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Module: Construction Mathematics 2 Lecture 4
Names of Angles As the Angle Increases, the Name Changes Type of Angle Description Acute Angle an angle that is less than 90 Right Angle an angle that is 90 exactly Obtuse Angle an angle that is greater than 90 but less than 180 Straight Angle an angle that is 180 exactly Reflex Angle an angle that is greater than 180
Positive and Negative Angles When measuring from a line: a positive angle goes counterclockwise (opposite direction that clocks go) a negative angle goes clockwise
Example: 67
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Parts of an Angle The corner point of an angle is called the vertex And the two straight sides are called arms The angle is the amount of turn between each arm.
Labelling Angles There are two main ways to label angles: 1. by giving the angle a name, usually a lower-case letter like a or b, or sometimes a Greek letter like (alpha) or (theta) 2. or by the three letters on the shape that define the angle, with the middle letter being where the angle actually is (its vertex). Example angle "a" is "BAC", and angle "" is "BCD"
Complementary Angles Two Angles are Complementary if they add up to 90 degrees (a Right Angle).
These two angles (40 and 50) areComplementary Angles, because they add up to 90. Notice that together they make a right angle.
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But the angles don't have to be together. These two are complementary because 27 + 63 = 90
Supplementary Angles Two Angles are Supplementary if they add up to 180 degrees.
These two angles (140 and 40) are Supplementary Angles, because they add up to 180. Notice that together they make a straight angle.
But the angles don't have to be together. These two are supplementary because 60 + 120 = 180
Complementary vs Supplementary A related idea is Complementary Angles, they add up to 90 How can you remember which is which? Easy! Think: "C" of Complementary stands for "Corner" (a Right Angle), and "S" of Supplementary stands for "Straight" (180 degrees is a straight line)
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Circle
A circle is easy to make: Draw a curve that is "radius" away from a central point. And so: All points are the same distance from the center. You Can Draw It Yourself Put a pin in a board, put a loop of string around it, and insert a pencil into the loop. Keep the string stretched and draw the circle!
Radius, Diameter and Circumference
The Radius is the distance from the center to the edge. The Diameter starts at one side of the circle, goes through the center and ends on the other side. The Circumference is the distance around the edge of the circle. And here is the really cool thing: When you divide the circumference by the diameter you get 3.141592654... which is the number (Pi) Page 5 of 23
So when the diameter is 1, the circumference is 3.141592654...
We can say: Circumference = Diameter Also note that the Diameter is twice the Radius: Diameter = 2 Radius And so this is also true: Circumference = 2 Radius Remembering The length of the words may help you remember: Radius is the shortest word Diameter is longer (and is 2 Radius) Circumference is the longest (and is Diameter)
Definition The circle is a plane shape (two dimensional): And the definition of a circle is:
The set of all points on a plane that are a fixed distance from a center.
Area
The area of a circle is times the radius squared, which is written: A = r 2
Or, in terms of the Diameter: Page 6 of 23
A = (/4) D 2
Example: What is the area of a circle with radius of 1.2 m ? A = r 2
A = 1.2 2
A = (1.2 1.2) A = 3.14159... 1.44 = 4.52 (to 2 decimals)
Area Compared to a Square
A circle has about 80% of the area of a similar-width square. The actual value is (/4) = 0.785398... = 78.5398...%
Example
The diagram shows a logo design consisting of two circles joined together. The top circle has radius 3 units and center O. The bottom circle has radius 5 units and center P. Page 7 of 23
What is the area of the logo?
Names Because people have studied circles for thousands of years special names have come about. Nobody wants to say "that line that starts at one side of the circle, goes through the center and ends on the other side" when a word like "Diameter" would do. So here are the most common special names:
Lines A line that goes from one point to another on the circle's circumference is called a Chord. If that line passes through the center it is called a Diameter. A line that "just touches" the circle as it passes by is called aTangent. And a part of the circumference is called an Arc. Slices There are two main "slices" of a circle The "pizza" slice is called a Sector. And the slice made by a chord is called a Segment.
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A secant line of a curve is a line that (locally) intersects two points on the curve. Common Sectors The Quadrant and Semicircle are two special types of Sector:
Quarter of a circle is called a Quadrant.
Half a circle is called a Semicircle.
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Inside and Outside
A circle has an inside and an outside (of course!). But it also has an "on", because you could be right on the circle. Example: "A" is outside the circle, "B" is inside the circle and "C" is on the circle.
Pi ()
Draw a circle with a radius of 1. The distance half way around the edge of the circle will be 3.14159265... a number known as Pi Or you could draw a circle with a diameter of 1. Then the circumference (the distance all the way around the edge of the circle) will be Pi
Pi (the symbol is the Greek letter ) is: The ratio of the Circumference to the Diameter of a Circle. Page 10 of 23
In other words, if you measure the circumference, and then divide by the diameter of the circle you get the number It is approximately equal to: 3.14159265358979323846 The digits go on and on with no pattern. In fact, has been calculated to over two quadrillion decimal places and still there is no pattern.
Approximation A quick and easy approximation for is 22/7 22/7 = 3.1428571... But as you can see, 22/7 is not exactly right. In fact is not equal to the ratio of any two numbers, which makes it an irrational number. A better approximation (but stll not exact) is: 355/113 = 3.1415929... (think "113355", then divide the "355" by the "113") Remembering I usually just remember "3.14159", but you can also count the letters of: "May I have a large container of butter today" 3 1 4 1 5 9 2 6 5
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Area of a Sector You can work out the Area of a Sector by comparing its angle to the angle of a full circle. Note: I am using radians for the angles.
This is the reasoning: A circle has an angle of 2 and an Area of: r 2
So a Sector with an angle of (instead of 2) must have an area of: (/2) r 2
Which can be simplified to: (/2) r 2
Area of Sector = r 2 (when is in radians) Area of Sector = ( /180) r 2 (when is in degrees)
Arc Length By the same reasoning, the arc length (of a Sector or Segment) is: L = r (when is in radians) L = ( /180) r (when is in degrees)
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Area of Segment The Area of a Segment is the area of a sector minus the triangular piece (shown in light blue here). There is a lengthy reason, but the result is a slight modification of the Sector formula:
Area of Segment = ( - sin ) r 2 (when is in radians) Area of Segment = ( ( /180) - sin ) r 2 (when is in degrees)
Annulus
An annulus is a flat shape like a ring.
Its edges are two circles that have the same center.
Area Because it is a circle with a circular hole, you can calculate the area by subtracting the area of the "hole" from the big circle's area:
Area = R 2 - r 2
= ( R 2 - r 2 )
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Example: a steel pipe has an outside diameter (OD) of 100mm and an inside diameter (ID) of 80mm, what is the area of the cross section? Convert diameter to radius for both outside and inside circles: R = 100 mm / 2 = 50 mm r = 80 mm / 2 = 40 mm Now calculate area: Area = ( R 2 - r 2 ) Area = 3.14159... ( 50 2 - 40 2 ) Area = 3.14159... ( 2500 - 1600
) Area = 3.14159... 900 Area = 2827 mm 2 (to nearest mm 2 )
Circle Theorems There are some interesting things about angles and circles that I want to share with you: Inscribed Angle First off, a definition: Inscribed Angle: an angle made from points sitting on the circle's circumference.
A and C are "end points" B is the "apex point" Page 14 of 23
Inscribed Angle Theorems An inscibed angle a is half of the central angle 2a
(Called the Angle at the Center Theorem) And (keeping the endpoints fixed) ... ... the angle a is always the same, no matter where it is on the circumference:
Angle a is the same. (Called the Angles Subtended by Same Arc Theorem)
Example: What is the size of Angle POQ? (O is circle's center)
Angle POQ = 2 Angle PRQ = 2 62 = 124
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Example: What is the size of Angle CBX?
Angle ADB = 32 equals Angle ACB. And Angle ACB equals Angle XCB. So in triangle BXC we know Angle BXC = 85, and Angle XCB = 32 Now use angles of a triangle add to 180 : Angle CBX + Angle BXC + Angle XCB = 180 Angle CBX + 85 + 32 = 180 Angle CBX = 63
Angle in a Semicircle An angle inscribed in a semicircle is always a right angle:
(The end points are either end of a circle's diameter, the apex point can be anywhere on the circumference.) Why? Because: The inscibed angle 90 is half of the central angle 180 (Using "Angle at the Center Theorem" above)
Another Good Reason Why It Works We could also rotate the shape around 180 to make a rectangle! It is a rectangle, because all sides are parallel, and both diagonals are equal. And so its internal angles are all right angles (90).
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So there you go! No matter where that angle is on the circumference, it is always 90 Example: What is the size of Angle BAC?
The Angle in the Semicircle Theorem tells us that Angle ACB = 90 Now use angles of a triangle add to 180 to find Angle BAC: Angle BAC + 55 + 90 = 180 Angle BAC = 35
Cyclic Quadrilateral A "Cyclic" Quadrilateral has every vertex on a circle's circumference:
A Cyclic Quadrilateral's opposite angles add to 180: a + c = 180 b + d = 180
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Example: What is the size of Angle WXY?
Opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral add to 180 Angle WZY + Angle WXY = 180 69 + Angle WXY = 180 Angle WXY = 111
Tangent Angle A tangent is a line that just touches a circle at one point. It always forms a right angle with the circle's radius as shown here.
RS and RT are tangents to the circle center O. SUT = 72
What is the size of SRT?
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Radians
We can measure Angles in Radians. 1 Radian is about 57.2958 degrees. Does 57.2958... degrees seem a strange value? Maybe degrees are strange, as the Radian is a pure measure based on the Radius of the circle: Radian: the angle made by taking the radius and wrapping it along the edge of a circle:
So, a Radian "cuts out" a length of a circle's circumference equal to the radius.
Radians and Degrees
As shown in the animation above: There are radians in a half circle And also 180 in a half circle So radians = 180 So 1 radian = 180/ = 57.2958 (approximately) Degrees Radians (exact) Radians (approx) 30 /6 0.524 45 /4 0.785 60 /3 1.047 Page 19 of 23
90 /2 1.571 180 3.142 270 3/2 4.712 360 2 6.283
Example: How Many Radians in a Full Circle? Imagine you cut up pieces of string exactly the length from the center of a circle to its edge ... ... how many pieces would you need to go around the edge of the circle?
Answer: 2 (or about 6.283 pieces of string).
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Area of Plane Shapes What is Area? Area is the size of a surface!
Triangle Area = b h b = base h = vertical height
Square Area = a 2
a = length of side
Rectangle Area = w h w = width h = height
Parallelogram Area = b h b = base h = vertical height
Trapezoid (US) Trapezium (UK) Area = (a+b) h h = vertical height
Circle Area = r 2
Circumference = 2 r r = radius
Ellipse Area = ab
Sector Area = r 2
r = radius = angle in radians Note: h is at right angles to b:
Example: What is the area of this triangle?
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Height = h = 12 Base = b = 20 Area = b h = 20 12 = 120
A harder example:
Example: Sam cuts grass at $0.10 per square meter How much does Sam earn cutting this area:
Let's break the area into two parts:
Part A is a square: Area of A = a 2 = 20m 20m = 400m 2
Part B is a triangle. Viewed sideways it has a base of 20m and a height of 14m. Area of B = b h = 20m 14m = 140m 2
So the total area is: Area = Area of A + Area of B = 400m 2 + 140m 2 = 540m 2
Sam earns $0.10 per square meter Sam earns = $0.10 540m 2 = $54
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Volumes Volume of a cube Given the length of one side, call it a, the volume of a cube can be found by using the following formula:
Vcube = a 3 = a a a
Volume of a box Given the length, the height, and the width, the volume of a box also called rectangular prism can be found by using the following formula:
Vbox = l w h
It is not always straightforward to label the height, the width, and the length. It is just a matter of perspective! Looking at box above, what I labeled as length could also be called width and vice versa. And it you rotate the box by 90 degrees, what looks like the length right now will look like the height Finally, the volume is expressed in cubit unit. Therefore, if the unit you are using is meter, the volume is expressed in cubic meter or meter 3
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Volume of a sphere Given the radius, the volume of a sphere can be found by using the following formula:
V = (4/3) pi r 3
Volume of cylinders Given the radius and h, the volume of cylinders can be found by using the formula:
Volumecylinder = Area of base height = pi r 2 h
Volume of a Prism The Volume of a prism is the area of one end times the length of the prism
Volume = Area Length Example: What is the volume of a prism whose ends have an area of 25 in 2 and which is 12 in long: Answer: Volume = 25 in 2 12 in = 300 in 3
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