NATROSOL

Hydroxyethylcellulose
A Nonionic Water-Soluble Polymer
Physical
and
Chemical
Properties
N
A
T
R
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Natrosol

HEC and Its Applications

1
NATROSOL

Hydroxyethylcellulose
A Nonionic Water-Soluble Polymer
CONTENTS PAGE
NATROSOL HYDROXYETHYLCELLULOSE
A NONIONIC WATER-SOLUBLE POLYMER . . . . 2
A Guide to Where and Why Natrosol
Hydroxyethylcellulose Is Used . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
CHEMISTRY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Substitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
GRADES AND VISCOSITY TYPES . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
R-Grades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
B-Grades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Particle Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Selected Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
PROPERTIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Solubility in Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Moisture Absorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Dermatology and Toxicology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
FDA and EPA Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Microbiological Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Product Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
DISSOLVING NATROSOL HEC IN WATER . . . . . 7
Natrosol R-Grade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Solubility in Organic Solvents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS
OF NATROSOL HEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Effect of Concentration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Effect of Blending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Effect of Shear Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Effect of Mixed Solvents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Effect of Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Effect of pH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Viscosity Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Preservatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Use of Defoamers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Tolerance for Inorganic Salts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
COMPATIBILITY WITH OTHER MATERIALS . . . .13
Latex Emulsions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Cellulosic Water-Soluble Polymers . . . . . . . . . 13
Water-Soluble Resins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Natural Gums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Preservatives or Biocides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Surfactants and Detergents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Defoamers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Plasticizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Organic Solvents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
PROPERTIES OF FILMS OF NATROSOL . . . . . . 16
Unplasticized Films . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Plasticizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Heat-Seal Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Solubility in Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Insolubility in Organic Solvents . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Resistance to Grease and Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Photosensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Adhesion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Insolubilizing Films of Natrosol . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
APPENDIXMETHODS OF ANALYSIS
FOR NATROSOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Viscosity Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Moisture Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Solution Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Viscosity Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Ash Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
QUALITY CONTROL, PACKAGING,
AND SHIPPING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
SOURCE AND DESCRIPTION OF
TRADEMARKED PRODUCTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Hercules Incorporated, 1999.
Natrosol hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) is a nonionic water-
soluble polymer derived from cellulose. Like Aqualon

cellulose gum (sodium carboxymethylcellulose), it is a

cellulose ether, but it differs in that it is nonionic and its
solutions are unaffected by cations.
Natrosol dissolves readily in cold or hot water. Its solutions
have somewhat different flow properties from those obtained
with other water-soluble polymers. It is used to produce
solutions having a wide range of viscosity. Such solutions
are pseudoplasticthat is, they vary in viscosity depending
on the amount of shear stress applied.
This booklet describes the properties of Natrosol, Natrosol
solutions, and Natrosol films. It suggests the use of Natrosol
as a thickener, protective colloid, binder, stabilizer, and sus-
pending agent in a variety of industrial applications, includ-
ing pharmaceuticals, textiles, paper, adhesives, decorative
and protective coatings, emulsion polymerization, ceramics,
and many miscellaneous uses. For a guide to these uses,
see Table 1.
2
NATROSOL

HYDROXYETHYLCELLULOSE
A NONIONIC WATER-SOLUBLE POLYMER
Table I A Guide to Where and Why Natrosol Hydroxyethylcellulose is Used
Types of Uses Specific Applications Properties Utilized
Adhesives Wallpaper adhesives Thickening and lubricity
Latex adhesives Thickening and water-binding
Plywood adhesives Thickening and solids holdout
Binders Welding rods Water-binding and extrusion aid
Ceramic glaze Water-binding and green strength
Foundry cores Water-binding
Coatings Latex paint Thickening and protective colloid
Texture paint Water-binding
Cosmetics Hair conditioners Thickening
Toothpaste Thickening
Liquid soaps and bubble bath Stabilizing
Hand creams and lotions Thickening and stabilizing
Laundry Aids Fabric finishes Film-former
Aerosol starches Film-former
Liquid cleaners Thickening and stabilizing
Miscellaneous Joint cements Thickening
Hydraulic cements Water-binding and set retarder
Plaster Water-binding
Caulking compound and putty Thickening
Printing inks Thickening and rheology control
Asphalt emulsions Thickening and stabilizing
Paper Coating colors Water-binding and rheology control
Size press solutions Water-binding and solids holdout
Pharmaceuticals Lotions and emulsions Thickening and stabilizing
Jellies and ointments Thickening and water-binding
Polymerization PVAC and acrylic latices Protective colloid and surface activity
PVC suspension Protective colloid and surface activity
Textiles Latex-back sizes Thickening
Glass-fiber size Film-former
Printing pastes Thickening and water-binding
3
CHEMISTRY
The Natrosol

hydroxyethylcellulose polymer is a hydroxy-

ethyl ether of cellulose. The structure of the cellulose mole-
cule, showing its chain composed of anhydroglucose units,
is depicted in Figure 1. Each anhydroglucose unit contains
three hydroxyls capable of reaction. By treating cellulose
with sodium hydroxide and reacting with ethylene oxide,
hydroxyethyl groups are introduced to yield a hydroxyethyl
ether. The reaction product is purified and ground to a fine
white powder.
SUBSTITUTION
Each anhydroglucose unit in the cellulose molecule has
three reactive hydroxyl groups, shown in blue in Figure 1.
The number that is substituted in any reaction is known as
the degree of substitution, or DS. Theoretically, all three
hydroxyls can be substituted. The product from such a
reaction would have a DS of three.
Hydroxyethyl groups can be introduced into the cellulose
molecule in two ways. First, ethylene oxide reacts at the
hydroxyls in the cellulose chain. Second, ethylene oxide,
reacting at previously substituted hydroxyls, can polymerize
to form a side chain.
The average number of moles of ethylene oxide that be-
come attached to each anhydroglucose unit in cellulose,
in the two ways described, are called moles of substituent
combined, or MS.
In reacting ethylene oxide with cellulose to form the hydroxy-
ethyl ether of cellulose, solubility in water is achieved as the
degree of substitution is increased. By selecting appropriate
reaction conditions and moles of substituent, complete and
quick solubility in water is obtained. Natrosol 250, which has
optimum solubility in water, has an MS of 2.5. An idealized
structure of Natrosol 250 is shown in Figure 2. This example
has an MS of 2.5 (5 ethylene oxide groups/2 units) and a DS
of 1.5 (3 hydroxyls substituted/2 units).
HO
H
H OH H
OH
OH
H
H H H
H H
H OH
OH H H H H OH H H H H
H OH CH
2OH CH2OH
O
O
O
O O
CH
2OH CH2OH
OH
OH H
O
O
n-2
2
Figure 1
Structure of Cellulose
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
O
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
H H
H
H H H
H
H
H H
Figure 2
Idealized Structure of Natrosol 250
4
GRADES AND VISCOSITY TYPES
VISCOSITY
Natrosol

250 HEC is produced in the 10 viscosity types

listed in Table II.
R-GRADES
All grades and types of Natrosol can be treated to provide a
powder that displays fast dispersion without lumping when
added to water. The grades so treated are designated by the
letter R and are discussed further on page 7. This treatment
does not alter the solution viscosity. Some grades and vis-
cosity types are available without this treatment if desired.
B-GRADES
Certain medium- and high-viscosity types of Natrosol 250
are available in a grade that has superior biostability in
solution. These grades are designated by the letter B
(e.g., Natrosol 250HBR) and are fully described in
publication 250-19.
PARTICLE SIZE
Natrosol can generally be supplied in any one of the three
particle sizes listed in Table III. All types and grades are
available in the regular grind, and most are available in the
X and W grinds also.
SELECTED TYPES
Aqualon has achieved its position as a prime supplier of cel-
lulose derivatives through its ability to provide products to
meet specific requirements in the marketplace. The viscosity,
hydroxyethyl substitution, particle size, and hydration delay
of Natrosol can be varied to meet particular needs. Users
are encouraged to discuss their needs with an Aqualon
technical sales representative in order to obtain the type
and grade best suited to their application.
Table II Typical Viscosity Ranges
(a)
and Typical Molecular Weights for Natrosol HEC
Brookfield Viscosity
(b)
at 25C,
cps at Varying Concentrations
Viscosity Type 1% 2% 5% Degree of Polymerization Molecular Weight
(c)
250HHR 3,400-5,000 4,800 1.3 10
6
250H4R 2,600-3,300 4,000 1.1 10
6
250HR 1,500-2,500 3,700 1.0 10
6
250MHR 800-1,500
250MR 4,500-6,500 2,600 7.2 10
5
250KR 1,500-2,500
250GR 150-400 1,100 3.0 10
5
250ER 25-105
250JR 150-400
250LR 75-150 300 9.0 10
4
(a)
Ranges given are not necessarily the viscosity specification of the type.
(b)
The method for measuring viscosity of solutions of Natrosol is described in the Appendix.
(c)
Estimated (or calculated) from intrinsic viscosity measurements.
5
Natrosol

HEC is a white to light tan, free-flowing powder. It

dissolves readily in water to give clear, smooth, viscous solu-
tions that are nonionic. The typical properties of the polymer,
its solutions, and its films are given in Table III and in later
sections of this booklet.
SOLUBILITY IN WATER
Natrosol dissolves quickly in cold or hot water to form clear,
smooth, uniform solutions. Solutions of Natrosol do not gel
or precipitate, even when heated to the boiling point of water.
An idea of the clarity and high viscosity of these solutions
can be seen in the photographs in Figure 3, page 7. Pro-
cedures for rapid dissolving are also described on page 7.
MOISTURE ABSORPTION
Natrosol can absorb moisture from the atmosphere, as do
other hygroscopic or finely divided materials. The amount
of moisture absorbed depends on the initial moisture con-
tent of Natrosol and on the relative humidity of the sur-
rounding air. Opened bags not totally used may experience
moisture uptake.
The moisture content of Natrosol, when packed by Aqualon,
does not exceed 5% by weight. During prolonged storage,
the moisture content of Natrosol tends to reach an equilib-
rium level that varies with the humidity of the surrounding
atmosphere, particularly after the bag is opened.
Equilibrium moisture content of Natrosol 250 at 73F:
At 50% relative humidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6%
At 84% relative humidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29%
To maintain its original moisture content, Natrosol should be
stored in tightly closed containers in a dry atmosphere.
DERMATOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY
Animal toxicology and human dermatology studies have
been conducted on Natrosol 250 HEC in independent labora-
tories. Acute oral toxicity tests showed no adverse effects on
rats at doses up to 7 g/kg body weight. Subchronic oral tests
resulted in no gross signs of toxicity in rats fed up to 5% in
the diet. In addition, gross and microscopic examinations of
organs and tissues did not reveal any abnormalities that
could be attributed to the feeding of Natrosol 250. Moderate
eye irritation, which cleared in 24 hours, was observed in
albino rabbits after instilling 3 mg of dry Natrosol 250 into
the eyes. Instillation of aqueous solutions (0.2 to 2.0%)
caused very mild or mild transient irritation.
Table III Typical Properties
of Natrosol HEC
Polymer
Powder, white to light tan
Moisture content (as packed), %, max . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0
Ash content (calculated as Na
2
SO
4
), % . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5
Effect of heat
Softening range, C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135-140
Browning range, C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205-210
Bulk density, g/ml . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.6
Bulking value, lbs/gal (gal/lb) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.5 (0.087)
Particle size
Regular grindon U.S. 40 mesh, %, max . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
X grindon U.S. 60 mesh, %, max . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.5
W grindon U.S. 80 mesh, %, max . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.5
Biological oxygen demand (BOD),
(a)
ppm
Type H (250) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,000
Type L (250) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,000
Solutions
Specific gravity, 2% solution, g/ml . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0033
Refractive index, 2% solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.336
pH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Surface tension, dynes/cm (N/m)
Natrosol 250LR at 0.1% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.8 (0.0668)
at 0.001% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.3 (0.0673)
Interfacial tension vs. Fractol, dynes/cm (N/m)
Natrosol 250LR at 0.001% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.5 (0.0255)
Bulking value in solution, gal/lb (L/kg) . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1 (8.34)
Films
Refractive index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.51
Specific gravity at 50% relative humidity, g/ml . . . . . . . . . 1.34
Moisture content (equilibrium), %
At 73F, 50% relative humidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
At 73F, 84% relative humidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
(a)
After 5 days incubation. Under these test conditions, cornstarch has a
BOD of over 800,000 ppm.
Natrosol 250 was found to produce no more skin irritation in
the Schwartz prophetic patch test in humans than did com-
mercial wheat starch, which caused mild erythema in some
subjects, and showed no evidence of causing sensitization.
Human repeat-insult patch tests indicated that Natrosol 250
is nonirritating and nonsensitizing.
As a result of these tests, Natrosol 250 has found use in
many pharmaceuticals and cosmetic preparations. It is avail-
able in both R-treated and nontreated grades. Aqualon does
not recommend the use of R-grade material in pharmaceuti-
cal products intended for oral use or in those that will contact
mucous membranes. R-grade Natrosol is suitable for use
only in topical applications. Natrosol is not recommended for
use in preparations for parenteral injections. Additional data
are reported in Aqualon Bulletin T-101, Natrosol 250, Summary
of Toxicological Investigations.
PROPERTIES
6
FDA AND EPA STATUS
Natrosol

hydroxyethylcellulose is included in the list of

materials that are in compliance with requirements of the
U.S. Food and Drug Administration for use in adhesives and
in resinous and polymeric coatings employed on the food-
contact surfaces of metal, paper, or paperboard articles, and
other suitable substrates intended for use in food packaging
as specified in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21,
subject to the limitations and requirements of each regula-
tion under the following Sections. Natrosol R-grades, de-
scribed on page 7, are in compliance with the requirements
specified in 21 CFR, Sections 175.105, 176.170, and 176.180.
Regulated or Functional Uses
FDA Regulation (21 CFR)
175.105 Components of food-packaging adhesives
175.300 Components of resinous and polymeric coatings
176.170 Components of paper and paperboard in
contact with aqueous and fatty foods
176.180 Components of paper and paperboard in
contact with dry foods
177.1210 Closures with sealing gaskets for food containers
182.99 Exempt from the requirement of a residue tol-
erance when used in accordance with 40 CFR
180.1001(c) as an adjuvant for pesticides in
dilutions by a grower or applicator prior to
application to the raw agricultural commodity
Natrosol is not the subject of a direct food additive regulation.
EPA Regulation (40 CFR)
180.1001(c) Exempt from the requirement of a residue tol-
erance when used in accordance with good
agricultural practice as an inert ingredient in
pesticide formulations applied to growing crops
or to raw agricultural commodities after harvest
Natrosol hydroxyethylcellulose is listed on the EPA/TSCA
chemical substance inventory.
MICROBIOLOGICAL INFORMATION
Natrosol hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) is routinely sampled
and subjected to microbiological testing by an independent
laboratory to provide evidence of good manufacturing
practice. This testing is not done on a lot-by-lot basis, and
microbiological specifications have not been formalized.
Typical results obtained using our standard protocol are
shown below.
Aerobic plate count, cfu/g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<100
Mold, cfu/g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<100
Yeast, cfu/g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<100
Coliforms, MPN/g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <30
E. coli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Negative
Staphylococcus aureus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Negative
Salmonella . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Negative
Pseudomonas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Negative
Aqualon utilizes officially approved methods to determine the
above microbial parameters but recommends that users of
HEC assure themselves of compliance with any microbio-
logical specification by testing each lot.
PRODUCT SAFETY
As with most organic materials, Natrosol HEC is a flammable
dust when finely divided and suspended in air. If the sus-
pended dust is ignited, it can cause an explosion. Proper
design and operation of facilities and good housekeeping
practices can minimize this hazard.
Surfaces subject to spills or dusting with Natrosol will
become extremely slippery, particularly when wetted with
water. Follow good housekeeping practices and clean up
spills promptly.
Read and understand the Material Safety Data Sheet
(MSDS) for Natrosol HEC before using this product.
7
DISSOLVING NATROSOL

HEC IN WATER
Natrosol is readily soluble in either hot or cold water. However,
as with most water-soluble thickeners, the particles have a
tendency to agglomerate, or lump, when first wetted with
water. Thus, the time required to achieve complete solution of
Natrosol is usually governed by the degree of lumping that is
allowed to develop during the solution process. In general, the
low-viscosity types are more easily dissolved than are the high-
viscosity types. Solutions of the H-type, for instance, should
not be prepared at greater than 2% solids concentration.
Aqualon has solved the problem of lumping and slow dis-
solving by producing a surface-treated grade of Natrosol,
known as the R-grade. This grade disperses without lump-
ing when added to water. After an inhibition period, the
dispersed particles begin to dissolve and smooth, lump-free
solutions are readily achieved.
All viscosity types are available in the R-grade.
Additional information on the dissolution characteristics of
the R-grade is given in the section entitled Natrosol R-Grade.
If the R-grade is not used, the following procedures are
suggested for the easiest and most efficient preparation of
solutions of Natrosol.
Method 1
Natrosol should be sifted slowly into the vortex of vigorously
agitated water. The rate of addition should be slow enough
for the particles to separate in water without lump formation,
but not so slow that the solution thickens appreciably before
all the solid is added. Agitation should be continued until all
of the swollen or gelatinized particles are dissolved to yield
a smooth solution.
Method 2
Excellent solution rates can be obtained by prewetting
Natrosol with a water-miscible organic liquid before the
powder is added to water. Anhydrous ethyl alcohol, higher
alcohols, and ketones are suitable for this use, as are other
organic liquids such as diethylene glycol monoethyl ether,
diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate, ethylene glycol
monobutyl ether acetate, or hexylene glycol. Ethylene glycol,
however, is not recommended, as it swells the particles
slightly so that they tend to stick together instead of
separating as the prewetting liquid is dissolved away.
Method 3
Improved solution rates can be obtained by dry-blending
Natrosol with other dry materials (preferably insoluble) that
are to be added to the solution. This technique effectively
separates particles of Natrosol so that no lumping is
experienced when the dry mix is added to water.
NATROSOL R-GRADE
The special R-grade is designed to be added to water with-
out lumping, and thus greatly facilitates solution preparation.
The R-grade is widely used when higher viscosity types are
involved, or when the mixing equipment is inadequate to
handle the regular grades.
Figure 3
Natrosol R-grade disperses readily in water without lumping.
Within minutes the R-treatment dissolves and viscosity begins.
Some 28 minutes later, the viscous solution is clear. A 1% solution
of Natrosol 250 HR was used in water with a pH of 7.0.
8
Hydration of the Natrosol

R HEC particles has been inhib-

ited. When the particles are added to water, they disperse
without lumping and, following a predetermined delay, begin
to dissolve. This process permits the preparation of clear,
smooth, viscous solutions in a short period of time by simply
adding the R-grade to water and stirring to prevent settling
of the particles, until the polymer is completely dissolved.
The use of R-grade simplifies solution preparation using
conventional equipment, and avoids the need for more
elaborate procedures described in the foregoing section
for the non-R-grade product.
The inhibition period, from the initial wetting to the start of
dissolution, is referred to as the hydration time of the Natrosol.
This hydration time can be varied to meet specific needs.
The typical range is 4 to 25 minutes. The hydration time is
markedly affected by two factors: the pH and temperature of
the water. Figure 4 illustrates the magnitude of these effects
and shows that both a higher temperature and a higher pH
decrease the hydration time. After the initial hydration time
has been satisfied, the polymer begins to dissolve, usually
evidenced by an increase in viscosity of the system. Time is
then required for complete dissolution of the particles. This
dissolution time, also known as the solution time, is also
significantly affected by pH and temperature; the longer the
hydration time, the longer the solution time. This relationship
is illustrated in Figure 5, where the rate of viscosity increase
during dissolving at pH 8.0 is greater than the rate of increase
at pH 6.0. The magnitude of the effect of a pH change from
8.0 to 6.0 on the hydration time is also illustrated.
Generally, it is recommended that the R-grade be added to
room-temperature water at neutral or slightly acidic pH. If
higher pH or higher temperature is used, the hydration time
may be sufficiently decreased so that lumping occurs as the
dry product is added to the aqueous system.
Figure 4
Effect of pH and Temperature on the
Hydration Time of Natrosol R-Grade
SOLUBILITY IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS
Natrosol water-soluble polymer is essentially insoluble in
organic solvents. It is, however, either swollen or partly solu-
ble in some solvents. Usually those that are miscible with
water, or that contain polar groups, show some effect, Table IV
reports solubility behavior with typical organic solvents. Data
were obtained by adding 1 g of Natrosol 250 to 100 g of the
respective solvent at 25C (cold) and 55 to 60C (hot).
Table IV Solubility Behavior
in Organic Solvents
Temperature
Cold Hot
Solvent 25C 55-60C
Alcohols
Methanol (anhydrous) I I
Ethanol (anhydrous) I I
Ethanol:water (70:30 by wt) PS PS
(60:40 by wt) PS PS
(30:70 by wt) S S
Esters
Ethyl lactate I I
Methyl salicylate I I
Ethers
Methyl Cellosolve I
Cellosolve I I
Glycols
Ethylene glycol SW
Glycerin SW PS
Propylene glycol SW PS
Acids
Formic (90%) S
Glacial acetic I
Miscellaneous
Aniline I I
Dimethyl formamide PS
Dimethyl sulfoxide S S
Ethylene chlorohydrin S S
N-acetylethanolamine I
Mineral spirits I
Toluene I
Hexane I
Key:
I = Insoluble
SW = Swollen
PS = Partially soluble
S = Soluble
Figure 5
Typical Effect of pH on the Hydration Time
and Dissolution Time for a Natrosol R at 25C
1,000
800
600
400
200
100
80
60
40
20
10
8
6
4
2
1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
H
y
d
r
a
t
i
o
n

T
i
m
e
,

m
i
n
pH of Buffered Water
At 5C
At 15C
At 25C
At 35C
S
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
V
i
s
c
o
s
i
t
y
pH 8.0
Elapsed Time, min
pH 7.0 pH 6.0
Hydration
Time
at pH 7.0
Dissolving
Time
at pH 7.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
9
PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS OF NATROSOL

HEC
Natrosol hydroxyethylcellulose differs from methylcellulose,
methylhydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, and
ethylcellulose in that Natrosol is soluble in both cold and hot
water. Thus, Natrosol does not display a cloud or precipita-
tion point and does not precipitate from aqueous solution at
elevated temperature.
Natrosol differs from carboxymethylcellulose in that it is non-
ionic. For this reason, Natrosol solutions are less affected by
pH change and are more tolerant of the presence of anions
and organic co-solvents.
VISCOSITY
Solutions of Natrosol are non-Newtonian in flow, since they
change in viscosity with rate of shear. Because Natrosol
is extensively used to modify the viscosity of solutions,
dispersions, emulsions, and the like, the effect of a number
of factors on solution viscosity will be discussed in detail.
The viscosity measurement method is given in detail in
the Appendix.
Effect of Concentration
When Natrosol is dissolved in water, the viscosity of the
aqueous solution increases rapidly with concentration, as
shown in Figure 6. The viscosity-concentration relationship
is nearly linear when viscosity is plotted vs. concentration
on a semilog basis.
Effect of Blending
Two viscosity types of Natrosol can be blended to obtain an
intermediate viscosity. Because viscosity is an exponential
function of concentration and degree of polymerization, the
viscosity resulting from blending is not an arithmetic mean.
A blending chart (VC-440), which is available from Aqualon,
can be used to determine the result of blending various
amounts of two viscosity types of Natrosol. Or, it can be
used to determine the amount of Natrosol required to
achieve a desired viscosity when blending two types of
known viscosity.
100,000
10,000
1,000
100
10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
S
o
l
u
t
i
o
n

V
i
s
c
o
s
i
t
y

a
t

2
5

C
,

c
p
s
HH-Type
H4-Type
H-Type
MH-Type
M-Type
K-Type
G-Type
J-Type
L-Type
Natrosol 250 in Solution, % by wt
Figure 6
Effect of Concentration on Viscosity of Aqueous Solutions of Natrosol
10
As an example, it is desired to obtain a solution of Natrosol

having a viscosity of 150 cps at 5% concentration, and the

available materials consist of Natrosol 250 J (200 cps at 5%
concentration) and Natrosol 250 L (100 cps at 5% concen-
tration). A line is drawn connecting these two viscosities on
left and right, respectively. (This is shown by the solid line on
the chart.) The point at which this line intersects the desired
viscosity line (dotted line), 150 cps, is then determined, and
the percentage it represents is read from the bottom of the
chart. In this example, 42% of Natrosol 250 L and 58% of
Natrosol 250 J types will give a viscosity of 150 cps.
Effect of Shear Rate
A solution of Natrosol in water will appear to have a wide
range of viscosities when different conditions of physical
force are imposed on the solution.
These conditions of physical force may be referred to as
high, intermediate, or low stress. For example, rolling or
spreading a liquid as if it were an ointment or lotion would
be high stress. On the other hand, after the liquid has been
applied, gravity and surface tension control flow. These
forces are conditions of low stress. Intermediate stress can
be typified by pouring a liquid out of a bottle. Thus, if a solu-
tion of high-viscosity Natrosol HEC appears to be a vis-
cous syrup as it is poured from a bottle, it will behave as a
runny liquid when applied as a lotion, and yet when high
stress is removed, it will instantly revert to its original high
viscosity. This type of flow behavior is referred to as pseudo-
plastic, or non-Newtonian. This behavior differs from the
time-dependent viscosity change that is usually called thixo-
tropy. A different molecular weight or viscosity grade of
Natrosol will behave in a similar fashion, but to a different
degree. The lower the molecular weight, the less change in
viscosity will occur as stress conditions are varied. These dif-
ferences in viscosity-stress properties are shown in Figure 8.
Effect of Mixed Solvents
Natrosol HEC will also impart varied thickening properties to
solvent systems other than plain water. Behavior of Natrosol
in these mixed solvent systems is similar to its behavior in
water. However, the viscosity of the solvent must be taken
into account. For example, if sucrose-water is the solvent,
and if this solvent is 50 times thicker than water, the resulting
solution of Natrosol in the mixed solvent will be 50 times
thicker than it will be in water. This behavior, shown in
Figure 9, is predictable for many solvent-water mixtures.
Effect of Temperature
The viscosity of solutions of Natrosol changes with tempera-
ture, increasing when cooled, decreasing when warmed.
Figure 10 presents a convenient nomograph from which,
knowing the viscosity of a solution of Natrosol at one tem-
perature, one can conveniently estimate its viscosity at a
different temperature.
Example using nomograph (Figure 10):
The viscosity of the solution is 100 cps at 25C. The un-
known is the viscosity when the temperature is raised 20C.
By placing a straightedge at 20 in the right column and at
100 in the center column, one can read the answer in the
left column, 52 cps.
Figure 7
Blending Chart for Natrosol
10,000
9,000
8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
% Natrosol 250J
% Natrosol 250L 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Polymer Blend
Needed
Viscosity of
Available
Natrosol 250L
Viscosity of
Available
Natrosol 250J
Desired
Viscosity
in Example
S
o
l
u
t
i
o
n

V
i
s
c
o
s
i
t
y

a
t

2
5

C
,

c
p
s
Figure 8
Effect of Shear Rate on Viscosity of
Solutions of Natrosol
10,000
1,000
100
10
.001 .01 0.1 1.0 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000
A
p
p
a
r
e
n
t

V
i
s
c
o
s
i
t
y
,

c
p
s
1.0% Natrosol 250HR
Shear Rate, reciprocal sec
Particle
Suspension
at Rest,
Film Sag
Under Gravity
Brookfield
Viscometer
Tumbling
or
Pouring
Brushing
Roll
Application
Spraying
2.0% Natrosol 250GR
3.0% Natrosol 250LR
11
Figure 9
Effect of Mixed Solvents on Viscosity of
Solutions of Natrosol

100,000
10,000
1,000
100
10
1.0
0.1
1.0 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000
A
p
p
a
r
e
n
t

V
i
s
c
o
s
i
t
y
,

c
p
s
Shear Stress, dynes/cm
2
B
1
1% Natrosol 250HR
in Sucrose-Water
A
1
1%
Natrosol 250HR
in Water
BSucrose in Water
AWater
Figure 10
Nomograph for Estimating the Viscosity of Solutions
of Natrosol HEC at Varying Temperatures
10,000
E
x
a
m
p
le
100,000
70
1,000
100
10
10,000
1,000
100
10
60
50
40
30
20
10
Viscosity at
Higher Temp-
erature, cps
Viscosity at
Lower Temp-
erature, cps
Difference in
Tempera-
ture, C
Figure 11
Effect of pH on Viscosity of Solutions of Natrosol
10,000
pH of Solution
V
i
s
c
o
s
i
t
y

a
t

2
5

C
,

c
p
s
2,000
1,000
500
100
50
40
30
20
10
2 4 6 8 10 12
1% Natrosol 250HR
1% Natrosol 250MR
3% Natrosol 250LR
1% Natrosol 250GR
Effect of pH
Solutions of Natrosol undergo little viscosity change over the
pH range of 2 to 12. However, solutions possess the greatest
viscosity stability in the pH range of 6.5 to 8.0. Below pH 3,
solutions may show some drop in viscosity resulting from
acid hydrolysis. This is common to all water-soluble polysac-
charide polymers, and is accelerated by high temperature
and high acidity. Under highly alkaline conditions, some
oxidative degradation may occur, accelerated by heat and
light, that will lower the viscosity. See Figure 11.
VISCOSITY STABILITY
Natrosol HEC does not degrade when properly stored in
closed containers. Nine lots of Natrosol, viscosity grades M,
H, H4, and HH, were monitored over a period of a year for
viscosity stability. Average viscosity retention was 93%.
If Natrosol is kept in inventory for extended periods, Aqualon
recommends checking the viscosity at least once per year.
PRESERVATIVES
Natrosol HEC, particularly the B grades, is more resistant
to biological attack than are some other water-soluble gums
and polymeric materials. This better resistance is an impor-
tant factor in its use in latex paints.
Since solutions of Natrosol are not immune to biological
attack, it is recommended that a preservative be added
when the solutions are to be stored. As a convenience,
some preservatives that have been found effective in labora-
tory tests are listed in Table V, along with the names of their
manufacturers, in the case of proprietary products.
12
It is suggested that advice be obtained from the producers of
the preservatives as to the kind and amount of preservative
to be used in specific compositions for various end products.
For use in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, particular care
should be exercised, both in the selection of an acceptable
preservative and in the maximum quantity used. The same
is true where Natrosol

is used in adhesives or coatings

employed on the food-contact surfaces of metal or paper
articles intended for use in the packaging of food.
Table V Preservatives Effective
for Solutions of Natrosol
Manufacturers of
Preservatives Trademarked Products
Dowicil 75 The Dow Chemical Co.
Merbac 35 Merck/Calgon Corp.
Vancide TH R. T. Vanderbilt Co., Inc.
Proxel CRL ICI Americas Inc.
Sodium benzoate
Sorbic acid
Methyl-propylparaben
combinations
As an alternative to adding preservatives, some considera-
tion might be given to heat sterilization. Many microorgan-
isms are destroyed by heating solutions to 80C for 30
minutes, or to 100C for 1 minute, and such heat cycles are
not severe enough to materially affect the properties of the
solutions of Natrosol. This suggestion should be followed
only when the solution is to be stored under sterile condi-
tions, otherwise the solution will become recontaminated
with microorganisms. Enzymes, however, can persevere
even when microorganisms are killed, depending on the
time and temperature of such heat cycles.
USE OF DEFOAMERS
Solutions of Natrosol HEC are mildly surface-active. They
are lower in surface tension than water, as shown in Table
III. If any difficulty is encountered with air entrainment in
solutions, a defoamer should be utilized. Water-dispersible
defoamers such as Advantage

357 defoamer, Foamaster

NDW, Colloid 581-B, and Dow Antifoam AF are effective,
and can be added to the water prior to solution preparation.
TOLERANCE FOR INORGANIC SALTS
Because of its solubility and nonionic character, Natrosol
can be dissolved in many salt solutions that will not dissolve
other water-soluble polymers. Data in Table VI show that
Natrosol is soluble in most 10% salt solutions and many of
the 50% (saturated) salt solutions.
This study indicated that solubility was not affected by the
viscosity type of Natrosol used. In obtaining these data, 1 ml
of a solution of Natrosol was added to 15 g of each of the
salt solutions. The ratio of Natrosol to salt solids ranged
from 1:150 to 1:750.
Table VI Compatibility of Solutions
of Natrosol With
Inorganic Salt Solutions
Natrosol

250
(a)
HEC
10% Salt 50% Salt
Salt Solution (Saturated)
Aluminum nitrate C C
Aluminum sulfate C P
Ammonium chloride C C
Ammonium nitrate C C
Ammonium sulfate C P
Barium nitrate C C
Borax C C
Calcium chloride C C
Calcium nitrate C C
Calcium sulfate C C
Chromic nitrate C C
Chromic sulfate C C
Diammonium phosphate C P
Disodium phosphate P P
Ferric chloride C P
Ferric sulfate C C
Magnesium chloride C C
Magnesium sulfate C P
Potassium ferricyanide C C
Potassium ferrocyanide C P
Potassium metasulfite C C
Silver nitrate C C
Sodium acetate C C
Sodium carbonate P P
Sodium chloride C C
Sodium dichromate C C
Sodium metaborate C P
Sodium nitrate C P
Sodium perborate C C
Sodium sulfate P P
Sodium sulfite C P
Stannous chloride C C
Trisodium phosphate C P
Zinc chloride C C
Zinc sulfate C P
(a)
The H (high) viscosity types were used in this compatibility study.
Key: C = Compatible
P = Precipitate
13
Natrosol

HEC, being a nonionic polymer, is compatible

with a broad range of water-soluble materials, including
other water-soluble polymers and natural gums.
Table VII lists the viscosity and appearance of solutions of
Natrosol and some of the materials with which it can be
formulated. The data were obtained by adding a high-
viscosity Natrosol 250 to the additive, or solution of the
additive, with moderate stirring to completely dissolve
the Natrosol.
Summary comments on the compatibility of Natrosol with
the product groups shown in Table VII are given on this
page. The chemical identities and manufacturers of trade-
marked products in this table are given in the Appendix.
LATEX EMULSIONS
Natrosol is compatible with a broad range of latex emul-
sions, hence its general use as a thickener and protective
colloid for these systems.
CELLULOSIC WATER-SOLUBLE
POLYMERS
Natrosol is generally compatible with other cellulosic water-
soluble polymers to give clear, homogeneous solutions.
However, when it is mixed with an anionic polymer such
as carboxymethylcellulose, an unusually high viscosity can
be obtained owing to a tendency for interaction between
anionic and nonionic polymers. This is illustrated in
Table VII by the viscosity obtained with Aqualon

sodium
carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) type 7H.
WATER-SOLUBLE RESINS
The nonionic Natrosol has a wide tolerance for water-soluble
resins. As shown in the table, solutions with Elvanol may
show synergistic viscosity increase, as evidenced with
anionic polymers such as CMC.
NATURAL GUMS
Natrosol HEC has excellent compatibility with natural gums.
PRESERVATIVE OR BIOCIDES
A variety of preservatives can be used with Natrosol. No
unusual effects were observed with use of those shown in
Table VII.
SURFACTANTS AND DETERGENTS
Natrosol has excellent tolerance for anionic, nonionic,
amphoteric, and cationic surfactants. No unusual effects
were observed. Representative materials from each of these
groups are shown in the table.
DEFOAMERS
Silicone-in-oil dispersions, silicone emulsions, and organic
defoamers can all be used with Natrosol with no unusual effects.
PLASTICIZERS
Water-soluble plasticizers generally do not adversely affect
the quality of solutions of Natrosol.
ORGANIC SOLVENTS
Although Natrosol is insoluble in most common organic
solvents (see page 17), it will tolerate relatively high concen-
trations of many water-miscible polar solvents. Examples of
a number of compatible systems combining Natrosol, water,
and organic solvents are given in Table VII.
COMPATIBILITY WITH OTHER MATERIALS
14
Table VII Effect of Formulation Additives on Properties of
Solutions of Natrosol

250 HEC and Water

Concentration, % Viscosity, cps Appearance
After After
Material Additive Natrosol 48 Hours 48 Hours
Latex Emulsions
Polyco 2161 99.5 0.5 8,300 Opaque
Rhoplex AC-22 99.5 0.5 7,720 Opaque
Rhoplex AC-25 99.5 0.5 8,250 Opaque
Ucar 130 99.5 0.5 83,000 Opaque
Cellulosic Water-Soluble Polymers
Aqualon

CMC-7H 1.0 1.0 36,000 Clear

0.5 1.0 22,500 Clear
Benecel

MP 843 HPMC 0.5 1.0 5,200 Clear

Klucel

HF HPC 1.0 1.0 22,000 Hazy

0.5 1.0 13,000 Hazy
Water-Soluble Resins
Elvanol 72-60 1.0 1.0 9,500 White
5.0 1.0 22,750 White
Kymene 709 50.0 1.0 5,750 Clear
5.0 1.0 2,800 Clear
Natural Gums
Galactasol

20H5F guar gum 0.5 1.0 7,900 Opaque

Kelzan xanthan gum 0.5 1.0 6,700 Opaque
Preservatives or Biocides
Dowicil 75 0.1 1.0 1,880 Clear
Formaldehyde 0.1 1.0 1,800 Clear
1.0 1.0 2,550 Clear
Merbac 35 0.1 1.0 1,780 Opaque
Methyl Parasept 0.2 1.0 2,100 Clear
PMA-18 0.1 1.0 1,720 Hazy
0.7 1.0 1,560 Opaque
Sodium benzoate 0.5 1.0 2,500 Clear
Surfactants and Detergents
Anionic
Aerosol OT 1.0 1.0 1,840 Hazy
Ammonium lauryl sulfate 1.0 1.0 920 Clear
Bio Terge AS-40 1.0 1.0 1,560 Clear
Igepon CN-42 1.0 1.0 2,100 Hazy
Sodium lauryl sulfate 1.0 1.0 580 Clear
15
Table VII Effect of Formulation Additives on Properties of
Solutions of Natrosol

250 HEC and Water (Contd.)

Concentration, % Viscosity, cps Appearance
After After
Material Additive Natrosol 48 Hours 48 Hours
Nonionic
Igepal CO-990 1.0 1.0 2,300 Clear
Tergitol NP-10 1.0 1.0 2,600 Clear
Triton X-100 1.0 1.0 1,520 Clear
Tween 60 1.0 1.0 1,850 Sl. Hazy
Tween 80 1.0 1.0 2,500 Clear
Amphoteric
N-Methyltaurine 1.0 1.0 1,650 Clear
Miranol C2MSF Concentrate 1.0 1.0 1,560 Clear
Lexaine C 1.0 1.0 1,360 Clear
Cationic (quaternary cpds)
Arquad C-50 1.0 1.0 1,580 Clear
Benzyl trimethylammonium
bromide 1.0 1.0 1,520 Clear
Cetyl trimethylammonium
bromide 1.0 1.0 1,640 Clear
Hyamine 1622 0.5 1.0 2,600 Clear
10.0 0.5 4,500 Clear
Defoamers
Hercules 1052 defoamer 1.0 1.0 1,570 Opaque
Dow Antifoam A 0.05 1.0 3,000 Hazy
Plasticizers
Glycerin 1.0 1.0 2,980
Triethanolamine 1.0 1.0 2,950 Clear
Triethylene glycol 1.0 1.0 2,950 Clear
Organic Solvents
Acetone 10.0 1.0 2,100 Clear
20.0 1.0 3,950 Clear
Ethanol 10.0 1.0 3,550 Clear
20.0 1.0 3,700 Clear
Ethyl acetate 10.0 1.0 3,900 Clear
20.0 1.0 4,350 Clear
Methanol 10.0 1.0 3,000 2-Phase
Separation
20.0 1.0 2,950 Hazy
16
Clear films of moderate strength can be cast from solutions
of Natrosol. Such films are odorless, tasteless, and insensi-
tive to light, and have excellent flexibility. They are resistant
to oils and greases, and are insoluble in most organic sol-
vents. Film properties can be tailored through use of suitable
plasticizers. Films of Natrosol cast from aqueous solutions
will redissolve in water. Such films can be made water-
insoluble by reacting with a resin and a catalyst.
UNPLASTICIZED FILMS
Typical properties of films of unplasticized Natrosol 250 are
shown by the examples given in Table VIII.
PLASTICIZERS
In applications where greater flexibility and elongation are
desired, various plasticizers can be used with Natrosol 250.
With the addition of 10 to 30% plasticizer (solid basis),
elongation and folding endurance can be substantially
increased. Representative types of plasticizer that have
been found effective are:
Glycerin
Ethanolamines
Lower glycols
Sorbitol
Sulfonated castor oil
The effect of plasticizer on impact resistance is shown in
Table IX.
HEAT-SEAL CHARACTERISTICS
Unplasticized films of Natrosol are not truly thermoplastic.
When plasticized, low-viscosity types form films that flow
when heated, as shown in Table X.
Table VllI Properties of Unplasticized Films
(a)
of Natrosol 250 HEC
Tensile Maximum MIT Ability Tendency to Block
Film Strength, psi Elongation, % Folds to Heat-Seal at 90% Relative Humidity
Natrosol 250LR 4,000 30 >10,000 Yes Yes
Natrosol 250GR 3,700 41 >10,000 Weak Moderate
Natrosol 250MR 3,900 35 >10,000 Weak Moderate
Natrosol 250HR 3,900 14 No No
(a)
2-mil film cast from solution. Properties measured at 50% RH, 25C.
Table IXEffect of Plasticizer on Tensile Impact Resistance of Films of Natrosol 250
At 10% RH,
(a)
10C, At 50% RH,
(a)
15C, At 50% RH,
(a)
5C,
Film ft-lbs/in.
2
ft-lbs/in.
2
ft-lbs/in.
2
Natrosol 250LR 6 0 13
Natrosol 250LR + 20% plasticizer 23 7 46
(a)
Relative humidity.
Table X Effect of Plasticizer on Flow and Heat-Seal Characteristics of Natrosol 250 HEC Films
Tinius Olson Flow,
Composition Amount of Plasticizer
(a)
in. in 2 min Pressure, psi Temperature, C Condition of Weld
Natrosol 250LR None 1.47 500 150 Fair
Natrosol 250LR 20 Propylene glycol 0.62 500 110 Good
Natrosol 250LR 20 Propylene glycol 1.30 500 120 Good
Natrosol 250LR 20 Propylene glycol 2.80 500 150 Good
(a)
ml/100 g incorporated in a sigma-bladed mixer.
PROPERTIES OF FILMS OF NATROSOL

HEC
SOLUBILITY IN WATER
Films of Natrosol

HEC will dissolve in water. For example,

a 2-ml film of Natrosol 250LR placed in water at 122F will
redissolve in 3 minutes.
INSOLUBILITY IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS
Films of Natrosol 250 HEC are insoluble in hydrocarbons.
They are slightly soluble in some hydroxyl- and nitrogen-
containing compounds; up to 1% in ethylene glycol, propy-
lene glycol, glycerin, sorbitol, and the ethanolamines; and
up to 5% in N-acetylethanolamine.
RESISTANCE TO GREASE AND OIL
Films of Natrosol 250 are insoluble in, and form highly re-
sistant barriers to, animal and vegetable oils, greases, and
petroleum hydrocarbons, and prevent their penetration.
PHOTOSENSITIVITY
Films of Natrosol 250 can be rendered photosensitive by
chrome and by azo dyes, and can then be rendered insoluble
in water by exposure to ultraviolet light.
ADHESION
For improved adhesion to glass, metal, fiber, and other sur-
faces, one can add small amounts of protein glues, low-
molecular-weight polysaccharides, or water-dispersible
synthetic resins to the solution of Natrosol 250 prior to coating.
INSOLUBILIZING FILMS OF NATROSOL
Films of Natrosol 250 can be made insoluble by crosslinking
the hydroxyl groups with a polyfunctional compound. By
controlling the amount of reactant added, almost any degree
of water insolubility can be obtained. A number of sub-
stances are capable of performing this crosslinking reaction.
A list of some reactants and their insolubilizing effect is
given in Table XI. In this work, films containing resins were
cast from a 5% solution of Natrosol. When a 100-mil-wet-
thickness casting knife was used, dry-film thickness aver-
aged 4 mils. Films were cured by heating for 5 minutes at
150C. For short curing times at high temperature, a high-
intensity infrared oven is needed to ensure rapid and uniform
heating to the required high temperature. Ordinary convec-
tion and air-draft ovens are satisfactory only for long curing
times and (preferably) lower temperatures (e.g., 1 to 3 hours
at 100 to 140C). In general, any heating apparatus is suit-
able if the heat-up time to the required temperature is only
a small percentage of the total curing time.
17
Table XIEffect of Resins
(a)
and Catalysts on Insolubilizing Films of Natrosol 250G
Catalyst, Water- Moisture Tensile, Lbs/in.,
2
Film Resin, No. Concentration
(b)
Concentration
(c)
pH Insoluble, %
(d)
Absorbency, %
(e)
Dry
(f)
Wet
(g)
1 None None 6.7 0 81 + 2 3,900 0
2 DMU, 10% NH
4
CI, 10% 7.2 98 61 + 1 1,700 200
3 Aerotex M-3, 10% NH
4
CI, 10% 7.1 97 58 2,600 150
4 DMU, 10%
Casein, 5% NH
4
CI, 10% 6.8 96 74 2,770 200
5 DMU, 10%
Casein, 10% NH
4
CI, 10% 7.4 97 76 + 2 2,840 600
6 Kymene 917, 10%
Casein, 5% NH
4
CI, 10% 6.4 97 77 + 2 1,530 200
7 Kymene 917, 10%
Casein, 10% NH
4
CI, 10% 6.6 96 78 + 2 3,400 400
8 Glyoxal, 30% Formic acid in
glyoxal, 3% 2.9 81 81 + 2 1,300 0
9 Glyoxal, 30% None 4.7 89 2,000 0
(a)
See table on page 20 for the manufacturers of products listed by trademark.
(b)
Resin concentration based on Natrosol 250GR.
(c)
Catalyst concentration based on resin.
(d)
Water-insoluble test: Cured films dried 2 hrs at 80C. Tumbled 20 hrs in water buffered to pH 7.0. Loss in film weight noted.
(e)
Water-absorbency test: Films conditioned 12 days at 73F and 100% relative humidity. Moisture pickup noted.
(f)
Tensile strength, dry: Films conditioned 2 days at 73F and 50% relative humidity. Tensile determined on Amthor tensile tester.
(g)
Tensile strength, wet: Films soaked 5 min and tensile determined on Amthor tester with the Finch attachment.
18
APPENDIX
METHODS OF ANALYSIS
(1)
FOR NATROSOL

HEC
VISCOSITY DETERMINATION
There are frequent occasions when, in addition to chemical
analysis, an accurate determination of the viscosity of a
solution of Natrosol is needed. As explained on page 9,
the apparent viscosity of a solution of Natrosol depends
on a number of factors, and if reproducible results are to
be obtained, a closely standardized method of solution
preparation and viscosity determination must be followed.
The standardized Aqualon method for determining viscosity
of Natrosol solutions specifies the Brookfield viscometer.
(2)
The spindle guard supplied with this instrument should be
used for all determinations.
Solution volumes specified should not be less or they may
not cover the appropriate Brookfield spindle.
The preparation of the solution is critical, in that the Natrosol
must be completely dissolved in order to obtain a significant
measurement. To determine the proper amount of polymer, a
moisture correction must be made. This correction compen-
sates for the moisture in Natrosol and bases the viscosity
measurement on dry Natrosol. The viscosity measurement
test must be rigidly standardized because the viscosity read-
ing obtained is dependent on rate of shear, temperature,
amount of agitation prior to measurement, and elapsed time
between agitation and measurement. The method used in
Aqualon laboratories is therefore given here in detail.
Moisture Determination
1. Weigh duplicate samples of 5 g to the nearest 0.001 g
into previously dried and weighed moisture cans
with covers.
2. Place the samples in a gravity convection oven main-
tained at 105 0.5C and heat for 3 hours. Cool in
a desiccator and weigh.
3. Return the samples to the oven for 45 minutes; cool and
weigh as before. If the second dried weight is not within
0.005 g of the first, repeat the 45-minute oven periods
until two subsequent weighings are in agreement. Then,
using the lowest dried weight obtained, calculate % mois-
ture as follows:
Original sample wt dry sample wt
100 = % moisture
Original sample wt
Solution Preparation
Immediately after portions of the sample of Natrosol are
taken for moisture determination, portions of the same
undried Natrosol should be taken for the viscosity solution
(1)
Several analytical procedures are contained in ASTM D2364, Standard Test
Methods for Hydroxyethylcellulose. Copies are available directly from
ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428.
(2)
Brookfield LVT, Brookfield Engineering Laboratories, Middleboro,
Massachusetts.
preparation. The moisture sample and solution sample
weighings should be carried out practically together to
ensure that the moisture content of the respective portions
is the same at the time of weighings.
Table XII Approximate Weights
for Solutions
Natrosol, Type Sample Weight, g Solution Concentration, %
L, J 13.0 5
E, G, K, M 5.2 2
MH, H, H4, HH 2.3 1
1. Weigh the required amount of Natrosol (see Table XII), to
the nearest 0.005 g, into a clean weighing bottle. Mini-
mize exposure of the sample to the air during weighing
and transfer to avoid moisture pickup.
2. For medium- and high-viscosity types, carefully (to
avoid any sample loss from dusting) transfer the bulk of
the sample to a 12-oz, screw-cap, widemouthed bottle.
Add 10.0 ml of 80% tert-butanol and allow to stand for
5 to 10 minutes. Make sure the entire sample is thor-
oughly wetted. Low-viscosity-type samples readily dis-
solve without the addition of tert-butanol. Medium- and
high-viscosity-type samples are more readily dissolved
with the inclusion of tert-butanol. This is particularly
important for samples that are not R-treated, because
lumping can occur.
Calculate the amount of water required to obtain the
desired solution concentration, using Equations a and
b for 1% and 2% solutions, respectively. The weight of
water required is reduced by the weight of tert-butanol
added (8.31 g). From the determined % moisture, calcu-
late the water to be added for the respective viscosity
solutions as follows:
a. For 1% viscosity solution:
Wt of undried Natrosol (99 % moisture) 8.3 =
Wt of
water
b. For 2% viscosity solution:
(Wt of undried Natrosol
(98 % moisture)
) 8.3 =
Wt of
water
2
3. For low-viscosity types, calculate the amount of water
required to obtain a 5% solution using Equation c.
c. (Wt of undried Natrosol
(95 % moisture)
) =
Wt of
water
5
19
Place the calculated amount of water into a 12-oz,
screw-cap, widemouthed bottle. While stirring in a constant-
temperature bath with mechanical agitation, using an
anchor-type stirrer, sprinkle the sample into the side of the
vortex. When the sample is completely dissolved, stir at high
speed for an additional 10 to 15 minutes.
Viscosity Measurement
Select from Table XIII the Brookfield spindle-speed combina-
tion corresponding to the viscosity type of Natrosol

HEC
being tested.
Attach the selected spindle to the instrument, which is then
set for the corresponding speed.
If the solution has been stirred in a constant-temperature
bath, determine the viscosity of the Natrosol immediately
after removing it from the stirrer. If it has not been stirred, in
a constant-temperature bath, cap it tightly and place it in a
25C constant-temperature bath for 30 minutes. Remove it
from the bath and shake it vigorously for 10 seconds.
Being careful not to trap air bubbles, insert the Brookfield
viscometer spindle into the solution. After allowing the spin-
dle to rotate for 3 minutes, stop the instrument and read the
dial. To determine the solution viscosity in centipoises, multi-
ply the dial reading by the factor in Table XIII that corre-
sponds to the speed and spindle used.
ASH CONTENT
The sample is charred over a low Bunsen flame to remove
the bulk of the volatile matter, cooled, and moistened with
sulfuric acid. The excess acid is evaporated, and the ashing
is completed in the normal way. The sulfate ash is calculated
to percentage.
Procedure
Weigh a 2- to 3-g sample to the nearest 0.001 g into a pre-
viously ignited and tared platinum or porcelain dish of about
75-ml capacity.
Table XIII Brookfield Spindle and
Speeds for Viscosity
Determinations
Spindle
Type of Spindle Speed, Maximum
Natrosol No. rpm Factor Reading, cps
E, L 1 30 2 200
J or G 2 60 5 500
K 3 30 40 4,000
M 4 60 100 10,000
MH 3 30 40 4,000
H or H4 3 30 40 4,000
HH 4 30 200 20,000
High concen- 4 12 500 50,000
tration of the
above types 4 6 1,000 100,000
Ignite it over a low Bunsen flame and allow it to burn, with
only occasional application of heat, until most of the car-
bonaceous material has burned off.
Cool and moisten the entire residue with 1:1 sulfuric acid.
Evaporate the excess acid over a low Bunsen flame slowly,
so as to avoid spattering, and complete the ignition by plac-
ing the sample in a muffle at 800 to 850C for 30 minutes or
until the ash is free of carbon. Cool, desiccate, and weigh.
Calculation
g of residue 100
= Ash as Na
2
SO
4
g of sample
Duplicate results should agree within 0.05%.
20
QUALITY CONTROL, PACKAGING, AND SHIPPING
To ensure quality control, plant production is both completely
automated and visually inspected. In addition, tests are con-
ducted throughout the production cycle to keep the impor-
tant properties of each lot within specification limits.
Natrosol

HEC is packaged in foil-lined, multiwall 50-lb bags,

stretch-wrapped, capped, and palletized for handling con-
venience. It is also available in 100-lb Leverpak drums.
Shipments are made from our plants in Hopewell, Virginia,
and Parlin, New Jersey, and from warehouses located
throughout the country.
ISO INFORMATION
The quality systems of the Aqualon Division of Hercules
Incorporated plants located at Hopewell, VA and Parlin, NJ
have been registered by UL to the ISO 9002 standards.
SOURCE AND DESCRIPTION OF TRADEMARKED PRODUCTS
This listing gives the chemical identities and manufacturers of the specific materials referred to by trademark in text and in Tables IV, V,
VII, and XI. It is not our intention to imply that these products are the only ones that can or should be used with Natrosol.
Product Chemical Identity or Function Manufacturer
Aerosol OT Dioctyl sodium solfosuccinate Cytec Industries, Inc.
Aerotex M-3 Melamine-formaldehyde resin Cytec Industries, Inc.
Aqualon

CMC-7H Sodium carboxymethylcellulose Aqualon

Arquad C-50 n-Alkyltrimethylammonium chloride AKZO Chemie America
Benecel

MP 843 Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose Aqualon

Bio Terge AS-40 al pha-olefin sulfonate Stepan Chemical Co.
Cellosolve Coalescing aid Union Carbide Corp.
Colloid 581-B Hydrocarbon-based material containing surfactants,
waxes, and metallic soaps Rhodia
DMU Dimethylolurea Dexter Chemical Corp.
Dow Antifoam A, AF Silicone-in-oil dispersion Dow Corning Corp.
Dowicil 75 1-(3-chloroallyl)-3,5,7-triaza-1-azoniaadamantane chloride The Dow Chemical Co.
Elvanol 72-60 Polyvinyl alcohol E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co.
Foamaster NDW Defoamer Henkel
Fractol Mineral oil Exxon Company, U.S.A.
Galactasol

20H5F Guar gum Aqualon

Hercules

357 Defoamer Silica-in-oil dispersion Hercules Incorporated

Hyamine 1622 Diisobutyl phenoxyethoxy ethyl dimethylbenzyl NH
4
Cl Rohm and Haas Co.
Igepal CO-990 Nonyl phenoxy polyethoxy ethanol Rhodia
Igepon CN-42 Sodium N-cyclohexyl-N-palmitoyl taurate Rhodia
Kelzan Xanthan gum Kelco Corp.
Klucel

HF Hydroxypropylcellulose Aqualon
Kymene

709 Polyamide-epichlorohydrin resin Hercules Incorporated

Kymene 917 Urea-formaldehyde resin Hercules Incorporated
Lexaine C Cocoamidopropyl betaine Inolex Co.
Merbac 35 Benzyl bromoacetate Merck/Calgon Corp.
Methyl Cellosolve Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether Union Carbide Corp.
Methyl Parasept Methyl para-hydroxybenzoate Creanova
N-Methyltaurine Surfactant Rhodia
Miranol C2MSF Concentrate Surfactant The Miranol Chemical Co., Inc.
Polyco 2161 Vinyl acetate-acrylic latex Rohm and Haas Co.
Proxel CRL 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one ICI Americas Inc.
Rhoplex AC-22, -25 Acrylic latex Rohm and Haas Co.
Tergitol NP-10 Nonylphenol ethoxylate Union Carbide Corp.
Triton X-100 Octyl phenol polyethoxylate Union Carbide Corp.
Tween 60 Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monostearate ICI Americas Inc.
Tween 80 Polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate ICI Americas Inc.
Ucar 130 Vinyl acetate latex Union Carbide Corp.
Vancide TH Hexahydro-2,3,5-triethyl-s-triazine R. T. Vanderbilt Co., Inc.
Cellulose and Its Derivatives
HERCULES INCORPORATED
Aqualon Division
Hercules Plaza
1313 North Market Street
Wilmington, DE 19894-0001
(302) 594-5000
www.herc.com
ORDER PLACEMENT INFORMATION
(800) 334-8426
PRODUCT AND TECHNICAL INFORMATION
(800) 345-0447
The products and related information provided by Hercules are for manufacturing use only. Hercules makes no express, implied, or other represen-
tation, warranty, or guarantee concerning (i) the handling, use, or application of such products, whether alone, in combination with other products, or
otherwise, (ii) the completeness, definitiveness, or adequacy of such information for users or other purposes, (iii) the quality of such products, except
that such products are of Hercules standard quality. Users are advised to make their own tests to determine the safety and suitability of each product
or product combination for their own purposes. Read and understand the Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) before using these products.
250-11G REV. 8-99 2M Supersedes all previous editions. PRINTED IN U.S.A.