A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the

Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc.
Edited by
M.N.V. Prasad
Kenneth S. Sajwan
Ravi Naidu
TRACE ELEMENTS
in the
ENVIRONMENT
Biogeochemistry, Biotechnology, and Bioremediation
Boca Raton London New York
2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Published in 2006 by
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
International Standard Book Number-10: 1-56670-685-8 (Hardcover)
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-56670-685-8 (Hardcover)
Library of Congress Card Number 2005041838
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with
permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish
reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials
or for the consequences of their use.
No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or
other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information
storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com
(http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC) 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA
01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For
organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for
identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Trace elements in the environment: biogeochemistry, biotechnology, and bioremediation / edited by M.N.V.
Prasad, Ravi Naidu, Kenneth S. Sajwan.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-56670-685-8
1. Trace elements--Environmental aspects. I. Prasad, M. N. V. (Majeti Narasimha Vara), 1953- II. Sajwan,
Kenneth S. III. Naidu, R.
QH545.T7T73 2005
628.5--dc22 2005041838
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
http://www.crcpress.com
Taylor & Francis Group
is the Academic Division of T&F Informa plc.
L1685_Discl.fm Page 1 Thursday, September 1, 2005 2:36 PM
2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Preface
Plant and soil form an integrated system. Technogenic contamination of soils with potentially toxic
trace elements (PTE) are reflected in the functioning of plants and soil biota. Soil contamination
by PTE has several implications for human health, as well as for the biosphere. Trace element
biogeogenic cycling in the environment is an integral function of the ecosystem (aquatic, terres-
trial, and atmospheric). Therefore, the aim of this collective work is to deal with the trace elements
in the holistic environment, considering advancements in the state-of the-art analytical techniques,
molecular biology, and contemporary biotechnology that enhance our knowledge of the behavior
of trace elements in the biogeosphere and organismal levels, i.e., at the cellular and molecular
levels. Various chapters of this book provide the background with appropriate examples to under-
standing the trace elements in the biogeosphere on bioavailability, biogeochemistry, biotechnology,
bioremediation, and risk assessment.
Trace element behavior and fate depend on their chemistry in soil inorganic and organic phases;
their bioavailability depends on a variety of factors concerning the ambient environment, soil, and/or
sludge. Trace element enrichment in soil, water, and air may result from natural sources and/or
anthropogenic activities such as smelting, mining, agricultural, and waste disposal technologies.
For example, coal fly ash application to soils and its effect on boron and other trace element
availability to plants; bioavailability of trace elements in relation to root modification in the
rhizosphere; and availability through sewage sludge are some important issues discussed in this
book. To better explore adaptive physiology of plants exposed to elevated doses of trace elements,
knowledge of the behavior of the essential and nonessential elements, aspects related to biogeogenic
cycling, accumulation, and exclusion mechanisms by target organisms is a must.
It is generally accepted that the rhizosphere plays an important role in the bioavailability of
trace elements. The mechanisms involved in chemical modifications in the rhizosphere, as well as
on uptake of trace elements, differ among plant species and soil conditions. The ability to manipulate
siderophore production in the rhizosphere to improve plant trace element nutrition will remain a
significant challenge for the future to investigate. The importance of mycorrhizal symbiosis for the
establishment of a sustainable plant cover on soils with PTE is therefore obvious. Microbial
genomics is an integrated tool for developing biosensors for toxic trace elements in the environment,
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and the role of arbuscular mycorrhiza and associated microorganisms
are increasingly considered in phytoremediation of heavy metal polluted sites. Plant metallothionein
genes; genetic engineering for the cleanup of toxic trace elements; and metallomics, a multidis-
ciplinary metal-assisted functional biogeochemistry its scope and limitations as the crux of
biotechnology and its role in dealing with the PTE in the environment are some of the themes
reviewed in different chapters.
Self-cleaning of soils does not take place or, rather, takes place extremely slowly. The toxic
metals in top soil, thus get accumulated in plants. Plants can remediate metal pollutants mainly in
two ways: (1) phytostabilization, in which plants convert pollutants to a less bioavailable form
and/or prevent pollutants dispersal by wind erosion or leaching; and (2) phytoextraction, in which
plants accumulate pollutants in their harvestable tissues, thus decreasing the concentration of the
pollutants in the soil. Plants that accumulate and/or exclude toxic trace elements; tolerant plants
and biodiversity prospecting to promote phytotechnologies for environmental cleanup; phytoman-
agement of abandoned mines and biogeochemical prospecting; phytoremediation of contaminated
soil with cereal crops; and the role of fertilizers and bacteria in biavailability of metals are reviewed.
2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Phytotechnologies using trees; stabilization, remediation, and integrated management of metal-
contaminated ecosystems by grasses; applications of weeds more adapted to unfavorable soil
conditions such as low moisture; presence of toxic metals easily acclimatized to local situation that
would act as sentinels for monitoring trace element pollution; detoxification and defense mecha-
nisms in metal-exposed plants; biogeochemical cycling of trace elements by aquatic and wetland
plants and its relevance to phytoremediation; plants that hyperaccumulate PTE and biodiversity
prospecting for phytoremediation; phytomanagement of radioactively contaminated sites; phytoex-
traction of Cd and Zn by willows advantages and limitations; adaptive physiology; and rhizo-
sphere biotechnology are covered in the sections on biotechnology and bioremediation.
Bacterial biosorption of trace elements; processes and applications of electroremediation of
heavy metal-contaminated soils; and application of novel nanoporous sorbents for the removal of
heavy metals, metalloids, and radionuclides are some of the emerging areas of research that have
been included in this book.
The increasing level of trace elements in the tissues of plants and animals due to bioaccumu-
lation and trophic transfer has adverse effects on ecological and human health. Therefore, the risk
assessment, pathways, and trace element toxicity of sewage sludge-amended soils and usage in
agroforestry; trophic transfer of trace metals and associated human health issues; and PTE accu-
mulation, movement, and remediation in soils receiving animal manure are also covered.
2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Editors
M.N.V. Prasad is a professor of environmental biology at the University of Hyderabad, India. The
author, coauthor, editor, or coeditor for 6 books; Dr. Prasad has published more than 140 research
papers in the broad area of environmental botany and heavy metal stress in plants. From 2000 to
2004, Dr. Prasad served as head of the Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences;
during 2001-2003, he functioned as a coordinator for the M.Sc. Biotechnology programme of the
School of Life Sciences (sponsored by the Department of Biotechnology, Government of India);
also as coordinator since 1995, and post graduate diploma in Environmental Education and Man-
agement, Centre for Distance Education. He is an elected fellow of the Linnean Society of London,
England, and the National Institute of Ecology, New Delhi, India, and a member of the International
Allelopathy Society; the National Institute of Ecology; the Bioenergy Society of India; and the
Indian Network for Soil Contamination Research. He received B.Sc. (1973) and M.Sc. (1975)
degrees from Andhra University, India, and a Ph.D. degree (1979) in botany from the University
of Lucknow, India.
Academic distinctions:
2003: Academy of Finland, visiting scientist, Department of Biology/Botany, University
of Oulu, Finland
2000: Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA) visiting fellow-
ship, Institute of Botany Stockholm University
1998: Elected fellow, Linnean Society of London
1998: Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Technologia (FCT), Portugal visiting professorship
at the Departamento de Botanica, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
1996: IndoPolish Cultural Exchange Program, visiting fellowship, Institution of Molec-
ular Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
1996: Elected fellow, National Institute of Ecology, New Delhi
1994: Natural and Engineering Research Council (NSERC), Canada, Foreign Researcher
Award
Professor Ravi Naidu is foundation professor and the inaugural director of the Australian Research
Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation. He has researched environmental
contaminants, bioavailability, and remediation for over 20 years. Naidu has co-authored over 300
technical publications and co-edited 8 books in the field of soil and environmental sciences including
remediation of contaminated sites. Since 1994, he has worked with scientists from the Asia region
on environmental contamination, including the recent arsenic poisoning of people in Bangladesh,
India, and China. In recognition of his contribution to environmental research, he was awarded the
Gold Medal in environmental science in 1998 by Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, elected to
the Fellow of Soil Science Society of America in 2000, and also elected Fellow of the Soil Society
of New Zealand in 2004. Naidu is the chair of the Standards AustraliaNew Zealand Technical
Committee on Sampling and Analyses of Contaminated Soils; chair of the International Committee
on Bioavailability and Risk Assessment; chair of the International Union of Soil Sciences Com-
mission for Soil Degradation Control, Remediation, and Reclamation; president of the International
Society on Trace Element Biogeochemistry; and sitting member of the Victorian EPA Contaminated
Sites Auditor Panel.
2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Kenneth S. Sajwan is a professor and director of the environmental science program in the
department of natural sciences and mathematics at Georgias Savannah State University. Dr. Sajwan
earned a B.S. degree in agriculture and animal husbandry, an M.S. degree in agronomy, and Ph.D.
degrees in science from the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur and in soil chemistry and
plant nutrition from Colorado State University. Dr. Sajwan joined the faculty of Savannah State
University in 1992 as an associate professor and was promoted to full professor in 1996. Prior to
joining the faculty of Savannah State University, he was an assistant professor at the University of
Georgias Savannah River Ecology Laboratory in Aiken, South Carolina. His previous work expe-
rience includes a World Bank consultancy to Colombia, South America, and research associateships
at the universities of Wisconsin and Kentucky. Dr. Sajwan holds adjunct professorship appointments
at Alabama Agricultural & Mechanical University and the University of South Carolina at Aiken,
and a faculty affiliate appointment at the Institute of Ecology at the University of Georgia.
Dr. Sajwan has been recognized as a devoted and talented teacher and his accomplishments
are reflected in his ability to motivate, challenge, and inspire his students to excel in the classroom
and beyond. Dr. Sajwan has received several awards for his outstanding contribution to teaching
and research. He is a recipient of the Richard Nicholson National Award for Excellence in Science
Teaching (2005); the National Science Teachers Association Distinguished Science Teacher Award
(2004); the Ernest L. Boyer International Award for Teaching, Learning, and Technology (2003);
the Board of Regents University System of Georgia Teaching Excellence Award (2002); and the
White House Millennium Award for Teaching and Research Excellence (2001). In addition, he is
the recipient of the Board of Regents University System of Georgia Distinguished Professor of
Teaching and Learning Award for the 1998-1999 academic year at Savannah State University and
is the recipient of the 1999 International Award for Innovative Excellence in Teaching, Learning,
and Technology.
Dr. Sajwan has edited four books, Coal Combustion Products and Environmental Issues,
Chemistry of Trace Elements in Fly Ash, Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements in Coal and Coal
Combustion Byproducts, and Trace Elements in Coal and Coal Combustion Residues. In addition,
he has published two laboratory manuals and over 100 articles in peer reviewed journals, serials,
conference proceedings, and symposia. Dr. Sajwans primary research areas of interest include
biogeochemistry of trace elements, environmental chemistry, ecotoxicology, and chemical equilibria
in soils.
2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Contributors
J. Afolabi
Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics
Savannah State University
Savannah, Georgia
Clark Alexander
Department of Chemistry
Murray State University
Murray, Kentucky
A.K. Alva
Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics
Savannah State University
Savannah, Georgia
V. Antoniadis
Institute of Soil Mapping and Classification
National Agricultural Research Foundation
Larissa, Greece
P. Aravind
Department of Plant Sciences
University of Hyderabad
Hyderabad, India
C.R. Babu
Center for Environmental Management of Degraded Ecosystems
School of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi
Delhi, India
J.M. Barea
Departamento Microbiologia del Suelo y Sistemas Simbioticos
Estacin Experimental del Zaidin
Granada, Spain
D.I. Bashmakov
Department of Botany and Plant Physiology
Mordovian N.P. Ogariov State University
Saransk, Russia
Nanthi Bolan
Institute of Natural Resources
Massey University
Palmerston North, New Zealand
2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Ranadhir Chakraborty
Department of Botany, Microbiology Laboratory
University of North Bengal
West Bengal, India
I-Lun Chien
Department of Chemistry
Murray State University
Murray, Kentucky
Brent Clothier
HortResearch
Palmerston North, New Zealand
Jan Colpaert
Environmental Biology
Limburgs University Centre
Diepenbeek, Belgium
Nicholas G. Danalatos
Department of Environmental Studies
University of Aegean
Mytilini, Greece
Rupali Datta
Earth and Environmental Science Department
The University of Texas at San Antonio
San Antonio, Texas
Ma. del Carmen Angeles Gonzlez Chvez
Natural Resources Institute
Colegio de Postgraduados
Montecillo, Mxico
N.M. Dickinson
School of Biological and Earth Sciences
Liverpool John Moores University
Liverpool, England
H. Freitas
Departamento de Botnica
Universidade de Coimbra
Coimbra, Portugal
Glen E. Fryxell
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Richland, Washington
V. GianinazziPearson
Plante-Microbe-Environment
Dijon, France
2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Maria Greger
Department of Botany
Stockholm University
Stockholm, Sweden
B.H. Hulin
Department of Renewal Resources
University of Wyoming
Laramie, Wyoming
V.K. Jha
Institute of Life Sciences
Orissa, India
A. Jurkiewicz
Institute of Botany of the Jagiellonian University
Krakow, Poland
So-Young Kang
Department of Environmental Science and Engineering
Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST)
Gwangju, South Korea
Catherine Keller
CEREGE
Universit Aix-Marseille III
Aix-en-Provence, France
Kyoung-Woong Kim
Department of Environmental Science and Engineering
Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST)
Gwangju, South Korea
N. Kundu
Department of Geology and Geophysics
Indian Institute of Technology
West Bengal, India
Corinne Leyval
Laboratoire des Interactions Microorganismes-Minraux-Matiere
Organique dans les Sols
Vandoeuvre-ls-Nancy, France
Yuehe Lin
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Richland, Washington
G. Lingua
Dipartimento di Scienze dellAmbiente e della Vita
Universit del e gustes Piemonte Orientale Amedeo Avogadro
Alessandria, Italy
2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Bommanna G. Loganathan
Department of Chemistry
Murray State University
Murray, Kentucky
Amit Love
Center for Environmental Management of Degraded Ecosystems
School of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi
Delhi, India
A.S. Lukatkin
Department of Botany and Plant Physiology
Mordovian N.P. Ogariov State University
Saransk, Russia
Santiago Mahimairaja
Institute of Natural Resources
Massey University
Palmerston North, New Zealand
Theodora Matsi
Soil Science Laboratory
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
Thessaloniki, Greece
Shas V. Mattigod
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Richland, Washington
Ioannis K. Mitsios
Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment
School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly
Magnesia, Greece
Jeffrey M. Novak
USDAARS
Coastal Plains Research Center
Florence, South Carolina
M.K. Panigrahi
Department of Geology and Geophysics
Indian Institute of Technology
West Bengal, India
S. Paramasivam
Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics
Savannah State University
Savannah, Georgia
2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Kent E. Parker
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Richland, Washington
M.N.V. Prasad
Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences
University of Hyderabad
Hyderabad, India
J. Pratas
Departamento de Cincias da Terra
Universidade de Coimbra
Coimbra, Portugal
I.D. Pulford
Environmental, Agricultural, and Analytical Chemistry
Chemistry Department, University of Glasgow
Glasgow, Scotland
K.J. Reddy
Department of Renewal Resources
University of Wyoming
Laramie, Wyoming
Alexandra B. Ribeiro
Departamento de Cincias e Engenharia do Ambiente, Faculdade de Cincias e Tecnologia
Universidade Nova de Lisboa
Caparica, Portugal
Brett Robinson
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology
Zurich Institute of Terrestrial Ecology
Schlieren, Switzerland
Jose M. RodrguezMaroto
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences
University of Malaga
Malaga, Spain
Pradosh Roy
Department of Microbiology
Bose Institute
Kolkata, India
Shivendra Sahi
Biotechnology Center, Department of Biology
Western Kentucky University
Bowling Green, Kentucky
2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
B.B. Sahu
Institute of Life Sciences
Orissa, India
Kenneth S. Sajwan
Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics
Savannah State University
Savannah, Georgia
V. Samaras
Institute of Soil Mapping and Classification
National Agricultural Research Foundation
Larissa, Greece
Dibyendu Sarkar
Earth and Environmental Science Department
The University of Texas at San Antonio
San Antonio, Texas
K. Chandra Sekhar
DRDO, Ministry of Defense
Government of India
Defense of Metallurgical Research Laboratory
Hyderabad, India
J. Sgouras
National Agricultural Research Foundation
Institute of Soil Classification and Mapping
Larissa, Greece
Nilesh Sharma
Biotechnology Center, Department of Biology
Western Kentucky University
Bowling Green, Kentucky
B.P. Shaw
Institute of Life Sciences
Orissa, India
Irina Shtangeeva
St. Petersburg University
St. Petersburg, Russia
Karamat R. Sistani
USDAARS
Animal Waste Management Research Unit
Bowling Green, Kentucky
2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Q.D. Skinner
Department of Renewal Resources
University of Wyoming
Laramie, Wyoming
S. Stamatiadis
Gaia Environmental Research and Education Center
Goulandris Natural History Museum
Athens, Greece
S. Tripathy
Department of Geology and Geophysics
Indian Institute of Technology
West Bengal, India
Christos Tsadilas
National Agricultural Research Foundation
Institute of Soil Classification and Mapping
Larissa, Greece
E. Tsantila
Gaia Environmental Research and Education Center
Goulandris Natural History Museum
Athens, Greece
K. Turnau
Institute of Botany
The Jagiellonian University
Krakow, Poland
H. Vandenhove
SCK-CEN, Radiation Protection Research Department
Boeretang, Belgium
Jaco Vangronsveld
Environmental Biology
Limburgs University Center
Diepenbeek, Belgium
2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Table of Contents
Section I: Bioavailability
Chapter 1
Coal Fly Ash Application to Soils and its Effect on Boron Availability to Plants ....................... 3
Theodora Matsi and Christos Tsadilas
Chapter 2
Bioavailability of Trace Elements in Relation to Root Modification in the Rhizosphere........... 25
Ioannis K. Mitsios and Nicholas G. Danalatos
Chapter 3
Availability of Heavy Metals Applied to Soil through Sewage Sludge ....................................... 39
V. Antoniadis, Christos Tsadilas, V. Samaras, and J. Sgouras
Chapter 4
Influence of Fly Ash Application on Heavy Metal Forms and Their Availability...................... 63
Christos Tsadilas, E. Tsantila, S. Stamatiadis, V. Antoniadis, and V. Samaras
Chapter 5
Arsenic Concentration and Bioavailability in Soils as a Function of Soil Properties:
a Florida Case Study...................................................................................................................... 77
Dibyendu Sarkar and Rupali Datta
Section II: Biogeochemistry
Chapter 6
Solubility, Mobility, and Bioaccumulation of Trace Elements: Abiotic Processes
in the Rhizosphere ......................................................................................................................... 97
Brett Robinson, Nanthi Bolan, Santiago Mahimairaja, and Brent Clothier
Chapter 7
Appraisal of Fluoride Contamination of Groundwater through Multivariate Analysis:
Case Study.................................................................................................................................... 111
S. Tripathy, M.K. Panigrahi, and N. Kundu
Chapter 8
Geochemical Processes Governing Trace Elements in CBNG-Produced Water........................ 125
K.J. Reddy, Q.D. Skinner, and B.H. Hulin
2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Chapter 9
Temporal Trends of Inorganic Elements in Kentucky Lake Sediments ..................................... 147
Bommanna G. Loganathan, Clark Alexander, I-Lun Chien, and Kenneth S. Sajwan
Chapter 10
Chemical Association of Trace Elements in Soils Amended with Biosolids:
Comparison of Two Biosolids ..................................................................................................... 155
Kenneth S. Sajwan, S. Paramasivam, A.K. Alva, and J. Afolabi
Section III: Biotechnology
Chapter 11
Microbial Genomics as an Integrated Tool for Developing Biosensors for Toxic Trace
Elements in the Environment....................................................................................................... 169
Ranadhir Chakraborty and Pradosh Roy
Chapter 12
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Heavy Metals: Tolerance Mechanisms and
Potential Use in Bioremediation.................................................................................................. 211
Ma. del Carmen Angeles Gonzlez Chvez, Jaco Vangronsveld, Jan Colpaert,
and Corinne Leyval
Chapter 13
Role of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza and Associated Microorganisms in Phytoremediation of
Heavy Metal-Polluted Sites ..........................................................................................................235
K. Turnau, A. Jurkiewicz, G. Lingua, J.M. Barea, and V. GianinazziPearson
Chapter 14
Plant Metallothionein Genes and Genetic Engineering for the Cleanup of Toxic
Trace Elements............................................................................................................................. 253
M.N.V. Prasad
Chapter 15
Metallomics a Multidisciplinary Metal-Assisted Functional Biogeochemistry:
Scope and Limitations ................................................................................................................. 271
M.N.V. Prasad
Chapter 16
Detoxification/Defense Mechanisms in Metal-Exposed Plants .................................................. 291
B.P. Shaw, M.N.V. Prasad, V.K. Jha, and B.B. Sahu
Chapter 17
Bacterial Biosorption of Trace Elements .................................................................................... 325
Kyoung-Woong Kim and So-Young Kang
2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Chapter 18
Electroremediation of Heavy Metal-Contaminated Soils Processes and Applications......... 341
Alexandra B. Ribeiro and Jose M. RodrguezMaroto
Chapter 19
Application of Novel Nanoporous Sorbents for the Removal of Heavy Metals,
Metalloids, and Radionuclides..................................................................................................... 369
Shas V. Mattigod, Glen E. Fryxell, Kent E. Parker, and Yuehe Lin
Section IV: Bioremediation
Chapter 20
Phytoremediation Technologies Using Trees .............................................................................. 383
I.D. Pulford and N.M. Dickinson
Chapter 21
Stabilization, Remediation, and Integrated Management of Metal-Contaminated
Ecosystems by Grasses (Poaceae) ............................................................................................... 405
M.N.V. Prasad
Chapter 22
Physiology of Lead Accumulation and Tolerance in a Lead-Accumulating Plant
(Sesbania drummondii) ................................................................................................................ 425
Nilesh Sharma and Shivendra Sahi
Chapter 23
Temperate Weeds in Russia: Sentinels for Monitoring Trace Element Pollution and
Possible Application in Phytoremediation .................................................................................. 439
D.I. Bashmakov, A.S. Lukatkin, and M.N.V. Prasad
Chapter 24
Biogeochemical Cycling of Trace Elements by Aquatic and Wetland Plants:
Relevance to Phytoremediation ................................................................................................... 451
M.N.V. Prasad, Maria Greger, and P. Aravind
Chapter 25
Metal-Tolerant Plants: Biodiversity Prospecting for Phytoremediation Technology ................. 483
M.N.V. Prasad and H. Freitas
Chapter 26
Trace Elements in Plants and Soils of Abandoned Mines in Portugal: Significance for
Phytomanagement and Biogeochemical Prospecting.................................................................. 507
M.N.V. Prasad, J. Pratas, and H. Freitas
2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Chapter 27
Plants That Accumulate and/or Exclude Toxic Trace Elements Play an Important Role in
Phytoremediation ......................................................................................................................... 523
M.N.V. Prasad
Chapter 28
Phytoremediation of Trace Element Contaminated Soil with Cereal Crops: Role of
Fertilizers and Bacteria on Bioavailability.................................................................................. 549
Irina Shtangeeva
Chapter 29
Phytomanagement of Radioactively Contaminated Sites............................................................ 583
H. Vandenhove
Chapter 30
Efficiency and Limitations of Phytoextraction by High Biomass Plants: The Example
of Willows .................................................................................................................................... 611
Catherine Keller
Section V: Risk Assessment
Chapter 31
Risk Assessment, Pathways, and Trace Element Toxicity of Sewage Sludge-Amended
Agroforestry and Soils................................................................................................................. 633
K. Chandra Sekhar and M.N.V. Prasad
Chapter 32
Trophic Transfer of Trace Elements and Associated Human Health Effects............................. 659
Amit Love and C.R. Babu
Chapter 33
Trace Metal Accumulation, Movement, and Remediation in Soils Receiving
Animal Manure ............................................................................................................................ 689
Karamat R. Sistani and Jeffrey M. Novak
2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC