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    Ch17 Young Freedman2

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    Andrew Merrill
    1) Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of molecules, while heat is the transfer of energy between bodies due to a temperature difference. 2) James Joule showed that mechanical work and heat are equivalent in raising the temperature of water, establishing the mechanical equivalent of heat. 3) The specific heat of a material is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of the material by 1°C, and it depends on the type of material. Materials with higher specific heat, like water, show smaller temperature increases than those with lower specific heat, like wood, when given the same amount of heat.

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    Ch17 Young Freedman2

    Uploaded by

    Andrew Merrill
    36 views14 pages
    1) Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of molecules, while heat is the transfer of energy between bodies due to a temperature difference. 2) James Joule showed that mechanical work and heat are equivalent in raising the temperature of water, establishing the mechanical equivalent of heat. 3) The specific heat of a material is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of the material by 1°C, and it depends on the type of material. Materials with higher specific heat, like water, show smaller temperature increases than those with lower specific heat, like wood, when given the same amount of heat.

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    1) Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of molecules, while heat is the transfer of energy between bodies due to a temperature difference. 2) James Joule showed that mechanical work and heat are equivalent in raising the temperature of water, establishing the mechanical equivalent of heat. 3) The specific heat of a material is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of the material by 1°C, and it depends on the type of material. Materials with higher specific heat, like water, show smaller temperature increases than those with lower specific heat, like wood, when given the same amount of heat.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    36 views14 pages

    Ch17 Young Freedman2

    Uploaded by

    Andrew Merrill
    1) Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of molecules, while heat is the transfer of energy between bodies due to a temperature difference. 2) James Joule showed that mechanical work and heat are equivalent in raising the temperature of water, establishing the mechanical equivalent of heat. 3) The specific heat of a material is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of the material by 1°C, and it depends on the type of material. Materials with higher specific heat, like water, show smaller temperature increases than those with lower specific heat, like wood, when given the same amount of heat.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 14

    Heat

    Caution: in everyday usage, Temp & Heat are usually


    interchangeable.
    But, in physics, they are not the same!
    Temperature: a macroscopic state variable ~avg. KE of
    molecules in the system (later).
    Heat: the transfer of energy between bodies due to a
    temperature difference.
    Mechanical Equivalent of Heat
    (Sir J ames J oules, 1818-1889)
    J oule knew a mass above the
    ground had potential energy. He
    dropped a weight on a cord,
    turning a paddle in water. Temp
    changes were then monitored by
    a very accurate thermometer.
    His conclusion: mechanical work
    and heat are equivalent in raising
    the temperature of the water.
    D colliding balls
    Quantity of Heat
    Energy transfer due to temp diff is called heat.
    Historically, the unit of heat is defined in terms of temp changes
    of water:
    1 calorie (cal) = amount of energy transfer (heat) needed to raise
    the temp of 1g of water from 14.5
    o
    C to 15.5
    o
    C.
    From J oules experiment, we also know that this amount of heat is
    equivalent to 4.18 J amount of mechanical energy, i.e.,
    1cal = 4.186 J
    Specific Heat/Heat Capacity
    Different type of materials will need different amount of
    heat to raise its temp by 1
    o
    C (or 1K).
    We can quantify this using specific heat:
    or
    Q quantity of heat needed to raise T from T
    1
    to T
    2
    (AT = T
    2
    T
    1
    )
    m mass of the material
    c specific heat is characteristic of the type of
    material [ ]
    / J kg K
    Q mc T = A dQ mc dT =
    Specific Heat Values
    Molar Specific Heat/Heat Capacity
    One can also specify a certain amount of materials
    by the number of molecules (or mole n) instead of its
    mass (m in kg). With m=nM,
    Q = mc AT = (nM)c AT = nCAT
    n number of mole
    M molar mass (mass per mole)
    C molar specific heat (note upper case)
    (1 mole = )
    23
    6.022 10 particles
    ( )
    : note cM C =
    Molar Specific Heat
    Specific heat also depends on the process by
    which heat is being transferred into the
    system
    Two often used molar specific heats:
    C
    p
    : molar specific heat at constant pressure
    (heating a liquid in an open container)
    C
    v
    : molar specific heat at constant volume
    (heating a gas in a closed container)
    For most materials, C
    p
    > C
    v
    .
    Specific Heat (examples)
    Hot food on metal/wood plate
    Colliding metal balls
    Physical Intuition for c:
    For a given amount of heat flow Q, specific
    heat c is a measure of the thermal sensitivity
    of the material !
    D water balloon
    note
    Example (Iron vs. Wood Plate)
    Metal Plate Wood Plate
    Hot food
    m=0.25kg
    c
    iron
    =470 J /kg K
    Q=2 kJ
    m=0.25kg
    c
    wood
    =2500 J /kg K
    Putting the same amount of heat (hot food) on the plate, what is AT?
    T Q mc A =
    2000
    17
    0.25 470 /
    J
    T K
    kg J kg K
    A = =

    2000
    3.2
    0.25 2500 /
    J
    T K
    kg J kg K
    A = =

    much less temp increase !
    hot to the touch!
    Example (Colliding Balls)
    M
    M
    m
    +v -v
    5
    0.5
    10 1 10
    5 /
    M kg
    m mg kg
    v m s

    =
    = =
    =
    2500 /
    wood
    c J kg K =
    KE delivered to the small piece of paper by the two balls:
    ( )
    2
    2 2
    1
    2 0.5 5 / 12.5
    2
    KE Mv Mv kg m s J
    | |
    = = = =
    |
    \ .
    KE Q, what is the temperature increase for the small piece of paper?
    ( )
    5
    12.5
    793.15
    12.5 / 1 10 2500 / 500
    520
    wood
    o
    Q KE J
    K
    T Q mc J kg J kg K K
    C

    = =
    A = = =
    paper will
    burn!
    (starting @
    room T)
    Extensive and Intensive Quantities
    Extensive quantities: depend on the amount of
    substance:
    double the amount double the quantity
    e.g., volume V is an extensive quantity
    Intensivequantities: not depend on amount of substance
    units are typically per kg or per mol
    e.g. specific heat c and molar heat capacity C:
    | |
    m o l
    | |
    k g
    | |
    J k g K
    | |
    J m o l K
    (Note: Typically, heat capacity is an extensive quality and specific heat is
    intensive but your book does not make this distinction.)
    Heat Exchanges during Phase Changes
    Observation: Most of the time, when Q enters a system, T
    increases. But, not always!
    During Phase Changes, heat exchanged by substances does not
    produce AT.
    During Phase Changes, energy exchanged is used for internal
    structural changes (e.g., pulling molecules further apart) :
    e.g. ice water or water steam
    Q = m L
    heat of fusion (water)
    5
    3.34 10 /
    f
    L J kg =
    heat of vaporization (water)
    6
    2.26 10 /
    v
    L J kg =
    <<
    D heat pad
    D
    love meter
    Heats of Fusion & Heats of Vaporization
    Calorimetry: Problem Solving with Heat
    Exchanges
    Main Concept: Conservation of Energy
    E Q = 0 (sum of all heat flows into
    and out of system =0)
    Sign Convention: heat enters an object is +
    heat leaves an object is
    AT = T
    f
    T
    i
    Steps:
    1. Identify all phase change pts
    2. Apply either (Q=mcAT or Q=mL) for each processes
    separately. (dont apply Q=mcAT across ph. changes!)
    3. Use E Q = 0 and sign convention to solve problem

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