent Material Link Time Dependent Material Type>Creep/Shrinkage>CEB-FIP Time Dependent Material Type>Comp. Strength>C6500 Select Material to Assign>Materials>2:Precast Beams Click Click Click
Figure 7 Time Dependent Material Link Window SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
9 Section Properties:
The following sections are defined: Interior Precast Beams Exterior Precast Beams End Cross Beams Interior Cross Beams
Interior and exterior precast beams differ from each other in their effective deck width. Interior and end cross beams differ from each other in their width.
By comparing the section shown in the PSC Viewer with the cross section of the Interior PC Beams, determine the points (J1, JL1JL4, JR1JR4) that are required to define the section.
Girder>J1, JL1 (on) Girder>Symmetry (on)
Scroll down the Girder window and enter the following section geometry data:
Note: Egd/Esb represents the ratio of Modulus of Elasticity for both types of concrete girder and slab. Therefore, Egd/Esb = 4888/3834 = 1.2749.
Dgd/Dsb is the ratio of unit weight for both types of concrete girder and slab. It has been assigned a value of zero because we want to treat deck weight as beam loads as opposed to self weight calculated automatically by the program.
Name>Exterior Precast Beams Slab>Bc>90 (this is the only difference between the two sections). Click SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
Note: The depth of the Cross Beams is taken as the thickness of deck slab and width of the Cross Beams is taken as the center-to-center distance between the Cross Beams. SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
12 Structural Modeling Using Nodes and Elements
Tools / Unit System Length>ft; Force (Mass)>kips
Click Top View
In the Tree Menu: Geometry / Nodes /
Create Coordinates (x,y,z)>0,0,0 Copy>Number of Times>5 Copy>Distances (dx,dy,dz)>0,9,0 Click Click
Figure 9 Create Nodes Window SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
13 Precast Beams:
Click Auto Fitting Click Node Number
In the Tree Menu: Geometry / Elements / Extrude Select Window > Nodes 1 and 6 Extrude Type>Node Line Element Element Attribute>Element Type>Beam Material>2: Precast Beams Section>2: Exterior Precast Beams Generation Type>Translate Translation>dx,dy,dz>10, 0, 0 Number of Times>12 Click
Figure 10 Extrude Elements Window
SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
14 Select Window > Nodes 2to5 Extrude Type>Node Line Element Element Attribute>Element Type>Beam Material>2: Precast Beams Section>1: Interior Precast Beams Generation Type>Translate Translation>dx,dy,dz>30, 0, 0 Number of Times>4 Click
Cross Beams:
Select Window > Nodes 1 and 29 Extrude Type>Node Line Element Element Attribute>Element Type>Beam Material>4: Cross Beams Section>3: End Cross Beams Generation Type>Translate Translation>dx,dy,dz>0, 9, 0 Number of Times>5 Click
Select Window > Nodes 7to27by2 Extrude Type>Node Line Element Element Attribute>Element Type>Beam Material>4: Cross Beams Section>4: Interior Cross Beams Generation Type>Translate Translation>dx,dy,dz>0, 9, 0 Number of Times>5 Click Click
Toggle on the Element Number to check the model geometry and the numbering of nodes and elements, and then toggle it off.
SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
15 Change Element Dependent Material Property:
This function is related to the Notational Size of Members and should be applied once the elements have been generated.
In the Tree Menu: Geometry / Properties / Change Element Dependent Material Property
Click Select All Element Dependent Material>Notational Size of Member Select Auto Calculate Click
Click
Figure 11 Change Element Dependent Material Property Window
SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
16 Structure Support Conditions
In the Tree Menu: Geometry / Boundaries / Supports Select Window > Node 1 Options>Add Support Type (Local Direction)>D-ALL Click
Figure 12 Supports Window
Select Window > Node 29 Support Type (Local Direction)> Dy, Dz Click
Select Window > Nodes 2to6 Support Type (Local Direction)> Dx, Dz Click
Select Window > Nodes 30, 75to78 Support Type (Local Direction)> Dz Click Click
SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
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Figure 13 Model Boundary Conditions
SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
18 Loading Data
The following items are defined in this section: Load groups Static loads Prestress loads Moving loads
Load Groups:
To perform Construction Stage analyses it is required to define groups of elements, boundary conditions and loads. Load groups are defined here to facilitate the assignment of loads to their respective groups.
In the Tree Menu: Click Group tab Right-click
Load Group Select New Name>PC & C/B Click Name> Deck Click Name> Barrier Click Name> Wearing surface Click
Name> Prestress Click
Click
Static Loads:
In the Tree Menu: Click Menu tab Static Loads> Static Load Cases Name>Deck Type>Dead Load of Component and Attachments (DC) Click Name>Wearing surface Type>Dead Load of Wearing Surfaces and Utilities (DW) Click Name>Barrier Type> Dead Load of Wearing Surfaces and Utilities (DW) Click Name>PC & C/B Type> Dead Load of Component and Attachments (DC) Click SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
In the Tree Menu: Static Loads> Element Beam Loads Load Case Name>Deck Load Group Name>Deck Direction>Global Z Projection>No Value>Relative w>-0.922 (0.900 deck + 0.022 haunch) Click SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
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Figure 15 Element Beam Loads Window
The loading is displayed in the Model View window.
Load Case Name>Wearing surface Load Group Name>Wearing surface w>-0.2 Click
Click
Select Previous Load Case Name> Barrier Load Group Name> Barrier w>-0.1 Click Click
In the Tree Menu: Static Loads> Self Weight Load Case Name> PC & C/B Load Group Name> PC & C/B Self Weight Factor>Z>-1 Click Click
Figure 16 Self Weight Window
SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
22 Prestress Data and Loads:
Figure 17 Strand Pattern
Figure 18 Longitudinal Strand Profile
Figure 19 Profile Insertion Points
In the Tree Menu: Click Group tab Right-click
Tendon Group Select New Name>Tendon Suffix>1to12 Click Click
SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
23 Tools / Unit System Length>in; Force (Mass)>kips
In the Tree Menu: Click Menu tab Static Loads>Prestress Loads> Tendon Property Tendon Property dialog box>Click Tendon Name>TH Tendon Type>Internal (Pre-Tension) Material>3: Tendon Click to the right of Total Tendon Area Tendon Area dialog box> Strand Diameter>12.7mm (0.5) Number of Strands>14 Click Select Relaxation Coefficient Relaxation Coefficient>Magura>45 Ultimate Strength>270 Yield Strength>243 Click
Figure 20 Add/Modify Tendon Property Window
SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
24 Tendon Property dialog box>Click Tendon Name>TS Tendon Type>Internal (Pre-Tension) Material>3: Tendon Click to the right of Total Tendon Area Tendon Area dialog box> Strand Diameter>12.7mm (0.5) Number of Strands>34 Click Select Relaxation Coefficient Relaxation Coefficient>Magura>45 Ultimate Strength>270 Yield Strength>243 Click
Toggle off Node Number Toggle on Element Number Click Top View Click Select Identity-Elements Select Identity dialog box>Select Type>Section Click 1: Interior Precast Beams Click 2: Exterior Precast Beams Click Click Click Activate
SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
25 In the Tree Menu: Static Loads>Prestress Loads> Tendon Profile Tendon Profile dialog box>Click Tendon Name>TH1 Group>Tendon1 Tendon Property>TH Click in Assigned Elements Select Window > Elements 1to23by2 Input Type>3-D Curve Type>Spline Profile>Reference Axis>Straight Enter the following data in the Profile window:
Note: An insertion point is used as a point of reference for the tendon profile in the Global Coordinate System (GCS). Only one profile is needed for a precast beam in spite of the number of elements (four in this example) that we are using to model it.
As it is shown in Figure 19, the insertion points of both exterior and interior girders are located at the bottom of the lower flanges. However, the vertical (Z-axis) coordinate of these points are different. This is because the distances from the neutral axis to the bottom fiber are not the same due to the differences in their respective effective widths of concrete slab.
Tendon Profile dialog box>Select TH1 Distance>0, 108, 0 Click Select TH1-Copy Click Tendon Name>Change to TH2 Group> Change to Tendon2 Click in Assigned Elements Click Unselect All Select Window > Elements 25to69by4 Profile Insertion Point>Change to -6, 108, -54.57 Click SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
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Tendon Profile dialog box>Select TH2 Click Select TH2-Copy Click Tendon Name> Change to TH3 Group> Change to Tendon3 Click in Assigned Elements Click Unselect All Select Window > Elements 26to70by4 Click
Use the same method described above to generate profiles for tendons TH4 & TH5. Change Group to Tendon4 and Tendon5 for TH4 and TH5, respectively.
Tendon Profile dialog box>Select TH5 Click Select TH5-Copy Click Tendon Name> Change to TH6 Group> Change to Tendon6 Click in Assigned Elements Click Unselect All Select Window > Elements 2to24by2 Profile Insertion Point>Change to -6, 540, -52.79 Click
Figure 22 Add/Modify Tendon Profile Window
Tendon Profile dialog box>Click Tendon Name>TS1 Group>Tendon7 Tendon Property>TS Click in Assigned Elements Select Window > Elements 1to23by2 Input Type>3-D Curve Type>Spline Profile>Reference Axis>Straight Enter the following data in the Profile window:
SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
Tendon Profile dialog box>Select TS1 Distance>0, 108, 0 Click Select TS1-Copy Click Tendon Name>Change to TS2 Group> Change to Tendon8 Click in Assigned Elements Click Unselect All Select Window > Elements 25to69by4 Profile Insertion Point>Change to -6, 108, -54.57 Click SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
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Tendon Profile dialog box>Select TS2 Click Select TS2-Copy Click Tendon Name> Change to TS3 Group> Change to Tendon9 Click in Assigned Elements Click Unselect All Select Window > Elements 26to70by4 Click
Use the same method described above to generate profiles for tendons TS4 & TS5. Change Group to Tendon10 and Tendon11 for TS4 and TS5, respectively.
Tendon Profile dialog box>Select TS5 Click Select TS5-Copy Click Tendon Name> Change to TS6 Group> Change to Tendon12 Click in Assigned Elements Click Unselect All Select Window > Elements 2to24by2 Profile Insertion Point>Change to -6, 540, -52.79 Click Click
Visually verify that the tendon profiles have been entered correctly. Click
Iso View In the Tree Menu: Click Works tab Prestressing Tendon> Tendon Profile Right-click mouse and select Display Click Initial View
In the Tree Menu: Click Menu tab Static Loads>Prestress Loads> Tendon Prestress Loads Load Case Name>Prestress Load Group Name>Prestress Select Tendon for Loading>Tendon> Select all tendons (TH1~TH6, TS1~TS6) Click Stress Value>Stress 1st Jacking>Begin Begin>183.9 End>0 SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
29 Click Click
Figure 24 Tendon Prestress Loads Window
Moving Loads:
Click Initial View Click Top View Click Activate All Click Element Number
In the Tree Menu: Click Group tab Right-click Structure Group Select New Name>Cross Beam Suffix>1to5 Click Click SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
30
Figure 25 Define Structure Group Window
Select Intersect > Elements 73to85 Drag & Drop Cross Beam 1 from the Tree Menu to Model View.
Figure 26 Assignment of Cross Beam Groups
Select Intersect > Elements 86to98 SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
31 Drag & Drop Cross Beam 2 from the Tree Menu to Model View.
Repeat the steps to define Groups Cross Beam 3, Cross Beam 4 & Cross Beam 5.
The assignment of elements to groups can be verified by double-clicking each of the Groups in the Tree Menu and displaying their elements in the Model View.
Note: To increase the accuracy of vehicular live load analysis, the number of Cross Beams may be increased. This can be done by providing large number of equally spaced fictitious Cross Beams in the transverse direction, having weight density = 0. The depth and width of these Cross Beams will be equal to the deck slab thickness and center-to-center distance between the Cross Beams, respectively.
Tools / Unit System Length>ft; Force (Mass)>kips Toggle on Node Number Toggle off Element Number
In the Tree Menu: Click Menu tab Moving Loads Analysis> Moving Load Code Select Moving Load Code dialog box>Moving Load Code>AASHTO LRFD
Figure 27 Traffic Lanes and their Eccentricities
Moving Loads Analysis> Traffic Line Lanes Traffic Line Lanes dialog box>Click Lane Name>Lane 1 Eccentricity>-4.5 Vehicular Load Distribution>Cross Beam Cross Beam Group>Cross Beam 1 Moving Direction>Both Selection by>2 points Click in the first box below Select Window > Nodes 1 and 29 SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
32 Click Click
Figure 28 Definition of Design Traffic Line Lanes
Traffic Line Lanes dialog box>Click Lane Name>Lane 2 Eccentricity>-16.5 Vehicular Load Distribution>Cross Beam Cross Beam Group>Cross Beam 2 Moving Direction>Both Selection by>2 points Click in the first box below SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
33 Select Window > Nodes 1 and 29 Click Click
Traffic Line Lanes dialog box>Click Lane Name>Lane 3 Eccentricity>-28.5 Vehicular Load Distribution>Cross Beam Cross Beam Group>Cross Beam 4 Moving Direction>Both Selection by>2 points Click in the first box below Select Window > Nodes 1 and 29 Click Click
Traffic Line Lanes dialog box>Click Lane Name>Lane 4 Eccentricity>-40.5 Vehicular Load Distribution>Cross Beam Cross Beam Group>Cross Beam 5 Moving Direction>Both Selection by>2 points Click in the first box below Select Window > Nodes 1 and 29 Click Click
Click
SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
35 In the Tree Menu: Moving Load Analysis >
Moving Load Cases Moving Load Cases dialog box>Click Load Case Name>MLC Enter the following data in the Multiple Presence Factor window:
Figure 30 Multiple Presence Factors
Sub-Load Cases>Loading Effect>Independent Click Sub-Load Case dialog box>Vehicle Class>VL:HL-93TDM Scale Factor>1 Min. Number of Loaded Lanes>1 Max. Number of Loaded Lanes>4 Assignment Lanes>List of Lanes>Select all lanes (Lane 1, Lane 2, Lane 3, Lane 4) Click Click
Define Moving Load Case dialog box>Click
Sub-Load Case dialog box>Vehicle Class>VL:HL-93TRK Scale Factor>1 Min. Number of Loaded Lanes>1 Max. Number of Loaded Lanes>4 Assignment Lanes>List of Lanes>Select all lanes (Lane 1, Lane 2, Lane 3, Lane 4) Click Click Click
SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
36
Figure 31 Definition of Moving Load Cases
SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
37 Construction Stage Analysis Data
Three stages are defined to model the bridge during construction. Details of the construction stages are shown below:
Stage Day Description Stage 1 (30 days) 1 Placing of precast beams and cross beams. Prestressing of strands. 21 Pouring deck slab. Stage 2 (30 days) 1 Composite beam & slab behavior takes place. 1 Installation of barrier. 6 Placing of wearing surface. Stage 3 (10000 days) - -
Note: Age of all precast members (precast beams & cross beams) is 7 days at the time of placing (1st day of Stage 1). Table 1.2 Construction Stages
Groups:
In the Tree Menu: Click Group tab Right-click Structure Group Select New Name>All Click Click Click Select All Drag & Drop All from the Tree Menu to Model View
Right-click Boundary Group Select New Name> Supports Click Click Click Select All Drag & Drop Supports from the Tree Menu to Model View Select Boundary Type dialog box>Support Click
SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
38 Define Construction Stages:
In the Tree Menu: Click Menu tab Construction Stage Analysis Data > Define Construction Stage
Construction Stage dialog box>Click Stage>Name>Stage Stage>Suffix>1to3 Save Result>Stage, Additional Steps (on) Click
Construction Stage dialog box>Click Stage>Stage 1 Name>Stage 1 Duration>30 Additional Steps>Day>21 Click in the Additional Steps window
Click Element tab Group List>All Activation>Age>7 Click in the Activation window
Click Boundary tab Group List>Supports Support/Spring Position>Deformed Click in the Activation window
Click Load tab Group List>PC & C/B Click in the Activation window Group List>Prestress Click in the Activation window Group List>Deck Active Day>21 Click in the Activation window Click
Construction Stage dialog box>Click Stage>Stage 2 Name>Stage 2 Duration>30 Additional Steps>Day>6 Click in the Additional Steps window SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
39
Click Load tab Once activated, the Element, Boundary and Load groups remain active unless they are specifically deactivated. Group List>Barrier Click in the Activation window Group List> Wearing Surface Active Day>6 Click in the Activation window Click
Figure 32 Definition of Construction Stage 1 SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
40
Figure 33 Definition of Construction Stage 2
Construction Stage dialog box>Click Stage>Stage 3 Name>Stage 3 Duration>10000 Click Click SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
41 In the Tree Menu: Construction Stage Analysis Data > Composite Section for Construction Stage
Composite Section for Construction Stage dialog box>Click Active Stage>Stage 1 Section>1: Interior Precast Beams Composite Type>Normal
Construction Sequence>Part>1: Material Type>Material Material>2:Precast Composite Stage>Active Stage Age>7
Construction Sequence>Part>2: Material Type>Material Material>1:Deck Composite Stage>Stage 2 Age>10 Click
Figure 34 Composite Section 1 (Interior Precast Beams) during Construction Stages
SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
42 Composite Section for Construction Stage dialog box>Click Active Stage>Stage 1 Section>2: Exterior Precast Beams Composite Type>Normal
Construction Sequence>Part>1: Material Type>Material Material>2:Precast Composite Stage>Active Stage Age>7
Construction Sequence>Part>2: Material Type>Material Material>1:Deck Composite Stage>Stage 2 Age>10 Click Click
Figure 35 Composite Section 2 (Exterior Precast Beams) during Construction Stages
SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
43 In the Main Menu: Analysis / Construction Stage Analysis Control Final Stage>Last Stage Analysis Option>Include Time Dependent Effect (on) Time Dependent Effect>Creep & Shrinkage (on) Type>Creep & Shrinkage Auto Time Step Generation for Large Time Gap (on) Tendon Tension Loss Effect (Creep & Shrinkage) (on) Variation of Comp. Strength (on) Tendon Tension Loss (Elastic Shortening) (on) Frame Output>Calculate Output of Each part of Composite Section (on)
Load Cases to be Distinguished from Dead Load for CS Output: Load Case>Wearing Surface Click Load Case>Barrier Click Click
Beam Section Property Changes>Change with Tendon Save Output of Current Stage (Beam/Truss) (on)
Figure 36 Construction Stage Analysis Control Data SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
44
Perform Structural Analysis
In the Main Menu: Analysis / Perform Analysis
SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
45 Verification and Interpretation of Results
Load Combinations:
Select the Post Construction Stage ( ). In the Tree Menu: Click Menu tab. Results> Combinations
Load Combinations dialog box>General tab>Click
Option>Add Add Envelope (on) Code Selection>Concrete Design Code>AASHTO-LRFD02 Manipulation of Construction Stage Load Case>CS Only
Note: Do not select ST+CS option (Static Load + Construction Stage) since the output will be misleading. Bridge Deck and PC & C/B have been defined as both Dead Load of Components and Attachments (DC) as well as Construction Stage (CS) Loads. Similarly, Wearing Surface and Barrier have been defined as both Dead Load of Wearing Surface and Utilities (DW) as well as Erection Loads (EL). (Refer to Loading Data and Figure 36 for details). Thus, these dead loads will appear twice in the output if the ST+CS option is selected.
Load Modifier>1 Load Factors for Permanent Loads (Yp): Component and Attachments>Load Factor>Both Wearing Surfaces and Utilities>Load Factor>Both
Condition for Temperature, Creep, Shrinkage Factor>Deformation Check Click SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
46
Figure 37 Generation of Load Combinations SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
47
Figure 38 Auto Generated Load Combinations .
Figure 39 Definition of the Envelope
SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
48 Click
Change the load factors for the load combinations gLCB15, gLCB16 and gLCB17 (Service I, II and III, respectively) as shown in Table 1.3.
This step is required to generate appropriate deformations as per AASHTO-LRFD02.
The factors for loads not listed in Table 1.3 are zero and their cells can be left blank.
Table 1.3 Load Combinations for Construction Stages
SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
49 Tendon Time-dependent Loss Graph:
In this tutorial, the prefix TH stands for harped tendon and TS stands for straight tendon. Animate button can be used to view the Loss Graphs for all the stages for the selected tendon, sequentially.
In the Tree Menu: Results> Tendon Time-dependent Loss Graph Graph for tendon TH1 in Stage 1 is automatically displayed. Tendon>TH2 Stage>Stage 1 Step>Last Step Click
Figure 40 Tendon TH2 Loss Graph Tendon> TS2
Figure 41 TS2 Tendon Loss Graph Click
SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
50 Pretension Losses in Tendons:
In the Tree Menu: Click Tables tab. Result Tables > Tendon > Tendon Loss Click Tendon Group > Tendon 1, Tendon 2, Tendon 3, Tendon 4, Tendon 5, Tendon 6, Tendon 7, Tendon 8, Tendon 9, Tendon 10, Tendon 11, or Tendon 12. Click Stage > Stage 1, Stage 2, or Stage 3. Click
Since losses are calculated using CEB-FIP code, they are different from those given in the PCI Bridge Design Manual, where losses are calculated using AASHTO code.
Figure 42 Pretension Losses (Stress) in Tendons
Figure 43 Pretension Losses (Force) in Tendons SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
51 Tendon Elongation:
Tools / Unit System Length>in; Force (Mass)>kips
In the Tree Menu: Click Tables tab. Result Tables>Tendon> Tendon Elongation
Figure 44 Tendon Elongation
SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
52 Influence Line:
Click Model View tab. Click Initial View Click Iso View Tools / Unit System Length>ft; Force (Mass)>kips
In the Tree Menu: Click Menu tab. Results > Influence Lines > Beam Forces/Moments Line/Surface Lanes>LANE all Key Element>13 Scale Factor>1 Parts>j Components>My Type of Display>Legend (on) Click
The influence line diagram for moment (My) at the end of Element 13 is displayed. This position corresponds to the mid-span of one of the interior girders.
Figure 45 Influence Line Diagram SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
The position of moving loads that generate maximum moment (My) at the end of Element 13 is displayed. This position corresponds to the mid-span of one of the interior girders.
Figure 46 Moving Load Tracer SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
54 Stresses in Precast Beams during Construction Stages:
Select Stage 1 in the Toolbar ( ) Tools / Unit System Length>in; Force (Mass)>kips
In the Tree Menu: Click Table tab. Result Tables>Composite Section for C.S.> Beam Stress Records Activation dialog box: Loadcase/Combination>Summation(CS) Stage/Step>Stage 1:0003(last) (on) ; Stage 2:0003(last) (on) Part Number>Part j Click
Figure 47 Records Activation Dialog Window
The table showing axial, bending and combined stresses for the precast beams (elements 1to72) at their j end in construction stages 1 and 2 is displayed. SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
55
Figure 48 Stresses in Precast Beams during Construction Stages SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
56 Bending Moment Diagrams in Precast Beams:
Tools / Unit System Length>ft; Force (Mass)>kips Click Top View Toggle on Element Number Select Window > Elements 25to69by4 Click Activate Click
Front View
Click Model View tab. In the Tree Menu: Click Menu tab Results > Forces > Beam Diagrams Load Cases/Combinations>CS: Summation Components>My Display Options>5 Points (on) ; Solid Fill (on) Type of Display>Contour (on) ; Legend (on) Click
The bending moment diagram (My) for the selected interior precast beams (elements 25to69by4) in the current construction stage (Stage 1), and under all the construction stage loads applied simultaneously, is displayed.
Figure 49 Stage 1 Bending Moment Diagram of Precast Beams SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
57
Toggle on Active Fix in the Status Bar Select Post Construction Stage ( ). Load Cases/Combinations> CBall: RC ENV_STR Components>My Click
The post-construction stage (Post CS) envelope of bending moment diagram (My) under strength condition for the selected interior precast beams (elements 25to69by4), is displayed.
Figure 50 Post-Construction Stage Bending Moment Diagram Envelope of Precast Beam
SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
The post-construction stage (Post CS) envelope of shear force diagram (Fz) under strength condition for the selected interior precast beams (elements 25to69by4), is displayed.
Figure 51 Post-Construction Stage Shear Force Diagram Envelope of Precast Beams
SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
59 Reactions:
In the Tree Menu: Click Tables tab. Result Tables > Reaction Records Activation dialog box>Loadcase Combination>gLCB1(CB:max) Click
Figure 52 Records Activation Dialog Box
The table showing the maximum reactions corresponding to Load Combination LCB1 in the post construction stage (Post CS) is displayed.
Figure 53 Post-Construction Maximum Reactions due to Load Combination LCB1
Dr. Mirvat Bulbul-EnCE335 Fundamentals of Reinforced Concrete Design According ACI 318-05-Birzeit University, Palestinian جامعة بيرزيت هي جامعة فلسطينية (2011-2012)