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    Calculus Review

    Uploaded by

    nothanks554
    The document defines several important calculus concepts: 1) The derivative of a function f(x) using the limit definition and examples of finding the derivative of quadratic and constant functions. 2) Product, quotient and chain rules for finding derivatives of functions involving multiple operations along with examples of applying each rule. 3) The concept of antiderivatives as the inverse operation of taking derivatives and several common integrals that can be taken using basic formulas. 4) Methods for evaluating more complex integrals using u-substitutions, integration by parts, and a tabular method when integration by parts involves multiple steps.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Calculus Review

    Uploaded by

    nothanks554
    80 views5 pages
    The document defines several important calculus concepts: 1) The derivative of a function f(x) using the limit definition and examples of finding the derivative of quadratic and constant functions. 2) Product, quotient and chain rules for finding derivatives of functions involving multiple operations along with examples of applying each rule. 3) The concept of antiderivatives as the inverse operation of taking derivatives and several common integrals that can be taken using basic formulas. 4) Methods for evaluating more complex integrals using u-substitutions, integration by parts, and a tabular method when integration by parts involves multiple steps.

    Original Description:

    Review sheet for an introductory calculus course

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    The document defines several important calculus concepts: 1) The derivative of a function f(x) using the limit definition and examples of finding the derivative of quadratic and constant functions. 2) Product, quotient and chain rules for finding derivatives of functions involving multiple operations along with examples of applying each rule. 3) The concept of antiderivatives as the inverse operation of taking derivatives and several common integrals that can be taken using basic formulas. 4) Methods for evaluating more complex integrals using u-substitutions, integration by parts, and a tabular method when integration by parts involves multiple steps.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    80 views5 pages

    Calculus Review

    Uploaded by

    nothanks554
    The document defines several important calculus concepts: 1) The derivative of a function f(x) using the limit definition and examples of finding the derivative of quadratic and constant functions. 2) Product, quotient and chain rules for finding derivatives of functions involving multiple operations along with examples of applying each rule. 3) The concept of antiderivatives as the inverse operation of taking derivatives and several common integrals that can be taken using basic formulas. 4) Methods for evaluating more complex integrals using u-substitutions, integration by parts, and a tabular method when integration by parts involves multiple steps.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 5

    Denition of the Derivative

    (x) =
    df
    dx
    = lim
    h0
    f(x + h) f(x)
    h
    (1)
    Example: f(x) = x
    2
    lim
    h0
    (x + h)
    2
    x
    2
    h
    = lim
    h0

    x
    2
    + 2xh + h
    2

    x
    2
    h
    = lim
    h0
    2x + h = 2x
    Product Rule
    Given f(x) = g(x) h(x),
    f

    (x) = g

    (x)h(x) + g(x)h

    (x) (2)
    Example: f(x) = x cos x. Let g(x) = x and h(x) = cos x. Then
    f

    (x) = 1 cos x + x sin x = cos x x sin x


    Quotient Rule
    Given f(x) = g(x)/h(x),
    f

    (x) =
    g

    (x) h(x) g(x) h

    (x)
    h
    2
    (x)
    (3)
    Example: f(x) = (cos x)/x. Let g(x) = cos x and h(x) = x. Then
    f

    (x) =
    sin x x cos x 1
    x
    2
    =
    x sin x cos x
    x
    2
    Chain Rule
    Given f(x) = g(h(x)), which means you have a function inside of another
    function, then
    f

    (x) = g

    (h(x)) h

    (x) (4)
    or, in words, the derivative equals the derivative of the entire function mul-
    tiplied by the derivative of the inner function.
    Example: f(x) = sin x
    2
    . Let g(x) = sin x and h(x) = x
    2
    . Then
    f(x) = cos x
    2
    2x = 2x cos x
    2
    1
    Antiderivates
    If we know a function f(x) where taking the derivative would give us f

    (x),
    then
    f

    (x)dx = f(x) + c (5)


    Example:

    xdx =
    1
    2
    x
    2
    + c

    1
    x
    dx = ln x + c
    Common Integrals

    x
    n
    dx =
    1
    n + 1
    x
    n+1
    + c

    1
    x
    dx = ln |x| + c

    sin xdx = cos x + c

    cos xdx = sin x + c

    e
    x
    dx = e
    x
    + c
    2
    u substitutions
    u substitutions undo the chain rule. We can write out the steps to undoing
    it on a sample function

    x e
    x
    2
    dx
    Step 1: Pick a u
    Try to nd the most complicated expression. Most of the time, it will be in
    a function, like a sine, cosine, e, etc. In this case, we let u = x
    2
    since it is
    inside the e function and is more complicated than the x.
    Step 2: Solve for du
    Take the derivative of u with respect to x so we can switch out dx for du.
    Here,
    du
    dx
    = 2x
    du
    2x
    = dx
    where we used the ipping trick to get dx alone.
    Step 3: Substitute in u and du, then simplify
    This should hopefully cancel out any other terms that we dont want.


    x e
    u
    du
    2

    x
    =

    1
    2
    e
    u
    du
    Step 4: Integrate, then resubstitute u

    1
    2
    e
    u
    du =
    1
    2
    e
    u
    + c =
    1
    2
    e
    x
    2
    + c
    3
    Integration by parts
    If we dont know what the antiderivative is and we cant use a u substitution,
    the only tool left is integration by parts. The denition is

    udv = uv

    vdu (6)
    Step 1: Pick u and dv
    We pick u to be the part that we can take the derivative of and eventually
    it will go away. Then, dv is what is left. If our integral is

    xe
    x
    dx
    then u = x and dv = e
    x
    dx.
    Step 2: Find du and v
    Take the derivative of u and solve for du. Then, integrate dv to get v:
    du
    dx
    = 1 du = dx

    dv =

    e
    x
    dx = e
    x
    Step 3: Plug back into the equation
    We have the equation

    udv = uv

    vdu, so we rewrite this:

    xe
    x
    dx = x e
    x

    e
    x
    dx
    Step 4: Solve the integral that remains
    There will be an integral with v and du that we have to solve. After doing
    that, we are done.

    xe
    x
    dx = x e
    x

    e
    x
    dx = xe
    x
    e
    x
    + c
    4
    Tabular Integration
    When integration by parts is too long to do out completely, we can take
    a shortcut. We write down the left column of derivates of u and the right
    column of integrals of dv. Take the integral

    x
    3
    e
    x
    dx.
    D I
    x
    3
    e
    x
    3x
    2
    e
    x
    6x e
    x
    6 e
    x
    0 e
    x
    +

    Then, we write out the expressions from the table:

    x
    3
    e
    x
    dx = x
    3
    e
    x
    3x
    2
    e
    x
    + 6xe
    x
    6e
    x
    5

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