Chapter 1: Introduction to the Study of Rizals Life, Works and Writings

Rizal Law and the Teaching of Rizal Course

Republic ct of 1!"#
$r
Rizal La%
&andates the teaching of the life, %orks and %ritings of Rizal
in all schools in the country'
(ose )' Laurel Sponsored the la% because Rizal %as the founder of *ilipino
nationality and the architect of the *ilipino nation'
+elie,ed that by reading and studying Rizals life, teachings
and %ritings, *ilipino youth %ill gain incorruptible con-dence,
direction, courage and deter.ination'
$b/ecti,es of Rizal La%
011#23
4o rededicate the li,es of the youth to ideals of freedo. and
nationalis.'
4o pay tribute to our national hero for de,oting his life and
%orks in shaping the *ilipino character'
4o gain an inspiring source of patriotis. thru the study of
Rizals life, %orks and %ritings'
56oals by the +oard of
7ational 8ducation
0Capino et al, 11193
4o recognize the rele,ance of Rizals ideals, thoughts,
teachings and life ,alues to present condition in the
co..unity'
4o apply Rizals ideas in the solution of day:to:day situations
and proble.s in conte.porary life'
4o de,elop an understanding and appreciation of the ;ualities,
beha,ior and character of Rizal'
4o foster the de,elop.ent of .oral character, personal
discipline, citizenship and ,ocational e<ciency a.ong the
*ilipino youth'
Rizal, An American Sponsored Hero
Constantino 011213 Clai.s that Rizal %as an .erican:sponsored hero'
4aft Co..ission of 11=1 7ot the *ilipino people chose Rizal to beco.e our countrys
national hero'
Contenders of the 4itle of
7ational >ero
Rizal, guinaldo, +onifacio and &abini
ct 7o'1?9 $rganized a politico:.ilitary district and na.ed it as the
pro,ince of Rizal in honor of the .ost illustrious *ilipino'
ct 7o' "!? uthorized a public subscription for the erection of a
.onu.ent in honor of Rizal at Luneta'
ct 7o' ?!# Set aside the anni,ersary of Rizals death as a day of
obser,ation'
goncillo 011@23 Rizal %as accepted as a national hero to the .ericans
because he %as the sy.bol of assi.ilation, %hich %as the
.erican policy then in the )hilippines'
*actors according to
Constantino 011213 that
aAected Rizals
acceptability as o<cial
hero of the )hilippines
Rizal %as already dead %hen the .ericans began their
aggression in the )hilippines'
7o e.barrassing anti:.erican ;uotation could e,er be
attributed to Rizal'
Rizals dra.atic .artyrdo. had already .ade hi. the sy.bol
of Spanish oppression'
6uerrero 0111@3 sserts that it is the *ilipinos %ho ha,e chosen Rizal to be the
sy.bol of our nationalis. as a people e,en before he died'
Rizal %as the -rst *ilipino'
6uerreros Conclusions Since the *ilipinos lo,e peace, they ha,e chosen to .agnify a
.an of peace abo,e the .en of %ar'
+ecause *ilipinos are lo,ers of freedo. and /ustice, they ha,e
gi,en their %orship to a .an %ho ga,e up all co.forts and
pleasures of the peace for their sake'
*ilipinos prize ,irtue .ore than ,ictory and sacri-ce abo,e
success'
Rizal, Pioneer Asian Nationalist Leader
Be $ca.po 011213 Rizal %as the -rst eCponent of sian nationalis. since he %as
the source of inspiration for the outbreak of the )hilippine
Re,olution of 1@12'
*isher 0112"3 Called Rizal the )ioneer 8Cponent of Liberal Be.ocracy in
sia'
Said e,en before 6andhi and Sun Dat:Sen began their political
career, Rizal had already spoken out %ith -r.ness and
courage ideas on liberal de.ocracy by his %ritings'
o Worth and dignity of the indi,idual'
o In,iolability of hu.an rights
o Innate e;uality of all .en and races
o 7ecessity for constitutional go,ern.ent
o Bue process of la%
o )opular so,ereignty as basis of all political authority'
o *aith in hu.an reason and enlighten.ent
o Rights of the .asses to public education'
o +elief in social progress through freedo.
Maor Periods in the Life of Rizal !Celedonio, "#$%&
*irst )eriod 01@21:1@9"3 Rizal learned ho% to read, %rite and listened to stories that
triggered i.aginati,e and critical thinking on his part'
>e de,eloped industriousness, creati,ity, rationality and
dignity'
Second )eriod 01@9":
1@@"3
*irst turning point in the life of Rizal'
>e %as 11 and enrolled in teneo &unicipal despite his
.others ob/ection'
It %as the period %hen *athers 6o.ez, +urgos and Ea.ora
%ere un/ustly eCecuted by the Spanish go,ern.ent'
4heir .artyrdo. .ade Rizal a%are of the abuses of the
regi.e and led hi. to de,ote hi.self in the future to a,enge
in/ustices and cruelties of the Spanish'
Strengthening of his religious foundation'
Culti,ation of the dri,e to%ard eCcellence
Conception of the )hilippines as his fatherland'
8n,isioning the )hilippines recei,ing light thru education'
)erception of the inti.ate alliance bet%een religion and
education'
4hird )eriod 01@@":1@1"3 Second .a/or turning point in Rizals life'
>e decided to lea,e the )hilippines to escape persecution'
>e tra,eled and e,ery%here he %ent, he %as al%ays an
obser,er and a student, learning fro. e,erything he sa%, read
and heard'
>e took part in the )ropaganda &o,e.ent based in 8urope'
*ourth )eriod 01@1":
1@123
4he last turning point of his life before his .artyrdo. in
Bece.ber ?=, 1@12'
Rizal %as eCiled to Bapitan'
>e detached his connections %ith politics and de,oted .ore of
his ti.e in practical ser,ice and usefulness to the co..unity'
Chapter ": 4he 11
th
Century World of (ose Rizal
'rowth and (e)elopment of Nationalism
7ationalis. 0(ackson F (ackson, "===3 sense of loyalty or psychological
attach.ent .e.bers of a nation share, based on a co..on
language, history, culture and desire for independence'
It is a feeling that dri,es a people together as a nation'
&cGay et al, 111#
o >as e,ol,ed fro. a real or i.agined cultural unity,
.anifesting itself in a co..on language, history and
territory'
o 7ationalists ha,e usually sought to turn this cultural
unity into political reality so that the territory of each
people coincides %ith its state boundaries'
o 7ationalists belie,e that e,ery nation has the right to
eCist in freedo. and de,elop in character and spirit'
It can lead to aggressi,e crusades and counter:crusades and
can stress diAerences a.ong people'
Rise and 'radual Spread of Li*eralism and (emocrac+
+lack,1111 4he rise and spread of Liberalis. and Be.ocracy %as actually
a conse;uence of the gro%th and de,elop.ent of nationalis.'
Liberalis. )rinciple ideas are liberty and e;uality'
Be.anded representati,e go,ern.ent as opposed to
autocratic .onarchy, e;uality before the la% as opposed to
legally separate classes'
lso .eant speci-c indi,idual freedo.: freedo. of the pressH
freedo. of speechH freedo. of asse.blyH and freedo. fro.
arbitrary arrest'
Be.ocracy Was gradually established thru the follo%ing .eans:
o )ro.ulgation of la%s that ad,ance de.ocracy
o Indertaking of refor.s thru legislation
o bolition of sla,ery
o doption of a liberal constitution
o )ro,iding the citizens the opportunity to propose la%s
o doption of .anhood suArage and granting of political,
econo.ic and social rights to the people
4he ecclesiastical and ci,il authorities then %ere not inclined
to grant basic hu.an rights to the *ilipinos as it %ill be
disad,antageous to the Spains colonial ad.inistration of the
)hilippines fearing that it %ill .oti,ate the *ilipinos to %ork for
independence and bring do%n the Regi.e'
The ,ndustrial Re)olution
Stearns et al, 1111 $ne of the .ost crucial de,elop.ents in the 11
th
century %as
the Industrial re,olution'
Industrial Re,olution Refers to the transfor.ation of .anufacturing brought about
by the in,ention and use of .achines'
)ositi,e 8Aects Rise of the factory syste.'
&ass production of essential and non:essential goods'
I.pro,e.ent of peoples standard of li,ing'
6reater Irbanization of Society'
+eginnings of specialization or di,ision of labor'
In,ention of labor:sa,ing de,ices'
4he beginning of industrial capitalis.
*ostering of liberalis. and nationalis.'
8ncourage.ent of peoples .obility'
7egati,e 8Aects Widening the gap bet%een the rich and poor
Inending econo.ic %arfare bet%een labor and capital
)ollution and other en,iron.ental proble.s
+eginning of child and %o.en labor
Intensi-cation of i.perialistic ri,alry bet%een and a.ong
industrialized countries'
Boreen, 1111 4o sol,e the e,ils created by the industrial syste., diAerent
.easures %ere proposed by concerned sectors of %orld
society'
Liberals Laissez:faire policy or go,ern.ents non:interference in the
conduct of trade and business has to be sustained for the
continuous eCpansion of the econo.y'
Socialists ssert that the go,ern.ent has to control ,ital industries and
resources'
7ecessary in pro.oting e;uality of opportunity and peoples
%elfare in society'
Co..unists Suggest that all factors of production be o%ned and controlled
by the go,ern.ent'
8;uality can be achie,ed if social classes are destroyed and
dictatorship of the proletariat is established'
The Ad)ances of Science
Conse;uences 8,eryday eCperience and innu.erable scientists i.pressed the
i.portance of science on the .inds of ordinary citizens'
s science beca.e .ore pro.inent in popular thinking, the
philosophical i.plication of science spread to broad sections of
the population' 4echnical ad,ances led people to de,elop
opti.istic faith in .ans capability to achie,e progress'
4he .ethods of science ac;uired unri,aled prestige after 1@#='
*or .any, the union of careful eCperi.ent and abstract theory
%as the only route to the truth and ob/ecti,e reality'
The -psurge of .estern ,mperialism
Industrializing West In the 11
th
century, they entered the third and .ost dyna.ic
phase of its centuries:old:eCpansion into non:Western lands'
Conse;uences of Western
8Cpansion
4he %orld beca.e in .any %ays a single unit'
BiAused the ideas and techni;ues of a highly de,eloped
ci,ilization' Det the %est relied on force to con;uer and rule
and treated non:%estern people as racial inferiors'
7on:%estern elites launched national, anti:i.perialist struggle
for dignity, genuine independence and .odernization'
Colonized people started to assert their right to self:
deter.ination or the right to choose the kind of go,ern.ent
under %hich they %ould li,e'
/ptimism and Con0dence in Progress
Chodoro% et al,111! $pti.is. or faith in society and .ans ability to progress %as
brought about by the ad,ance.ent of science, the co.ing of
stea.:po%ered industry and the spread of liberalis. and
socialis.'
&ar;uis de Condorcet Su..ed the opti.is. of the century in his %ork Sketch for a
>istorical )icture of the )rogress of the >u.an &ind'
Sa% that Jthe strongest reasons for belie,ing that nature has
set no li.it to realization of our hopesK and foresa% Jthe
abolition of ine;uality bet%een nations, the progress of
e;uality %ithin nations and the true perfection of hu.anity'
)rogress %as no% independent of any po%er that .ight %ish
to halt it and %ill ne,er be re,ersed'K
chie,e.ents 8Ctension of hu.an rights to .any people
)ro.otion of higher education for .en and %o.en
8ducation for nationalis. in schools
In,est.ent in science to ser,e .ankind
I.pro,e.ent of public health thru the establish.ent of
nu.erous hospitals
8.ergence of realistic literature, depicting the life of the ti.e
Chapter ?: Spain and the )hilippines in the 11
th
Century
Spain in the "#
th
Centur+
Eaide, 111! 4he 11
th
century %as a turbulent century
of politics in Spanish history'
o *re;uent rise and fall of .inistries
and constitutions'
o *orce to abandon the policy of
.ercantilis. and adopted the
laissez:faire policy'
&aguigad et al, "=== 4o sa,e the country fro. political
disunity, the Spanish cro%n %orked out
the cano,ite syste. or rotati,is.'
Cano,ite Syste. or Rotati,is. 4he liberals and conser,ati,es in Spain
took turns in ad.inistering the aAairs of
the country'
&ercantilis. n econo.ic doctrine based on the idea
that a countrys %ealth and po%er can
be .easured in ter.s of its stock of gold
and sil,er'
Ro.ero et al, 119@ Spain %as forced to abandon this policy
on account of her felt need to follo% the
trend of econo.ic de,elop.ent in
8urope and at the sa.e ti.e speed up
the gro%th of her co..erce and trade'
Capino, 1199 Spains adoption of laissez:faire policy
aAected the )hilippines in se,eral %ays'
o Spain ended the 6alleon 4rade or
the &anila:capulco trade in 1@9?'
o 4his directly opened the
)hilippines to the %orld co..erce
o 8nded the econo.ic isolation of
the )hilippines fro. the rest of the
%orld'
o Created a .iddle class i.bued
%ith ci,ic courage and personal
independence %hich started the
;uestioning the abuses of the
Spanish Regi.e'
The Philippines (uring Rizal1s Time
Conse;uences of the Spanish Con;uest 4he *ilipinos lost their ancestral lands on
account of Spains institution of the
enco.ienda syste.'
*orced to accept Spanish culture and
religion'
4his change %as e,ident in the
ad.inistrati,e organization of the
country, social structure and educational
syste. of the )hilippines and econo.ic
situation in the 11
th
century'
Administrati)e /rganization
&inistry of Colonies 4hru this, the Spanish Cro%n %as able to
go,ern the )hilippines'
6o,ernor:6eneral ppointed by the Spanish .onarch
4he head of the Spanish colonial
go,ern.ent in the country'
Represented the Cro%n in all
go,ern.ental .atters'
Lice Royal )atron o,er religious aAairs
.eaning he could no.inate priests for
ecclesiastical ad.inistration of the
parishes'
Co..ander in chief of the colonial ar.y'
Chief eCecuti,e of the colonial
go,ern.ent, he %as an eC:o<cio
president of the Royal udiencia, the
Supre.e Court in the )hilippines during
those ti.es'
>ad legislati,e po%ers'
>ad the po%er of cu.plase or the po%er
to decide %hich la% or loyal decree
should be i.ple.ented or disregarded in
the colony'
ctos cordados La%s enacted by the go,ernor:general'
lcaldias 4he pro,inces during the Spanish
Regi.e'
Bi,ided into to%ns or pueblos'
lcalde &ayor or )ro,incial &ayor 8ach one headed a pro,ince %ho
eCercised eCecuti,e and /udicial
functions'
Indulto de Co..ercio 4he pro,incial go,ern.ent %as the .ost
corrupt unit in local go,ern.ent then,
o%ing to the pri,ilege to engage in the
.onopolize trade called MMMMMM'
6obernadorcillo or 4o%n &ayor 8ach one headed a pueblo'
t -rst, he %as elected by all .arried
.ales'
4hen, he %as ,oted by 1? electors,
chaired by the outgoing gobernadorcillo'
>is principal responsibility %as taC
collection'
4o ensure collection and re.ittance of
these taCes, he %as re;uired to
.ortgage his properties to the
go,ern.ent at the beginning of his ter.'
Ro.ero et al, 119@ 8ach to%n %as di,ided into barrios or
barangays'
Cabeza de +arangay >eaded a barangay, the s.allest unit of
go,ern.ent'
>is function %as to .aintenance of
peace and order and collection of taCes
and tributes in the barangay'
yunta.iento City go,ern.ent during the Spanish
Regi.e'
6o,erned by a cabildo or city council
co.posed of a city .ayor 0alcalde en
ordinario3, councilors 0regidores3, chief
constable 0aguacil .ayor3 and a
secretary 0escribano3'
Spanish friar key -gure in the local ad.inistrati,e
set:up 0Schu.acher,11193
+ecause of the union of the church and
state in the )hilippines, a principle upon
%hich the Spanish colonial go,ern.ent
in the country %as founded'
Super,ising representati,e of the
Spanish go,ern.ent for all local aAairs'
)ractically the ruler of the to%n as he
%as the local school, health, prison,
inspector and inspector of accounts of
the gobernadorcillos and cabeze de
barangays'
>is appro,al %as re;uired in census lists,
taC lists, lists of ar.y conscripts, and
register of births, deaths and .arriages'
*railocracia *riars beca.e .ore po%erful and
inNuential that e,en ci,il authorities
feared the.'
4er.ed by Lopez (aena'
6uardia Ci,il nother institution feared in the
)hilippines'
$rganized in1@29, as a corps of nati,e
police under the leadership of Spanish
o<cers for the purpose of dealing %ith
outla%s and renegades 0&aguigad et
al,"===3
*ilibusteros 8ne.ies of the go,ern.ent'
8rehes 8ne.ies of the Catholic Church'
udiencia Real Lested the /udicial po%er of the
go,ern.ent'
4he Supre.e Court during those ti.es
and the lo%er courts 0Be Leon,"===3'
>ighest court in the )hilippines'
lso ser,ed as a foru. for settling
i.portant issues on go,ernance and an
auditing agency of the -nances of
Spanish colonial ad.inistration in the
country'
Residencia 4he trial of an outgoing go,ernor:general
to account for his acts during his tenure
of o<ce'
Lisitador In,estigating o<cer to probe on
co.plaints against the go,ernor:general,
he %as not able to resist corruption for
his personal ad,antage'
Capino, 1199 nother source of %eakness and abuse
of Spanish go,ern.ent %as the
%idespread selling of lo%er position to
highest bidders'
The Social Structure of 2ilipino Societ+
Ro.ero et al, 119@ )hilippine society then %as feudalistic as
a conse;uence of the enco.ienda
syste. i.posed by the colonizers'
polo y ser,icio *orced labor to the go,ern.ent and the
Catholic Chruch'
Li.pieza de sangre )urity of +lood
4he social structure i.ple.ented by
Spain %as pyra.idal due to the
colonizers adherence to the doctrine5
0&aguigad, "===3'
Social )yra.id:
)eninsulares Spaniards born in Spain'
Insulares Spaniards born in the )hilippines'
Spanish and Chinese &estizo
)rincipalia Ruling class of nati,e elites'
Indios &asses
3ducational S+stem
Weakness of the 8ducational Syste.: $,er:e.phasis on religion
Li.ited and irrele,ant curriculu.
$bsolete classroo. facilities
Inade;uate instructional .aterial
bsence of acade.ic freedo.
Racial pre/udice against the *ilipinos in
school'
Chapter !: 4he Ba%n of *ilipino 7ationalis.
-ni0cation of the Philippines -nder Spanish 3ra
Reduccion )lan I.ple.ented by *r' (uan de )lasencia
Re;uired the nati,es to li,e in the area
near the church'
Results of the Reduccion )lan Spanish enco.enderos found it easier to
collect taCes'
4ransfor.ed the *ilipinos into la%:
abidding citizens'
4he independence of the barangays %as
lost because of the relocation of the
nati,es under the inNuence of the
church'
3arl+ Resistance to Spanish Rule
Re,olts caused by the desire to regain their lost
freedo.:
Re,olt of Raha Sulay.an and Lakan Bula
01#9!3
4ondo Conspiracy 01#@9:1#@@3
Re,olt of &along 0122=:12213
Bagohoys Re,olt 019!!:1@"13
Re,olt of Biego Silang 0192":192?3
Re,olt of )alaris 0192":192!3
Re,olts caused by resistance to Spanish:
i.posed institutions:
&agalat Re,olt 01#123
Re,olt of the Irrayas 012"13
Cagayan Re,olt 012?13
Su.uroy Rebellion 012!1:12#=3
&aniago Re,olt 0122=3
Re,olts caused by the agrarian unrest: )ro,inces of +atangas, Laguna, Ca,ite,
)a.panga and +ulacan'
Re,olts caused by the desire to re,ert to their
nati,e religion:
Igorot Re,olt 012=13
4a.blot Re,olt 012"1:12""3
Re,olt of Lanab and lababan 012"#:
12"93
4apar Re,olt 0122?3
Re,olt of *rancisco Ri,era 0191@3
Re,olt of >er.ano polinario dela Cruz
01@!=:1@!13
Re,olt of the &usli.s in Southern
)hilippines
Bi,ide et I.pera )olicy *actor for the failure of the re,olts'
4hey failed to realize that their co..on
ene.y %as the Spanish
The 3mergence of the 2ilipino Sense of Nationhood
Cause of the Be,elop.ent of 7ationalis. $pening of the )hilippines to %orld
co..erce
Rise of clase .edia
Liberal regi.e of Carlos &a' Bela 4orre
Racial Biscri.ination
Secularization contro,ersy
Ca,ite &utiny of 1@9"
The /pening of the Philippines to .orld Commerce
(ohn Lockes 4heory of Re,olution )eople can o,erthro% a go,ern.ent that
is not %orking for the good of the
go,erned'
The Rise of Clase Media
Clase &edia or 7e% .iddle class Can be traced to the prosperity of a
relati,ely s.all class of .estizos and the
principalia or ruling elite %ho bene-ted
fro. the opening of the country to
foreign co..erce and trade'
Li*eral Regime of Carlos Ma4 (ela Torre
Carlos &a' Bela 4orre Was appointed go,ernor:general after
the fall of Oueen Isabella and the
triu.ph of liberalis. in Spain'
8ncouraged the aspirations of the
refor.ists and abolished the censorship
of the press'
Buring his ter., freedo. of speech and
of the press as guaranteed by the
Spanish Constitution %ere recognized'
Rafeal de Iz;uierdo Replaced Carlos &a' Bela 4orre
+oasted that he ca.e to the )hilippines
%ith a cross on one hand and a s%ord on
the other'
Racial (iscrimination
Indios What the Spanish called the *ilipinos
&eans inferior race
*ray &iguel de +usta.ante )ortrayed the *ilipino as an indi,idual
%ith lo% .ental ability, incapable of
ac;uiring 8uropean education and -tted
only to %ork in the -eld and tend a
carabao in his pa.phlet called Si
4andang +asyong &acunat'
Secularization Contro)ers+
Secularization of )arishes 4he transfer of the .onitories
established by regular Spanish clergy to
*ilipino seculars'
*r' )edro )elaez n insulares, %ho rose to the position of
,icar capitular of &anila in1@21'
Led the -ght against royal decrees
turning secular parishes o,er to the
friars'
ppealed to the Oueen Isabella II for
ecclesiastical e;uality bet%een the
Spanish regulars and *ilipino seculars'
*r' +urgos Continued the struggle later after the
death of *r' )alaez'
>e eCerted all eAorts to defend the
*ilipino clergy fro. all the attacks by the
Spanish regulars'
pplead to the Spanish ;ueen that the
*ilipino priests the chance to pro,e that
they can e;ual the Spanish regulars'
Ca)ite Mutin+ of "$5%
Sgt' La &adrid Lead a .utiny %ith *ilipino soldiers in the
arsenal of Ca,ite on the night of (anuary
"=,1@9" brought about by Iz;uierdos
abolition of their eCe.ption fro. tributes
and forced labor'
Rizal and the Ca)ite Mutin+ of "$5%
8Cecution of 6o.burza When Rizal heard of the .artyrdo. of
6o.burza %hen he %as 11 years old, he
changed his .ind of beco.ing a priest
and beco.e a (esuit father and
dedicated his life to a,enge the ,icti.s
of the Spanish go,ern.ent'