PEC140 SB2 Tutorial Answers

1
PEC140 Introduction to Chemistry

STUDY BLOCK 2 Tutorial Answers

1. a) Manganese is a transition element. Examples of transition elements include Cu, Fe, Cr,
etc.

b) Potassium forms a K
+
ion. It is in group 1 of the periodic table and thus has 1 outer shell
(valence) electron. The valence electron is readily lost to produce an ion that has one
less electron than the number of protons in its nucleus. That is K
+
has one more proton
than the number of electrons, and thus the ion has an overall charge of +1. Removal of
the valence electron gives the K
+
ion the very stable electron configuration of Ar,
corresponding to a full outer shell of electrons.

c) Oxygen can form the O
2
ion. Oxygen is in main group 6 of the periodic table and, in
order to get a stable electron configuration, i.e. full outer shell of electrons, the neutral
atom will accept 2 electrons. It will thus have 2 more negative charges than positive and
the overall charge on the atom will be 2. Other elements that may form X
2
ions are
those in the same group as oxygen, i.e. group 6 elements: S, Se, Te, etc.

2. a) Elements 19 (potassium, K) and 30 (zinc, Zn) belong to the same period (period 4).

b) Elements 8 (oxygen, O) and 52 (tellurium, Te) belong to the same family or group
(group 6).

c) Elements 24 (chromium, Cr) and 74 (tungsten, W) belong to the same family or group
(in the transition metals section of the periodic table).

d) Elements 3 (lithium, Li) and 10 (neon, Ne) belong to the same period.

e) Elements with similar chemical properties are expected to have the same number of
electrons in their outer shells (more on this in Study Block 5), i.e. they should occur in
the same group of the periodic table. For the examples above that means you would
expect similar chemical properties from O and Te, and for Cr and W.

3. a) Mass number, A =19

b) Number of electrons =number of protons =atomic number (Z) =9

c) Number of neutrons =Mass number number of protons =19 9 =10

4. A molecule is defined as the smallest particle of a pure substance as it occurs in nature.
Molecules can be elements or compounds. Some elements can exist as more than one type of
molecule (e.g. O
2
and O
3
) whilst some elements exist as monoatomic molecules (the group 18
elements).

5. a) MgBr
2
. According to the textbook (Zumdahl) type I binary ionic compounds have
ions formed from a metal (Mg) and a non-metal (Br), and the metal forms only one type
of cation, in this case Mg
2+
.
2

b) CoCl
2
. Type II binary ionic compounds contain ions formed from a metal (Co) and a
non-metal (Cl), where the metal can form cations that have different charges, i.e. Co
2+

(as is the case here) or Co
3+
. Type II binary compounds usually have a transition metal
as the cation.

c) N
2
O
5
. Type III binary compound as it contains only non-metal elements.

d) Na
2
CO
3
. Not a binary compound (because it has more than two elements). This
compound consists of a metal cation (Na
+
) and a polyatomic anion (carbonate, CO
3
2
).

e) Ca(OH)
2
. Not a binary compound. Has Ca
2+
cation and the polyatomic hydroxide (OH
)
anion.

f) Al(NO
2
)
3
. Not a binary compound. Has Al
3+
cation and the polyatomic nitrite (NO
2
)
anion.

6. a) phosphate b) sulfide c) chromate
d) ammonium e) acetate f) dihydrogenphosphate

7. a) Magnesium nitride b) Calcium oxide c) Iron(III) chloride
d) Lithium carbide e) Lithium carbonate f) Magnesium sulfate
g) Sodium sulfite h) hydrogen cyanide i) Potassium permanganate

8. a) Isotopes are atoms of the same element (i.e. atoms with the same number of protons =
same atomic number) that have different numbers of neutrons. For example C
12
6
, C
13
6

and C
14
6
are all isotopes of carbon. All have 6 protons but have
6, 7, and 8 neutrons, respectively.

b) Average atomic mass =average mass of all the isotopes multiplied by the natural
abundance of each isotope. Making the assumption that isotopic (atomic) mass mass
number for each isotope,
14
N has a mass of 14 exactly and constitutes 99.50% of all
naturally-occurring N. Similarly
15
N has a mass of 15 exactly but only constitutes
0.500% of natural. To calculate the average atomic mass of N (as it occurs in nature):

{(99.50/100) 14} +{(0.500/100) 15} =13.93 +0.075 =14.005

Average atomic mass =14.01 (Answer in 2 decimal places. Because the last operation is
an addition, need to use rules for addition/subtraction when determining significant
figures, bearing in mind that the mass number (14 and 15) are pure numbers.)

9. FeO iron (II) oxide. Have Fe
2+
and O
2
.
Fe
2
O
3
iron (III) oxide. Have Fe
3+
and O
2
.
It is a characteristic of transition metals that they can form stable cations with different charges.

10. a) phosphoric acid b) sulfuric acid c) sulfurous acid
d) nitrous acid e) hydrobromic acid

3
11. a) HClO
4
b) HNO
3
c) HF

12. b) MgS is magnesium sulfide, MnS manganese(II) sulfide.
d) N
2
O
5
is dinitrogen pentoxide, N
2
O
3
is dinitrogen trioxide
e) ClO
2
is the chlorite ion; ClO

3
is the chlorate ion.

13. a) Isotopes refer to the same element (i.e. have the same number of protons) but have a
different mass number (i.e. different number of neutrons).

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PEC140 Introduction to Chemistry

is the chlorite ion; ClO

is the chlorate ion.

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