t hat

t hey
woul d be sur e t o do t hi s hadt hey
not l ong ago ceased
t o
be
r el i gi ous mi s-
si onar i es anddeser t ed Buddhi smf or anot her
cr eed.
I not i ce
t hat Mr . Par ker admi t s t he di s-
t i nct i on of t he hi gher andl ower ser i es . But
t hi s
di st i nct i on r equi r es t he excl usi on of
mandar i n f r omcour t as a wi t ness, i t
bei ng
i n ol d sounds .

He al so r ecogni zes t he f i nal
mut es b, t , and p. He wi l l f i nd t hat al l
t he l aws r ecor ded i n my ' Gr ammar ' and
`Chi nese char act er s'
ar e j ust as t r ue as
t hese, or , i f any one of t hemi s wr ong, I shal l
be gl adt o l ear n any f act whi ch may hel p
me
t o cor r ect i t .

Admi t t i ng t he t r ut h of t he
t wo l aws, t hat on t he doubl e ser i es, and
t hat of t he mut e f i nal s, he i s compel l ed by
al l f ai r l ogi c
t o
admi t
t he
ot her s .

The
pr oof s and r ef er ences ar e gi ven i n my t wo
books above r ef er r ed t o.
To avoi d mi st ake i n r egar d t o t he name
of
Buddha I
wi l l j ust her e put t he ar gument
agai n. The
char act er Awas sel ect ed by
t he t r ansl at or s
about ei ght cent ur i es bef or e
t he ascer t ai ned
dat e of t he i nt r oduct i on of
mandar i n pr onunci at i on.

Thi s char act er i s
used i n t he Four books wi t h t he sound hi t .
The
Hi udoos t ook as
t hei r gui de i n wr i t i ng,
I n
a f or mer ar t i cl e some Cant onese wor ds
wer e ment i oned t hat mi ght be t r aced t o an
Ar yan or i gi n. I now pur pose t o pr esent
some such exampl es f r om t he gener al l an-
guage of Chi na. I pr emi se by sayi ng t hat
al l
such
at t empt s
ar e necessar i l y t ent at i ve.
I t wi l l not do f or any one t o be posi t i ve, nor
must any one suppose t hat mer e suggest i ons
canyet t ake t hei r pl ace as ascer t ai nedf act s.
I n most sci ences hypot heses pr ecede di s-
cover y,
and suggest i on, pr oof
.
Wher e
schol ar s l i ke Max Mul l er and Moni er Wi l -
hams ar e
sever el y
cr i t i ci zed by Whi t ney
ARYkNROOT' , I \ CFI I : VI sSl ? .
t he Devanagar i spel l i ng, and t hough
t hey
somet i mes empl oyed Pal i , i n t hi s i nst ance
t hey used
Sanscr i t . The sout her n Fuki en
peopl e, who have a mul t i t ude of
ar chai sms
i n t hei r di al ect s
cal l Buddha Put . The
gr eat br onze Buddha i n J apan i s
cal l ed Dai
Budz,
i n whi ch t he dz cor r esponds t o an
ol der dby an ascer t ai ned
l aw
of
change f r om
du t o dz whi ch t ook pl ace i n t he J apanese
l anguage si nce t he t i me when Buddhi smwas
f i r st conveyed t o J apan f r om Chi na. On
t he ot her hand t he sound Fuh or Fo pr e-
f er r ed by some Eur opeans f or t he ol d sound
of t he char act er 4has no ar gument i n i t s
f avour except t hat i t r el at es t o some moder n
di al ect s.
The ast r onomi cal
f act s poi nt t o
Baby-
l oni an or i gi n.
The Buddhi st s cosmos descr i bes t he out er
wor l d beyond I ndi a. Tr i pl e gods, out er
ci r cut of wor l d.
The met empsych andout er uni ver se come
t oget her t o vi ew. Smal l devas i nnumer abl e
not Vedi x.
I n
I ndi a, smal l devas, met empsychosi s and
t r i pl e di vi si on of gods of
nat ur e.
ARYANROOTS
I NCHI NESE.
J OSEFu EDE. I NS.
and
ot her s, of cour se, unani mi t y of vi ew i s
not yet be expect ed.
Whi l e t hi s i s so
yet
we
may r emember
t hat a possi bi l i t y may become
a pr obabi l i t y,
and
pr obabi l i t y come near t o bei ng a cer -
t ai nt y . Thi s
depends upon t he accumul a-
t i on of
exampl es . Amer e coi nci dence
of
sounds pr oves not hi ng,
but i f t hi s r uns
t hr ough a number of
exampl es t he pr o
babi l i t y
i ncr eases .

The pr oof i s cumul at i ve.
I t seems t o me t hat
an Ar yan el ement
may be t r aced i n Chi nese, as a Cel t i c or a
Nor man el ement may be seen i n
Engl i sh.
hi ah, pr ess t he nai l s
i nt o,
l acer at e.

And so wi t h ot her s
.
Rf or ms an except i on .

I n
Cant onese i t
i s pr onounced hi p, but i n
Mandar i n Gal a
and hi eh .

I t means gener ous, hel pf ul .

We
may connect i t wi t h our capaci ous f r om
KAP( 47) ; but I
t hi nk
we
wi l l be near er
r i ght i f we t ake i t t o be cognat e wi t h KALP
( 65)
hel p.
Sk.
kl i p,
t o
be f i t f or , kal p- a,
abl e t o pr ot ect .

Not i ce t hat i n Sk. t he a i s
sof t ened i nt o i as i n Chi nese sound hi eh,
whi ch woul d be hah i n Cant onese.

Our Eng.
hel p
i s f r om
t hi s
r oot .
Under t he sound hi p, hi eh and ki eh. , we
have a number
of
wor ds whi ch par t ake of
t he meani ngs of KAP, ] t ol d, and KALP,
hel p, t hus :
t *
hi p, hi eh, car r y under t he ar m, hel p,
cher i sh.
hi p, hi eh, har mony, mut ual hel p.
hi p, ki eh,
( hear t
and
gone) t i mi d,
( seeki ng hel p. )
hr ] p, hi eh, r i bs, pl ace under t he
ar m.
CH. Under
t he Cant onese i ni t i al Ch. we
have
a
number of wor ds whose r esembl ance
t o t he Ar yan r oot s i s not so mani f est at f i r st
si ght , but i s no l ess mar ked t o t hose
who
ar e f ami l i ar wi t h phi l ol ogi cal changes .
Most of t he sounds under
Ch
.
have t hei r
count er par t s i n Ar yan and Sanskr i t r oot s
wi t h T.
S. T.
and Sk. The Fohki en, Swa-
t ow and Hakka di al ect s ar e near est t he
Ar yan f or ms .

Ch and 1' s ar e
of t en i nt er -
changed i n t he l ocal pat oi s i n var i ous
par t s
of one pr ovi nce.

Ch and k ar e i nt er -
changed i n Peki nese and ot her Mandar i n
di al ect s as wel l as i n t he pr ovi nci al di al ect s.
CHA. Many of t he wor ds under t hi s sound
convey t he i dea of pr ess . We may connect
t hemper haps wi t h r oot TAR( 132) and i t s
ext ensi on TARK( 135) t wi st , pr ess . The
ol d sounds wer e t a e t ake et c. I n Amoy we
have t he sound
Va .
cha,
r ef use af t er expr essi ng j ui ce,
dr egs .
cha, pr ess
upon wi t h t he f oot , t r ead,
cha,
pr ess down, f ool .
Tf I E CHI NA
REVI I ,"W.
cha, pr ess i n t he hand,
gr asp.
Vel at e, a,
pr ess f or oi l , sugar , et c.
~1_1
cl eu, a wi ne pr ess .
' '

cha,
t o
pr ess down, squeeze bet ween
t he
hands.
' F_ cl an, suddenl y, i s composed of - an
obst r uct i on, Lhi de, and
/
, ent er , ( Chal -
mer s
. )
We
may connect i t wi t h t he r oot
TAR;
hence Lat i n, i n- t r a- r e ; Eng. ent er .
The i dea seems t o
be
t hat
of an obst r uct i on
t ur ni ng asi de a body i n mot i on.
cha, decei ve, cheat , may be f r om t he
same r oot , t o t wi st or t ur n asi de. Our Eng.
t ur pat ade, cont r i ve, come f r omt he same r oot .
We have al so some wor ds wi t h
t he f i nal k,
whi ch mar be f r omt he same r oot , as
chak, t seh, nar r ow, compr essed.
ch ; k, t seh,
t opr ess,
br and, a qui ver , et c.
chf ck, t seh, t hi s i s wr i t t en wi t h
pr eci ous, or i gi nal l y cowr i es, wampum, and
cont r act ed f or mof

f 1

pr i ckl es ( Chal
mer s) or
r t e
bi nd ( Wi l l i ams) .

I t means t o
f i ne,
t o
seek, t o
pr ess, et c.
The sense t o
pr ess i s f r omTAR. The anci ent schol ar s
who f or med
t he wr i t t en char act er seem t o
have endeavor ed t o expr ess t he st r i ngi ng of
cowr i es, Wt sz, t hor n, f r omTAR, t o pi er ce,
bor e ; Sl c. t r i ; Gk
Ten- pa,
a hol e ; Eng. t hor n,
and
cowr y ; or per haps t he ent er i ng of t he
sea t o seek f or shel l s andpear l s .
Ther e ar e al so sever al wi t h t he basal i dea
of si de, i ncl i ned,
whi ch may be connect ed
wi t h t hi s r oot , as i s our Eng. wor d t ur n, as
Achak, t seh, on one si de, sl ant i ng.
VA
chak, t seh,
t he sun decl i ni ng, af t er -
noon.
V11 chak, t seh,
si de, i ncl i ned .
Anot her set
of wor ds under t hi s sound
seem t o be
connect ed wi t h t he r oot SKAR
( 407) ,
separ at e. ( The change of SKi nt o CH
i s
i l l ust r at ed i n
Sk.
chho,
cut ,
f r om
Ar yan
SKA, cut )
and Eng. channel f r omsame r oot .
Thus we have
_X
ch' d,
a
f or k, a pr ong, i . e . a br anch
separ at i nq
f r omt he ot her .
J X

r h' a
st r eams or r oads
di ver gi ng.
1
Rch' a, t o f or k out .
mi ss t he mar k, er r , di f f er .
t o exami ne. Compar e
Gr eek
separ at e, di scer n ;
Lat
.
cer - ner e,
separ at e .

The meani ng ' r af t ' i s pr ob-
abl y connect ed
wi t h r oot SKA ( 396) ,
cut . Sk. chho,
t o cut . Ther e seems t o
be no
connect i on bet ween r af t and exami ne,
but when we go back
t o
t he
Ar yan r oot s
SKA
and SKARwe see why t he t wo i deas
ar e r epr esent ed
by t he same char act er i n
Chi nese.
V ch' a, t o hew wood,
a smal l r af t , &c .
Her e we have t he same
i dea and sound r e-
pr esent ed by a char act er wr i t t en
wi t h a
di f f er ent
phonet i c el ement . Root SKA.
Connect ed wi t h t hese r oot s we have ( Can-
t onese) sever al wor ds i n
ai and r i f i nal .
Thus : -
$1u chai , chi , cut , make,
hi nder , l aw, &c.
[wr i t t en kni f e and
i ncoml ) l ct e ( Wms . ) , hand
and cl ot h ( Chal mer s) ] f r om SKA, Sk. chho,
cut .
11
chai , chi , wr i t t en cut and cl ot hes . To
make, cut out cl ot hes,
&c .
U
chai , chi ,
( cut and hand) hi nder , ( cut
of f ) al so sel ect
. The l at t er sense near er t o
SKARsepar at e.
chai , chi , wat er i mpeded, obst r uct ,
( cut cf f ) .
a
chai , chai , t o f ast , cl oset , r oomcut
of f ,
r espect . ( Compar e
t euapl um, t empl e, f r om
TAM( 151) Gk. T8, Wvsw, cut ) . Fr om r oot
SKA ( 596) SKAR( 406) , cut or
ki ndr ed
SKAR
( 407) ,
separ at e.

So :
chai , chai , r espect , chast en desi r es,
al so t sai , 210 r adi cal , even . Not i ce t he
171
' kni f e' i n t hese wor ds,
chai , chai ,
st ockade
.
Pr obabl y
t he
basal i dea i s obst r uct ( cut of f ) wr i t t en wood
and obst r uct i on '

, t he l at t er i s sr ak
( Chal mer s 63) .

Comp. SAK( 377)
a var i ant
of SKA, t o cut ; Lat . sec- ar e, t o
cut .

So
( ear t h and obst r uct ) , t o obst r uct
.
chai , f aggot s, f i r ewood,
st op.

Ei t her
woodcut , SKA, or ,
per haps, t he br ushwoodas
an obst r uct i on. i n t he woods ;
not i ce

` t o
st op' i n t he wr i t t en char act er
. Kang Hi
ARYANROOTS
I NCHI NESE
says f i r ewood t hat can be
spl i t i s

San
( per haps f r omr oot SKAN,
cut ) and t hat whi ch
i s smal l and i s
bound i n f aggot s i s

' .

So
we may connect
t hi s wi t h DA, t o bi nd; t her e
i s an ol d sound d' ai .
chai , t he st i ng
of a bee, &c. , i s
pr obabl y connect ed wi t h SKA, cut .
So
al so
; ~
ch' ai , gnaw, bi t e ( cut wi t h t eet h) .
Sever al
wor ds under t hi s soundseemt o be
connect ed
wi t h r oot SKA395, cover , shade
;
whence come
Eng. shade, shed, &c .

Her e
we
may pl ace
ch' a, t ea.

Kang Hi says t hi s i s so
cal l ed because t he l eaves wer e
' st or ed away. '
The pl ant was
or i gi nal l y cal l ed *4- .

We
have a r el i c of
t hi s pr obabl y i n t he common
si gn
f l ~
*
~;
*' not ed t ea made wi t h
spr i ng wat er
; '
t he ' not ed'

i s a cor r up-
t i on
of

, t ea, t he ol d name of t he pl ant .
ch' a, t o smear , cor er wi t h oi nt ment .
r ' 1'
ch' a, deep and r et i r ed, as r ooms,
sunken eyes, &e.
f -
Che, cover ,
shade and

she, shi e,
a shed, cot t age,
ar e al so f r omt hi s r oot .
Fr omt he ext ended r oot
SKAR399, Sk.
chhod, cover ,
we pr obabl y have
chak, t seh, a dwel l i ng. Compar e
f r omsame r oot
Lat i n ca- sa, hut , cas- t r uni ,
cast l e.
These exampl es
wi l l ser ve t o i l l ust r at e t he
connect i on bet ween t he Chi nese
and
t he
Ar yan r oot s . I have not es of many mor e
such
exampl es . One may go t hr ough t he
di ct i onar y and f i nd under al most ever y sound
wor ds connect ed mor e or l ess i nt i mat el y
wi t h t hese r oot s.

I
t hi nk
we ar e j ust i f i ed
i n sayi ng t hat at l east one hal f of t he Chi -
nese wor ds ar e
al l i ed
t o
t he Ar yan.

The
l i keness i n some cases i s st r i ki ng ; i n ot her s
t hough t her e may not be a gr eat super f i ci al
r esembl ance
yet t he connect i on maybe t r aced
accor di ng t o t he r ul es of
phi l ol ogy qui t e
as
cl ear l y as t hat of t he Engl i sh or Lat i n wor ds
t hat
ar e der i ved f r om t hese
r oot s
i n wor ks
on phi l ol ogy. Of cour se t her e ar e t hose
whor egar d al l such der i vat i ons as f anci f ul ,
: r n1l cannot see any connect i on unl ess i t i s so