Q.NO. 1:- DEFINE COMPUTER.

BRIEFLY EXPLAIN
ORGANISATION OF COMPUTER?
ANS: - A computer is a device that receives information (in the form of
digitalized data) and manipulates it for some result based on a program
or sequence of instructions on how the data is to be processed.
The computer is organized into four units such as, Input unit, CPU,
Secondary memory and Output unit.
(1) Input Unit: - Any device designed to assist in the entry of data
into a computer is known as Input device.
Examples: - (1) Mouse
(2) Light Pen
(3) Touch Screen
(4) Joy Stick
(5) Keyboard
(6) Scanners

(1) Mouse: - This Input device is categorized as a pointing device
because it is used to point and select an option on the monitor.
A pointer on the screen follows the movements of the mouse;
rolling the mouse moves the pointer.
(2) Touch Screen: - A type of display screen that has a touch-
sensitive transparent panel covering the screen. Instead of using
a pointing device such as a mouse or light pen, you can use your
finger to point directly to objects on the screen.

(3) Keyboard: - Keyboards are the most widely used input devices.
The most popular keyboards are those that look, feel, and
possibly sound like an ordinary typewriter keyboard. Generally
a keyboard has 105 keys. It features 12 function keys.

(2) Central Processing Unit: - The central processing unit (CPU)
is the electronic brain of the computer. The CPU in a personal
computer is usually a single chip. It organizes and carries out
instructions that come from either the user or from the software. The
CPU has three important sub units.
(1) Arithmetic-Logic unit
(2) Control Unit
(3) Memory Unit
(3) Secondary Memory: -This is the permanent memory. The
data stored in it is permanent. But you can delete the data if you want.
There are different kinds of secondary storage devices available. Few
of them are Floppy disks, Fixed(hard) disks and Optical disks etc.
(4) Computer Output Units: -Any peripheral device that
converts the stored binary coded data into convenient external forms
as text and pictures are known as Output devices.
Examples: - (1) CRT Monitor
(2) Flat Panel Monitor
(3) Ink Jet Printer
(4) Laser Printer

(1) Flat Panel Monitor: - A flat panel display usually uses an LCD
(Liquid Crystal Display) screen to display output from the computer.

(2) Laser Printer: - A laser printer produces good quality images by
the same technology that photocopiers use.

Q.NO. 2:- How are computers classified? Briefly explain the
classifications of Computer?
ANS: - Computers are classified according to their data processing speed,
amount of data that they can hold and price
Depending upon their speed and memory size, computers are classified into
following four main groups.
1. Supercomputer
2. Mainframe computer
3. Mini computer
4. Microcomputer
(1) Supercomputer
Supercomputer is the most powerful and fastest, and also very expensive. It is
used to process large amount of data and to
solve the complicated scientific problems. It has large number of processors
connected parallel. So parallel processing is done in this computer. In a single
supercomputer thousands of users can be connected at the same time and the
supercomputer handles the work of each user separately. Super computer are
mainly used for:






The supercomputers are used in large organizations, research laboratories,
aerospace centers, large industrial units etc. The examples of supercomputers
are CRAY-1, CRAY-2, Control Data CYBER 205 and ETA A-10 etc.
(2) Mainframe Computers
Mainframe computers are also large-scale computers but supercomputers are
larger than mainframe. It also has multiple processors. For example, IBM,
S/390.
There are basically two types of terminals used with mainframe systems.
(1) Dumb Terminal: Dumb terminal does not have its own CPU and
storage devices. This type of terminal uses the CPU and storage
devices of mainframe system. Typically, a dumb terminal consists of
monitor and a keyboard (or mouse).
(2) Intelligent Terminal: Intelligent terminal has its own processor and can
perform some processing operations. Usually, this type of terminal does not
have its own storage. The examples of mainframes are IBM S/390, Control
DataCYBER 176 and Amdahl 580 etc.
(3) Minicomputers
These are smaller in size, have lower processing speed.
The capabilities of a minicomputer are between mainframe and personal
computer. Minicomputers are commonly used as servers in network
environment and hundreds of personal computers can be connected to the
network with a minicomputer acting as server like mainframes,
minicomputers are used as web servers.
(4) Microcomputer
The microcomputers are also known as personal computers or simply PCs.
Microprocessor is used in this type of computer. These are very small in size
and cost.
Personal computers are available in two models. These are:


Microcomputers are further divided into following categories.
1. Laptop computer
2. Workstation
3. Network computer
4. Handheld computer



Q.NO. 3:- What is Computer Software? How it is useful in running
Hardware?

ANS: - Computer Software is a general term for organized collections of
computer data and instructions, often broken into two major categories:
system software that provides the basic non-task-specific functions of
the computer, and application software which is used by users to
accomplish specific tasks. Different kinds of computer software are
designed to do a variety of tasks including word processing, number
crunching, image and video editing, data storage, and home
entertainment. There are three major types of computer software:

1. System Software
System software is used to run the computer hardware. It includes
mainly the Operating system and device drivers. The programs that are
part of the system software include assemblers, compilers, file
management tools, system utilities, and debuggers.. Unlike application
programs, however, system software is not meant to be run by the end
user. It produces the user interface and allows the operating system to
interact with the hardware. Fortunately, you don't have to worry about
what the system software is doing since it just runs in the background.

2. Programming Software
Programming software usually provides tools to assist a programmer in
writing computer programs and software using different programming
languages. Computer programmers are accountable for teaching
computers how to perform tasks and solve computational problems.
They develop the software that runs on computers using special software
called a compiler. A compiler is a computer program that decodes text
written in a computer language into another computer language.
Since the computer is a machine, it understands the machine language.
Unfortunately, the machine language is very difficult for human beings
to understand, hence the need of a compiler. Examples of computer
languages include Pascal, Basic, Java, C-Sharp, and Prolog.

3. Application Software
It allows end users to accomplish one or more specific tasks. Typical
applications include industrial automation, business software,
educational software, medical software, databases, and computer games.
Computer software works in a unique way. First, the program has to be
installed onto the computer using an installer program. The installation
process copies all the necessary files needed to run the program to the
computers storage and may have to teach the OS how to run the
program by altering or configuring the OS as required. Computers
operate by executing the computer program. This involves passing
instructions from the application software, through the system software,
to the hardware which ultimately receives the instruction as machine
code. Each instruction causes the computer to carry out an operation
which may include moving data, carrying out a computation, or altering
the control flow of instructions.