Java - Streams, Files and I/O: Reading Console Input
Java - Streams, Files and I/O: Reading Console Input
Java - Streams, Files and I/O: Reading Console Input
The java.io package contains nearly every class you might ever need to perform input and output (I/O) in Java. All these streams represent an input source and an output destination. The stream in the java.io package supports many data such as primitives, Object, localized characters etc. A stream can be defined as a sequence of data. The InputStream is used to read data from a source and the OutputStream is used for writing data to a destination. Java does provide strong, flexible support for I/O as it relates to files and networks but this tutorial covers very basic functionlity related to streams and I/O. We would see most commonly used example one by one:
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Example:
Here is a short example that uses write( ) to output the character "A" followed by a newline to the screen: import java.io.*; // Demonstrate System.out.write(). public class WriteDemo { public static void main(String args[]) { int b; b = 'A'; System.out.write(b); System.out.write('\n'); } } This would produce simply 'A' character on the output screen. A Note: You will not often use write( ) to perform console output because print( ) and println( ) are substantially easier to use.
The two important streams are FileInputStream and FileOutputStream which would be discussed in this tutorial:
FileInputStream:
This stream is used for reading data from the files. Objects can be created using the keyword new and there are several types of constructors available. Following constructor takes a file name as a string to create an input stream object to read the file.: InputStream f = new FileInputStream("C:/java/hello");
Following constructor takes a file object to create an input stream object to read the file. First we create a file object using File() method as follows: File f = new File("C:/java/hello"); InputStream f = new FileInputStream(f); Once you have InputStream object in hand then there is a list of helper methods which can be used to read to stream or to do other operations on the stream. SN Methods with Description 1 public void close() throws IOException{} This method closes the file output stream. Releases any system resources associated with the file. Throws an IOException. protected void finalize()throws IOException {} This method cleans up the connection to the file. Ensures that the close method of this file output stream is called when there are no more references to this stream. Throws an IOException. public int read(int r)throws IOException{} This method reads the specified byte of data from the InputStream. Returns an int. Returns the next byte of data and -1 will be returned if it's end of file. public int read(byte[] r) throws IOException{} This method reads r.length bytes from the input stream into an array. Returns the total number of bytes read. If end of file -1 will be returned. public int available() throws IOException{} Gives the number of bytes that can be read from this file input stream. Returns an int.
There are other important input streams available, for more detail you can refer to the following links:
ByteArrayInputStream DataInputStream
FileOutputStream:
FileOutputStream is used to create a file and write data into it.The stream would create a file, if it doesn't already exist, before opening it for output. Here are two constructors which can be used to create a FileOutputStream object. Following constructor takes a file name as a string to create an input stream object to write the file.: OutputStream f = new FileOutputStream("C:/java/hello") Following constructor takes a file object to create an output stream object to write the file. First we create a file object using File() method as follows: File f = new File("C:/java/hello"); OutputStream f = new FileOutputStream(f); Once you have OutputStream object in hand then there is a list of helper methods which can be used to write to stream or to do other operations on the stream. SN Methods with Description 1 public void close() throws IOException{} This method closes the file output stream. Releases any system resources associated with the file. Throws an IOException. protected void finalize()throws IOException {} This method cleans up the connection to the file. Ensures that the close method of this file output stream is called when there are no more references to this stream. Throws an IOException. public void write(int w)throws IOException{} This methods writes the specified byte to the output stream.
public void write(byte[] w) Writes w.length bytes from the mentioned byte array to the OutputStream.
There are other important output streams available, for more detail you can refer to the following links:
ByteArrayOutputStream DataOutputStream
Example:
Following is the example to demonstrate InputStream and OutputStream: import java.io.*; public class fileStreamTest{ public static void main(String args[]){ try{ byte bWrite [] = {11,21,3,40,5}; OutputStream os = new FileOutputStream("C:/test.txt"); for(int x=0; x < bWrite.length ; x++){ os.write( bWrite[x] ); // writes the bytes } os.close(); InputStream is = new FileInputStream("C:/test.txt"); int size = is.available(); for(int i=0; i< size; i++){ System.out.print((char)is.read() + " } is.close(); }catch(IOException e){ System.out.print("Exception"); } } } The above code would create file test.txt and would write given numbers in binary format. Same would be output on the stdout screen. ");
import java.io.File; public class CreateDir { public static void main(String args[]) { String dirname = "/tmp/user/java/bin"; File d = new File(dirname); // Create directory now. d.mkdirs(); } } Compile and execute above code to create "/tmp/user/java/bin". Note: Java automatically takes care of path separators on UNIX and Windows as per conventions. If you use a forward slash (/) on a Windows version of Java, the path will still resolve correctly.
Reading Directories:
A directory is a File that contains a list of other files and directories. When you create a File object and it is a directory, the isDirectory( ) method will return true. You can call list( ) on that object to extract the list of other files and directories inside. The program shown here illustrates how to use list( ) to examine the contents of a directory: import java.io.File; public class DirList { public static void main(String args[]) { String dirname = "/java"; File f1 = new File(dirname); if (f1.isDirectory()) { System.out.println( "Directory of " + dirname); String s[] = f1.list(); for (int i=0; i < s.length; i++) { File f = new File(dirname + "/" + s[i]); if (f.isDirectory()) { System.out.println(s[i] + " is a directory"); } else { System.out.println(s[i] + " is a file"); } } } else { System.out.println(dirname + " is not a directory"); } } } This would produce following result: Directory of /mysql bin is a directory lib is a directory demo is a directory test.txt is a file README is a file index.html is a file include is a directory
Java - DataOutputStream
The DataOutputStream stream let you write the primitives to an output source. Following is the constructor to create an DataOutputStream. DataOutputStream out = DataOutputStream(OutputStream out);
Once you have DataOutputStream object in hand then there is a list of helper methods which can be used to write the stream or to do other operations on the stream. SN Methods with Description public final void write(byte[] w, int off, int len)throws IOException Writes len bytes from the specified byte array starting at point off , to the underlying stream. Public final int write(byte [] b)throws IOException Writes the current number of bytes written to this data output stream. Returns the total number of bytes write into the buffer. (a) public final void writeBooolean()throws IOException, (b) public final void writeByte()throws IOException, (c) public final void writeShort()throws IOException (d) public final void writeInt()throws IOException These methods will write the specific primitive type data into the output stream as bytes. Public void flush()throws IOException Flushes the data output stream. public final void writeBytes(String s) throws IOException Writes out the string to the underlying output stream as a sequence of bytes. Each character in the string is written out, in sequence, by discarding its high eight bits.
Example:
Following is the example to demonstrate DataInputStream and DataInputStream. This example reads 5 lines given in a file test.txt and convert those lines into capital letters and finally copies them into another file test1.txt. import java.io.*; public class Test{ public static void main(String args[])throws IOException{ DataInputStream d = new DataInputStream(new FileInputStream("test.txt")); DataOutputStream out = new DataOutputStream(new FileOutputStream("test1.txt")); String count; while((count = d.readLine()) != null){ String u = count.toUpperCase(); System.out.println(u); out.writeBytes(u + " ,"); } d.close();
out.close(); } } Here is the sample run of the above program: THIS THIS THIS THIS THIS IS IS IS IS IS TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST 1 2 3 4 5 , , , , ,
Java - ByteArrayOutputStream
The ByteArrayOutputStream class stream creates a buffer in memory and all the data sent to the stream is stored in the buffer. There are following forms of constructors to create ByteArrayOutputStream objects Following constructor creates a buffer of 32 byte: OutputStream bOut = new ByteArrayOutputStream() Following constructor creates a buffer of size int a: OutputStream bOut = new ByteArrayOutputStream(int a) Once you have ByteArrayOutputStream object in hand then there is a list of helper methods which can be used to write the stream or to do other operations on the stream. SN Methods with Description public void reset() This method resets the number of valid bytes of the byte array output stream to zero, so all the accumulated output in the stream will be discarded. public byte[] toByteArray() This method creates a newly allocated Byte array. Its size would be the current size of the output stream and the contents of the buffer will be copied into it. Returns the current contents of the output stream as a byte array. public String toString() Converts the buffer content into a string. Translation will be done according to the default character encoding. Returns the String translated from the buffer.s content. public void write(int w) Writes the specified array to the output stream. public void write(byte []b, int of, int len) Writes len number of bytes starting from offset off to the stream. public void writeTo(OutputStream outSt) Writes the entire content of this Stream to the specified stream argument.
Example:
Following is the example to demonstrate ByteArrayOutputStream and ByteArrayOutputStream import java.io.*; public class ByteStreamTest { public static void main(String args[])throws IOException { ByteArrayOutputStream bOutput = new ByteArrayOutputStream(12); while( bOutput.size()!= 10 ) { // Gets the inputs from the user bOutput.write(System.in.read()); } byte b [] = bOutput.toByteArray(); System.out.println("Print the content"); for(int x= 0 ; x < b.length; x++) { //printing the characters System.out.print((char)b[x] + " "); } System.out.println(" "); int c; ByteArrayOutputStream bInput = new ByteArrayOutputStream(b); System.out.println("Converting characters to Upper case " ); for(int y = 0 ; y < 1; y++ ) { while(( c= bInput.read())!= -1) { System.out.println(Character.toUpperCase((char)c)); } bInput.reset(); } } } Here is the sample run of the above program: asdfghjkly Print the content a s d f g h j k l y Converting characters to Upper case A S D F G H J K L Y
Fonte:
http://www.tutorialspoint.com/java/index.htm