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Occupational health and safety

Occupational health and safety is a discipline with a broad scope involving
many specialized fields. In its broadest sense, it should aim at:
the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical,
mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations;
the prevention among workers of adverse effects on health caused by
their working conditions;
the protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting
from factors adverse to health;
the placing and maintenance of workers in an occupational
environment adapted to physical and mental needs;
The adaptation of work to humans.
Occupational health issues are often given less attention than
occupational safety issues because the former are generally more difficult
to confront. However, when health is addressed, so is safety, because a
healthy workplace is by definition also a safe workplace. The converse,
though, may not be true - a so-called safe workplace is not necessarily also
a healthy workplace. The important point is that issues of both health and
safety must be addressed in every workplace. By and large, the definition
of occupational health and safety given above
encompasses both health and safety in their broadest contexts.

Unhealthy or unsafe working conditions are not limited to factories
they can be found anywhere, whether the workplace is indoors or
outdoors. For many workers, such as agricultural workers or miners,
the workplace is outdoors and can pose many health and safety
hazards.
Poor working conditions can also affect the environment workers live
in, since the working and living environments are the same for many
workers. This means that occupational hazards can have harmful
effects on workers, their families, and other people in the community,
as well as on the physical environment around the workplace. A
classic example is the use of pesticides in agricultural work. Workers
can be exposed to toxic chemicals in a number of ways when
spraying pesticides: they can inhale the chemicals during and after
spraying, the chemicals can be absorbed through the skin, and the
workers can ingest the chemicals if they eat, drink, or smoke without
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first washing their hands, or if drinking water has become
contaminated with the chemicals. The workers' families can also be
exposed in a number of ways: they can inhale the pesticides, which
may linger in the air, they can drink contaminated water, or they can
be exposed to residues, which may be on the worker's clothes. Other
people in the community can all be exposed in the same ways as
well. When the chemicals get absorbed into the soil or leach into
groundwater supplies, the adverse effects on the natural environment
can be permanent.
Overall, efforts in occupational health and safety must aim
to prevent industrial accidents and diseases, and at the same time recognize
the connection between worker health and safety, the workplace, and the
environment outside the workplace.

Occupational health and safety important:
Work plays a central role in people's lives, since most workers spend at
least eight hours a day in the workplace, whether it is on a plantation, in an
office, factory, etc. Therefore, work environments should be safe and
healthy. Yet this is not the case for many workers. Every day workers all
over the world are faced with a multitude of health hazards, such as:
Dusts;
Gases;
Noise;
Vibration;
Extreme temperatures.
Unfortunately, some employers assume little responsibility for the
protection of workers' health and safety. In fact, some employers do not
even know that they have the moral and often legal responsibility to protect
workers. As a result of the hazards and a lack of attention given to health
and safety, work-related accidents and diseases are common in all parts of
the world.




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Analysis of job Risks
Accidents and injuries are associated with functions in diverse work site
and for several reasons, so should develop a mechanism of action and the
training of workers so they can avoid injury and accidents to the workers.
And can even get to this mechanism must apply risk analysis system
function.

Analysis of job Risks Systems
s a system that helps the adoption of applications Occupational Safety and
Health at Work ( job ) is through this system of control to know the risks in
the steps of the work function and then control these risks where the
division of labor to the steps and examine each step in the work and to
identify the risks in steps it can work through this process to find the best
ways to control risk where it is either remove or reduce the risk or to
develop a mechanism of action managed to avoid danger.

Risks Analysis Systems Benefits
1. Know the risks in the job and work.
2. Raise the level of security and safety in the work of the worker.
3. Raising the level of supervision and communication between the
worker and the supervisor.
4. Reduce accidents that could fall at work.
5. After the adoption of the rules can be applied to the function to be
(Catalog heuristic for the job of new workers) to avoid injuries and
accidents.



Risks Analysis Systems Implementation Means


1. What determine the functionality that meant conducting job analysis
system on them.
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2. Occupation is divided into sequential steps of action.
3. Registration is any source of risk through the application of labor
within the divided steps in order.
4. Analysis and risk assessment that found during the operation and
determine what the best corrective actions to prevent or minimize
them or establish procedures for the safety of certain reduced.


Process of Job Specification


1. Knowledge of the most dangerous jobs, which are recorded by
the high casualties.
2. Identify new jobs or jobs that are worked on modifications or
additions work.
3. Select public functions.



Steps of Job Related Risks Analysis


1. Position is determined to be work in risk analysis , and action steps to
split multiple steps of not more than (10) steps ,
2. Registration steps working business at every step in the job.
3. Registration work machine or device used, method, the worker
handles function in each step.
4. Registration dangers that could be expected at every step by the
worker and the machine function or method.
5. Registration risks functionality that is discovered during the steps.
6. Check-in security and safety at every step taken.
7. Check-in security and safety that must be taken at each step.
8. Evaluation of the steps that have been recorded from the work of the
worker and the work of the machine, method, function and safety
measures taken.
9. Establish new procedures if necessary and approve (control steps and
procedures for control and follow-up).
Sources of Danger
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Is anything that can be a source and causing any danger or threat to the
community or individuals or property or the system or institution.
The sources of risk are divided into 4 sections: -


Natural hazards

1. Cold and heat ( and they relate to moisture and air speed )
2. Lighting.
3. Noise.
4. Radiation harmful and dangerous.
5. Atmospheric pressure (to work in high altitudes).
6. Vibrations.


Biological hazards

1. Viruses.
2. Bacteria.

Risk Engineering

1. Mechanical risks resulting from the operation and the number of
machines and machine tools.
2. Electrical hazards resulting from electrical connections.
3. Ergonomics Hazards arise from the lack of appropriate tools and
working conditions for workers.

Chemical Hazards
Most of the health risks caused by inhalation of chemicals and is also the
fastest ways to enter the harmful chemicals into the human body relies
degree of exposure to dangerous chemicals on the degree of concentration
and duration of exposure. The risks are several forms of the chemical are: -
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1. Steam.
2. Gases.
3. Dust.
4. Smock.
5. Spray.
6. Palpation.


Chemical Materials Related Accidents


1. Inhalation.
2. Absorption through the skin and eyes.
3. Ingestion.
4. Improper injection Accidental Injection.


Workplace Analysis

Is the process of analysis of the place of business to see what are the
potential risks it to be controlled and also to determine the level procedures
in safety at work and are they fulfill what is needed and can analyze the
workplace in the division of work into parts and each part is divided into
steps and is looking for danger and source of danger existing with each step
and the relationship each step including preceded and establish a procedure
in which you can isolate the danger in all the stages that can be a source of
danger and used this procedure in the analysis of whether the workplace or
the performance of the worker or the performance of the devices.



Procedure Workplace Analysis

1. Monitoring of workers at work to see precise control their behavior
in the performance of the job.
2. The division of labor to the multiple steps in which the analyst can
know the risks or sources.
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3. Description dangers at every step, and recorded whether the risks of
the work environment or the machine or the worker.
4. The development of preventive measures that fit the dangers that
have been previously recorded at each step.
5. The development of safe operating procedures and mechanism of
action increases the effectiveness and safety procedures to protect
workers from hazards.

Industrial Accidents



Is any incident of accidents that result from an injury or an act detrimental
to the health of the worker or his body and is the result of causes within the
work associated with the performance of paid work , and may be injury
followed by disability or death , and may be from chemicals or IT
operations or the work of the same specifications dangerous self or toxicity
when severely lead to exposure group of workers or facility or center-
environmental severely compromised as a result of these materials , and
these include incidents of explosions , fires , falls , leaking gases and vapors
and dust is highly toxic causing injury or permanent disfigurement or
injuries of different disability or death .



Work Injuries

Work-related injuries include various kinds of mischief, which is located to
the workers, which could result in accidents occurring during work, or
because it involves injuries, including road accidents and occupational
diseases, all described in the Labor Law 38/64, which lies to the workers.







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Accident

Incident occurring during labor and lead to damage either bodily injury or
pathological or lead to the death of the worker has been defined (ie,
emergency sudden and unexpected or unplanned falls during work or
because of related and includes any exposure excessive physical factors or
chemical, biological or severe strain, leading to the death or physical injury
or acute illness of the injured worker ) .




Causes of Accidents & Injuries

1. Lack of experience.
2. The absence of a supervisor or an observer of the action.
3. Lack of training.
4. Personal reasons, such as the condition or defects in the senses.
5. Non- compliance with the instructions of the Department of Safety
and Security.
6. Not to use personal protective equipment.
7. Negligence at work.
8. Work environment to be inappropriate.
9. Insistence observer or official job site to complete the work as soon
as possible.


Management System Occupational Health and Safety

This system be divided into several steps in order to achieve the correct
application of occupational safety within the facilities: -

1. Planning.
2. The application.
3. Testing and debugging.
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4. Audit.
After the division of labor is to study the steps through each step:

Recognition: know the risks of the work environment (which is to identify
the risks in the work or resulting from it and identify this type of risk) .

Rating: This risk is assessed to determine the extent and seriousness with
evaluating means existing safety and effectiveness.

Command and control: the science of studying the best ways to prevent or
minimize the risk of them work as much as possible. Where is the order of
control methods and control according to their importance.

- Control Engineering: removal - replacement - insulation - Banding -
ventilation.
- Administrative control.
- The individual means of prevention.



The bottom line

The causes of workplace injuries many recall the most important: -
- Lack of training courses for workers.
- Working status at the location inappropriate for physical or mental
abilities.
- Lack of appropriate ways to prevent hazards.
- Failure to comply with the terms of the Security and Safety.
- Do not use the means of protection of individual.
- Neglect and lack of awareness among workers.
- Poor organization of traffic rules and don't follow workers of this
rules.

Injury prevention

- Training of workers.
- Good study for each injury and get to know the reasons for their
composition and take the necessary measures to eliminate these
causes.
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- Abide by the rules of occupational health and safety.
- Take care of the equipment, tools and machinery.
- Health care institution or the conditions established.
- Use and follow the individual and means of prevention.
- Pharmacy processing within the work site.
- Follow and adhere to traffic rules.