2009 Taxation Law Reviewer

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REVIEWER IN TAXATION LAW
Table of Contents
TAXATION LAW 1
PART I. FUNDAMENTALS OF TAXATION A. Principles of Sound Tax System B. Essential Characteristics of Taxes C. Power of Tax as differentiated from the Powers of Eminent Domain and Police Power D. Tax Distinguished from other Forms of Impositions E. Theory and Basis of Taxation F. Inherent Limitations G. Constitutional Limitations H. Tax systems I. Classification of Taxes J. Situs of Taxation K. Double Taxation L. Escape from Taxation M. Interpretation/Construction of Tax Laws PART II. INCOME TAXATION I. Principles of Income Taxation A. Income Tax B. Source of Income C. Schedular v. Global Tax system II. Definition and Classification of Taxpayers III. Tax on Individuals A. Classification of Individual Taxpayers B. Three Kinds of Income 1. Capital Gains Subject to Capital Gains Tax 2. Passive Income Subject to Final Tax 3. Other Income Subject to Schedular Tax Rates 4. Taxation of Compensation Income of a Minimum Wage Earner C. Deductions in General D. Special Classification of Individuals and Corresponding Tax Treatment E. Computation F. Summary of Tax bases and Tax Rates IV. Tax on Corporations A. Coverage of the Term Corporation B. Classification of Corporations C. Scope of Taxation D. Tax on Domestic Corporations E. Tax on Resident Foreign Corporations F. Tax on Non-Resident Foreign Corporations G. Special Types of Corporations H. Summary of Tax Bases and Rates of Special Corporations I. Exempt Corporations J. Summary of Tax Bases, Tax Rates and Applicable Tax Regimes for Corporations 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 9 9 9 10 10 11 12 12 12 13 15 15 17 17 18 18 20 20 21 21 23 24 25 26 26 26 26 27 32 33 33 36 37 38 V. Taxation of Fringe Benefits A. Definition B. Tax Rate and Tax Base C. Fringe Benefits Which Are Not Taxable VI. Taxation of Partnerships A. Classifications of Partnerships for Tax Purposes B. General Professional Partnerships C. Other Partnerships VII.Estates and Trusts A. Definition B. Computation and Payment of Tax C. How Taxable Income of the Estate or Trust is Computed D. Exemption Allowed to Estates and Trusts E. Illustrative Problems PART III. GROSS INCOME A. Basic Principles B. Supplementary Discussion on Some Items Included in Gross Income 1. Compensation Income 2. Gains Derived from dealings in Property 3. Interest Income 4. Rental Income 5. Dividends 6. Annuities 7. Pensions 8. Cancellation of Debt 9. Prizes and Awards 10. Damage Recovery 11. Bad Debt Recovery 12. Tax Refund PART IV. EXCLUSIONS AND DEDUCTIONS FROM GROSS INCOME I. Exclusions from Gross Income II. Deductions from Gross Income A. Itemized Deductions B. Optional Standard Deduction III. Personal and Additional Exemptions IV. Non-Deductible Expenses PART V. CAPITAL GAINS AND LOSSES I. Definitions II. Capital Loss Limitation Rule III. Sale of Real Property IV. Sale of Shares of Stock V. Recognition of Gain/Loss in Exchange of Property VI. Computing CGT in General PART VI. RETURNS AND PAYMENTS OF TAX/ WITHHOLDING TAXES A. Returns and Payment of Tax 1. Individual Return 2. Corporation Regular Returns B. Withholding Tax 39 39 39 39 41 41 41 41 42 42 43 44 44 45 47 47 47 47 47 49 49 49 49 50 50 50 50 50 51 52 52 56 56 69 69 70 73 73 73 73 74 75 75 78 78 78 80 81
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TAXATION LAW 2
PART I. TRANSFER TAXES I. Estate Tax A. Principles B. Gross Estate C. Deductions D. Tax Rates Applicable E. Tax Credit for Estate Taxes F. Compliance Requirements G. Illustrations II. Donors Tax A. Principles B. Properties Included C. Exemptions D. Computation E. Rates of Tax F. Object of Taxation G. Valuation H. Tax Credit I. Compliance Requirements PART II. VALUE ADDED TAX I. Concept II. Nature and Characteristics III. Transactions Subject to VAT IV. Persons Liable V. Rates in General A. 12% VAT B. Zero-rated Transactions C. Final Withholding VAT VI. Transactions Exempt from VAT VII. Determining the VAT Base VIII. Input Taxes A. Creditable Input Tax B. Excess Output or Input Tax C. Refunds or Tax Credits of Input Tax IX. Substantiation Requirements X. Invoicing Requirements XI. Consequences of Issuing Erroneous VAT Invoice or VAT Official Receipt XII. Registrations Requirements XIII. Filing of Returns and Payment of VAT XIV. Enforcement Measures PART III. PERCENTAGE TAXES I. Who Are Liable A. Persons Exempt from VAT B. Domestic Carriers and Keepers of Garage C. International Carriers D. Franchises E. Overseas Communications Tax F. Banks and Non bank Financial Intermediaries Performing Quasi-Banking Functions G. Other Non-Bank Finance Intermediaries 87 87 87 90 91 96 96 97 99 100 100 101 101 102 102 103 103 104 104 105 105 105 106 107 107 107 111 114 115 120 120 120 121 122 124 124 125 125 126 126 128 128 128 128 128 129 129 129 130 H. Life Insurance Premiums I. Agents of Foreign Insurance Companies J. Amusement Taxes K. Winnings L. Sale, Barter or Exchange of Shares of Stock II. Payment III. Summary of Percentage Taxes PART IV. EXCISE TAX I. Goods Subject to Excise Tax A. Alcohol Products B. Tobacco Products C. Petroleum Products D. Miscellaneous Articles II. Filing of Return and Payment of Excise Tax on Domestic Products III. Payment of Excise Tax on Imported Articles IV. Exemption/Conditional Tax-Free Removal of Certain Articles PART V. DOCUMENTARY STAMP TAX I. General Principles II. Documents and Papers Not Subject to Documentary Stamp Tax III. One-Transaction Rule IV. Payment of DST V. Applicability of DST law on Electronic Documents VI. Tax Rates Applicable PART VI. REMEDIES I. Audit Stage A. Powers of the Commissioner Relative to the Audit Process B. Letter of Authority II. Pre-Assessment Stage A. Step 1: Issuance of Notice of Informal Conference B. Step 2: Informal Conference C. Step 3: Issuance of PreAssessment Notice III. Formal Assessment Stage Effects of RA 9282 on the CTAs Jurisdiction IV. Collection Letter/Warrants A. Collections of Deficiency Taxes B. Remedies of the Taxpayer Against Taxes Erroneously or Illegally Paid C. Remedies of the State for Collection of Taxes V. Compromise and Abatement VI. Statutory Offenses and Penalties A. Additions to the Tax B. Crimes, Other Offenses and Forfeitures 130 131 131 131 132 132 133 134 134 134 135 135 135 135 137 137 138 138 139 140 140 140 140 143 143 143 145 145 145 145 145 146 149 150 150 151 152 156 157 157 158
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VII. Compliance Requirements VIII. Informers Reward Flowchart I: Taxpayers Remedies from Tax Assessment Flowchart II: Procedures for Distraint and Levy PART VII. LOCAL TAXATION I. Preliminaries A. Basic Concepts B. Fundamental Principles C. Local Taxing Authority D. Local Tax Ordinance E. Common Limitations on Taxing Powers of LGUs F. Other Relevant Taxing Powers II. Specific Provisions on the Taxing and Other Revenue-Raising Powers of the LGU A. Provinces B. Municipalities C. Cities D. Barangays E. Community Tax III. Collection of Taxes IV. Local Tax Remedies Flowchart III: Taxpayers Remedies from Assessment of Local Taxes Other Than Real Property Taxes Flowchart IV: Procedure for Distraint and Levy for Purposes of Satisfying Local Taxes PART VIII. REAL PROPERTY TAXATION I. Basic Concepts II. Properties Subject to Tax III. Taxes and Rates Imposed A. Basic Real Property Tax B. Special Levies IV. Exempt Properties V. Appraisal and Assessment of Real Property A. Classes of Real Property for Assessment Purposes B. Basis of Assessment and Appraisal C. Payment and Collection VI. Remedies in Real Property Taxation A. Remedies Available to Local Government B. Remedies Available to Taxpayer VII. Special Provisions Flowchart V: Procedure for Assessment of Land Value for Real Property Tax Purposes Flowchart VI: Taxpayers Remedies Involving Collection of Real Property Tax Flowchart VII: Procedure for Levy for
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Purposes of Property Taxes
Satisfying
Real 186 187 187 187 187 187 188 188 188 188 189 192 193 193 193 193 194 194 194 194 194 195 195 195 196 196 196 197 198
PART IX. TARIFF AND CUSTOMS CODE I. Articles Subject to Duty A. Export and Import Duties B. Meaning of Importation C. Classes of Importation D. Classification of Custom Duties E. Special Duties II. Rates of Duty A. General Rules B. Basis of Duty C. Special Duties D. Flexible Tariff Rates III. Imposition of Duties A. Persons Liable B. Declaration C. Examination, Appraisal and Classification D. Assessment and Taxes E. Liquidation IV. Remedies of the Government A. Extrajudicial B. Judicial V. Remedies of the Taxpayer A. Refund B. Protest C. Abandonment VI. Pertinent Amendments by RA 9135 Flowchart VIII: Taxpayers Remedies from Customs Assessment Flowchart IX: Remedies from Seizure and Forfeiture Cases
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TAXATION LAW 1
PART I. FUNDAMENTALS OF TAXATION A. Principles of Sound Tax System B. Essential Characteristics of Taxes C. Power of Tax as differentiated from the Powers of Eminent Domain and Police Power D. Tax Distinguished from other Forms of Impositions E. Theory and Basis of Taxation F. Inherent Limitations G. Constitutional Limitations H. Tax systems I. Classification of Taxes J. Situs of Taxation K. Double Taxation L. Escape from Taxation M. Interpretation/Construction of Tax Laws PART II. INCOME TAXATION I. Principles of Income Taxation A. Income Tax B. Source of Income C. Schedular v. Global Tax system II. Definition and Classification of Taxpayers III. Tax on Individuals A. Classification of Individual Taxpayers B. Three Kinds of Income 1. Capital Gains Subject to Capital Gains Tax 2. Passive Income Subject to Final Tax 3. Other Income Subject to Schedular Tax Rates 4. Taxation of Compensation Income of a Minimum Wage Earner C. Deductions in General D. Special Classification of Individuals and Corresponding Tax Treatment E. Computation F. Summary of Tax bases and Tax Rates IV. Tax on Corporations A. Coverage of the Term Corporation B. Classification of Corporations C. Scope of Taxation D. Tax on Domestic Corporations E. Tax on Resident Foreign Corporations F. Tax on Non-Resident Foreign Corporations G. Special Types of Corporations H. Summary of Tax Bases and Rates of Special Corporations I. Exempt Corporations J. Summary of Tax Bases, Tax Rates and Applicable Tax Regimes for Corporations 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 9 9 9 10 10 11 12 12 12 13 15 15 17 17 18 18 20 20 21 21 23 24 25 26 26 26 26 27 32 33 33 36 37 38 V. Taxation of Fringe Benefits A. Definition B. Tax Rate and Tax Base C. Fringe Benefits Which Are Not Taxable VI. Taxation of Partnerships A. Classifications of Partnerships for Tax Purposes B. General Professional Partnerships C. Other Partnerships VII.Estates and Trusts A. Definition B. Computation and Payment of Tax C. How Taxable Income of the Estate or Trust is Computed D. Exemption Allowed to Estates and Trusts E. Illustrative Problems PART III. GROSS INCOME A. Basic Principles B. Supplementary Discussion on Some Items Included in Gross Income 1. Compensation Income 2. Gains Derived from dealings in Property 3. Interest Income 4. Rental Income 5. Dividends 6. Annuities 7. Pensions 8. Cancellation of Debt 9. Prizes and Awards 10. Damage Recovery 11. Bad Debt Recovery 12. Tax Refund PART IV. EXCLUSIONS AND DEDUCTIONS FROM GROSS INCOME I. Exclusions from Gross Income II. Deductions from Gross Income A. Itemized Deductions B. Optional Standard Deduction III. Personal and Additional Exemptions IV. Non-Deductible Expenses PART V. CAPITAL GAINS AND LOSSES I. Definitions II. Capital Loss Limitation Rule III. Sale of Real Property IV. Sale of Shares of Stock V. Recognition of Gain/Loss in Exchange of Property VI. Computing CGT in General PART VI. RETURNS AND PAYMENTS OF TAX/ WITHHOLDING TAXES A. Returns and Payment of Tax 1. Individual Return 2. Corporation Regular Returns B. Withholding Tax 39 39 39 39 41 41 41 41 42 42 43 44 44 45 47 47 47 47 47 49 49 49 49 50 50 50 50 50 51 52 52 56 56 69 69 70 73 73 73 73 74 75 75 78 78 78 80 81
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Part I. Fundamentals of Taxation
FACULTY-STUDENT EDITORIAL BOARD AND LECTURES COMMITTEE Prof. Rachel P. Follosco

FACULTY EDITOR
TAXATION LAW Rachel T. Uy

SUBJECT EDITOR
LECTURES Edel Cruz

HEAD
TAXATION LAW 1
ACADEMICS COMMITTEE Samantha Poblacion

DIRECTOR FOR ACADEMICS EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
TAXATION LAW 1 Charles Albert Lejano Benedict Evengelista

LEAD WRITER
-------Kae Guerrero
PRINTING AND DISTRIBUTION
-------Leo Zulueta
LOGO, COVER AND TEMPLATE DESIGN
Rania Joya
DEPUTY DIRECTOR FOR ACADEMICS LAYOUT HEAD
Maia Rieza Eva Sison

WRITERS
Taxation Law 1
A. PRINCIPLES OF SOUND TAX SYSTEM B. ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TAXES C. POWER OF TAX AS DIFFERENTIATED FROM THE POWERS OF EMINENT DOMAIN AND POLICE POWER D. TAX DISTINGUISHED FROM OTHER FORMS OF IMPOSITIONS E. THEORY AND BASIS OF TAXATION F. INHERENT LIMITATIONS G. CONSTITUTIONAL LIMITATIONS H. TAX SYSTEMS I. CLASSIFICATION OF TAXES J. SITUS OF TAXATION K. DOUBLE TAXATION L. ESCAPE FROM TAXATION M. INTERPRETATION/CONSTRUCTION OF TAX LAWS
3. Administrative Feasibility the tax system should be capable of being properly and efficiently administered by the government and enforced with the least inconvenience to the taxpayer.
B. Essential Characteristics of Taxes

(1) It is an enforced contribution for its imposition is in no way dependent upon the will or assent of the person taxed. (2) It is generally payable in the form of money, although the law may provide payment in kind; (3) It is laid by some rule of apportionment which is usually based on ability to pay; (4) It is levied on persons, property, acts, privileges, or transactions. In each case, however, it is only a person who pays the tax; (5) It is levied by the State which has jurisdiction or control over the subject to be taxed. This is necessary in order that the tax can be enforced; (6) It is levied by the law-making body of the State. The power to tax is legislative power which only the legislature can exercise. The power to tax is also granted to local governments, but subject to such guidelines and limitations as may be provided by law; (7) It is levied for public purpose. Taxation involves, and a tax constitutes, a charge or burden imposed to provide public revenue for the support of the government, the administration of the law, or the payment of public expenses. A tax levied for a private purpose constitutes a taking of property without due process of law.
TAXATION - is a mode by which governments make exactions for revenue in order to support their existence and carry out their legitimate objectives. TAXES are enforced proportional contributions from persons and property levied by the law-making body of the State by virtue of its sovereignty for the support of the government and all public needs. The theory or underlying bases of taxation is governmental necessity, for indeed, without it, government can neither exist nor endure.
A. Principles of A Sound Tax System

1. Fiscal Adequacy the sources (proceeds) of tax revenue should coincide with, and approximate the needs of, government expenditures. 2. Theoretical Justice the tax system must be fair to the average taxpayer and must be based on his ability to pay.
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C. Power to Tax as Differentiated from the Powers of Eminent Domain and Police Power
EMINENT POLICE DOMAIN POWER Authority who exercises the power May be May be: May be exercised only (1) Exercised exercised only by the by the by the government or government government its political or its political subdivisions subdivisions; (2) Granted to public service companies or public utilities Purpose The property The property The use of the (generally in is taken for property is the form of public use; it regulated for money) is must be the purpose of taken for the compensated. promoting the support of the general government welfare; it is not compensable. Persons Affected Operates upon Operated on Operates upon (1) Community an individual (1) Community or as the owner or (2) Class of of particular (2) Class of individuals. property. individuals. Effect The money There is a There is no contributed transfer of the transfer of becomes part right to title. At most, of the public property. there is funds restraint on the injurious use of property Benefits Received Assumed that He receives The person the individual the market affected receives the value of the receives equivalent of property indirect the tax in the taken from benefits as form of him. may arise protection and from the benefits he maintenance receives from of a healthy the economic government. standard of society. Amount of Imposition Generally, No amount Amount there is no imposed but imposed limit on the rather the should not be amount of tax owner is paid more than that may be the market sufficient to imposed. value of cover the cost property of the license taken and necessary expenses TAXATION
D. Tax Distinguished from Forms of Impositions: License and Regulatory Fee

TAXES Imposed under the taxing power of the state for purposes of revenue. Forced contributions for the purpose of maintaining government functions. Generally, unlimited as to amount
Other
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LICENSE AND REGULATORY FEE Levied under the police power of the state. Exacted primarily to regulate certain businesses or occupations. Should not unreasonably exceed the expenses of issuing the license and of supervision. Imposed only on the right to exercise a privilege Failure to pay makes the act or business illegal.
Imposed on persons, property and to exercise a privilege. Failure to pay does not necessarily make the act or business illegal.
Progressive Development Corp v. QC (1989): To be considered a license fee: (1) the imposition questioned must relate to an occupation or activity that so engages the public interest in health, morals, safety and development as to require regulation for the protection and promotion of such public interest; (2) the imposition must also bear a reasonable relation to the probable expenses of regulation, taking into account not only the costs of direct regulation but also its incidental consequences as well.
Note: Taxes may also be imposed for regulatory purposes. It is called regulatory tax.
PAL v. Edu (1988): Fees may be properly regarded as taxes even though they also served as an instrument of regulation. If the purpose is primarily revenue, or if revenue is, at least, one of the real and substantial purposes, then the exaction is properly called a tax.
Special Assessment
TAXES Imposed regardless of public improvements Contribution of a taxpayer for the SPECIAL ASSESSMENT Imposed because of an increase in value of land benefited by public improvement Contribution of a person for the
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support of the government. It has general application both as to time and place.
construction of a public improvement Exceptional both as to time and locality.
hindrance. It is said that taxes are what we pay for civilized society. Without taxes, the government would be paralyzed for lack of the motive power to activate and operate it. 2. Benefits-received theory This principle serves as the basis of taxation and is founded on the reciprocal duties of protection and support between the State and its inhabitants. Also called symbiotic relation between the State and its citizens.
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Toll
TAXES Paid for the support of the government Demand of sovereignty Generally, no limit on the amount collected as long as it is not excessive, unreasonable or confiscatory Imposed only by the government TOLL Paid for the use of anothers property. Demand of proprietorship Amount paid depends upon the cost of construction or maintenance of the public improvement used. Imposed by the government or by private individuals or entities.
F. Inherent Limitations
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Purpose must be public in nature. Prohibitions against delegation of the taxing power (exclusively legislative in nature) Exemption of government entities, agencies and instrumentalities. International Comity Limitation of territorial jurisdiction.
Obligation to Pay Debt

TAXES Based on laws Generally cannot be assigned Generally paid in money Cannot be a subject of set off Non-payment is punished by imprisonment except in poll tax Governed by the special prescriptive periods provided for in the NIRC. Does not draw interest except only when delinquent Imposed only by public authority DEBT Generally based on contract, express or implied. Assignable May be paid in kind. Can be a subject of set off No imprisonment in case of non-payment (Art. III, Sec. 20 1987 Constitution) Governed by the ordinary periods of prescription. Draws interest when it is so stipulated or where there is default. Can be imposed by private individual
1. Purpose must be public in nature.

Pascual v. Secretary of Public Works (1960): The test of the constitutionality of a statute requiring the use of public funds is whether the statute is designed to promote the public interest, as opposed to the furtherance of the advantage of individuals, although each advantage to individuals might incidentally serve the public. Tio v. Videogram (1987): The public purpose of a tax may legally exist even if the motive which impelled the legislature to impose the tax was to favor one industry over another.
2. Prohibitions against delegation of the taxing power (exclusively legislative in nature)

Tan v. Del Rosario (1994) : With the legislature primarily lies the discretion to determine the 1. nature (kind), 2. object (purpose), 3. extent (rate), 4. coverage (subjects) and 5. situs (place) of taxation. The court cannot freely delve into those matters which, by constitutional fiat, rightly rest on legislative judgment.
E. Theory and Basis of Taxation

1. Necessity Theory/ Lifeblood Theory The power of taxation proceeds upon theory that the existence of government is a necessity; that is cannot continue without means to pay its expenses; and that for those means it has the right to compel all citizens and property within its limits to contribute. CIR v. Algue: Taxes are the lifeblood of the government and so should be collected without unnecessary
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G. Constitutional Limitations (1) Due Process of Law

Article III, Section 1, 1987 Consti- No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of the laws.
(6) Prohibition Against Infringement of Religious Freedom

Article III, Section 5, 1987 Consti-. No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed. No religious test shall be required for the exercise of civil or political rights.
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(2) Equal Protection of Laws

All persons subject to legislation shall be treated alike under similar circumstances and conditions both in the privileges conferred and liabilities imposed. Uniformity does not prohibit classification as long as: (1) the standards that are used therefor are substantial and not arbitrary, (2) the categorization is germane to achieve the legislative purpose, (3) the law applies, all things being equal, to both present and future conditions, and (4) the classification applies equally well to all those belonging to the same class.
(7) Prohibition Against Appropriation of Proceeds of Taxation for the Use, Benefit, or Support of any Church
Article VI, Section 29. 1) No money shall be paid out of the Treasury except in pursuance of an appropriation made by law. 2) No public money or property shall be appropriated, applied, paid, or employed, directly or indirectly, for the use, benefit, or support of any sect, church, denomination, sectarian institution, or system of religion, or of any priest, preacher, minister, other religious teacher, or dignitary as such, except when such priest, preacher, minister, or dignitary is assigned to the armed forces, or to any penal institution, or government orphanage or leprosarium. 3) All money collected on any tax levied for a special purpose shall be treated as a special fund and paid out for such purpose only. If the purpose for which a special fund was created has been fulfilled or abandoned, the balance, if any, shall be transferred to the general funds of the Government.
(3) Rule of Uniformity and Equity in Taxation

Article VI, Section 28, 1987 Consti- (1) The rule of taxation shall be uniform and equitable. The Congress shall evolve a progressive system of taxation.
(4) Prohibition Against Imprisonment for Non-Payment of Poll Tax

Art III, Section 20, 1987 Consti- No person shall be imprisoned for debt or non-payment of a poll tax.
(5) Prohibition Against Impairment of Obligation of Contracts

Article III, Section 10. No law impairing the obligation of contracts shall be passed. Tolentino v. Secretary of Finance (1994): Not only are existing laws read into contracts in order to fix obligations as between parties, but the reservation of essential attributes of sovereign power is also read into contracts as a basic postulate of the legal order. The Contract Clause has never been thought as a limitation on the exercise of the State's power of taxation save only where a tax exemption has been granted for a valid consideration.
(8) Prohibition Against Taxation of Religious, Charitable and Educational Entities

Article VI, Section 28, 1987 Constitution xxx (3) Charitable institutions, churches and personages or convents appurtenant thereto, mosques, non-profit cemeteries, and all lands, buildings, and improvements, actually, directly, and exclusively used for religious, charitable, or educational purposes shall be exempt from taxation. The tax exemption under this constitutional provision covers property taxes only.
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Lung Center of the Philippines v. Quezon City (2004): The TEST whether an enterprise is charitable or not is whether it exists to carry out a purpose recognized in law as charitable or whether it is maintained for gain, profit, or private advantage. As a general principle, a charitable institution does not lose its character as such and its exemption from taxes simply because it derives income from paying patients, whether out-patient, or confined in the hospital, or receives subsidies from the government, so long as the money received is devoted or used altogether to the charitable object which it is intended to achieve; and no money inures to the private benefit of the persons managing or operating the institution. Exclusive" is defined as possessed and enjoyed to the exclusion of others; debarred from participation or enjoyment; and "exclusively" is defined, "in a manner to exclude; as enjoying a privilege exclusively." If real property is used for one or more commercial purposes, it is not exclusively used for the exempted purposes but is subject to taxation. The words "dominant use" or "principal use" cannot be substituted for the words "used exclusively" without doing violence to the Constitutions and the law. Solely is synonymous with exclusively.
NOTE: Lung Center does not necessarily overturned the case of Abra Valley College v. Aquino (1988). Lung center just provided a stricter interpretation of the rule. In Abra Valley, the court held: The primary use of the school lot and building is the basic and controlling guide, norm and standard to determine tax exemption, and not the mere incidental use thereof. Under the 1935 Constitution, the trial court correctly arrived at the conclusion that the school building as well as the lot where it is built, should be taxed, not because the second floor of the same is being used by the Director and his family for residential purposes (incidental to its educational purpose), but because the first floor thereof is being used for commercial purposes. However, since only a portion is used for purposes of commerce, it is only fair that half of the assessed tax be returned to the school involved.
(9) Prohibition Against Taxation of NonStock, Non-Profit Educational Institutions

Article XIV, Section 4, 1987 Constitution xxx (3) All revenues and assets of non-stock, non-profit educational institutions used actually, directly, and exclusively for educational purposes shall be exempt from taxes and duties. Upon the dissolution or cessation of the corporate existence of such institutions, their assets shall be disposed of in the manner provided by law. Proprietary educational institutions, including those cooperatively owned, may likewise be entitled to such exemptions, subject to the limitations provided by law, including restrictions on dividends and provisions for reinvestment. (4) Subject to conditions prescribed by law, all grants, endowments, donations, or contributions used actually, directly, and exclusively for educational purposes shall be exempt from tax.
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(10)
Others
a. Grant of tax exemption Article 6, Section 28, 1987 Constitution xxx (4) No law granting any tax exemption shall be passed without the concurrence of a majority of all the Members of the Congress. b. Veto of appropriation, revenue, tariff bills by the President Article 6, Section 28, 1987 Constitution (2) The President shall have the power to veto any particular item or items in an appropriation, revenue, or tariff bill, but the veto shall not affect the item or items to which he does not object. c. Non-impairment of the SC jurisdiction San Miguel Corp v. Avelino: It is undoubted that under the Constitution, even the legislative body cannot deprive this Court of its appellate jurisdiction over all cases coming from inferior courts where the constitutionality or validity of an ordinance or the legality of any tax, impost, assessment, or toll is in question.
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d. Revenue bills shall originate exclusively from the House of Representatives Article VI, Section 24, 1987 Constitution All appropriation, revenue or tariff bills, bills authorizing increase of the public debt, bills of local application, and private bills, shall originate exclusively in the House of Representatives, but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments. Tolentino v. Secretary of Finance (1994): What the Constitution simply means is that the initiative for filing revenue, tariff, or tax bills, bills authorizing an increase of the public debt, private bills and bills of local application must come from the House of Representatives on the theory that, elected as they are from the districts, the members of the House can be expected to be more sensitive to the local needs and problems. On the other hand, the senators, who are elected at large, are expected to approach the same problems from the national perspective. Both views are thereby made to bear on the enactment of such laws. The Constitution does not also prohibit the filing in the Senate of a substitute bill in anticipation of its receipt of the bill from the House, as long as action by the Senate is withheld until receipt of said bill. e. Infringement of press freedom Article III, Section 4, 1987 Constitution No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of expression, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the government for redress of grievances. This limitation does not mean that the press is exempt from all forms of taxes. Taxation constitutes an infringement of press freedom when it operates as a prior restraint to the exercise of this constitutional right. When the tax is imposed on the receipts or the income of the press it is a valid exercise of the sovereign prerogative. f. Grant of franchise Article XII, Section 11, 1987 Constitution No franchise, certificate, or any other form of authorization for the operation
of a public utility shall be granted except to citizens of the Philippines or to corporations or associations organized under the laws of the Philippines, at least sixty per centum of whose capital is owned by such citizens; nor shall such franchise, certificate, or authorization be exclusive in character or for a longer period than fifty years. Neither shall any such franchise or right be granted except under the condition that it shall be subject to amendment, alteration, or repeal by the Congress when the common good so requires. The State shall encourage equity participation in public utilities by the general public. The participation of foreign investors in the governing body of any public utility enterprise shall be limited to their proportionate share in its capital, and all the executive and managing officers of such corporation or association must be citizens of the Philippines.
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Tolentino v. Aquino: Section 24 of P.D. No. 1590 provision is evidently intended to prevent the amendment of the franchise by mere implication resulting from the enactment of a later inconsistent statute, in consideration of the fact that a franchise is a contract which can be altered only by consent of the parties. Thus in Manila Railroad Co. v. Rafferty, it was held that an Act of the U.S. Congress, which provided for the payment of tax on certain goods and articles imported into the Philippines, did not amend the franchise of plaintiff, which exempted it from all taxes except those mentioned in its franchise. It was held that a special law cannot be amended by a general law. In contrast, in the case at bar, Republic Act No. 7716 expressly amends PAL's franchise (P.D. No. 1590) by specifically excepting from the grant of exemptions from the VAT PAL's exemption under P.D. No. 1590. This is within the power of Congress to do under Art. XII, Section 11 of the Constitution, which provides that the grant of a franchise for the operation of a public utility is subject to amendment, alteration or repeal by Congress when the common good so requires.
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H. Tax Systems
Article VI, Section 28, 1987 Consti- (1) The rule of taxation shall be uniform and equitable. The Congress shall evolve a progressive system of taxation.
3. As to the Object or Subject Matter of Tax

Personal, Poll or Capitation Tax tax of a fixed amount imposed on persons residing within a specified territory, whether citizens or not, without regard to their property or the occupation or business in which they may be engaged. (i.e. community tax) Property Tax tax imposed on property, real or personal, in proportion to its value or in accordance with some other reasonable method of apportionment. (ie., real estate tax) Excise Tax a charge imposed upon the performance of an act, the enjoyment of a privilege, or the engaging in an occupation.
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Progressive System of Taxation v. Regressive System of Taxation (1) A progressive system of taxation means that tax laws shall place emphasis on direct taxes rather than on indirect taxes, with ability to pay as the principal criterion. (2) A regressive system of taxation exists when there are more indirect taxes imposed than direct taxes. Tolentino v. Secretary of Finance (1994): Regressivity is not a negative standard for courts to enforce. What Congress is required by the Constitution to do is to evolve a progressive system of taxation. This is a directive to Congress, just like the directive to it to give priority to the enactment of laws for the enhancement of human dignity. The provisions are put in the Constitution as moral incentives to legislation, not as judicially enforceable rights.
4. As to the Manner of Computing the Tax

Specific Tax is a tax of a fixed amount imposed by the head or number or by some other standard of weight or measurement. It requires no assessment other than the listing or classification of the objects to be taxed. Ad Valorem Tax is a tax of a fixed proportion of the value of the property with respect to which the tax is assessed. It requires the intervention of assessors or appraisers to estimate the value of such property before the amount due from each taxpayer can be determined.
I. Classification of Taxes 1. As to Scope of the Tax

National taxes imposed by the national government. (eg. Internal revenue taxes and customs duties) Municipal or Local taxes imposed by local governments (eg. Business taxes that may be imposed under the Local Govt Code)
5. As to Graduation or Rate
Proportional based on a fixed percentage of the amount of the property receipts or other basis to be taxed. Example: real estate tax. Progressive the rate of which increases as the tax base or bracket increases. Example: income tax. Digressive Tax Rate progressive rate stops at a certain point. Progression halts at a particular stage. Regressive the rate of which decreases as the tax base or bracket increases. There is no such tax in the Philippines.
2. As to Who Shoulders the Burden of the Tax

Direct Taxes taxes which are demanded from persons who are primarily burdened to pay them (eg. Income, estate, donors taxes) Indirect Taxes taxes levied upon transactions or activities before the articles subject matter thereof reach the consumers to whom the burden of the tax may ultimately be charged or shifted (eg. VAT)
J. Situs of Taxation
Literally, situs of taxation means place of taxation. It is the State or political unit which has jurisdiction to impose a particular tax.
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Lex Rei Sitae This is a principle followed in fixing the situs of taxation of a property. This means that the property is taxable in the State where it has its actual situs, specifically in the place where it is located, even though the owner resides in another jurisdiction. With respect to property taxes, real property is subject to taxation in the State where it is located and taxable only there. Lex rei sitae has also been adopted for tangible personal property under Article 16 of the Civil Code. Situs of Tangible Personal Property General Rule: Situs is the domicile of the owner pursuant to the principle of mobilia sequuntur personam. This rule is based on the fact that such property does not admit of any actual location and that such property receives the protection and benefits of the law where they are located. Exceptions: 1. When it is inconsistent with the express provisions of the statute 2. When the property has acquired a business situs in another jurisdiction Commissioner v. BOAC (1987): The test of taxability is the "source"; and the source of an income is that activity xxx which produced the income.
Philippines. It is something not favored, but is permissible, provided some other constitutional requirement is not thereby violated, such as the requirement that taxes must be uniform.
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L. Escape From Taxation

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Shifting the Tax Burden Tax Evasion Tax Avoidance Tax Amnesty Tax Condonation Exemption from Taxation
(1) Shifting the Tax Burden

SHIFTING - is the transfer of the burden of a tax by the original payer or the one on whom the tax was assessed or imposed to someone else.
Ways of Shifting the Tax Burden

1. Forward shifting When the burden of the tax is transferred from a factor of production through factors of distribution until it finally settles on the ultimate purchaser or consumer. Example: Manufacturer or producer may shift tax assessed to wholesaler, who in turn shifts it to the retailer, who also shifts it to the final purchaser or consumer. 2. Backward shifting When the burden of the tax is transferred from the consumer or purchaser through the factors of distribution to the factor of production. Example: Consumer or purchaser may shift tax imposed on him to retailer by purchasing only after the price is reduced, and from the latter to the wholesaler, and finally to the manufacturer or producer. 3. Onward shifting When the tax is shifted two or more times either forward or backward. Thus, a transfer from the seller to the purchaser involves one shift; from the producer to the wholesaler, then to retailer, we have two shifts; and if the tax is transferred again to the purchaser by the retailer, we have three shifts in all.
K. Double Taxation
Means taxing twice for the same tax period the same thing or activity twice, when it should be taxed once, for the same purpose and with the same kind of character of tax. In order to constitute double taxation in the objectionable or prohibited sense: the same property must be taxed twice when it should be taxed once; both taxes must be imposed on the same property or subject matter; for the same purpose; by the same State, Government, or taxing authority; within the same jurisdiction or taxing district; during the same taxing period; and of the same kind or character of tax.
Taxes that Can Be Shifted

Only indirect taxes may be shifted; direct taxes cannot be shifted.
Villanueva v. City of Iloilo (1968): There is no constitutional prohibition against double taxation in the
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Impact and Incidence of Taxation

Impact of taxation is the point on which a tax is originally imposed. In so far as the law is concerned, the taxpayer is the person who must pay the tax to the government. He is also termed as the statutory taxpayer the one on whom the tax is formally assessed. He is the subject of the tax. Incidence of taxation is that point on which the tax burden finally rests or settle down. It takes place when shifting has been effected from the statutory taxpayer to another.
overlooking by the State of its authority to impose penalties on persons otherwise guilty of evasion or violation of a revenue or tax law, partakes of an absolute forgiveness or waiver by the Government of its right to collect what otherwise would be due it, and in this sense, prejudicial thereto, particularly to give tax evaders, who wish to relent and are willing to reform a chance to do so and become a part of the new society with a clean slate.
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(5) Tax Condonation

TAX CONDONATION - the State desists or refrains from exacting, inflicting or enforcing something as well as to restore what has already been taken.
Relationship between Impact, Shifting, and Incidence of a Tax

The impact is the initial phenomenon, the shifting is the intermediate process, and the incidence is the result. Thus, the impact in a sales tax (i.e. VAT) is on the seller (manufacturer) who shifts the burden to the customer who finally bears the incidence of the tax. Impact is the imposition of the tax; shifting is the transfer of the tax; while incidence is the setting or coming to rest of the tax.
(6) Exemption from Taxation

TAX EXEMPTION - is the grant of immunity to particular persons or corporations or to person or corporations of a particular class from a tax which persons and corporations generally within the same state or taxing district are obliged to pay. It is an immunity or privilege; it is freedom from a financial charge or burden to which others are subjected. - strictly construed against the taxpayer. Exemption v. Exclusion PLDT v. City of Davao (2003): Indeed, both in their nature and in their effect there is no difference between tax exemption and tax exclusion. Exemption is an immunity or privilege; it is freedom from a charge or burden to which others are subjected. Exclusion, on the other hand, is the removal of otherwise taxable items from the reach of taxation, e.g., exclusions from gross income and allowable deductions. Exclusion is thus also an immunity or privilege which frees a taxpayer from a charge to which others are subjected. Consequently, the rule that tax exemption should be applied in strictissimi juris against the taxpayer and liberally in favor of the government applies equally to tax exclusions.
(2) Tax Evasion

TAX EVASION - is the use by the taxpayer of illegal or fraudulent means to defeat or lessen the payment of a tax. It is also known as tax dodging. It is punishable by law. - Example: Deliberate failure to report a taxable income or property; deliberate reduction of income that has been received.
Elements of Tax Evasion

1. The end to be achieved. Example: the payment of less than that known by the taxpayer to be legally due, or in paying no tax when such is due. 2. An accompanying state of mind described as being evil, in bad faith, willful or deliberate and not accidental. 3. A course of action (or failure of action) which is unlawful.
(3) Tax Avoidance

TAX AVOIDANCE - is the exploitation by the taxpayer of legally permissible alternative tax rates or methods of assessing taxable property or income in order to avoid or reduce tax liability. It is politely called tax minimization and is not punishable by law.
M. Interpretation/Construction Tax Laws
of
(4) Tax Amnesty

Republic v. IAC (1991): A tax amnesty, being a general pardon or intentional
Tax Imposition Must be construed strictly against the government and liberally in favor of the taxpayer. Tax Exemption Construed against strictly against the taxpayer claiming tax exemption.
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Part II. Income Taxation

I. PRINCIPLES OF INCOME TAXATION A. INCOME TAX B. SOURCE OF INCOME C. SCHEDULAR V. GLOBAL TAX SYSTEM II. DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION OF TAXPAYERS III. TAX ON INDIVIDUALS A. CLASSIFICATION OF INDIVIDUAL TAXPAYERS B. THREE KINDS OF INCOME 1. CAPITAL GAINS SUBJECT TO CAPITAL GAINS TAX 2. PASSIVE INCOME SUBJECT TO FINAL TAX 3. OTHER INCOME SUBJECT TO SCHEDULAR TAX RATES 4. TAXATION OF COMPENSATION INCOME OF A MINIMUM WAGE EARNER C. DEDUCTIONS IN GENERAL D. SPECIAL CLASSIFICATION OF INDIVIDUALS AND CORRESPONDING TAX TREATMENT E. COMPUTATION F. SUMMARY OF TAX BASES AND TAX RATES IV. TAX ON CORPORATIONS A. COVERAGE OF THE TERM CORPORATION B. CLASSIFICATION OF CORPORATIONS C. SCOPE OF TAXATION D. TAX ON DOMESTIC CORPORATIONS E. TAX ON RESIDENT FOREIGN CORPORATIONS F. TAX ON NON-RESIDENT FOREIGN CORPORATIONS G. SPECIAL TYPES OF CORPORATIONS H. SUMMARY OF TAX BASES AND RATES OF SPECIAL CORPORATIONS I. EXEMPT CORPORATIONS J. SUMMARY OF TAX BASES, TAX RATES AND APPLICABLE TAX REGIMES FOR CORPORATIONS V. TAXATION OF FRINGE BENEFITS A. DEFINITION B. TAX RATE AND TAX BASE C. FRINGE BENEFITS WHICH ARE NOT TAXABLE VI. TAXATION OF PARTNERSHIPS A. CLASSIFICATIONS OF PARTNERSHIPS FOR TAX PURPOSES B. GENERAL PROFESSIONAL PARTNERSHIPS C. OTHER PARTNERSHIPS VII. ESTATES AND TRUSTS A. DEFINITION B. COMPUTATION AND PAYMENT OF TAX C. HOW TAXABLE INCOME OF THE ESTATE OR TRUST IS COMPUTED D. EXEMPTION ALLOWED TO ESTATES AND TRUSTS E. ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
NATIONAL INTERNAL REVENUE TAXES: (Sec. 21) 1. INCOME TAX 2. Estate and Donors Tax 3. Value-Added Tax 4. Other percentage tax 5. Excise Tax 6. Documentary stamp tax 7. Such other taxes as are hereafter may be imposed and collected by the BIR
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I. PRINCIPLES TAXATION A. Income Tax
OF
INCOME
Income Tax is defined as a tax on all yearly profits arising from property, professions, trades, or offices, or as a tax on the persons income, emoluments, profits and the like (Fisher v. Trinidad). It may be succinctly defined as a tax on income, whether gross or net, realized in one taxable year.
Definition of INCOME All wealth which flows to the taxpayer other than a mere return of capital Conwi v. CTA: It is an amount of money coming to a person within a specified time, whether as payment for services, interest or profit from investment. Unless otherwise specified, it means cash or its equivalent. Income can also be thought of as a flow of the fruits of one's labor. Income includes earnings, lawfully or unlawfully acquired, without consensual recognition, express or implied, of an obligation to repay and without restriction as their disposition. Nature of income tax (PED) 1. PROGRESSIVE TAX the tax base increases as the tax rate increases. 2. EXCISE TAX (privilege tax) a tax on the right to earn income 3. DIRECT TAX Purposes of Income Tax (ROM) 1. RAISE revenue to defray the expenses of the government; 2. OFFSET regressive sales and consumption taxes; and 3. MITIGATE the evils arising from the inequalities of wealth by a progressive scheme of taxation which places the burden on those best able to pay.
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Taxability of Income, Requisites (IRN) 1. There is INCOME, gain or profit 2. RECEIVED or REALIZED during the taxable year 3. NOT EXEMPT from income tax
Capital A FUND of property existing at an instant of time Income A FLOW of services rendered by capital through the payment of money from it or any other benefit rendered by a fund of capital in relation to such fund through a period of time Income is the SERVICE OF THE WEALTH Income is subject to tax
must be credited to the taxpayer without any substantial limitation or restriction as to the time or manner of payment or condition upon which payment is to be made. 3. Economic benefit test any economic benefit to the employee that increases his net worth is taxable.
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B. Source of Income 1. Classification of Income According to Source

a. Income derived from sources within the Philippine b. Income derived from sources without the Philippine c. Income derived from sources partly within and partly without the Philippines
Capital is WEALTH Return of capital is not subject to income tax
Madrigal vs. Rafferty (1918): The Supreme Court of Georgia expresses the thought in the following figurative language: "The fact is that property is a tree, income is the fruit; labor is a tree, income the fruit; capital is a tree, income the fruit." A tax on income is not a tax on property. "Income," as here used, can be defined as "profits or gains." A mere increase in the value of property is not income, but merely unrealized increase in capital. The increase in the value of property is also known as appraisal surplus or revaluation increment.
2. Basic Principles
a. Resident Citizens (RC) and Domestic Corporations (DC) are taxable on income derived from within and without the Philippines b. Non-resident Citizens (NRC), Nonresident Aliens (NRA), Resident Foreign Corporations (RFC) and Non-resident Foreign Corporations (NRFC) are taxable only on income derived from within the Philippines.
Tests to Determine Realization of Income for Tax Purposes 1. Realization Test no taxable income until there is a separation from capital of something of exchangeable value, thereby supplying the realization or transmutation which would result in the receipt of income. 2. Claim of right doctrine a taxable gain is conditioned upon the presence of a claim of right to the alleged gain and the absence of a definite unconditional obligation to return or repay that which would otherwise constitute a gain. Principle of Constructive Receipt of Income - Income which is credited to the account of or set apart for a taxpayer and which may be drawn upon by him at any time is subject to tax for the year during which so credited or set apart, although not then actually reduced to possession. The income
3. Gross Income From Sources Within the Philippines (RIDIC - within)

The following items of gross income shall be treated as gross income from sources WITHIN the Philippines: a. Interests derived from sources within the Philippines, and interests on bonds, notes or other interest-bearing obligation of residents b. Dividends received: i. from a domestic corporation; and ii. from a foreign corporation, UNLESS less than 50% of its gross income for the previous 3-year period was derived from sources within the Philippines [in which case it will be treated as income partly from within and partly from without]. The income which is considered as derived from within the Philippines is obtained by using the following formula:
Philippine Gross Income* x Dividend = Income Within Worldwide Gross Income*
NOTE: * of the corporation giving the dividend
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c. Compensation for labor or personal services performed in the Philippines d. Rentals and royalties from property located in the Philippines or from any interest in such property, including rentals or royalties for (stackem) i. The use of or the right or privilege to use in the Philippines any copyright, patent, design or model, plan, secret formula or process, goodwill, trademark, trade brand or other like property or right; ii. The use of, or the right to use in the Philippines any industrial, commercial or scientific equipment; iii. The supply of scientific, technical, industrial or commercial knowledge or information; iv. The supply of any assistance that is ancillary and subsidiary to, and is furnished as a means of enabling the application or enjoyment of , any such property or right as is mentioned in (a), any such equipment as is mentioned in (b) or any such knowledge or information as is mentioned in (c); v. The supply of services by a nonresident person or his employee in connection with the use of property or rights belonging to, or the installation or operation of any brand, machinery or other apparatus purchased from such nonresident person; vi. Technical advice, assistance or services rendered in connection with technical management or administration of any scientific, industrial or commercial undertaking, venture, project or scheme; and vii. The use of or the right to use: (i) Motion picture films; (ii) Films or video tapes for use in connection with television; and (iii) Tapes for use in connection with radio broadcasting. e. Gains, profits and Income from the sale of real property located in the Philippines f. General Rule: Gains, profits and income from the sale of personal property, subject to the following rules:
Place of PURCHASE Philippines Abroad Place of SALE Abroad Philippines Treatment** Income from Without Income from Within
** in other words, treated as income from the country in which sold
Exceptions: 1. Gain from the sale of shares of stock in a domestic corporation treated as derived entirely from sources within the Philippines regardless of where the said shares are sold. 2. Gains from the sale of (manufactured) personal property: a. produced (in whole or in part) by the taxpayer within and sold without the Philippines, or b. produced (in whole or in part) by the taxpayer without and sold within the Philippines treated as derived partly from sources within and partly from sources without the Philippines.
Place of PRODUCTION Philippines Abroad Place of SALE Abroad Philippines Treatment Partly within, partly without Partly within, partly without
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Allowable Deductions from Gross Income From Sources Within the Philippines General Rule: From the items of gross income above, the following are allowed as deductions: a. expenses, losses and other deductions properly allocated to items of gross income b. ratable part of expenses, interests, losses and other deductions effectively connected with the business or trade conducted exclusively within the Philippines which cannot definitely be allocated to some items of gross income Formula for (b):
Expenses allocated to income from within
Philippine Gross Income Worldwide Gross Income
Unallocated Expenses
NOTE: The need to distinguish between income from within and without and corresponding deductible items from income within is only necessary if taxpayer is a non-resident.
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4. Gross Income From Sources Without the Philippines (RIDIC - without)

The following items of gross income shall be treated as income from sources without the Philippines: 1. Interests other than those derived from sources within the Philippines 2. Dividends other than those derived from sources within the Philippines 3. Compensation for labor or personal services performed without the Philippines 4. Rentals or royalties from property located without the Philippines or from any interest in such property 5. Gains, profits and Income from the sale of real property located without the Philippines
II. DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION OF TAXPAYERS General Principles of Income Taxation in the Philippines. (Sec. 23)
(A) A citizen of the Philippines residing therein is taxable on all income derived from sources within and without the Philippines; (B) A nonresident citizen is taxable only on income derived from sources within the Philippines; (C) An individual citizen of the Philippines who is working and deriving income from abroad as an overseas contract worker is taxable only on income derived from sources within the Philippines: Provided, That a seaman who is a citizen of the Philippines and who receives compensation for services rendered abroad as a member of the complement vessel engaged exclusively in international trade shall be treated as an oversea contract worker; (D) An alien individual, whether a resident or not of the Philippines, is taxable only on income derived from sources within the Philippines; (E) A domestic corporation is taxable on all income derived from sources within and without the Philippines; and (F) A foreign corporation, whether engaged or not in trade or business in the Philippines, is taxable only on income derived from sources within the Philippines.
NOTE: 180 day rule the moment an alien stays in the Philippines for 180 days, he is considered as a non-resident alien engaged in trade and business whether or not he is engaged in business and he earned income.
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C. Schedular Tax System and Global Tax System 1. Global Tax System
It did not matter whether the income received by the taxpayer is classified as compensation income, business or professional income, passive investment income, capital gain, or other income. All items of gross income, deductions, and personal and additional exemptions, if any, are reported in one income tax return, and one set of tax rates are applied on the tax base.
2. Schedular Tax System

Different types of incomes are subject to different sets of graduated or flat income tax rates. The applicable tax rate(s) will depend on the classification of the taxable income and the basis could be gross income or net income.
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Classification of Taxpayers
Resident (Taxable for income from within and without) Citizens Non-Resident (Taxable only for income from within) INDIVIDUALS
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Aliens (Taxable only for income within)
Resident
Non- Resident Engaged in Trade and Business
Non-Resident
Apply 180day test
Resident (Taxable only for income from within)
Non- Resident Not Engaged in Trade and Business**
CORPORATIONS
Foreign (Taxable only for income within)
Resident
NonResident**
**Similar in the sense that they are both taxed on their gross income subject to FINAL WITHHOLDING TAX.
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Definition of Taxpayer
Under Sec 22(N), a taxpayer is any person subject to [income] tax. Income taxpayers (with distinction based on the amount of income subject to tax, or the applicable tax rates or both) are classified as follows:
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Primary Classification
Citizens of the Philippines
Sub-Classification(s)
Residents of the Philippines Not Residents of the Philippines Residents of the Philippines Not Engaged in Trade or Business in the Philippines Residents Not Engaged in Trade or Business in the of the Philippines Philippines Individual Employed by Regional or Area Headquarters and Regional Operating Headquarters of Multinational Companies Individual Employed by Offshore Banking Units Individual Employed by a foreign service contractor or by a foreign service subcontractor engaged in petroleum operations in the Philippines
Aliens
Individuals
Special Classes of Individuals
Estates and Trusts

Domestic Corporations Resident Corporations Foreign Corporations Non-resident Corporations Proprietary educational institutions and non-profit hospitals Domestic Depositary Bank (Foreign Currency Deposit Units) Resident international carriers Offshore Banking Units Resident Depositary Bank (Foreign Currency Deposit Special Classes Units) of Corporations Regional or Area Headquarters and Regional Operating Headquarters of Multinational Companies Non-resident cinematographic film owners, lessors or distributors Non-resident owners or lessors of vessels chartered by Philippine nationals Non-resident lessors of aircraft, machinery and other equipment
Corporations
III.TAX ON INDIVIDUALS A. Classification Taxpayers 1. Citizens

RESIDENT a citizen is deemed as a resident of the Philippines unless he qualifies as a non-resident under Sec. 22E of the NIRC; taxable for income derived from all sources based on taxable (i.e., net) income
of
Individual
NON-RESIDENT a citizen of the Philippines who: (1) establishes to the satisfaction of the Commissioner the fact of his physical presence abroad with a definite intention to reside therein. (2) Leaves the Philippines during the taxable year to reside abroad, either as an immigrant or for employment on a permanent basis. (3) Works and derives income from abroad and whose employment thereat requires
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him to be physically present abroad most of the time during the taxable year. (4) Has been previously considered as nonresident citizen and who arrives in the Philippines at any time during the taxable year to reside permanently in the Philippines shall likewise be treated as a non-resident citizen for the taxable year in which he arrives in the Philippines with respect to his income derived from sources abroad UNTIL the date of his arrival in the Philippines. taxable for income derived within the Philippines based on taxable (i.e., net) income
NOTES: An OVERSEAS CONTRACT WORKER is taxable only on income from sources within the Philippines. (Sec. 23 (c)) o NOTE FURTHER: A seaman who is a Filipino citizen and who receives compensation for services rendered abroad as member of the complement of a vessel engaged exclusively in international trade is treated as an overseas contract worker. Length of stay is indicative of intention. A citizen of the Philippines who shall have stayed outside the Philippines for 183 days or more by the end of the year is a nonresident citizen. His presence abroad, however, need not be continuous.
NOTES: What makes an alien a resident or non-resident alien is his intention with regard to the length and nature of his stay. Thus: a. One who comes to the Philippines for a definite purpose which in its very nature may be promptly accomplished is not a resident citizen. b. One who comes to the Philippines for a definite purpose which in its very nature would require an extended stay, and to that end, makes his home temporarily in the Philippines, becomes a resident, though it may be his intention at all times to return to his domicile abroad when the purpose for which he came has been consummated or abandoned.
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Length of stay is indicative of intention. An alien who shall have stayed in the Philippines for more than one year by the end of the taxable year is a resident alien.
NOTE FURTHER: An alien who shall come to the Philippines and stay for an aggregate period of more than one hundred eighty days during a calendar year shall be considered a non-resident alien in business in the Philippines. [Sec. 25(A)(1)]
Length of Stay in the Philippines as Indicative of Intent

Length of Stay (aggregate within the calendar year) More than 1 year More than 180 days up to 1 year 180 days or less Status Resident Alien NRAETB NRANETB
2. Alien
RESIDENT residence is within the Philippines and who is not a citizen thereof. An alien actually present in the Philippines who is not a mere transient or sojourner is a resident of the Philippines for income tax purposes. A mere floating intention, indefinite as to time, to return to another country is not sufficient to constitute him a transient. taxable for income derived within the Philippines based on taxable (i.e., net) income NON-RESIDENT residence is NOT in the Philippines and who is not a citizen thereof. Engaged in trade or business in the Philippines (NRAETB) - is taxable for income derived within the Philippines based on taxable (i.e., net) income Not Engaged in trade or business in the Philippines (NRANETB) - is taxable for income derived within the Philippines based on gross income.
If an alien stays in the Philippines for 180 days or less during the calendar year, he shall be deemed a non-resident alien not doing business in the Philippines.
B. Three Kinds of Income 1. Capital Gains Subject to Capital Gains Tax

When the asset sold was held as a capital asset, the gain or loss is called a capital gain or loss. When the asset sold was not held as a capital asset (in other words, as an ordinary asset), the gain or loss is called an ordinary gain or loss.
What are capital assets? those not considered as ordinary assets!
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What are ordinary assets? FOUR CATEGORIES OF ORDINARY ASSETS are as follows [Sec. 39]: 1. Stock in trade of the taxpayer or other property of a kind which would properly be included in the inventory of the taxpayer at hand at the close of the taxable year, or 2. property held by the taxpayer primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of his trade or business, or 3. property used in the trade or business, of a character which is subject to the allowance for depreciation provided in Subsection (F) of Section 34; or 4. real property used in trade or business of the taxpayer. RATES: 1. On sale, barter, exchange or other disposition of shares of stock of a domestic corporation not listed and traded through a local stock exchange, held as a capital asset: On the net capital gain: Not over P100,000 = Final Tax of 5% On any amount in excess of P100,000 = plus Final Tax of 10% on the excess
a. There is a sale or disposition of their principal residence by natural persons.

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b. The proceeds of the sale are fully utilized in acquiring or constructing a new principal residence within 18 calendar months from the date of sale or disposition. The Commissioner shall have been duly notified by the taxpayer within 30 days from the date of sale or disposition through a prescribed return of his intention to avail of the tax exemption. A deposit is made of the 6% capital gain tax otherwise due, in cash or managers check, in an interestbearing account with an Authorized Agent Bank (AAB), under an Escrow Agreement between the taxpayer and the Bureau of Internal Revenue that the same shall be released to the taxpayer when the proceeds of the sale shall have been utilized as intended. The tax exemption can only be availed of once every 10 years If there is no full utilization of the proceeds of sale or disposition, the portion of the gain presumed to have been realized from the sale or disposition shall be subject to capital gains tax (CGT). The GSP or FMV at the time of sale, whichever is higher, shall be multiplied by a fraction which the unutilized amount bears to the gross selling price in order to determine the taxable portion.
(higher of GSP or FMV) Taxable Portion
Key Definitions Net capital gain: selling price less cost Selling price: consideration on the sale OR fair market value of the shares of stock at the time of the sale, whichever is HIGHER Cost: original purchase price i.e.,
Unutilized amount GSP
2. On sale, exchange, or other disposition of real property in the Philippines, held as a capital asset: On the gross selling price, or the current fair market value at the time of the sale, whichever is higher, a final tax of 6% The capital gains tax is applied on the gross selling price, or the current fair market value at the time of the sale, whichever is higher. Any gain or loss on the sale is immaterial because there is a conclusive presumption by law that the sale resulted in a gain.
ALTERNATIVE TAXATION: In case of a sale or other disposition of real property to the government or any of its political subdivisions or agencies or to government-owned or controlled corporations, the tax shall be EITHER The year-end tax of the individual (i.e., capital gain to be included in the computation of income subject to schedular rates), OR
EXCEPTION: When sale of residence is not liable for capital gains tax
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The capital gain tax of 6%, at the option of the taxpayer What is the tax implication of a sale/disposition of a capital asset NOT subject to capital gains tax? The net capital gain or loss is included in the computation of net income subject to schedular rates (5% to 32%).
share of an individual in the distributable net income after tax of a partnership (except a general professional partnership) of which he is a partner share of an individual member or co-venturer in the net income after tax of an association, a joint account, or a joint venture or consortium taxable as a corporation
RATE: 10% for residents (RC, RA) and non-resident citizens (NRC); 20% for NRAETB (non-resident aliens engaged in trade or business)
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2. Passive Income Subject to Final Tax

Final tax means tax withheld from source, and the amount received by the income earner is net of the tax already. The tax withheld by the income payor is remitted by him to the BIR. The income having been tax-paid already, it need not be included in the income tax return at the end of the year. These passive income items are as follows:
a. Interest Income: on any currency bank deposit, yield or any other monetary benefit from deposit substitutes, trust funds and similar arrangements - 20% final tax under the expanded foreign currency deposit system (EFCDS) 7.5% final tax for residents, exempt if non-residents on long-term deposit or investment certificates (LTDIC) in banks (e.g., savings, common or individual trust funds, deposit substitutes, investment management accounts and other investments, which have maturity of 5 years or more) exempt Should LTDIC holder preterminate LTDIC before the 5th year, a final tax shall be imposed on the entire income based on the remaining maturity:
4 years to less than 5 years 3 years to less than 4 years less than 3 years 5% 12% 20%
A stock dividend representing the transfer of surplus to capital account shall not be subject to tax. However, if a corporation cancels or redeems stock issued as a dividend at such time and in such manner as to make the distribution and cancellation or redemption, in whole or in part, essentially equivalent to the distribution of a taxable dividend, the amount so distributed in redemption or cancellation of the stock shall be considered as taxable income to the extent that it represents a distribution of earnings or profits. (Sec. 73B, NIRC) [In other words, stock dividends are generally not subject to tax as long as there are no options in lieu of the shares of stock. On the other hand, a stock dividend constitutes income if it gives the shareholder an interest different from that which his former stockholdings represented.]
c. Royalties From books, literary works, and musical compositions 10% Other royalties 20% d. Winnings, except Philippine Charity sweepstakes / lotto winnings 20% e. Prizes exceeding P10,000 20% Prize, differentiated from winnings A prize is the result of an effort made (e.g., prize in a beauty contest), while winnings are the result of a transaction where the outcome depends upon chance (e.g., betting).
b. Dividends cash and/or property dividends actually or constructively received by an individual from a domestic corporation a joint stock company insurance or mutual fund companies regional operating headquarters of multinational companies
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3. Other Income Subject to Schedular Tax Rates

Income which is neither capital gain with capital gain tax, nor passive income with final tax, is other income or residual income. It may be derived from: 1. Employer-employee relationship, which is called compensation income 2. Business or profession 3. Sale or exchange of property which is not subject to the capital gain tax 4. Incidental sources, such as interest or dividend, which is not subject to final tax (i.e., dividend from a foreign corporation in case of resident citizens, rent income). The tax rates on NET ordinary or other income (schedular rates) are as follows: But less than 10,000 30,000 70,000 140,000 250,000 500,000 Tax 5% 500 2,500 8,500 22,500 50,000 125,000 Plus of Excess over 10,000 30,000 70,000 140,000 250,000 500,000
4. Taxation of Compensation Income of a Minimum Wage Earner, Republic Act No. 9504 (effective July 6, 2008)
STATUTORY MINIMUM WAGE earner shall refer to rate fixed by the Regional Tripartite Wage and Productivity Board, as defined by the Bureau of Labor and Employment Statistics (BLES) of the Department of Labor and Employment. (Sec.22 GG, as amended by RA 9504) MINIMUM WAGE EARNER shall refer to a worker in the private sector paid the statutory minimum wage, or to an employee in the public sector with compensation income of not more than the statutory minimum wage in the non-agricultural sector where he/she is assigned. (Sec.22 HH, as amended by RA 9504) The minimum wage shall be exempt from the payment of income tax on their taxable income: Provided, further, That the holiday pay, overtime pay, night shift differential pay and hazard pay received by such minimum wage earners shall likewise be exempt from income tax
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Income over
10,000 30,000 70,000 140,000 250,000 500,000
10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 32%
C. Deductions [from Income Subject to Schedular Tax Rates], In General

The allowable deductions from the gross income of an individual taxpayer are as follows: Business Expenses and Expenses from Practice of Profession deductible only from business gross income and professional income, respectively but not from compensation income. The expenses to be deducted may either be itemized deductions OR the optional standard deduction.
NOTE: Non-resident aliens not engaged in trade or business are taxed on gross income. They may not, therefore, avail of these deductions. Thus, the only deductions that may be claimed by individuals with compensation income only are personal exemptions and premium payments on health and/or hospitalization insurance.
Rule for Married Individuals: Married individuals, whether citizens, resident or nonresident aliens, who do not derive income purely from compensation, shall file a return for the taxable year to include the income of both spouses. [Sec 51(D)] 1. Compute the income tax separately on their respective incomes. 2. Add the two taxes to arrive at a single income tax still due and refundable. 3. Income which is clearly joint, or which cannot be identified as exclusively of one spouse, will be divided equally. [Sec 24(A)] EXCEPTION to the one-return rule: Where it is impracticable for the spouses to file one return, each spouse may file a separate return of income but the returns so filed shall be consolidated by the Bureau for purposes of verification for the taxable year. [Sec 51(D)]
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Special deduction for actual premium payments for health and/or hospitalization insurance taken by an individual taxpayer provided that the following requisites are met: a. The taxpayers family gross income does not exceed P250,000 in a taxable year. b. The amount deductible should only be limited to P2,400 per family or P200 per month. In the case of married taxpayers, only the spouse claiming the additional exemption for dependents shall be entitled to this deduction. Personal Exemptions are arbitrary amounts allowed by law to be deducted from income to cover personal, living, or family expenses of the taxpayer. These deductions are allowed on the theory that the minimum requirements of subsistence of a taxpayer should be free from tax. Kinds: 1. Basic Personal Exemptions According to RA 9504 (effective July 6, 2008) basic personal exemption is Fifty thousand pesos (P50,000) for each individual taxpayer, regardless whether single, married or head of the family. Prior to RA 9504, the following rates apply:
Basic Personal Exemption (BPE) P20,000 P20,000
Amount allowed as a deduction P25,000 per dependent child, but not to exceed four children (RA 9504)
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NOTE: Before RA 9504, The additional exemption is only p8,000 for each dependent not exceeding four.
Kind of Taxpayer Single individuals (includes widow/er) Married individual who are judicially decreed as legally separated, and with no qualified dependents Head of Family Each married individual *
Who may claim additional exemptions? Married Individuals: Additional exemptions are claimed by only one spouse. Generally, the spouse who is the gross compensation earner is the claimant of the additional exemptions. Where the husband and wife are both compensation income earners, the husband is the proper claimant of the additional exemptions EXCEPT if there is an express waiver by the husband in favor of his wife, as embodied in the withholding exemption certificate. When the spouses have business and/or professional income only, either may claim the additional exemptions at the end of the year. The wife claims the additional exemptions in the following instances: i. husband has no income ii. husband works abroad iii. Legally separated spouses: Additional exemptions can be claimed by the spouse with custody of the child or children (but the total amount for the spouses shall not exceed the maximum of four). [Sec 35(B), NIRC] Who is a dependent for purposes of additional exemptions? A legitimate, illegitimate or legally adopted child chiefly dependent upon and living with the taxpayer: 1. not more than 21 years old, unmarried and not gainfully employed OR 2. regardless of age, is incapable of self-support because of mental or physical defect
NOTE: Only children may be considered dependent for purposes of additional exemptions.
P25,000 P32,000
* BUT note Sec 35(A) - In the case of married individuals where only one of the spouses is deriving gross income, only such spouse shall be allowed the personal exemption.
2. Additional Exemptions (AE) depends on the number qualified dependent children of
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Who may claim personal exemptions? Citizens (whether resident or non-resident) and resident aliens are allowed to avail of basic personal and additional exemptions. Non-resident aliens engaged in trade or business are entitled to basic personal exemptions only by way of reciprocity, but not to additional exemptions. [Sec. 35, NIRC] o Limit of BPE Allowed to NRAETB: An amount equal to the exemptions allowed by the non-resident aliens country to Filipino citizens not residing therein but deriving income therefrom, but not to exceed the amount fixed by NIRC.[In other words, whichever is LOWER] Change of Status [Sec 35(C), NIRC] 1. If taxpayer marries during taxable year, taxpayer may claim the corresponding BPE in full for such year (i.e., no need to prorate the exemption). 2. If taxpayer should have additional dependent(s) during taxable year, taxpayer may claim corresponding AE in full for such year. 3. If taxpayer dies during taxable year, his estate may still claim BPE and AE for himself and his dependent(s) as if he died at the close of such year. 4. If during the taxable year a. spouse dies or b. any of the dependents dies or marries, turns 21 years old or becomes gainfully employed, taxpayer may still claim same exemptions as if the spouse or any of the dependents died, or married, turned 21 years old or became gainfully employed at the close of such year.
TIP: When it comes to change of status, the status beneficial to the taxpayer is used for purposes of claiming deductions as long as the taxpayer achieved such status at any time during the taxable period.
D. Special Classification of Individuals and Corresponding Tax Treatment

[Sec 25(C), (D), (E)] 1. Alien individuals employed by: a. Regional or Area Headquarters (RAHQ) and Regional Operating Headquarters (ROHQ) established in the Philippines by multinational companies o Multinational company, defined a foreign firm or entity engaged in international trade with affiliates or subsidiaries or branch offices in the Asia-Pacific Region and other foreign markets b. Offshore Banking Units established in the Philippines 2. Alien individuals who are permanent residents of a foreign country but who are employed and assigned in the Philippines by a foreign service contractor or by a foreign service subcontractor engaged in petroleum operations in the Philippines Tax Rate and Base - 15% of gross income received as salaries, wages, annuities, compensation, remuneration and other emoluments, such as honoraria and allowances The same tax treatment shall apply to Filipinos employed and occupying the same positions as those of aliens employed by these multinational companies, offshore banking units and petroleum service contractors and subcontractors. Note that the coverage of the special classification (and the corresponding tax rate) is limited to income received as wages. Hence, any income earned from all other sources within the Philippines by the alien employees shall be subject to the pertinent income tax (example: sale of real property in the Philippines is subject to 6% capital gain tax, imposed on the gross selling price or fair market value of the property at the time of the sale, whichever is higher)
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E. Computation 1. Pure Compensation Income

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Less:
x Less:
Gross Compensation Income Personal & Additional Exemptions and hospitalization/health insurance premium Taxable Income Rate Income Tax Creditable Withholding Tax on Compensation Income Tax Payable
xx xx xx xx xx xx
2. Mixed-Income (i.e., compensation income and business income/income from the practice of profession)
Gross Compensation Income Personal & Additional Exemptions and hospitalization/health insurance premium Taxable Compensation Income Gross Business Income &/or Income from Practice of Profession Allowable Deduction (itemized or optional deduction) Taxable Income Rate Income Tax Creditable Withholding Tax on Compensation Income/Other Allowable Tax Credit Tax Payable xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx Xx
Less:
ADD: Less: x Less:
3. Pure Business/Professional Income

Gross Business Income &/ or Income from Practice of Profession (b) Allowable Deduction (itemized or optional deduction) (c) Personal & Additional Exemptions and hospitalization/health insurance premium Total Taxable Income Rate Income Tax Creditable Withholding Tax on Compensation Income/Other Allowable Tax Credit Tax Payable
xx xx xx xx xx xx xx
Less:
x Less:
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F. Summary of Tax Bases and Tax Rates (QUICK GLANCE)

RESIDENT CATEGORY OF INCOME 1. 2. Compensation / Business / Profession Prizes of P10,000 or less Based on Taxable (i.e, Net) Income Schedular Income Tax Rates (Sec. 24, NIRC) (i.e, 5% to 32%) GIW 25% Not Applicable CITIZEN All sources ALIEN Within the Philippines CITIZEN Within the Philippines NON-RESIDENT
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NRAETB Within the Philippines
NRANETB Within the Philippines
3.
Interest from any currency bank deposit , etc., Royalties (other than from books, literary works and musical compositions), Winnings / Prizes (except prizes P10,000 and below) Royalties from books, literary works, musical compositions Interest from long-term deposit or investment certificates, which have a maturity of 5 years or more Cash / Property Dividends from a domestic corporation, etc., OR share in the distributable net income after tax of a partnership (except a general professional partnership), etc. Interest (Expanded Foreign Currency Deposit System) Winnings on Philippine Sweepstakes / Lotto Capital Gains on Sale of Shares of Domestic Corp. (not traded in a domestic stock exchange)
Gross Income Within the Philippines (GIW) 20% Final Withholding Tax
4. 5.
GIW 10% Final Withholding Tax EXEMPT; However: In case of pre-termination, with remaining maturity of: 4 years to less than 5 years 5% on entire income 3 years to less than 4 years 12% on entire income less than 3 years 20% on entire income
6.
GIW 10% Final Withholding Tax
GIW 20%
7. 8. 9.
GIW 7.5% Final Withholding Tax EXEMPT
EXEMPT
Net Capital Gains within: Not Over P100,000 5% Final Tax Amount in Excess of P100,000 plus 10% Final Tax on the excess Gross Selling Price or FMV, whichever is higher 6% Final Withholding Tax of 1% of the Selling Price (Stock Transaction Tax) Note: Stock Transaction Tax is not an income tax, but a business (percentage) tax Schedular Income Tax Rates (Sec. 24, NIRC) (i.e, 5% to 32%)
10. Capital Gains on Sale of Real Property in the Philippines 11. Sale of Shares of Domestic Corp. (traded in a domestic stock exchange) 12. Sale of Real Property located Abroad 13. Sale of Shares of Foreign Corp 14. Passive Income from Abroad
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IV. TAX ON CORPORATIONS A. Coverage of Corporation
Code),provided that it is organized under the laws of the Philippines.
the
Term
The term corporation includes partnerships, no matter how created or organized, joint-stock companies, joint accounts (cuentas en participacion), associations, or insurance companies It does NOT include: 1. General Professional Partnerships (partnerships formed by persons for the sole purpose of exercising their common profession, no part of the income of which is derived from engaging in any trade or business) 2. Joint Venture or consortium formed for the purpose of undertaking construction projects or engaging in petroleum, coal, geothermal and other energy operations pursuant to an operating consortium agreement under a service contract with the Government.
DOING OR ENGAGING IN or TRANSACTING BUSINESS The term implies a continuity of commercial dealings and arrangements and contemplates to that extent, the performance of acts or works or the exercise of some of the functions normally insistent to and in the progressive prosecution of commercial gain or for the purpose and the object of the business organization (Comm. vs. British Overseas Airways Corporation BOAC)
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Special Types
1. Proprietary educational institutions and non-profit hospitals 2. Domestic Depository Bank (Foreign Currency Deposit Units) 3. Offshore Banking Units 4. Resident Depository Bank (Foreign Currency Deposit Units) 5. Resident international carrier 6. Non-resident owner or lessor of vessel 7. Non-resident cinematographic film owner, lessor or distributor 8. Non-resident lessor of aircraft, machinery and other equipment 9. Regional/Area Headquarters & Regional Operating Headquarters of Multinational companies
B. Classification of Corporations General Types 1. Domestic Corporation (DC) - one

created or organized in the Philippines or under its laws [Sec 22(C)] 2. Foreign Corporation (FC) one that is not domestic [Sec 22(D)] Resident Foreign Corporation (RFC) - a foreign corporation engaged in trade or business within the Philippines [Sec 22(H)] Non-resident foreign corporation (NRFC) - a foreign corporation not engaged in trade or business within the Philippines [Sec 22(I)]
NOTE: The qualifier resident in the term resident foreign corporation should not be equated with the nationality of the corporation. In determining nationality, the control test is often invoked and applied, which considers corporate nationality by the nationality of its controlling shareholders or members. (Mamalateo, citing Winship v. Philippine Trust Co., 90 Phil 744) Thus, for income tax purposes, a domestic corporation may be formed or organized by five foreigners (as long as three of them are residents of the Philippines as per the Corporation
C. Scope of Taxation Quick Glance

Type of Corporation Domestic Corporation (DC) Resident Foreign Corporation (RFC) Non-resident Foreign Corporation (NRFC) Sources of Taxable Income Within and without the Philippines Within the Philippines Within the Philippines Allowed Business Deductions? Yes Yes No*
* Ergo, non-resident foreign corporations are taxed on GROSS INCOME. NOTE: A good example of a resident foreign corporation is the Philippine branch of a foreign corporation duly licensed by the Securities and Exchange Commission. The Philippine branch is merely an extension of the foreign head office (i.e., non-resident foreign corporation); hence it does not have nor issue Philippine shares of stock.
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There is only one single entity to speak of. However, for income tax purposes, only the income of the Philippine branch from sources within the Philippines is subject to income tax, and the income of the Philippine branch as well as that of the foreign head office from sources outside the Philippines are exempt from Philippine income tax. NOTE FURTHER: Marubeni Corporation v. Commissioner (177 SCRA 500) clarified the single entity concept: As a GENERAL RULE, the head office of a foreign corporation is the same juridical entity as its branch in the Philippines following the single entity concept. The income from sources within the Philippines of the foreign head office shall thus be taxable to the Philippine branch. BUT when the head office of a foreign corporation independently and directly invested in a domestic corporation without the funds passing through its Philippine branch, the taxpayer with respect to the tax on the dividend income would be the nonresident foreign corporation itself and the dividend income shall be subject to the tax similarly imposed on non-resident foreign corporations.
b. On the sale, exchange or disposition of lands and/or buildings which are not actually used in the business of a corporation and are treated as capital assets On the gross selling price, or the current fair market value at the time of the sale, whichever is higher, a final tax of 6% NOTE: Tax treatment is the same as that of individuals. The capital gains tax is applied on the gross selling price, or the current fair market value at the time of the sale, whichever is higher. Any gain or loss on the sale is immaterial because there is a conclusive presumption by law that the sale resulted in a gain.
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a. Interest Income: on any currency bank deposit, yield or any other monetary benefit from deposit substitutes, trust funds and similar arrangements - 20% under the expanded foreign currency deposit system (EFCDS) - 7.5% b. Dividends received from another domestic corporation (Intercompany Dividend) - EXEMPT c. Royalties (any kind) 20%
D. Tax on Domestic Corporations

Domestic corporations are subject to any or some of the following: 1. Capital Gain Tax 2. Final Tax on Passive Income 3. Normal Tax [OR] Minimum Corporate Income Tax (MCIT) [OR] Gross Income Tax (GIT) 4. Improperly Accumulated Earnings Tax (IAET)
3. Income subject to Normal Tax [OR] Minimum Corporate Income Tax (MCIT) [OR] Gross Income Tax (GIT)
a. Normal Corporate Income Tax Rate: 35% of net taxable income less Gross Income Allowable Deductions Taxable Income
1. Capital Gains Subject to Capital Gains Tax

a. On sale, barter, exchange or other disposition of shares of stock of a domestic corporation not listed and traded through a local stock exchange, held as a capital asset: On the net capital gain: Not over P100,000: Final Tax of 5% On any amount in excess of P100,000: plus 10% Final tax on the excess
NOTE: This will be 30% starting 2009. Thus, read the facts and determine from what year the income is.
b. Minimum Corporate Income Tax (MCIT): 2% of MCIT Gross Income less Gross Sales Sales Returns Sales Returns & Allowances Cost of Goods Sold MCIT GI
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What is cost of goods sold? It includes all business expenses DIRECTLY incurred to produce the merchandise to bring them to their present location and use. [Sec. 27(E)(4)] MCIT gross income differentiated from the normal tax gross income: the latter would include other incidental income items, such as rent income, interest, gain on sale of assets, certain tax refunds, etc. When is the MCIT computed? beginning of the fourth taxable year immediately following the year in which such corporation commenced its business operations What amount of income tax is paid by the corporation to the BIR? Whichever is HIGHER between the normal tax and the minimum corporate income tax.
The excess MCIT over NT carryforward is shown below:

Year 4 80,000 20,000 n/a Year 5 50,000 30,000 n/a Year 6 30,000 40,000 40,000 Year 7 40,000 20,000 n/a Year 8 35,000 70,000 70,000
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MCIT NT NT is higher Less: MCIT carryfwd From Year 4 From Year 5 From Year 7 Tax Due
>(40,000)*
> (20,000) >(20,000)
80,000
50,000
40,000
30,000
Arrow pointing downward means that the normal tax is higher so that there can be an excess MCIT carry-forward against it.
Illustration: E Co., a domestic trading corporation, in its fourth year of operations had a gross profit from sales of P300,000 and net taxable income of P100,000. How much was the income tax paid by the corporation for the year?
MCIT (P300,000 x 2%) Normal income tax (P100,000 x 35%) Income Tax to be paid for the year (whichever is higher) P6,000 P35,000 P35,000
* Cannot carry forward an amount higher than the NT, hence the excess of 60K from Year 4 was reduced to 40K. The unused P20,000 cannot be used in Year 8 because Year 8 was beyond three years from Year 4.
Relief from MCIT (LLBM) The Secretary of Finance is authorized to suspend the imposition of the minimum corporate income tax on any corporation which suffers LOSSES: on account of prolonged labor dispute (losses from a strike staged by employees that lasts for more than 6 months and caused the temporary shutdown of operations), or because of force majeure (acts of God and other calamity; includes armed conflicts like war or insurgency), or because of legitimate business reverses (substantial losses due to fire, robbery, theft or other economic reasons).
Excess MCIT carry-forward Any excess of the minimum corporate income tax over the normal income tax shall be carried forward and credited against the NORMAL TAX for the three (3) immediately succeeding taxable years. [Sec. 27(E)(2)] In the year to which carried forward, the normal tax should be higher than the MCIT.
Illustration: A domestic corporation had the following data on computations of the normal tax (NT) and the minimum corporate income tax (MCIT) for five years. MCIT NT Yr 4 80K 20K Yr 5 50K 30K Yr 6 30K 40K Yr 7 40K 20K Yr 8 35K 70K
Gross Income Tax (GIT) The President, upon the recommendation of the Secretary of Finance, may allow domestic corporations the option to be taxed at fifteen percent (15%) of gross income, after the following conditions have been satisfied:
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Tax effort ratio Ratio of IT collection to total tax revenue VAT tax effort Ratio of Consolidated Public Sector Financial Position (CPSFP) to GNP Ratio of the Corporations Cost of Sales to Gross Sales
20% of GNP 40% 4% of GNP 0.90%
undistributed earnings subject to the tax. What is meant by reasonable needs of the business is determined by the IMMEDIACY TEST. Immediacy Test - It states that the reasonable needs of the business are the 1) immediate needs of the business; and 2) reasonably anticipated needs. How to prove the reasonable needs of the business The corporation should prove that there is 1) an immediate need for the accumulation of the earnings and profits; or 2) a direct correlation of anticipated needs to such accumulation of profits.
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Does not exceed 55%
less
Gross Sales Sales Returns Sales Returns & Allowances Cost of Goods Sold GI
(same formula from last page)
The election of option by the irrevocable for taxable years corporation is scheme.
the gross income tax corporation shall be three (3) consecutive during which the qualified under the
4. Improperly Tax (IAET)
Accumulated
Earnings
d) Composition: The following constitute accumulation of earnings for the reasonable needs of the business: (ILL ABE) 1) ALLOWANCE for the increase in the accumulation of earnings up to 100% of the paid-up capital of the corporation as of Balance Sheet date, inclusive of accumulations taken from other years; 2) Earnings reserved for definite corporate EXPANSION projects or programs requiring considerable capital expenditure as approved by the Board of Directors or equivalent body; 3) Earnings reserved for BUILDING, PLANT or EQUIPMENT ACQUISITION as approved by the Board of Directors or equivalent body; 4) Earnings reserved for compliance with any LOAN COVENANT or preexisting obligation established under a legitimate business agreement; 5) Earnings required by LAW or applicable regulations to be retained by the corporation or in respect of which there is legal prohibition against its distribution; 6) In the case of subsidiaries of foreign corporations in the Philippines, all undistributed earnings intended or reserved for INVESTMENTS
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[Sec. 29, as implemented by RR 2-2001 which prescribes rules governing the imposition of IAET] a) Rule There is imposed for each taxable year, in addition to other taxes, a tax equal to 10% of the improperly accumulated taxable income of domestic and closely-held corporations formed or availed of for the purpose of avoiding the income tax with respect to its shareholders or the shareholders of any other corporation, by permitting the earnings and profits of the corporation to accumulate instead of dividing them among or distributing them to the shareholders. b) Rationale It is a tax in the nature of a PENALTY to the corporation for the improper accumulation of its earnings, and a DETERRENT to the avoidance of tax upon shareholders who are supposed to pay dividends tax on the earnings distributed to them. c) Exception The use of undistributed earnings and profits for the reasonable needs of the business would not generally make the accumulated or
TAXATION LAW
WITHIN THE PHILIPPINES as can be proven by corporate records and/or relevant documentary evidence. e) Covered Corporations Only domestic and closely-held corporations are liable for IAET. Closely-held corporations are those: 1) at least 50% in value of the outstanding capital stock; or 2) at least 50% of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote is owned directly or indirectly by or for not more than 20 individuals. Domestic corporations not falling under the aforesaid definition are, therefore, publicly-held corporations. To determine whether corporation is closely corporation, insofar as determination is based on ownership, the following RULES be applied: the held such stock shall
the application of (a) or (c) shall, for purposes of applying (1) or (2), be treated as actually owned by such person. But stock constructively owned by the individual by reason of the application of (b) shall NOT be treated as owned by him for purposes of again applying such paragraph in order to make another the constructive owner of such stock.
BIR Ruling 025-02 The ownership of a domestic corporation for purposes of determining whether it is a closely held corporation or a publicly held corporation is ultimately traced to the individual shareholders of the parent company. Where at least 50% of the outstanding capital stock or at least 50% of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote in a corporation is owned directly or indirectly by at least 21 or more individuals, the corporation is considered as publicly held corporation.
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f)
Exempt Corporations: (BIG-PEN-T) 1. Banks and other non-bank financial intermediaries; 2. Insurance companies; 3. Publicly-held corporations; 4. Taxable partnerships; 5. General professional partnerships; 6. Non- taxable joint ventures; and 7. Enterprises that are registered: a. with the Philippine Economic Zone Authority (PEZA) under R.A. 7916; b. pursuant to the Bases Conversion and Development Act of 1992 under R.A. 7227; and c. under special economic zones declared by law which enjoy payment of special tax rate on their registered operations or activities in lieu of other taxes, national or local.
Words in regular letters are found in Sec. 29(B)(2) of the NIRC. Words in italics are additions made by the revenue regulation to consolidate Sec. 29 with other pertinent laws.
a. Stock Not Owned by Individuals. - Stock owned directly or indirectly by or for a corporation, partnership, estate or trust shall be considered as being owned proportionately by its shareholders, partners or beneficiaries. b. Family and Partnership Ownership. - An individual shall be considered as owning the stock owned, directly or indirectly, by or for his family, or by or for his partner. For purposes of this paragraph, the family of an individual includes his brothers or sisters (whether by whole or half-blood), spouse, ancestors and lineal descendants. c. Option to Acquire Stocks. - If any person has an option to acquire stock, such stock shall be considered as owned by such person. For purposes of this paragraph, an option to acquire such an option and each one of a series of option shall be considered as an option to acquire such stock. d. Constructive Ownership as Actual Ownership. Stock constructively owned by reason of
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g) Computation: TI + (ET + EG + FT + NOLCOD) (TP + D + RN) = IATI

Year's taxable income Add: Income exempt from tax Income excluded from gross income Income subject to final tax Amount of NOLCO deducted Total Less: Income tax paid/payable for the taxable year Dividends actually or constructively paid from the applicable year's taxable income Amount reserved for the reasonable needs of the business emanating from the covered year's taxable income Improperly accumulated taxable income Multiplied by IAET rate Improperly accumulated earnings(IAET) tax P xx xx xx xx xx P xx xx
following the close of the taxable year, otherwise, the IAET, if any, should be paid within fifteen (15) days thereafter. k) Determination of Purpose to Avoid Income Tax 1) The fact that a corporation is a mere holding company or investment company shall be prima facie evidence of a purpose to avoid the tax upon its shareholders or members A "holding or investment company" is a corporation having practically no activities except holding property, and collecting the income therefrom or investing the same; and 2) Where the earnings or profits of a corporation are permitted to accumulate beyond the reasonable needs of the business. PRIMA FACIE INSTANCES of accumulation of profits beyond the reasonable needs of a business (UBE) 1) Investment of substantial earnings and profits of the corporation in UNRELATED BUSINESS or in stock or securities of unrelated business; 2) Investment in BONDS and other long-term securities; and 3) Accumulation of earnings IN EXCESS OF 100% OF PAID-UP CAPITAL, not otherwise intended for the reasonable needs of the business. The controlling intention of the taxpayer is that which is manifested at the time of accumulation. A speculative and indefinite purpose will not suffice. The mere recognition of a future problem or the discussion of possible and alternative solutions is not sufficient. Definiteness of plan/s coupled with action/s taken towards its consummation is essential.
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xx
xx P xx 10% P xx
h) Limitation The profit that has been subjected to IAET shall no longer be subjected to IAET in later years even if not declared as dividend. However, profits which have been subjected to IAET, when declared as dividends, shall be subject to tax on dividends except in those instances where the recipient is not subject thereto. i) Declaration of Dividends from earnings For purposes of determining the source of earnings or profits declared or distributed from accumulated income, the dividends shall be deemed to have been paid out of the most recently accumulated profits or surplus and shall constitute a part of the annual income of the distributee for the year in which received pursuant to Section 73(C) of the Code. But, where the dividends or portion of the said dividends declared forms part of the accumulated earnings as of December 31, 1997, or emanates from the accumulated income of a particular year and is therefore an exemption to the proceeding statement, such fact must be supported by a duly executed Board Resolution to that effect. Period for Payment of Dividend/IAET The dividends must be declared and paid or issued not later than one year
j)
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5. Optional Standard Deduction (OSD)

Before RA 9504, effective July 6, 2009, OSD only applies to individuals except non-resident alien. But by virtue of RA 9504, it now also applies to corporations except nonresident foreign corporation. Moreover, the rate was increased from 10% to 40%.
corporation shall be subject to the normal corporate income tax.

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Interest Income: on any currency bank deposit, yield or any other monetary benefit from deposit substitutes, trust funds and similar arrangements - 20% under the expanded foreign currency deposit system (EFCDS) - 7.5% Dividends received from a domestic corporation (Intercompany Dividend) EXEMPT Royalties (any kind) 20%
ONE LAST NOTE ON THE APPLICABILITY OF TAX RATES OF DOMESTIC CORPORATIONS: All corporations, agencies, or instrumentalities owned or controlled by the GOVERNMENT are taxable and shall pay such rate of tax upon their taxable income as are imposed on domestic corporations engaged in a similar business, industry, or activity. EXCEPTIONS (i.e, not taxable): o Government Service Insurance System (GSIS), o Social Security System (SSS), o Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PHIC), o Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office (PCSO) Note: Exemption for PAGCOR was withdrawn by RA 9337
3. Income subject to Normal Tax [OR] Minimum Corporate Income Tax (MCIT) [OR] Gross Income Tax (GIT)
The discussion with respect to this topic (income subject to normal tax, MCIT, or GIT) under the subheading of domestic corporations is equally applicable to resident foreign corporations, both as to concepts and computations, except that RFCs are taxed only on income from sources within the Philippines. NORMAL CORPORATE INCOME TAX RATE 35% of net taxable income from sources within the Philippines MINIMUM CORPORATE INCOME TAX (MCIT) 2% of MCIT Gross Income from sources within the Philippines. The MCIT is imposed on RFCs under the same conditions as domestic corporations. [Sec. 28(A)(2)] GROSS INCOME TAX (GIT) The President, upon the recommendation of the Secretary of Finance, may allow resident foreign corporations the option to be taxed at fifteen percent (15%) of gross income within the Philippines, under the same conditions as domestic corporations. [Sec. 28(A)(1)]
E. Tax on Resident Corporations
Foreign
Resident foreign corporations are subject to any or some of the following: 1. Capital Gain Tax 2. Final Tax on Passive Income 3. Normal Tax [OR] Minimum Corporate Income Tax (MCIT) [OR] Gross Income Tax (GIT) 4. Branch Profit Remittance Tax
1. Capital Gains subject to Capital Gains Tax

On sale, barter, exchange or other disposition of shares of stock of a domestic corporation not listed and traded through a local stock exchange, held as a capital asset: On the net capital gain: Not over P100,000: Final Tax of 5% On any amount in excess of P100,000: plus Final Tax of 10% on the excess
4. Branch Profit Remittance Tax [Sec. 28(A)(5)]

Taxable transaction any profit remitted by a branch to its head office Tax Rate and Base 15% based on the total profits applied or earmarked for remittance without any deduction for the tax component
NOTE: Tax treatment is the same as that of individuals and domestic corporations. The net taxable income from the sale of real property realized by the resident foreign
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Non-taxable activities activities which are registered with the Philippine Economic Zone Authority Income NOT TREATED AS BRANCH PROFITS unless effectively connected with the conduct of trade or business in the Philippines: i. Interests, dividends, rents, royalties, including remuneration for technical services ii. salaries, wages premiums, annuities, emoluments iii. other fixed or determinable annual, periodic or casual gains, profits, income iv. capital gains received during each taxable year from all sources within the Philippines

Interest on foreign loans contracted on or after August 1, 1986 20% under the expanded foreign currency deposit system (EFCDS) EXEMPT Dividends (cash and/or property) received from a domestic corporation (Intercorporate Dividend) 15%, AS LONG AS the country in which the nonresident foreign corporation is domiciled allows a tax credit for taxes deemed paid in the Philippines equivalent to 15% 20% represents the difference between the regular income tax of 35% on corporations and the 15% tax on dividends If the country within which the NRFC is domiciled does NOT allow a tax credit, a final withholding tax at the rate of 35% is imposed on the dividends received from a domestic corporation. [In other words, the dividends are subject to the third kind of tax: Final Tax on [Other] Gross Income from sources within the Philippines.]
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NOTES: imposed whether the head office of the foreign corporation is located in a tax treaty country, in a tax haven or other non-treaty country. imposed only on the profits remitted by a Philippine branch to the head office of a foreign corporation.
OPTIONAL STANDARD DEDUCTION 40% of its gross income (RA 9504, effective July 6, 2008)
F. Tax on Nonresident Corporations
Foreign
3. Final Tax on [Other] Gross Income from sources within the Philippines
35% of the gross income received from all sources within the Philippines, such as interests, dividends, rents, royalties, salaries, premiums (except reinsurance premiums), annuities, emoluments or other fixed or determinable annual, periodic or casual gains, profits and income, and capital gains EXCEPT capital gains resulting from the sale of shares of stock of a domestic corporation not listed and traded through a local stock exchange, held as a capital asset.
Non-resident foreign corporations are subject to any or some of the following: 1. Capital Gain Tax 2. Final Tax on Passive Income 3. Final Tax on [Other] Gross Income from sources within the Philippines
1. Capital Gains subject to Capital Gains Tax

On sale, barter, exchange or other disposition of shares of stock of a domestic corporation not listed and traded through a local stock exchange, held as a capital asset: On the net capital gain: Not over P100,000 Final Tax of 5% On any amount in excess of P100,000 plus Final Tax of 10% on the excess
G. Special Types of Corporations Special Type Corporations of Domestic
1. Proprietary Educational Institutions and Hospitals (Non-profit) Tax Rate and Base 10% on net income (except on income subject to capital gains tax and passive income subject to final tax) within and without the Philippines
NOTE: The gross income from the sale of real property realized by the non-resident foreign corporation shall be subject to a 35% final tax imposed on gross income from sources within the Philippines.
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CAVEAT: If gross income from unrelated trade or business or other activity exceeds 50% of total gross income derived from all sources, the tax rate of 35% shall be imposed on the entire taxable income. Unrelated trade, business or other activity- any trade, business or other activity, the conduct of which is not substantially related to the exercise or performance by such educational institution or hospital of its primary purpose or function. Proprietary educational institutionany private school maintained and administered by private individuals or groups with an issued permit to operate from the DECS, CHED or TESDA.
Special Types of Resident Foreign Corporations

1. International Carriers Tax Rate and Base 2.5% on Gross Philippine Billings (GPB)
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2. Depository Banks (Foreign Currency Deposit Units) [Sec. 27(D)(3) as amended by RA 9294 (2004)] Coverage of the Rule ONLY income derived by a depository bank under the expanded foreign currency deposit system from foreign currency transactions with: nonresidents, offshore banking units in the Philippines, local commercial banks including branches of foreign banks that may be authorized by the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) to transact business with foreign currency deposit system units and other depository banks under the expanded foreign currency deposit system Tax Rate: Exempt from all taxes, except net income from such transactions as may be specified by the Secretary of Finance, upon recommendation by the Monetary Board to be subject to the regular income tax payable by banks EXCEPTION: Interest income from foreign currency loans granted by such depository banks under said expanded system to residents other than offshore units in the Philippines or other depository banks under the expanded system shall be subject to a final tax at the rate of 10%.
What is GPB? In the case of International Air Carriers, GPB refers to the amount of: gross revenue derived from carriage of persons, excess baggage, cargo and mail originating from the Philippines in a continuous and uninterrupted flight, irrespective of the place of sale or issue and the place of payment of the ticket or passage document gross revenue from tickets revalidated, exchanged and/or indorsed to another international airline if the passenger boards a plane in a port or point in the Philippines for flights which originate from the Philippines, but transshipment of passenger takes place at any port outside the Philippines on another airline, the gross revenue consisting of only the aliquot portion of the cost of the ticket corresponding to the leg flown from the Philippines to the point of transshipment [RR 152002] Air Canada vs. CIR (CTA Case No. 6572): A foreign airline company selling tickets in the Philippines through their local agents shall be considered as resident foreign corporation engaged in trade or business in the country. The absence of flight operations within the Philippine territory cannot alter the fact that the income received was derived from activities within the Philippines. The test of taxability is the source, and the source is that activity which produced the income. In the case of International Shipping, GPB means: gross revenue whether for passenger, cargo or mail originating from the Philippines up to final destination, regardless of the place of sale or payments of the passage or freight documents.
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2. Offshore Banking Units authorized by the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) [Sec. 28(A)(4) as amended by RA 9294 (2004)] Coverage of the Rule: ONLY income derived by offshore banking units from foreign currency transactions with: nonresidents, other offshore banking units local commercial banks including branches of foreign banks that may be authorized by the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) to transact business with offshore banking units TAX RATE: Exempt from all taxes, except net income from such transactions as may be specified by the Secretary of Finance, upon recommendation by the Monetary Board to be subject to the regular income tax payable by banks EXCEPTION: Interest income derived from foreign currency loans granted to residents other than offshore banking units or local commercial banks, including local branches of foreign banks that may be authorized by the BSP to transact business with offshore banking units, shall be subject only to a final tax at the rate of 10%.
Secretary of Finance, upon recommendation by the Monetary Board to be subject to the regular income tax payable by banks EXCEPTION: Interest income from foreign currency loans granted by such depository banks under said expanded system to residents other than offshore units in the Philippines or other depository banks under the expanded system shall be subject to a final tax at the rate of 10%. 4. Regional or Area Headquarters and Regional Operating Headquarters of multinational Companies Regional or area headquarters: subject to income tax not
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Regional or area headquarters: a branch established in the Philippines by multinational companies and which headquarters do not earn or derive income from the Philippines and which act as supervisory, communications and coordinating center for their affiliates, subsidiaries, or branches in the Asia-Pacific Region and other foreign markets. Regional operating headquarters 10% of their taxable income a branch established in the Philippines by multinational companies which are engaged in any of the following services:
(SMART - BAD PPL) 1. general Administration and planning 2. business Planning and coordination 3. sourcing and Procurement of raw materials and components 4. corporate finance Advisory services 5. Marketing control and sales promotion 6. Training and personnel management 7. Logistic services 8. Research and development services and product development 9. technical Support and maintenance 10. Data processing and communications, and 11. Business development.
3. Resident Depository Bank (Foreign Currency Deposit Units) [Sec. 28(D)(7)(b) as amended by RA 9294 (2004)] Coverage of the Rule: ONLY income derived by a depository bank under the expanded foreign currency deposit system from foreign currency transactions with: nonresidents, offshore banking units in the Philippines, local commercial banks including branches of foreign banks that may be authorized by the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) to transact business with foreign currency deposit system units and other depository banks under the expanded foreign currency deposit system TAX RATE: Exempt from all taxes, except net income from such transactions as may be specified by the
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Special Types of Foreign Corporations
Non-resident
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1. Non-resident cinematographic film owners, lessors or distributors 25% of gross income from all sources within the Philippines 2. Nonresident Owner or Lessor of Vessels Chartered by Philippine Nationals 4.5% of gross rentals, lease or charter fees from leases or charters to Filipino citizens or corporations, as approved by the Maritime Authority 3. Nonresident Owner or Lessor of Aircraft, Machineries and Other Equipment 7.5% of gross rentals or fees
H. Summary of Tax Bases and Rates of Special Corporations

QUICK GLANCE
Type of Corporation Domestic Corporations Proprietary Educational Institutions and Hospitals (Non-profit) Depository Banks (Foreign Currency Deposit Units) With respect to income derived under the expanded foreign currency deposit system from certain foreign currency transactions With respect to interest income from foreign currency loans to residents other than offshore units in the Philippines or other depository banks under the expanded system Resident Foreign Corporations International Carriers Offshore Banking Units With respect to income derived by offshore banking units from certain foreign currency transactions With respect to interest income derived from foreign currency loans granted to residents other than offshore banking units or local commercial banks Tax Base Taxable Income from all sources Exempt (except that net income from such transactions is subject to the regular income tax payable by banks) Amount of interest income Tax Rate 10% -
10%
Gross Philippine Billings Exempt (except that net income from such transactions is subject to the regular income tax payable by banks) Amount of interest income
2.5% -
10%
Resident Depository Bank (Foreign Currency Deposit Units) With respect to income derived under the expanded foreign currency deposit system from certain foreign currency transactions With respect to interest income from foreign currency loans to residents other than offshore units in the Philippines or other depository banks under the expanded system Regional or Area Headquarters Regional Operating Headquarters of Multinational Companies Non-resident Foreign Corporations Non-resident cinematographic film owners, lessors or distributors Nonresident Owner or Lessor of Vessels Chartered by Philippine Nationals Nonresident Owner or Lessor of Aircraft, Machineries and Other Equipment
Exempt (except that net income from such transactions is subject to the regular income tax payable by banks) Amount of interest income Exempt Taxable Income from within the Philippines Gross Income from the Philippines Gross Rentals, Lease and Charter Fees from the Philippines Gross Rentals, Charges and Fees from the Philippines
10% 10% 25% 4.5% 7.5%
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I. Exempt Corporations [Sec. 30]

(CREB-CLEF-SMB) The following organizations shall not be taxed in respect to income received by them as such (e.g. membership fees): 1. LABOR, agricultural or horticultural organization not organized principally for profit 2. MUTUAL savings bank not having a capital stock represented by shares, and cooperative bank without capital stock organized and operated for mutual purposes and without profit 3. A BENEFICIARY society, order or association, operating for the exclusive benefit of the members such as a fraternal organization operating under the lodge system, or mutual aid association or a nonstock corporation organized by employees providing for the payment of life, sickness, accident, or other benefits exclusively to the members of such society, order, or association, or non-stock corporation or their dependents 4. CEMETERY company owned and operated exclusively for the benefit of its members 5. Non-stock corporation or association organized and operated exclusively for RELIGIOUS, charitable, scientific, athletic, or cultural purposes, or for the rehabilitation of veterans, no part of its net income or asset shall belong to or inures to the benefit of any member, organizer, officer or any specific person 6. BUSINESS league chamber of commerce, or board of trade, not organized for profit and no part of the net income of which inures to the benefit of any private stockholder, or individual 7. CIVIC league or organization not organized for profit but operated exclusively for the promotion of social welfare 8. A non-stock and nonprofit EDUCATIONAL institution 9. Government EDUCATIONAL institution 10. FARMERS' or other mutual typhoon or fire insurance company, mutual ditch or irrigation company, mutual or cooperative telephone company, or
like organization of a purely local character, the income of which consists solely of assessments, dues, and fees collected from members for the sole purpose of meeting its expenses and 11. Farmers', fruit growers', or like association organized and operated as a SALES agent for the purpose of marketing the products of its members and turning back to them the proceeds of sales, less the necessary selling expenses on the basis of the quantity of produce finished by them; Notwithstanding the exemptions, income of whatever kind and character of the enumerated organizations from any of their properties, real or personal, or from any of their activities conducted for profit regardless of the disposition made of such income, shall be SUBJECT TO TAX.
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Note: RA 9178 Barangay Micro Business Enterprises (BMBEs) implemented by DO 17-04, April 20, 2004 BMBEs shall be exempt from income tax for income arising from the operations of the enterprise. BMBE is any business entity or enterprise engaged in the production, processing or manufacturing of products or commodities, including agro-processing trading and services, whose total assets including those arising from loans but exclusive of land on which the particular business entitys office, plant and equipment are situated, shall not be more than P3M.
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J. Summary of Tax Corporations
Bases, Tax
Rates and Applicable Tax

DOMESTIC RESIDENT Within the Philippines 35% Normal Tax
Regimes for
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CATEGORY OF INCOME 1. Taxable Income (i.e., income other than #s 2 to 9) 2. Interest from any currency bank deposit , etc. 3. Royalties 4. Interest (Expanded Foreign Currency Deposit System) 5. Cash / Property Dividends from a domestic corporation 6. Capital Gains on Sale of Shares (not traded in a domestic stock exchange) 7. Capital Gains on Sale of Land and/or Building
All sources 35% Normal Tax
NON-RESIDENT Within the Philippines
GIW - 20% Final Tax GIW - 20% Final Tax GIW - 7.5% Final Tax EXEMPT
35% of Gross Income
EXEMPT
8. Sale of Shares (traded in a domestic stock exchange) TAX REGIMES APPLICABLE Normal Tax Minimum Corporate Income Tax Gross Income Tax Improperly Accumulated Earnings Tax Branch Profit Remittance Tax Optional Standard Deduction Legend: GIW - Gross Income within the Philippines GSP Gross Selling Price FMV Fair Market Value
15% or 35%, whichever is applicable Net Capital Gains within: Not Over P100,000 5% Final Tax Amount in Excess of P100,000 plus 10% Final Tax on the excess during the taxable year GSP or FMV, whichever is higher 35% Normal 35% of Gross 6% Final Tax Income Withholding Tax of 1% of the Selling Price (Stock Transaction Tax) Note: Stock Transaction Tax is not an income tax, but a business (percentage) tax
YES YES YES YES, if closelyheld corporation NO YES
YES YES YES NO YES YES
YES, but based on Gross Income NO NO NO Not Applicable NO
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V. TAXATION OF FRINGE BENEFITS

[Sec. 33 of the NIRC]
A. Definition
any good, service or other benefit furnished or granted in cash or in kind by an employer to an individual employee except rank and file employees (The fringe benefit covered by Sec 33 refers to those enjoyed by managerial and supervisory employees.)
How GMV is determined GMV is determined by dividing the actual monetary value of the fringe benefit by 68% [100% - tax rate of 32%]. For example, the actual monetary value of the fringe benefit is P1,000. The GMV is equal to P1,470.59 [P1,000 / 0.68]. The fringe benefit tax, therefore, is P470.59 [P1470.59 x 32%]. Special Cases: For fringe benefits received by nonresident alien not engaged in trade of business (NRANETB), the tax rate is 25% of the grossed-up monetary value (GMV). The GMV is determined by dividing the actual monetary value of the fringe benefit by 75% [100% - 25%]. For fringe benefits received by alien individuals and Filipino citizens employed by regional or area headquarters, regional operating headquarters, offshore banking units (OBUs), or foreign service contractor, the tax rate is 15% of the grossed-up monetary value (GMV). The GMV is determined by dividing the actual monetary value of the fringe benefit by 85% [100% - 15%]. What is the tax implication if the employer gives fringe benefits to rankand-file employees? Fringe benefits given to a rank-and-file employee are treated as part of his compensation income subject to income tax and withholding tax on compensation income.
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Key definitions: Managerial employee one who is vested with the powers or prerogatives to lay down and execute management policies and/or to hire, transfer, suspend, lay-off, recall, discharge, assign or discipline employees. Supervisory employees those who, in the interest of the employer, effectively recommend such managerial actions if the exercise of such authority is not merely routinary or clerical in nature but requires the use of independent judgment. All employees not falling within any of the above definitions are considered rank-andfile employees.
Examples of fringe benefits: 1. Housing 2. Expense account 3. Vehicle of any kind 4. Household personnel, such as maid, driver and others 5. Interest on loan at less than market rate to the extent of the difference between the market rate and actual rate granted 6. Membership fees, dues and other expenses borne by the employer for the employee in social and athletic clubs or other similar organizations 7. Expenses for foreign travel 8. Holiday and vacation expenses 9. Educational assistance to the employee or his dependents 10. Life or health insurance and other nonlife insurance premiums or similar amounts in excess of what the law allows
Payor of Fringe Benefit Tax (FBT) the employer [but the law allows the employer to deduct such tax as a business expense, in determining his taxable income]
C. Fringe Benefits Which Are Not Taxable [Sec. 33 of the NIRC,

consolidated with Sec. 2.33(C) of RR 0398] [RED CNC] 1. Fringe benefits which are authorized and EXEMPTED from tax under special laws 2. CONTRIBUTIONS of the employer for the benefit of the employee to retirement, insurance and hospitalization benefit plans 3. Benefits given to the RANK AND FILE employees, whether granted under a collective bargaining agreement or not 4. DE MINIMIS benefits
B. Tax Rate and Tax Base

[Generally] 32% of the grossed-up monetary value (GMV) GMV represents the whole amount of income realized by the employee.
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5. If the grant of fringe benefits to the employee is required by the nature of, or NECESSARY to the trade, business, or profession of the employer 6. If the grant of fringe benefits is for the CONVENIENCE of the employer [Convenience of the Employer Rule] NOTES: De minimis benefits those which are of relatively small value are offered by the employer as a means of promoting health, goodwill, contentment, or efficiency of his employees, such as the following: (CLAMMP RUST) 1. Monetized unused vacation leave credits of private employees not exceeding ten (10) days during the year and the monetized value of leave credits paid to government officials and employees; 2. Medical cash allowance to dependents of employees not exceeding P750 per semester or P125 per month;
BIR Ruling 019-02: To be considered de minimis medical allowance, the following conditions must concur: a. The amount given to the EE shall be for his own medical expense; b. The amount actually given and actually spent shall not exceed P10, 000 in any given calendar year; c. The EE must fully substantiate with or in his name the medical allowance to be granted.
8. Christmas and major anniversary celebrations for employees and their guests;
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9. Company picnics and sports tournaments in the Philippines and are participated exclusively by employees; and 10. Flowers, fruits, books or similar items given to employees under special circumstances, e.g. on account of illness, marriage, birth of a baby, etc. [as enumerated in RR 03-98, as amended by RR 10-00] Tax implication of de minimis benefits: EXEMPTED from tax. However, should the amount of the benefits given be in EXCESS of the ceilings prescribed and the p30,000 limitation, the following rules apply: If given to managerial / supervisory employees The amount in excess of the ceiling prescribed is taxable as a fringe benefit (i.e., there will be a 32% tax imposed on the grossedup monetary value of the residual amount). If given to rank-and-file employees The amount in excess of the ceiling prescribed is taxable as salary or compensation income. Convenience of the
Examples of Employer Rule:
3. Rice subsidy of P350 per month granted by an employer to his employees; 4. Uniforms given to employees by the employer; 5. Medical benefits given employees by the employer; to the
1. The value of the meals given to the employee is not taxable, if the employer provides the meals for a substantial non- compensatory business purpose (generally, when employee is required to be on duty during the meal period). 2. Lodging is not taxable if the employee must accept the lodging on the employers business premises as a condition of his employment.
6. Laundry allowance of P150 per month; 7. Employee achievement awards, e.g. for length of service or safety achievement, which must be in the form of a tangible personal property other than cash or gift certificate, with an annual monetary value not exceeding one-half () month of the basic salary of the employee receiving the award under an established written plan which does not discriminate in favor of highly paid employees;
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VI. TAXATION OF PARTNERSHIPS A. Classification of Partnerships for Tax Purposes

1. General Professional Partnerships (GPP) partnerships formed by persons for the sole purpose of exercising their common profession, no part of the income of which is derived from engaging in any trade or business 2. Other Partnerships (or General Copartnerships) partnerships wherein all or part of their income is derived from the conduct of trade or business
in which such partnership net income was earned, and shall be taxed to them in their individual capacities, whether actually distributed or not, at the graduated income tax ranging from 5% to 32%. Thus, the principle of constructive receipt of income or profit is being applied to undistributed profits of GPPs. The payment [to the partners] of such tax-paid profits in another year should no longer be liable to income tax. (Mamalateo)
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C. Other Partnerships Co-partnerships)
(or General
B. General Professional Partnerships

[Sec 26] Rules: 1. A GPP as such shall not be subject to the income tax. 2. The partners shall only be liable for income tax only in their separate and individual capacities. 3. For purposes of computing the distributive share of the partners, the net income of the GPP shall be computed in the same manner as a corporation. 4. Each partner shall report as gross income his distributive share, actually or constructively received, in the net income of the partnership. 5. The share of a partner shall be subject to a creditable withholding income tax of 15%. (RR 2- 1998) NOTES: GPP is not a taxable entity The partnership is a mere mechanism or a flow-through entity in the generation of income by, and the ultimate mechanism distribution of such income to the individual partners. (Tan v. Commissioner [Oct. 3, 1994]) But, the partnership itself is required to file income tax returns for the purpose of furnishing information as to the share in the gains or profits which each partner shall include in his individual return. (RR 2- 1998) The share of an individual partner in the net profit of a general professional partnership is deemed to have been actually or constructively received by the partner in the same taxable year
Rules: 1. The partnership is subject to the same rules on corporations (capital gains tax, final tax on passive income, normal tax, minimum corporate income tax [MCIT] and gross income tax [GIT]), but is not subject to the improperly accumulated earnings tax [IAET]. The partnership must file quarterly and year-end income tax returns. 2. The taxable income of the partnership, less the normal corporate income tax thereon, is the distributable net income of the partnership. 3. The share of a partner in the partnerships distributable net income of a year shall be deemed to have been actually or constructively received by the partners in the same taxable year and shall be taxed to them in their individual capacity, whether actually distributed or not. [Sec. 73(D)] Such share will be subjected to a final tax of 10% to be withheld by the partnership. [Sec. 24(B)(2)] Co-ownership: There is co-ownership: 1. When two or more heirs inherit and undivided property from a decedent. 2. When a donor makes a gift of an undivided property in favor of two or more donees. When Co-ownership is not subject to tax When the co-ownerships activities are limited merely to the preservation of the co-owned property. The co-owners are only liable for income tax in their separate and individual capacities. When Co-ownership is subject to tax When the income of the co-ownership is invested by the co-owners in business, the co-owners have in effect
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constituted themselves into a partnership. In such a case, the coownership shall be subject to tax as a corporation.
Automatically converted into an unregistered partnership the moment the said common properties and/or the incomes derived from them are used as a common fund with intent to produce profits for the heirs in proportion to their respective shares in the inheritance as determined in a project partition either duly executed in an extrajudicial settlement or approved by the court in the corresponding testate or intestate proceeding. [Ona v. CIR, May, 25 1972]
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Partnership as a Taxpayer
Tax Liability Partnership itself Partners GPP (Partnership not subject to tax) - The entity itself is not taxable General Co-partnerships (Subject to tax) - Taxable like a corporation (32%) - Partners are considered as stockholders and the profits distributed to them are considered dividends. - not deductible
Partners share in the net loss of the partnership Payment made by a partner to a partner for services rendered Filing of return
Partners distributive share in the net income of the partnership
The partners share in the net income of the partnership shall be taxable to the partners whether distributed or not. - may be claimed by the partner as a deductible expense in his personal income tax retain - considered as additional share in - considered as compensation the net income of the partner income of the partner. (ordinary business income) - Partner should file an annual file a quarterly income tax income tax return returns. Reason: To furnish the BIR of information as to the share of each partner shall be part and include in his personal income tax return - subject to graduated income tax - final tax of 10% rates
VII. ESTATES AND TRUSTS A. Definition

ESTATE is the mass of property, rights and obligations left behind by the decedent upon his death. Estates may be classified as follows: 1. Estates not under judicial settlement are subject to income tax generally as mere co-ownership. The tax liability on income of the co-ownership levied directly on the co-owners. Thus, the heirs shall include in their respective
returns their distributive shares of the net income of the estate. 2. Estates under judicial settlement are subject to income tax in the same manner as individual. Income received during the settlement of the estate is taxable to the fiduciary (guardian, executor, trustee, and administrator). The return should be filed by executor or administrator of the trust.
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TRUST is an arrangement created by will or co-agreement under which title to property is passed to another for conservation or investment with the income therefrom and ultimately the corpus (principal) to be distributed in accordance with the directions of the creator as expressed in the governing instrument. 2 Kinds of Trust: 1. Irrevocable Trust is considered as a separate taxpayer. 2. Revocable Trust is one where at anytime the power to revert the title to any part of the corpus of the trust is vested: (a) in the grantor (creator of the trust) either alone or in conjunction with any person not having a substantial adverse interest in the disposition of such part of the corpus or the income therefrom; or (b) in any person not having a substantial adverse interest in the disposition of such part of the corpus or the income therefrom. NOTE: The tax shall be imposed on taxable income of the grantor. Various trusts subject to income tax: (1.) Trust where income is accumulated for the benefit of certain or uncertain persons or persons with contingent interest. (2.) Trust where income is accumulated or held for future distribution under the terms of the will or trust. (3.) Trust where income is to be distributed currently by the fiduciary to the beneficiaries. (4.) Trust where income collected by a guardian of an infant is held or distributed as the court may direct. (5.) Trust where income in the discretion of the fiduciary may be either distributed to the beneficiaries or accumulated. Exception The tax shall not apply to employee's trust which forms part of a pension, stock bonus or profitsharing plan of an employer for the benefit of some or all of his employees
i.
if contributions are made to the trust by such employer, or employees, or both for the purpose of distributing to such employees the earnings and principal of the fund accumulated by the trust in accordance with such plan, and ii. if under the trust instrument it is impossible, at any time prior to the satisfaction of all liabilities with respect to employees under the trust, for any part of the corpus or income to be (within the taxable year or thereafter) used for, or diverted to, purposes other than for the exclusive benefit of his employees.
NOTE HOWEVER: Any amount actually distributed to any employee or distributee shall be taxable to him in the year in which so distributed to the extent that it exceeds the amount contributed by such employee or distributee.
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B. Computation and Payment of the
Tax
The tax shall be computed upon the taxable income of the estate or trust and shall be paid by the fiduciary. (GENERAL RULE)
Exceptions: 1. Revocable Trusts: Where at any time the power to revest in the grantor title to any part of the corpus of the trust is vested a. in the grantor either alone or in conjunction with any person not having a substantial adverse interest in the disposition of such part of the corpus or the income therefrom, or b. in any person not having a substantial adverse interest in the disposition of such part of the corpus or the income therefrom, the income of such part of the trust shall be included in computing the taxable income of the grantor. 2. Income for Benefit of Grantor: Where any part of the income of a trust a. is, or in the discretion of the grantor or of any person not having a substantial adverse interest in the
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disposition of such part of the income may be held or accumulated for future distribution to the grantor, or b. may, or in the discretion of the grantor or of any person not having a substantial adverse interest in the disposition of such part of the income, be distributed to the grantor, or c. is, or in the discretion of the grantor or of any person not having a substantial adverse interest in the disposition of such part of the income may be applied to the payment of premiums upon policies of insurance on the life of the grantor, such part of the income of the trust shall be included in computing the taxable income of the grantor.
NOTE: 'In the discretion of the grantor' means in the discretion of the grantor, either alone or in conjunction with any person not having a substantial adverse interest in the disposition of the part of the income in question.
and the amount of the income collected by a guardian of an infant which is to be held or distributed as the court may direct, BUT the amount so allowed as a deduction shall be included in computing the taxable income of the beneficiaries, whether distributed to them or not. Any amount allowed as a deduction under this Subsection shall not be allowed as a deduction under Subsection (B) of this Section in the same or any succeeding taxable year. (B) In the case of income received by estates of deceased persons during the period of administration or settlement of the estate, and in the case of income which, in the discretion of the fiduciary, may be either distributed to the beneficiary or accumulated, there shall be allowed as an ADDITIONAL DEDUCTION the amount of the income of the estate or trust for its taxable year, which is properly paid or credited during such year to any legatee, heir or beneficiary but the amount so allowed as a deduction shall be included in computing the taxable income of the legatee, heir or beneficiary. (C) In the case of a trust administered in a foreign country, the deductions mentioned in Subsections (A) and (B) of this Section shall not be allowed: Provided, That the amount of any income included in the return of said trust shall not be included in computing the income of the beneficiaries.
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Consolidation of Income of Two or More Trusts Where, in the case of two or more trusts, the creator of the trust in each instance is the same person, and the beneficiary in each instance is the same, the taxable income of all the trusts shall be consolidated and the tax computed on such consolidated income, and such proportion of said tax shall be assessed and collected from each trustee which the taxable income of the trust administered by him bears to the consolidated income of the several trusts.
C. How Taxable Income of the Estate or Trust is Computed

[Sec. 61] The taxable income of the estate or trust shall be computed in the same manner and on the same basis as in the case of an individual, EXCEPT that: (A) There shall be ALLOWED AS A DEDUCTION in computing the taxable income of the estate or trust the amount of the income of the estate or trust for the taxable year which is to be distributed currently by the fiduciary to the beneficiaries,
D. Exemption Allowed to Estates and Trusts

P20,000 from the income of the estate or trust.
Fiduciary Returns Guardians, trustees, executors, administrators, receivers, conservators and all persons or corporations, acting in any fiduciary capacity, shall: render, in duplicate, a return of the income of the person, trust or estate for whom or which they act, and be subject to all the provisions which apply to individuals in case such
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person, estate or trust has a gross income of P20,000 or over during the taxable year. Such fiduciary or person filing the return for him or it, shall: take OATH that he has sufficient knowledge of the affairs of such person, trust or estate to enable him to make such return and that the same is, to the best of his knowledge and belief, true and correct, and be subject to all the provisions of this Title which apply to individuals. A return made by or for one or two or more joint fiduciaries filed in the province where such fiduciaries reside, under such rules and regulations as the Secretary of Finance shall prescribe, shall be sufficient compliance.
withholding tax on the heir of 15% The income tax return shall be filed (if the gross income is p20,000 or more) and the tax paid, by the executor or administrator
withholding tax on the beneficiary of 15% The income tax return shall be filed (if the gross income is p20,000 or more) and the tax paid, by the fiduciary.
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The taxable year is 2007. Distributions were made in 2007: ESTATE

Corpus or principal of the estate. Income in 2006
TAXPAYER IN 2007
Distribution in 2007 out of the corpus of the estate Distribution in 2007 out of the income in 2006 (a) Distribution in 2007 out of the Income of 2007 (b) Retention by the Estate of the income Of 2007 NONE
NONE
Income in 2007
HEIR ESTATE
Fiduciaries Indemnified Against Claims for Taxes Paid Trustees, executors, administrators and other fiduciaries are INDEMNIFIED against the claims or demands of every beneficiary for all payments of taxes which they shall be required to make, and they shall have CREDIT for the amount of such payments against the beneficiary or principal in any accounting which they make as such trustees or other fiduciaries.
E. Illustrative Problems
1) Taxation of Trusts and Estates
TAXABLE ESTATE The taxable income shall be determined in the same way as that of individuals, but with A special deduction of any amount of the income paid, credited or distributed to the heirs. TAXABLE TRUST The taxable income shall be determined in the same way as that of individuals, but with A special deduction for any amount of the income paid, credited or distributed to the beneficiary/ies,and A special deduction for any amount of the income applied for the benefit of the grantor. The exemption is p20,000 The income tax rates for individuals apply. There is a creditable
Illustration: Mr. V died leaving a net estate of P3,000,000. The estate is in the hand of the executor. Mr. W, married, is one of the heirs to the estate. The estate had a gross income of P300,000 and expenses of P50,000 on the properties in the estate, from which there was a withholding income tax of 5% on the gross income. Mr. W had personal income and expenses of P50,000 and P10,000, respectively, with no quarterly income tax. Data on distributions made by the executor to W are as follows:
From the properties (called corpus) From the current years income Income tax withheld from W P100,000 50,000 7,500
The income tax of the estate is computed as:

Gross Income Less: Deductions For expenses For income dist. Net Income Less: Exemption Taxable Income Income Tax (rate for ind. in Less: Quarterly Income Tax Paid Withholding Income Tax Income Tax still due P300,000 P50,000 P50,000 100,000 P200,000 20,000 P180,000 P32,500
Sec.24) P0 P15,000
The exemption is p20,000 The income tax rates for individuals apply. There is a creditable
15,000 P17,500
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The income tax of Mr. W shall be computed as follows:

Own gross income Income distribution received from the estate Total Gross Income Less: Own deductions Net Income Less: Personal Exemption Taxable Income Income Tax Less: Income tax withheld by the Estate (15%) Income tax refundable P50,000 50,000 P100,000 10,000 P90,000 50,000 40,000 P4,000 7,500 P3,500
Illustration 2: Trust 1 and Trust 2 had a taxable income of P200,000 and P300,000, respectively. The two trusts had a common grantor and a common beneficiary. Income tax payments are P37,500 and P65,000, respectively. The income tax still due from each trust are as follows:
Taxable Income, Trust 1 Taxable Income, Trust 2 Total Less: Exemption Consolidated Taxable Income Income Tax P220,000 320,000 P540,000 20,000 P520,000 P131,400
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2) Taxpayers in a Trust Relationship

GRANTOR FIDUCIARY
Property (Corpus) Income of Property
BENEFICIARY
Allocation of P131,400 and income tax still due from each trust:
Trust 1 Trust 2 Allocation of P131,400 to: Trust 1: 200k/500k x 131,400 Trust 2: 300k/500k x 131,400 Less: Income tax already paid Income tax still due
transfers prop to
to be held in trust for
P52,560 P78,840 37,500 P15,060 65,000 P13,840
(a) distribute to Beneficiary taxable to (b)for the benefit of the grantor (c) retained the Trust by
taxable to
Taxable Trust
Illustration 1: A taxable trust, administered in the Philippines, had gross income from the property held in trust of P490,000 and expenses of P350,000. There was a quarterly income tax paid of P7,000. It was provided in the trust instrument that P10,000 of each years net income shall be used for the payment of premium of life insurance of the grantor. For the year, it distributed P40,000 out of the years income to the beneficiary. The income tax of the trust is computed as follows:
Gross Income Less: Deductions for Expenses P350,000 Dist. of income to beneficiary 40,000 Income for the benefit of the grantor 10,000 Exemption 20,000 Taxable Income Income Tax Less: Quarterly Income Tax Paid Income Tax still due P490,000
420,000 P70,000 8,500 7,000 P1,500
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Part III. Gross Income

A. BASIC PRINCIPLES B. SUPPLEMENTARY DISCUSSION ON SOME ITEMS INCLUDED IN GROSS INCOME 1. COMPENSATION INCOME 2. GAINS DERIVED FROM DEALINGS IN PROPERTY 3. INTEREST INCOME 4. RENTAL INCOME 5. DIVIDENDS 6. ANNUITIES 7. PENSIONS 8. CANCELLATION OF DEBT 9. PRIZES AND AWARDS 10. DAMAGE RECOVERY 11. BAD DEBT RECOVERY 12. TAX REFUND
remuneration paid in any medium other than cash. [Sec. 78(A)] It includes: 1. Salaries and wages 2. Commissions 3. Tips 4. Allowances 5. Bonuses 6. Fringe Benefits of rank and file EEs b. It does NOT include remuneration paid: For agricultural labor paid entirely in products of the farm where the labor is performed, or For domestic service in a private home, or For casual labor not in the course of the employer's trade or business, or For services by a citizen or resident of the Philippines for a foreign govt or an intl organization. [Sec. 78(A)] Withholding Tax on Compensation Income The income recipient (i.e., EE) is the person liable to pay the tax income, yet to improve the collection of compensation income of EEs, the State requires the ER to withhold the tax upon payment of the compensation income. Fringe Benefits of Rank and File EEs Basic Rule: Convenience of the ER Rule If meals, living quarters, and other facilities and privileges are furnished to an employee for the convenience of the employer, and incidental to the requirement of the employees work or position, the value of that privilege need not be included as compensation.
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A. Basic Principles
GROSS INCOME means all income derived from whatever source, including (but not limited to) the following items: (TRIP CARD GPP) 1. Gross income derived from the conduct of TRADE or business or the exercise of a profession 2. RENTS 3. INTERESTS 4. PRIZES and winnings 5. COMPENSATION for services in whatever form paid, including, but not limited to fees, salaries, wages, commissions, and similar items 6. ANNUITIES 7. ROYALTIES 8. DIVIDENDS 9. GAINS derived from dealings in property 10. PENSIONS 11. PARTNER'S distributive share from the net income of the general professional partnership (GPP) The term gross income whenever used without qualification, is comprehensive, as defined above, and is different from the limited meaning of gross income for purposes of minimum corporate income tax or the gross income tax of corporations.
2. Gains Derived From Dealings In Property

Dealings in property such as sales or exchanges may result in gain or loss. The kind of property involved (i.e., whether the property is a capital asset or an ordinary asset) determines the tax implication and income tax treatment, as follows:
ORDINARY ASSET Gain from sale or exchange Loss from sale or exchange Excess of Gains over the Losses Ordinary Gain Ordinary Loss [goes into computation of] Ordinary Net Income CAPITAL ASSET*** Capital Gain Capital Loss Net Capital Gain
B. Supplementary Discussion on Some Items Included in Gross Income 1. Compensation Income

a. Income arising from an ER-EE relationship. It means all remuneration for services performed by an EE for his ER, including the cash value of all
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*** (except shares of stock not listed nor traded in a local stock exchange and real property located in the Philippines subject to capital gains tax) Taxable Net Income = Ordinary Net Income + Net Capital Gains
If the asset involved is classified as ordinary, the entire amount of the gain from the transaction shall be included in the computation of gross income [Sec 32(A)], and the entire amount of the loss shall be deductible from gross income. [Sec 34(D)]. (See XI. Allowable Deductions from Gross Income - Losses) If the property sold is a capital asset (except shares of stock not listed nor traded in a local stock exchange and real property subject to capital gains tax), the rules on capital gains and losses apply in the determination of the amount to be included in gross income. (See Part V. Capital Gains and Losses) Computation of Gain or Loss [Sec. 40(A)]:
Amount realized from sale or other disposition of property Less: Basis or Adjusted Basis GAIN (LOSS) Note: Amount realized from sale or other disposition of property = sum of money received + fair market value of the property (other than money) received
the amount paid by the transferee for the property; or b) the transferors adjusted basis at the time of the transfer whichever is greater 6. Property acquired in a transaction where gain or loss not recognized The basis shall be the same as it would have been in the hands of the transferor increased by the amount of gain recognized by the transferor on the transfer.
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Installment Basis
a) Sales of Dealers in Personal Property A person who regularly sells or otherwise disposes of personal property on the installment plan may return as income therefrom in any taxable year that proportion of the installment payments actually received that year, which the gross profit realized or to be realized when payment is completed, bears to the total contract price. Installment Sale v. Defferred Payment If the buyer is an individual not engaged in trade or business, the following rules shall apply: (RR 6-01) If the sale is a sale of property on the installment plan (that is, payments in the year of sale do not exceed 25% of the selling price), no withholding of tax is required to be made on the periodic installment payments. In such a case, the applicable rate of tax based on the gross selling price or fair market value of the property at the time of the execution of the contract to sell, whichever is higher, shall be withheld on the last installment or installments immediately prior to such last installment, if the last installment is not sufficient to cover the tax due, to be paid to the seller until the tax is fully paid. (RR 17-03) If, on the other hand, the sale is on a cash basis or is a deferred-payment sale not on the installment plan (that is, payments in the year of sale exceed 25% of the selling price), the buyer shall withhold the tax based on the gross selling price or fair market value of the property, whichever is higher, on the first installment. However, if the buyer is engaged in trade or business, whether a corporation or otherwise, these rules shall apply: (RR 601)
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In computing the gain or loss from the sale or other disposition of property, the BASIS shall be as follows: 1. Property acquired by purchase its cost, i.e., the purchase price plus expenses of acquisition. 2. Property which should be included in the inventory its latest inventory value [RR-2 sec 136] 3. Property acquired by devise, bequest or inheritance its fair market price or value as of the date of acquisition 4. Property acquired by gift or donation the same as if it would be in the hands of the donor or at last preceding owner by whom it was not acquired by gift, EXCEPT that if such basis is greater than the FMV of the property at the time of the gift then, for the purpose of determining loss, the basis shall be such FMV 5. Property (other than capital asset) acquired for less than an adequate consideration in moneys worth a)
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If the sale is a sale of property on the installment plan (that is, payments in the year of sale do not exceed 25% of the selling price), the tax shall be deducted and withheld by the buyer on every installment which tax shall be based on the ratio of actual collection of the consideration against the agreed consideration appearing in the Contract to Sell applied to the gross selling price or fair market value of the property at the time of the execution of the Contract to Sell, whichever is higher. (RR 17-03)
individual who sells or disposes of real property, considered as capital asset, and is otherwise qualified to report the gain therefrom under Subsection (B) may pay the capital gains tax in installments.
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3. Interest Income
e.g., Interest income from government securities such as Treasury Bills
4. Rental Income
Actual rent itself: included in gross income (taxable) Payments by lessee of obligations of lessor to third persons: considered as additional rent income of the lessor, and therefore included in gross income (taxable). Advance Rentals: Receipt of advance rentals by the lessor may or may not constitute taxable income to him depending on the true nature of the socalled advance rentals. If the advance rental is in the nature of prepaid rent (for the lessee), received by the lessor under a claim of right and without restriction as to use, the entire amount is taxable income of the lessor in the year received. If the amount received is in the nature of a security deposit for the faithful compliance by the lessee of the terms of the contract, there is no income to the lessor unless the conditions which make the security deposit the property of the lessor occur (i.e., the lessee violates the terms of the lease agreement)
The term consideration refers to the selling price exclusive of interest. Interest earned as an incident of installment payment, if any, shall be subject to the ordinary income tax rate (RR 17-03). If, on the other hand, the sale is on a cash basis or is deferred-payment sale not on the installment plan (that is, payments in the year of sale exceed 25% of the selling price), the buyer shall withhold the tax based on the gross selling price or fair market value of the property, whichever is higher, on the first installment.
b) Sales of Realty and Casual Sales of Personal Property 1. A casual sale or other casual disposition of personal property (other than property of a kind which would properly be included in the inventory of the taxpayer if on hand at the close of the taxable year) for a price exceeding One thousand pesos (P1000); or 2. A sale or other disposition of real property In either case the initial payments must NOT exceed 25% of the selling price 'Initial payments' means the payment received in cash or property other than evidences of indebtedness of the purchaser during the taxable period in which the sale or other disposition is made. Income Tax Treatment: Income may be returned on the same basis as sales of dealers in personal property (see section A)
5. Dividends
Any dividend which is not exempt from income tax, or which is not subject to final tax, is taxable dividend included in the computation of the taxable income (gross income) in the income tax return at the end of the year.
NOTE: Liquidating Dividend distribution of all the property of a corporation. It is strictly not dividend income, but rather a sale of shares of stock resulting in capital gain or loss.
c) Sales of Real Property Considered as Capital Asset by Individuals An
6. Annuities
Income derived from a capital amount paid to an insurance company.
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7. Pensions
paid for rendered. past employment services
10. Damage Recovery

Compensatory damages, as constituting returns of capital, are not taxable. Thus, amounts received as moral damages for personal actions (such as alienation of affection, libel, slander or breach of promise to marry) are not taxable. Recovered damages representing recoveries of lost profits are taxable, just as profits are taxable in the regular course of business. Thus, damages recovered in patent infringement suits are taxable.
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8. Cancellation of debt
The cancellation or forgiveness of indebtedness may have any of three possible consequences: a. It may amount to payment of income. If, for example, an individual performs services to or for a creditor, who, in consideration thereof, cancels the debt, income in that amount is realized by the debtor as compensation for personal services. b. It may amount to a gift. If a creditor wishes merely to benefit the debtor, and without any consideration therefore, cancels the debt, the amount of the debt is a gift to the debtor and need not be included in the latters report of income. c. It may amount to a capital transaction. If a corporation to which a stockholder is indebted forgives the debt, the transaction has the effect of a payment of dividend.
11. Bad Debt Recovery

Tax Benefit Rule Bad debts claimed as a deduction in the preceding year(s) but subsequently recovered shall be included as part of the taxpayers gross income in the year of such recovery to the extent of the income tax benefit of said deduction. There is an income tax benefit when the deduction of the bad debt in the prior year resulted in lesser income and hence tax savings for the company. (Sec. 4, RR 5-99) Illustration:
Case A Year 1 Gross Income Less: Allowable Deductions (before write-off of Uncollectible Accounts/Debts) Taxable Income (Net Loss) before write-off Deduction for Accounts Receivable written off Taxable Income (Net Loss) after write-off Year 2 Recovery Amounts Written Off 500,000 Case B 400,000 Case C 500,000
9. Prizes and Awards

Contest prizes and awards received are generally taxable. Such payment constitutes gain derived from labor. The EXCEPTIONS are as follows: Prizes and awards received in recognition of religious, charitable, scientific, educational, artistic, literary or civic achievements are EXCLUSIONS from gross income if: a. The recipient was selected without any action on his part to enter a contest or proceedings; and b. The recipient is not required to render substantial future services as a condition to receiving the prize or award. Prizes and awards granted to athletes in local and intl sports competitions and tournaments held in the Philippines and abroad and sanctioned by their national associations shall be EXEMPT from income tax.
(200,000)
(480,000) (60,000)
(495,000) 5,000
300,000
(2,000)
(2,000)
(6,000)
298,000
(62,000)
(1,000)
of 2,000 2,000 2,000 6,000 5,000
Taxable Income on the Recovery
Explanation: In Case A, the entire amount recovered (P2,000) is included in the computation of gross income in Year 2 because the taxpayer benefited by the same extent.
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Prior to the write-off, the taxable income was P300,000; after the write-off, the taxable income was reduced to P298,000. In Case B, none of the P2,000 recovered would be recognized as gross income in Year 2. Note that even without the write-off, the taxpayer would not have paid any income tax anyway. The taxable income before the write-off was actually a net loss. In Case C, only P5,000 of the P6,000 recovered would be recognized as gross income in Year 2. It was only to this extent that the taxpayer benefited from the write-off. The taxpayer did not benefit from the extra P1,000 because at this point, the P1,000 was already a net loss.
12. Tax Refund

As a general rule, a refund of a tax related to the business or the practice of profession, is taxable income (e.g., refund of fringe benefit tax) in the year of receipt to the extent of the income tax benefit of said deduction (i.e., the tax benefit rule applies). However, the following tax refunds are not to be included in the computation of gross income: (EXCEPTIONS) (CAPIFFED VAT) 1. Philippine income tax, except the fringe benefit tax 2. Income tax imposed by authority of any foreign country, if the taxpayer claimed a credit for such tax in the year it was paid or incurred. 3. Estate and donors taxes 4. Taxes assessed against local benefits of a kind tending to increase the value of the property assessed (Special assessments) 5. Value Added Tax 6. Fines and penalties due to late payment of tax 7. Final taxes 8. Capital Gains Tax The enumeration of tax refunds that are not taxable (income) is derived from an enumeration of tax payments that are not deductible from gross income. If a tax is not an allowable deduction from gross income when paid (no reduction of taxable income, hence no tax benefit), the refund is not taxable.
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Part IV. Exclusions and Deductions from Gross Income

I. EXCLUSIONS FROM GROSS INCOME II. DEDUCTIONS FROM GROSS INCOME A. ITEMIZED DEDUCTIONS B. OPTIONAL STANDARD DEDUCTION III. PERSONAL AND ADDITIONAL EXEMPTIONS IV. NON-DEDUCTIBLE EXPENSES EXCLUSIONS [Sec. 32 (B)] Amounts earned or received by the taxpayer but do not form part of gross income Used in computing GROSS INCOME Not treated as part of gross income because: (1) exempted by the Constitution, statute, or treaty; OR (2) not within the definition of income (i.e. represents return on capital) OR (3) subject to another kind of internal revenue tax DEDUCTIONS [Sec.34] Amounts spent or paid in the process of earning gross income Used in computing TAXABLE INCOME Subtracted from gross income to arrive at net income by express provision of the NIRC.
NOTE: Income from such property; OR Transfers of divided interest where there is a constraining force of a moral or legal duty, anticipated economic benefit, or when given in return for services Shall be INCLUDED in gross income.
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2. INCOME exempt under treaty

Income of any kind, to the extent required by any treaty obligation binding upon the Government of the Philippines.
3. RETURN on premiums paid by insured

General rule: The amount received by the insured as a return of premiums paid by him under life insurance, endowment, or annuity contracts, either during the term or at the maturity of the term mentioned in the contract or upon surrender of the contract is a return of capital and not income. This refers to the cash surrender value of the contract. Exception: If the amounts received by the insured (when added to the amounts already received before the taxable year under such contract) exceed the aggregate premiums or considerations paid (whether or not paid during the taxable year), then the excess shall be included in gross income.
I. EXCLUSIONS INCOME
[Sec. 32(B)]
FROM
GROSS
The following are excluded from gross income: (GIRL CROM) 1. GIFTS, bequests and devises; 2. INCOME exempt under treaty; 3. RETURN on premiums paid by insured; 4. LIFE insurance proceeds; 5. COMPENSATION for injuries or sickness; 6. RETIREMENT benefits, pensions, gratuities; 7. MISCELLANEOUS items; 8. OTHER exclusions.
4. LIFE insurance proceeds

General rule: The proceeds of life insurance policies paid to heirs or beneficiaries upon the death of the insured should be treated as indemnity and not as gain or income. Exceptions: If such amounts are held by the insurer under an agreement to pay interest thereon, the interest payments received by the insured shall be included in gross income.
1. GIFTS, bequests and devises;

General rule: The value of property acquired by gift, bequest, or devise. These must be given GRATIUTOUSLY, otherwise, shall be included in gross income. Reason: These transactions are already subject to estate or donors taxes.
5. COMPENSATION for injuries or sickness

General rule: Amounts received as compensation for personal injuries or sickness, plus any damages received, whether by suit or agreement on
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account of such injuries or sickness (i.e. proceeds from Workmens Compensation Act, Accident/Health Insurance) are in the nature of INDEMNITY and are thus excluded from gross income.
Notes: Personal injuries are limited to physical injuries, not injuries to rights. Damages are only exempt if they arise from physical injury or are in the nature of an indemnity. Thus, damages received which are NOT due to personal injury and in excess of the claimants actual losses are INCLUDED in gross income.
6. RETIREMENT benefits, pensions, gratuities (RTBVSG or Real True Bad

Vibes Super Grabe): a. RETIREMENT benefits under RA 7641 or under a reasonable private benefit plan b. TERMINAL pay c. BENEFITS from foreign governments d. VETERANS benefits e. SSS benefits f. GSIS benefits a. RETIREMENT benefits received under RA 7641; OR in accordance with a reasonable private benefit plan (RPBP).
RA 7641 Retiring employee must be in the service of same employer CONTINUOUSLY for at least five (5) years Retiring employee must be at least sixty (60) years old at the time of retirement Availed of only once, and only when there is no RPBP RPBP Retiring employee must be in the service of the same employer CONTINUOUSLY for at least ten (10) years. Retiring employee must be at least fifty (50) years old at the time of retirement Availed of only once; no other RPBP with same or another employer allowed, [Sec. 32(B)(6)(a)] [But employee who availed of exclusion under an RPBP may still claim exclusions on other grounds (ie. GSIS, SSS, terminal pay)] Must be approved by BIR
bonus or profit-sharing plan maintained by an employer for the benefit of some or all of his employees wherein contributions are made by such employer for the employees for the purpose of distributing to such employees the earnings and principal of the fund thus accumulated (TRUST FUND) AND wherein it is provided in the plan that at no time shall any part of the corpus or income of the fund be used for, or be diverted to, any purpose other than for the exclusive benefit of the said officials and employees. (IRREVOCABLE)
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b. TERMINAL pay Any amount received by an employee or by his heirs from the employer as a consequence of separation of such official or employee from the service of the employer because of death, sickness, other physical disability or for any cause beyond the control of the employee
Notes: Sickness must be life-threatening or one which renders the employee incapable of working Separation of the employee must be involuntary. Thus, resignation or availment of an optional early retirement plan bars a claim under this provision.
BIR Ruling 143-98: The terminal leave pay (amount paid for the commutation of leave credits) of government employees whose employment is coterminous is exempt since it falls within the meaning of the phrase "for any cause beyond the control of the said official or employee" found in Sec. 32(B). c. BENEFITS from foreign governments The social security benefits, retirement gratuities, pensions and other similar benefits received by resident or nonresident citizens or aliens permanently residing in the Philippines from foreign government agencies and other institutions
A 'reasonable private benefit plan' means a pension, gratuity, stock
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d. VETERANS benefits Payments of benefits due or to become due to any person residing in the Philippines under the laws of the United States administered by the United States Veterans Administration
c. PRIZES and competitions
awards
sports
All prizes and awards granted to athletes: 1) in local and international sports competitions and 2) sanctioned by their national sports associations.
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7. MISCELLANEOUS items (II PP 13

GGG)
a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. INCOME derived by foreign government; INCOME derived by the government or its political institutions; PRIZES and awards sports competitions; PRIZES and awards in charitable, literary, educational, artistic, religious, scientific, or civic achievement (clear sc); 13th month pay and other benefits; GSIS, SSS, Medicare, and Other Contributions; GAINS from Sale of Bonds, Debentures, or other Certificate of Indebtedness; GAINS from Redemption of Shares in Mutual Fund;
d. PRIZES and awards in charitable, literary, educational, artistic, religious, scientific, or civic achievement (clear sc) Requisites: Recipient was selected without any action on his part to enter the contest or proceeding and Recipient is not required to render substantial future services as a condition to receiving the prize or award e. 13th month pay and other benefits Gross benefits received by employees of public and private entities provided that the total exclusion shall not exceed P30,000 (amounts in excess are considered compensation income)
a. INCOME derived government
by
foreign
PASSIVE Income derived from: 1) investments in the Philippines in domestic securities (loans, stocks, bonds, etc.) or 2) interest on deposits in banks in the Philippines by any of the following: a. foreign governments; b. financing institutions owned, controlled, or enjoying refinancing from foreign governments; or c. international or regional financial institutions established by foreign governments.
Includes: Benefits received by government employees under RA 6686 Benefits received by employees pursuant to PD 851 (13th Month Pay Decree) Benefits received by employees not covered by PD 851 as amended by Memorandum Order No. 28 and Other benefits such as productivity incentives and Christmas bonus
f.
GSIS, SSS, Medicare, Contributions
and
Other
Note: If foreign government engages in trade, its income is taxable.
GSIS, SSS, Medicare and Pag-ibig contributions, and union dues of individuals.
b. INCOME derived by the government or its political institutions Income derived from any public utility or from the exercise of any essential governmental function accruing to the Government of the Philippines or to any political subdivision thereof.
g. GAINS from Sale of Bonds, Debentures, or other Certificate of Indebtedness Gains realized from the sale or exchange or retirement of bonds, debentures or other certificate of indebtedness with a maturity of more than 5 years.
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h. GAINS from Redemption of Shares in Mutual Fund Gains realized by the investor upon redemption of shares of stock in a mutual fund company
ROYALTIES On books, as well as other literary works and musical compositions (10%FT); Other royalties (20%FT)
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8. Other Exclusions/Exemptions from Gross Income (PPGFD)

a. b. c. d. e. PASSIVE Income subject to final tax; PCSO and lotto winnings; GAIN from buying and selling stocks classified as capital asset listed and traded in the PSE; FRINGE benefits already subject to FBT; DE MINIMIS benefits.
DIVIDENDS Cash or property dividends from domestic corporations (10%FT)
PRIZES EXCEEDING P10,000. Prizes amounting to P10,000 or less are included in gross income.
Other winnings from within RP Winnings other than from PCSO and lottery are subject to 20% FT.
a. PASSIVE INCOME subject to FINAL TAX [Sec. 24 (B) (1)] Amounts already subject to final tax are no longer subject to income tax. These are withheld by the payor and are no longer form part of gross income.
b. PCSO and lotto winnings [Sec. 24 (B)(1)] c. GAIN from buying and selling stocks classified as capital asset listed and traded in the PSE (Sec. 127)
Notes: The gain from such transaction is given a specific exemption for one who is not a dealer in securities. Such gain is exempt from income tax but subject to percentage tax of of 1%.
(IRDPO) Interest income on bank deposits Royalties Dividends from domestic corporations Prizes exceeding P10,000 Other winnings from within RP Note: Passive income which is NOT subject to final tax shall be INCLUDED in GROSS INCOME (ex. Interest income on loans contracted between private individuals).
d. FRINGE benefits already subject to FBT (RR 3-98) The actual monetary value of fringe benefits received by supervisory and managerial employees is EXCLUDED from their compensation income. Benefits received by RANK and FILE employees are allowances NOT subject to FBT and are thus included in compensation income. The FBT paid thereon is DEDUCTIBLE from the business income of the EMPLOYER.
INTEREST INCOME From ANY CURRENCY bank deposit/any other monetary benefit from deposit substitutes/trust funds/similar arrangements (20%FT)- NRAETB; OR Received by a resident individual taxpayer from a depository bank under the FCDU System (7 % FT); OR From long-term deposit or investment with at least 5-year maturity (EXEMPT)
e. DE MINIMIS benefits (RR 3-98) Facilities or privileges of relatively small value furnished by an employer to his employees and are as a means of promoting the health, goodwill, contentment, or efficiency of his employees. These are exempt from fringe benefit tax and compensation income tax.
Note: The last item is given as a specific exemption for INDIVIDUAL taxpayers EXCEPT non-resident aliens, who are taxed at 25%. Corporations do not enjoy this exemption.
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II. DEDUCTIONS INCOME
FROM
GROSS
Deductions are amounts expressly allowed by law to be deducted from gross income to arrive at taxable income.
Notes: A deduction is in the nature of an exemption; it is strictly construed against the claimant who must point to a specific provision allowing it and has the burden of proving he falls within the purview of such provision. Thus, all deductions claimed must be properly substantiated.
Taxable income means: GROSS INCOME less: Itemized Deductions [Sec. 34 (A-J)] OR Optional Standard Deduction [Sec. 34(L)] AND/OR Premium payments on health/hospitalization insurance [Sec. 34(M)]; AND/OR Personal and additional exemptions [Sec. 35] whenever authorized by the NIRC or special laws depending on the type of income earned and the type of taxpayer. ALLOWABLE DEDUCTIONS Itemized deductions OR Optional Standard Deduction; Premium payments on health/hospitalization insurance [Sec. 34(M)]; Personal/additional exemptions Premium payments on health/hospitalization insurance [Sec. 34(M)]; Personal/additional exemptions Itemized deductions
TAXPAYER Resident citizen Nonresident Citizen Resident Alien Nonresident alien (engaged in trade and business) Nonresident alien (Not resident in trade and business)
PERSONAL EXEMPTION Yes Yes Yes Subject to the rule of reciprocity
ADDITIONAL EXEMPTION Yes Yes Yes No
OSD Yes
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Yes Yes No
No
No
No
General Rule: All taxpayers are entitled to deductions Except: Non-resident aliens not engaged in trade or business in the Philippines (NRAXTB) and Non-resident foreign corporations (NRFC).
TYPE OF TAXPAYER Individuals with gross income from business/practice profession
TWO OVERARCHING CATERGORIES OF DEDUCTIONS: A. Itemized Deductions B. Optional Standard Deduction
A. Itemized Deductions
ITEMIZED DEDUCTIONS (BELT DID CRP): 1. BAD debts; 2. EXPENSES; 3. LOSSES; 4. TAXES; 5. DEPRECIATION; 6. INTEREST; 7. DEPLETION of oil and gas wells & mines; 8. CHARITABLE and other contributions; 9. RESEARCH and development; 10. PENSION trusts
Individuals earning purely compensation income (except nonresident aliens not engaged in trade or business) Corporations (except non-resident foreign corporations), general professional partnerships, estates and trusts engaged in business, proprietary educational institutions and hospitals (non-profit), and GOCC Estates and Trusts
1. BAD debts [Sec. 34(E)]

Debts resulting from the worthlessness or uncollectibility, in whole or in part, of amounts due the taxpayer actually ascertained to be worthless and charged off within the taxable year.
P20,000 [Sec. 62]
REQUISITES FOR DEDUCTIBILITY (Bad Debts): 1. Existing indebtedness due to the taxpayer which is valid and legally demandable;
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2. 3. 4. 5.
Debt is connected with the taxpayer's trade, business or practice of profession; Debt was not sustained in a transaction entered into between related parties; Actually ascertained to be worthless and uncollectible as of the end of the taxable year.; and Actually charged off in the books of accounts of the taxpayer as of the end of the taxable year Actually ascertained to be worthless is not measured by an inflexible formula but by the exercise of sound business judgment. It depends upon the particular facts and the circumstances of the case and the proof of two facts: 1) Taxpayer had reasonably investigated the relevant facts and had drawn a reasonable inference that the debt is uncollectible; AND 2) Good faith. The taxpayer may strike a middle course between pessimism and optimism in determining debts to be worthless. He need not have perfect discernment. (Sec. 2, RR 599 as amended by RR 25-02) Where a taxpayer has failed to attach a statement showing the propriety of the deductions for alleged bad debts to his tax returns, the account written off will be disallowed. (Collector v. Goodrich International Rubber Co., 21 SCRA 1336)
Additional requisites for deductibility of bad debts for BANKS: a. Bad debts uncollected for 6 months; b. Resolution by the BOD of the bank; c. written approval from the BSP of the writing off of the indebtedness from the banks' books of accounts at the end of the taxable year Receivables from insurance or surety companies may only be written-off from the taxpayer's books and claimed as bad debts if such company has been declared closed due to insolvency or for any such similar reason by the Insurance Commissioner. Recovery of Bad Debts Previously Deducted (Tax Benefit Rule) The recovery of bad debts previously allowed as deduction in preceding year(s) shall be included as part of the taxpayer's gross income in the year of such recovery to the extent of the income tax benefit of said deduction. (Sec. 4, RR 5-99)
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2. EXPENSES [Sec.34 (A)]

BUSINESS EXPENSES including: a. Salaries, wages, compensation, including the grossed-up monetary value of fringe benefits subject to FBT b. Travel expenses c. Rentals d. Entertainment, recreation and amusement expenses e. Other expenses such as repairs or those incurred by farmers and other persons in agribusiness
Notes: The flight, disappearance, insolvency, or death of the debtor with insufficient properties to pay creditors, may indicate worthlessness of the debt. A creditor cannot deduct the debt of an insolvent debtor unless all efforts have been exhausted to collect from any solvent guarantor or surety of such debtor.
SECURITIES held as CAPITAL ASSETS which are ascertained to be worthless and charged off within the taxable year by a taxpayer other than a bank or trust company incorporated under the laws of the Philippines a substantial part of whose business is the receipt of deposits will not be treated as bad debts, but as capital loss on the last day of the taxable year [Sec. 34(E)(2)].
REQUISITES FOR DEDUCTIBILITY (Business Expenses): 1. Ordinary AND necessary; 2. Paid and incurred during the taxable year; 3. Paid and incurred for the purpose of carrying on the business; 4. Substantiated with official receipts or other proper documents (must show the amount of expense deducted and the connection to the business); 5. Legitimately paid (not a BRIBE, kickback, or otherwise contrary to law, morals, public policy); 6. If subject to withholding tax, proof of payment of such tax must be shown (i.e. FBT on fringe benefits); 7. Amount must be reasonable.
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ORDINARY- normal and usual in the taxpayers business NECESSARY- appropriate and helpful in the development of taxpayer's business and are intended to minimize losses or to increase profits. These are the day-to-day expenses. CAPITAL EXPENDITURES are those that benefit not only the current period but also future periods (i.e. purchase of machinery). It is not deductible as a business expense but depreciable under Sec. 34 (F). CIR v. General Foods (2003): Advertising is generally of two kinds: (1) advertising to stimulate the current sale of merchandise or use of services and (2) advertising designed to stimulate the future sale of merchandise or use of services. The second type involves expenditures incurred, in whole or in part, to create or maintain some form of goodwill for the taxpayers trade or business or for the industry or profession of which the taxpayer is a member. If the expenditures are for the advertising of the first kind, then, except as to the question of the reasonableness of amount, there is no doubt such expenditures are deductible as business expenses. If, however, the expenditures are for advertising of the second kind, then normally they should be spread out over a reasonable period of time. The court held that the advertising expense is not an ordinary and necessary expense, but a capital expenditure that should be spread out over a reasonable time. It failed to meet the two conditions set by US jurisprudence: (1) reasonableness of the amount incurred [their advertising expense was almost double the amount of their administrative expense] and (2) not be a capital outlay to create goodwill. EXCEPTION: Non-profit proprietary educational institution may elect either to deduct the amount as an expense or depreciate it. [Sec. 34 (A) (2)] Representation Expenses are incurred by a taxpayer in connection with the conduct of his trade, business or exercise of profession, in entertaining, providing amusement and recreation to, or meeting with, a guest or guests at a dining place,
place of amusement, country club, theater, concert, play, sporting event, and similar events or places. [Sec. 2, RR 10-2002]
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3. LOSSES [Sec. 34 (D)]

Losses actually sustained during the taxable year and not compensated for by insurance or other forms of indemnity shall be allowed as deductions.
Types of Losses 1. Ordinary Losses a. Operating losses incurred in trade, profession or business; or b. Casualty losses of property connected with the trade, business or profession arising from fires, storms, shipwreck, robbery, theft, or embezzlement 2. Capital Losses Deductible only to the extent of capital gains (except for banks and trust companies) a. Incurred in the sale or exchange of capital assets; b. Resulting from securities held as capital assets becoming worthless; c. Losses from short sales of property; d. Losses due to failure to exercise privilege or option to buy or sell property. 3. Special Losses a. Loss from Wash Sales Stocks or Securities of
Wash sale a sale or other disposition of stock or securities where substantially identical securities are acquired or purchased within a 61-day period, beginning 30 days before the sale and ending 30 days after the sale. [Sec. 38] General rule: It is an artificial loss that is not deductible from gross income. Except: When incurred by a dealer in securities in the course of ordinary business, such loss is deductible.
b. Wagering losses are deductible only to the extent of wagering gains. A wager is made when the outcome depends upon CHANCE. c. Abandonment losses in petroleum operation and producing well.
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In case a contract area where petroleum operations are undertaken is partially or wholly abandoned, all accumulated exploration and development expenditures pertaining thereto shall be allowed as a deduction. In case a producing well is abandoned, the unamortized cost thereof, as well as the undepreciated cost of equipment directly used therein, shall be allowed as deduction in the year the well, equipment or facility is abandoned.
5. Not compensated for by insurance or other form of indemnity; 6. Not claimed as a deduction for estate tax purposes; 7. In case of casualty, notice of loss must be filed with the Bureau of Internal Revenue within 45 days from the date of discovery of the casualty or robbery, theft or embezzlement. Exceptions: No loss is recognized in the following: 1. Merger, consolidation, or control securities (where no gains are recognized either); 2. Exchanges not solely in kind; 3. Related taxpayers; a. Between members of a family
Includes brothers and sisters (whole and half-blood), spouse, ancestors, and lineal descendants
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d. Losses due to voluntary removal of building incident to renewal or replacements are deductible from gross income. e. Loss of useful value of capital assets due to charges in business conditions is deductible only to the extent of actual loss sustained (after adjustment for improvement, depreciation and salvage value) f. Losses from sales or exchanges of property between related taxpayers are not recognized, but the gains are taxable.
g. Losses of farmers incurred in the operation of farm business are deductible. h. Loss in shrinkage in value of stock through fluctuation in the market is not deductible from gross income. Exception: If the stock of the corporation becomes worthless, the cost or other basis may be deducted by its owner in the taxable year in which the stock became worthless. Requisites for Deductibility: 1. Loss must be that of the taxpayer (i.e. losses of the parent corp. cannot be deducted by its subsidiary); 2. Actually sustained during the taxable year; 3. Connected with the trade, business or profession; 4. Evidenced by a close and completed transaction;
b. Between an individual and corporation more than fifty percent (50%) in value of the outstanding stock of which is owned, directly or indirectly, by or for such individual; or c. Between two corporations more than fifty percent (50%) in value of the outstanding stock of which is owned, directly or indirectly, by or for the same individual; d. Between the grantor and a fiduciary of any trust; e. Between the fiduciary of a trust and the fiduciary of another trust if the same person is a grantor with respect to each trust; f. Between a fiduciary and beneficiary of a trust. 4. Wash sales; 5. Illegal transactions Net Operating Loss Carry-Over (NOLCO) [Sec. 34(D)(3)] Net operating loss is the excess of allowable deductions over gross income for any taxable year immediately preceding the current taxable year.
NOLCO: Net operating losses which have not been previously offset as deduction from gross income shall be carried over as a deduction from gross income for the next
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three (3) consecutive taxable years immediately following the year of such loss. Exception: Mines other than oil and gas wells, where a net operating loss incurred in any of the first ten (10) years of operation may be carried over as a deduction from taxable income for the next five (5) years immediately following the year of such loss. REQUISITES for NOLCO: 1. The taxpayer was not exempt from income tax the year the loss was incurred; 2. There has been no substantial change in the ownership of the business or enterprise wherein: a. AT LEAST 75% of nominal value of outstanding issued shares is held by or on behalf of the same persons; or b. AT LEAST 75% of the paid up capital of the corporation is held by or on behalf of the same persons.
Note: The 75% interest rule applies to a transfer of the taxpayers deductible NOLCO as a result of merger or consolidation. The transferee shall be entitled to claim the deduction if the transferor gains control of at least 75% of the nominal value of the outstanding issued shares or paid up capital of the transferee. (RR 14-2001)
The rule does not apply in case the transfer of the shares by the previous stockholders were through straight purchase and sale and not through merger, consolidation or business combination (BIR Ruling 011-02, March 27, 2002)
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Taxpayers Entitled to NOLCO 1) Individuals engaged in trade or business or in the exercise of his profession (including estates and trusts);
Note: An individual who avails of optional standard deduction cannot simultaneously claim deduction of NOLCO. However, the three-year period shall continue to run during such period notwithstanding the election made by the taxpayer.
2) Domestic and resident foreign corporations subject to the normal income tax (e.g., manufacturers and traders) or preferential tax rates under the Code (e.g., private educational institutions, hospitals, and regional operating headquarters)
Note: Corporations cannot avail of NOLCO as long as it is subject to Minimum Corporate Income Tax in any taxable year. However, the three-year period shall continue to run notwithstanding the fact that the corporation paid its income tax under MCIT during such period.
ILLUSTRATION OF NOLCO: (In Pesos) Gross Income Less: Deductions Net Loss [OR] Net Income before NOLCO* Less: NOLCO From 2000 From 2002 Taxable Income
* - whichever is applicable
2000 500,000 900,000 (400,000)
2001 600,000 500,000 100,000
2002 700,000 750,000 (50,000)
2003 500,000 420,000 80,000
2004 800,000 450,000 350,000
(100,000)
0 0 0
(80,000)
0 (50,000) 300,000
Explanation: The unused net operating loss of P220,000 (400,000 100,000 80,000) of the year 2000 could not be carried over beyond 2003. The net operating loss of 2002 could be carried over to 2004, since it is within the three-year period. Q: As of yearend of 2004, what amount of NOLCO is available to the company for offsetting
against (potential) gross income of succeeding taxable years? Answer: None. While there was an unused portion of the 2000 NOLCO, such had already expired by yearend of 2003. The 2002 NOLCO (P50,000) was completely used up in 2004. There is, therefore, no NOLCO available to the company for year 2005 and thereafter.
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4. TAXES [Sec. 34(C)]

TAXES PROPER. Refers to national and local taxes. Amounts representing interest, surcharge, or penalties incident to delinquency are not deductible. (Sec. 80, RR-2) General Rule: All taxes, national or local, paid or incurred during the taxable year in connection with the taxpayer's profession, trade or business, are deductible from gross income Exceptions: 1. Philippine income tax, except Fringe Benefit Taxes; 2. Income tax imposed by authority of any foreign country; Exception to exception: When the taxpayer does NOT signify his desire to avail of the tax credit for taxes of foreign countries, the amount may be allowed as a deduction subject to the limitations set forth by law. 3. Estate and donors taxes 4. Taxes assessed against local benefits of a kind tending to increase the value of the property assessed (Special Assessments) 5. Value Added Tax 6. Fines and penalties due to late payment of tax 7. Final taxes 8. Capital Gains Tax Requisites for Deductibility: Such TAX must be: 1. Paid or incurred within the taxable YEAR; 2. Paid or incurred in connection with the taxpayers TRADE, profession or business; 3. Imposed DIRECTLY on the taxpayer. 4. Not specifically EXCLUDED by law from being deducted from the taxpayers gross income. Examples of Deductible Taxes: 1. Import duties 2. Business taxes 3. Occupation taxes 4. Privilege and license taxes 5. Excise taxes 6. Documentary stamp taxes 7. Automobile registration fees 8. Real property taxes
Limitation: For nonresident aliens engaged in trade or business (NRAETB) and resident foreign corporations (RFC), deductions for taxes shall be allowed only to the extent that they are connected with income from sources within the Philippines.
Note: A taxpayer qualified to take tax credits for foreign income taxes paid or incurred may choose to claim them as deductions from gross income.
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TAX CREDIT Foreign income taxes paid or incurred reduces the Philippine income tax to be paid. Such credit is given to a taxpayer in order to provide relief from too onerous a burden of taxation where the same income is subject to both foreign income tax and the Philippine income tax. The following may claim tax credits: 1. Citizens 2. Resident aliens 3. Domestic corporations 4. Members of General professional Partnerships 5. Beneficiaries of estates or trusts The following may NOT claim tax credits: 1. Non-resident citizens 2. Resident aliens 3. Alien individuals 4. Foreign corporations Substantiation Requirement: To avail of tax credits, the taxpayer must show the ff: 1. The total amount of income derived from sources without the Philippines; 2. The amount of income derived from each country, the tax paid or incurred to which is claimed as a credit under said paragraph,; and 3. All other information necessary for the verification and computation of such credits. Limitations: The amount of tax credit allowed is equivalent to the tax paid or incurred to a foreign country during the taxable year but not to exceed tho following limits: 1) [Per Country Limit] The amount of tax credit shall not exceed the same proportion of the tax against which such credit is taken, which the taxpayer's taxable income from sources within such country bears to his entire taxable income for the same taxable year; and
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2) [Worldwide Limit] The total amount of the credit shall not exceed the same proportion of the tax against which such credit is taken, which the taxpayer's taxable income from sources without the Philippines taxable bears to his entire taxable income for the same taxable year. Formula:
1. Taxable Income per Foreign Country Worldwide Taxable Income Taxable Income for all Foreign Countries Worldwide Taxable Income
To get tax credit per country under Limitation A, this formula is followed:
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Taxable Income from Foreign Country Taxable Income from all sources
Phil. Income Tax
Per Country Limit
Phil. Income Tax
Per Country Limit
The result after applying the formula above is compared to the tax actually paid for each foreign country. The lower of the two amounts for each foreign country will be added to get the total tax credit allowed under Limitation A.
Amount Allowed (Whichever Lower)
2.
is
Phil. Income Tax
Worldwide Limit
Note: The second limitation applies where the taxpayer derives income from more than one foreign country.
Illustration: D Co., a domestic corporation, had the following data for a year on taxable income and income taxes paid:
Taxable Income, Country A Taxable Income, Country B Taxable Income, Philippines Income Tax Paid Country A Income Tax Paid Country B P200,000 P100,000 P700,000 P 60,000 P 38,000
Country A Limitation A (200/1000 x 350,000) Actually paid to Country A Country B Limitation B (100/1000 x 350,000) Actually paid to Country B Tax credit allowed under Limitation A
70,000 60,000
60,000
35,000 38,000
35,000
95,000
Step 3: Compute for Limitation B (Overall Basis). To get tax credit (overall basis) under Limitation B, this formula is followed:
Taxable Income from sources outside the Phils. Taxable Income from all sources Phil. Income Tax
What is the Philippine income tax still due, after credit for foreign income taxes (Secnario A)? Should D Co. choose to treat income taxes paid to foreign countries as deductions from gross income, what is its Philippine income tax (Scenario B)? Scenario A: Tax Credit option is chosen. Step 1: Compute for total taxable income and Philippine income tax
Taxable Income, Country A Taxable Income, Country B Taxable Income, Philippines Total Taxable Income from sources within and without the Phils Philippine Income Tax (P1Mx 35%) 200,000 100,000 700,000
Worldwide Limit
The result after applying the formula above is compared to the tax actually paid in total to foreign countries. The lower of the two amounts will be added to get the total tax credit allowed under Limitation B.
Amount Allowed (Whichever is Lower)
1,000,000 350,000
Overall Limit: 300/1000 x 350,000 Total foreign income taxes paid Tax credit allowed under Limitation B
105,000 98,000 98,000
Step 2: Compute for Limitation A (Per Country Basis).
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Step 4: Compare the respective tax credits allowed under Limitation A and Limitation B. The lower of the two amounts is the final allowable tax credit. In this case, the amount computed under Limitation A (P95,000) is lower, thus it becomes the final allowable tax credit. Step 5: Compute for the income tax still due. Philippine Income tax Less: Allowable Tax Credit Philippine Income Tax still due 350,000 95,000 255,000
depreciation gets the deduction. Ordinarily, this is the person who owns and has a capital investment in the property. The period of depreciation starts when the asset is placed in service. It ends when the asset is disposed of, or its usefulness exhausted.
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Scenario B: Deduction option is chosen. Taxable Income, Country A Taxable Income, Country B Taxable Income, Phils. Total Taxable Income (before deduction for foreign income tax) Less: Deductions for Foreign Income Taxes Paid Country A P60,000 Country B P38,000 Net Taxable Income Philippine Income Tax (902,000 x 35%) P 200,000 100,000 700,000 P1,000,000
Requisites for Deductibility (Depreciation): 1. Must be for property used in the TRADE or business, or those not being used temporarily during the year (Conwell Bros. Co. v. Collector, CTA Case No. 411), with 2. A limited USEFUL life. 3. Allowance must be REASONABLE. 4. CHARGED off during the taxable year from the taxpayers books of accounts. 5. Not EXCEED the cost of the property. Determining Useful Life General Rule: the estimated useful life is determined by the taxpayer himself. Exception: Where the taxpayer and the Commissioner have entered into an agreement in writing specifically dealing with the useful life and rate of depreciation of any property, the rate so agreed upon shall be binding on both the taxpayer and the national Government in the absence of facts and circumstances not taken into consideration during the adoption of such agreement. The responsibility of establishing the existence of such facts and circumstances shall rest with the party initiating the modification. Methods and Rates of Depreciation
1. 2. 3. 1) 2) 3) Straight Line Method Declining Balance Method Sum of the Years Digits Straight-line Declining balance Sum of the years digits (SYD) cost- salvage value estimated life cost depreciation x Rate estimated life nth period x cost- salvage SYD
(98,000) P 902,000 P 315,700
5. DEPRECIATION [Sec. 34(F)]

Definition: The gradual diminution of the useful value of tangible property resulting from wear and tear and normal obsolescence. The term is also applied to amortization of the value of intangible assets (i.e., patents), the use of which in the trade or business is definitely limited in duration. Deduction Allowable: There shall be allowed as a depreciation deduction a reasonable allowance for the exhaustion, wear and tear (including reasonable allowance for obsolescence) of property used in the trade or business. The rationale for this is that property gradually approaches a point where its usefulness is exhausted.
Notes: If the property is used in business and for personal purposes, depreciation expense must be pro-rated to include only the portion attributable to business use as deductible. The person who sustains an economic loss from the decrease in property value due to
1. Straight Line Method The depreciation expense deductible in each of the years of the propertys estimated useful life is constant. Formula:
Deduction for Depreciation Note: (Cost Salvage depreciable cost. = Cost - Salvage Value Estimated Useful Life of the Property Value) is known as
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Illustration: H Co. acquired a machine at a cost of P300,000. It has salvage value P50,000 value, and the useful life is estimated at 25 years. The depreciation expense is computed as follows:
Depreciation Expense = = [(300,000 50,000) / 25] P10,000
Step 3: Apply the DBR to the book value of the property at the start of the current year to get the amount of deduction. 2002 deduction: 400K x .50 = 200K 2003 deduction: (400K accumulated depreciation) x .50 (400K 200K) x .50 = 100,000 2004 deduction: 400K 300K x .50 = 50,000 2005 deduction: (Since this is the last year of estimated useful life, the entire book value at the start of the year shall be deductible.) 400K 350K = 50K 3. Sum of the Years Digit Method Under this method, the annual depreciation is computed by applying a changing fraction to the depreciable cost of the property (original cost reduced by the salvage value). In the fraction, the numerator is the number of remaining years of the estimated useful life of the property and the denominator is the sum of the YEARS representing the propertys useful life. Illustration: On January 1, 2001, J Company acquired a machine at a cost of P105,000. It had a salvage value of P5,000, and an estimated useful life of 5 years. The company uses the sum-ofthe-years method in determining depreciation. Determine the depreciation chargeable in years 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 and 2005. Step 1: Compute for the sum of the years digit by adding the numbers representing the years of propertys useful life (SYD). SYD for 5 years = 5+4+3+2+1 or 15 Step 2: Compute for the depreciable cost of the property. The depreciable cost (P105,000 P5,000). is P100,000
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2. Declining Balance Method The depreciation allowance per year varies. Depreciation is largest in the first year and decreases towards the end of the useful life of the property. Salvage value is ignored in the declining balance method. Steps: 1. Determine the rate of depreciation under the straight line method. (1/# of years useful life) 2. Multiply that rate with the given rate relative to the straight balance method (Ex.200% of straight line) to get the declining balance rate 3. The declining balance rate is multiplied to the book value (BV) of the property at the start of the year. (BV= cost -accumulated depreciation) Illustration: P Company acquired a machine on January 1, 2002 at a cost of P400,000. It had a scrap value of P50,000, and a useful life of 4 years. The company uses the declining balance method, at a rate of 200% of that of the straight line method. Determine the depreciation chargeable in years 2002, 2003, 2004 and 2005. Step 1: Compute for depreciation rate under straight-line method.
Straight Line Depreciation Rate = =
the the
1 Estimated Useful Life , or 25%
Step 2: Compute for the Declining Balance Rate (DBR).

Declining Balance Rate Straight Line Depreciation Rate 25% .25 50% Rate Relative to the Straight Line Depreciation Rate 200% 2
= = =
x x
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Step 3: Compute for the yearly deduction for depreciation (Column D).
D (= B x C) Remaining Useful Depreciable Deduction Useful Life Life Cost / SYD 5 5/15 P105,000 P35,000 4 4/15 P105,000 P28,000 3 3/15 P105,000 P21,000 2 2/15 P105,000 P14,000 1 1/15 P105,000 P7,000 A B C
beginning of the depreciation period which depreciation rate allowed will be used.
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Year
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Special Types of Depreciation: 1) Depreciation of Properties Used in Petroleum Operations An allowance for depreciation in respect of all properties DIRECTLY related to production of petroleum shall be allowed under the straightline or declining-balance method of depreciation at the option of the service contractor. However, if the service contractor initially elects the declining-balance method, it may shift to the straightline method. The useful life of properties used in or related to production of petroleum shall be ten (10) years or such shorter life as may be permitted by the Commissioner. Properties NOT USED DIRECTLY in the production of petroleum shall be depreciated under the straight-line method on the basis of an estimated useful life of 5 years.
Depreciation Deductible by Nonresident Aliens Engaged in Trade or Business (NRAETB) or Resident Foreign Corporations (RFC) A reasonable allowance for the deterioration of property arising out of its use or employment or its non-use in the business, trade or profession shall be permitted only when such property is located in the Philippines.
6. INTEREST [Sec 34(B)]

The amount of interest paid or incurred within a taxable year on indebtedness in connection with the taxpayer's profession, trade or business shall be allowed as deduction from gross income.
2) Depreciation of Properties Used in Mining Operations An allowance for depreciation in respect of all properties used in mining operations other than petroleum operations, shall be computed as follows: a. At the normal rate of depreciation if the expected life is ten (10) years or less; or b. Depreciated over any number of years between five (5) years and the expected life IF more than ten (10) years, Provided, That the contractor notifies the Commissioner at the
Requisites for Deductibility: 1. There is an INDEBTEDNESS. 2. The indebtedness is that of the TAXPAYER. 3. The indebtedness is connected with the taxpayers TRADE, profession, or business. 4. The interest must be legally DUE. 5. The interest must be stipulated in WRITING. 6. The taxpayer is LIABLE to pay interest on the indebtedness. 7. The indebtedness must have been paid or accrued DURING the TAXABLE YEAR. 8. The interest payment arrangement must not be between RELATED taxpayers 9. The interest must not be incurred to finance PETROLEUM operations. 10. In case of interest incurred to acquire property used in trade, business or exercise of profession, the same was not treated as a CAPITAL expenditure, Limitation: The taxpayer's allowable deduction for interest EXPENSE shall be reduced by an amount equal to 42% of the interest INCOME subjected to final tax (SEE CHAPTER ON TAXATION OF PASSIVE INCOME); provided, that effective January 1, 2009, the percentage shall be 33%.
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Purpose: To prevent tax arbitrage or the use of back- to-back loans to take advantage of the difference between the tax rate on interest INCOME (20% final tax) and the rate of savings caused by the deduction of interest EXPENSE (35%-corporate rate) Illustration: On Jan. 1, 2007, A Corp borrowed P100,000 from B Bank at a rate of 10% per annum. On the same day A Corp. deposited the same amount to C Bank at 10% interest p.a. By the end of the year A Corp would have P10,000 interest INCOME from C Bank, and P10,000 interest EXPENSE payable to B Bank. Without the limit, the whole 10,000 of the interest EXPENSE should have been deductible. Applying the limit (which is now 33%), the 10,000 interest EXPENSE will be the reduced by an amount equal to 33% of 20,000 which is the INTEREST INCOME.
Actual interest expense Less: 33% of interest income (.33 x 20,000) Deductible interest expense 10,000 6,600 3,400
trade, business or exercise of a profession may be allowed either as a: (2) DEDUCTION, or (3) CAPITAL EXPENDITURE.
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7. DEPLETION of oil and gas wells & mines

Definition: The exhaustion of natural resources due to production. It is the reduction of cost or value of natural resources such as oil and gas wells and mines as the resources are converted into inventories.
The deduction is allowed only for mining entities with economic interest in mineral deposits.
Limitation: A reasonable allowance for depletion computed using the cost-depletion method shall be granted provided that the allowance for depletion shall not exceed the capital invested.
Exception: Interest expenses incurred or paid by the taxpayer on all its business related taxes shall be fully deductible from gross income and shall not be subject to the above limitation on deduction. Non-Deductible Interest: 1. Interest paid in advance by the taxpayer who reports income on cash basis shall only be allowed as deduction in the year the indebtedness is paid. 2. If the indebtedness is payable in periodic amortizations, only the amount of interest which corresponds to the amount of the principal amortized or paid during the year shall be allowed as deduction in such taxable year. 3. Interest payments made between related taxpayers. 4. Interest on indebtedness incurred to finance petroleum exploration. Optional Treatment of Interest Expense: At the option of the taxpayer, interest incurred to acquire property used in
Illustration: Land containing natural resources was purchased for P100,900,000. It was estimated that the land, after exploitation of its natural resources, will have a value of P900,000. It was estimated that the natural resource supply was 5,000,000 tons. If withdrawal of resources from the land in 2005 was 500,000 tons, how much was the deduction for the year?
Purchase Price Less: Residual Value of the Land Depletion Base Divided by: Estimated Resource Supply, in tons Depletion Base per ton Multiplied by: Withdrawal of Resources in 2005, in tons Depletion Expense, 2005 P100,900,000 900,000 P100,000,000 5,000,000 P20 500,000 P 10,000,000
ALLOWABLE for a Nonresident Alien individual Engaged in Trade or Business or a Resident Foreign Corporation Allowance for depletion of oil and gas wells or mines shall be authorized only in respect to oil and gas wells or mines located within the Philippines.
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8. CHARITABLE and other contributions

Requisites for Deductibility: 1. Actually paid or made to the ENTITIES specified by law; 2. Made within the TAXABLE year. 3. It must be EVIDENCED by adequate receipts or records. 4. Additional Requisite for Contributions Other than Money: The amount shall be BASED on the acquisition cost of the property (i.e., not the fair market value at the time of the contribution). 5. Additional Requisite for Contributions subject to the statutory limitation: It must not EXCEED 10% (individual) or 5% (corporation) of the taxpayers taxable income before charitable contributions. Kinds of Contributions: 1. Contributions deductible in full; 2. Contributions subject to the statutory limit. 1) Contributions (FoNG) Deductible in Full:
term "non-government organization" means a non-profit domestic corporation:

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Organized and operated exclusively for: (CRWSH Cys ChE Com) - Scientific, - Research, - Educational, - Character-building and youth and sports development, - Health, - social Welfare, - Cultural or - CHaritable purposes, or - a COMbination thereof, no part of the net income of which inures to the benefit of any private individual; Which, not later than the 15th day of the third month after the close of the accredited NGOs taxable year in which contributions are received, makes utilization directly for the active conduct of the activities constituting the purpose or function for which it is organized and operated, o UNLESS an extended period is granted by the Secretary of Finance;
a. Donations to the Government Donations to the Government of the Philippines or to any of its agencies or political subdivisions, including fully-owned government corporations, exclusively to finance, to provide for, or to be used in undertaking PRIORITY ACTIVITIES in: education, health, youth and sports development, human settlements, science and culture, and in economic development. b. Donations to Certain Foreign Institutions or International Organizations - Donations to foreign institutions or international organizations which are fully deductible in pursuance of or in compliance with agreements, treaties, or commitments entered into by the Government of the Philippines and the foreign institutions or international organizations or in pursuance of special laws;
The level of administrative expense shall, on an annual basis, not exceed thirty percent (30%) of the total expenses (Sec. 1, RR 13-1998)
c. Donations to Accredited Nongovernment Organizations - The
Utilization means: a. Any amount, including admin expenses, paid or utilized by an accredited NGO to accomplish one or more of its purposes b. Any amount paid to acquire an asset used directly in carrying out one or more purposes for which the accredited NGO was created or organized; or c. Any amount set aside for a specific project which comes within the NGOs purpose/s, utilized within at least five (5) years d. Any amount in cash or in kind invested in any activity related to the purpose for which the NGO was created
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e. Any amount invested in capital sustaining and generating activities. 2) Contributions subject Statutory Limit (DNGS) to the
Quality control, routine product testing, data collection, efficiency surveys, management studies, market research and sales promotion are NORMALLY NOT CONSIDERED R&D ACTIVITIES.
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a. Contributions made to the Government or any of its agencies or political subdivisions exclusively for public purposes (contributions for non-priority activities) b. Contributions made to accredited domestic corporation or associations organized exclusively for religious, charitable, scientific, youth and sports development, cultural or educational purposes or for the rehabilitation of veterans c. Contributions institutions to social welfare
Treatment as Deductible R&D expenditures which are paid or incurred by a taxpayer during the taxable year in connection with his trade, business or profession may be treated EITHER as: 1. Ordinary and necessary expenses allowed as deduction during the taxable year when paid or incurred or 2. Deferred asset (or deferred expense) which is periodically subject to amortization The following R&D expenditures may be treated as deferred assets: 1. Those paid or incurred by the taxpayer in connection with his trade, business or profession. 2. Those not treated as expenses. 3. Those chargeable to capital account but not chargeable to depreciable property. Such deferred expenses shall be allowed as deduction ratably distributed over a period of not less than sixty (60) months as may be elected by the taxpayer. The taxpayer may elect this alternative not later than April 15. The method shall be adhered to in computing taxable income for the taxable year for which the election is made and for all subsequent taxable years. UNLESS a change of method is authorized with the approval of the Commissioner.
d. Contributions to non-government organizations No part of the net income of which inures to the benefit of any private stockholder or individual
Statutory Limit: Amount deductible must not be in excess of: 10% in the case of an individual, and 5% in the case of a corporation, of the taxpayer's taxable income derived from trade, business or profession before the deduction for contributions and donations. The amount deductible is the actual contribution or the statutory limit computed, whichever is lower.
9. RESEARCH and development

Costs are for improvements of processes and formulas as well as the development of improved or new products.
The election shall not apply to any expenditure paid or incurred during any taxable year prior to the taxable year for which the taxpayer makes the election.
General Rule: R&D only extends from the laboratory or drawing board to prototype status; i.e., so long as an activity still contains an element of uncertainty/technical risk, it is within the realm of R&D.
Limitations: The above tax treatment of R&D expenses does NOT apply to: 1. Any expenditure for the acquisition or improvement of land or the improvement of depreciable property, used in connection with research and development.
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NOTE: Cost of acquisition or improvements of property subject to depreciation or depletion used in research and development becomes part of the cost of the asset, and deduction from it is by way of depreciation or depletion, as the case may be.
2. Any expenditure incurred in ascertaining the existence, location, extent, or quality of any deposit of ore or other mineral, including oil or gas.
2. The amount of premium deductible does not exceed P2,400 per family or P200 per month during the taxable ear. 3. That said family has a gross income of not more than P250,000 for the taxable year. 4. In case of married individual, only the spouse claiming additional exemption shall be entitled to this deduction. The following may avail of the deduction: 1. Individual taxpayers earning purely compensation income during the year. 2. Individual taxpayer earning business income or in practice of his profession.
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10. PENSION trusts

Pertains to PAST SERVICE COST, or the amount so transferred is apportioned and deductible in equal parts over a period of ten (10) consecutive years beginning with the year in which the transfer or payment is made. Present service cost is deductible in full in the year transferred or paid into the trust; and is considered as an ordinary and necessary expense under Sec. 34(A)(1).
B. Optional
Standard
Deduction
[Section 34(L)] May be taken by an INDIVIDUAL in lieu of itemized deductions EXCEPT those earning purely compensation income. Amount: 40% of GROSS INCOME. (under RA 9504, effective July 6, 2008)
General Rule: An employer establishing or maintaining a pension trust to provide for the payment of reasonable pensions to his employees shall be allowed as a deduction, a reasonable amount transferred or paid into such trust in EXCESS of the contributions to such trust made during the taxable year. Requisites for Deductibility: 1. It has not been claimed as a deduction, and 2. Is apportioned in equal parts over a period of ten (10) consecutive years beginning with the year in which the transfer or payment is made. Premium Paid on Hospitalization Insurance [Sec.34 (M)] Health or
Requisites 1. Taxpayer is a citizen or resident alien; 2. Taxpayers income is not entirely from compensation; 3. Taxpayer signifies in his return his intention to elect this deduction; otherwise he is considered as having availed of the itemized deductions. 4. Election is irrevocable for the year in which made; however, he can change to itemized deductions in succeeding years.
III.PERSONAL AND EXEMPTIONS
ADDITIONAL
Amount of premium paid on health and/or hospitalization by an individual taxpayer (head of family or married), for himself and members of his family during the taxable year.
PERSONAL EXEMPTIONS are amounts allowed by law to be deducted from income to cover personal, living, or family expenses of the taxpayer. These deductions are allowed on the theory that the minimum requirements of subsistence of a taxpayer should be free from tax.
1. Basic Personal Exemptions (BPE)

The following may claim personal exemptions: 1. Citizens and resident aliens; 2. Non-resident aliens if there is reciprocity.
Requisites for Deductibility: 1. Insurance must have actually been taken
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The following may claim exemptions: 1. Married Individuals
additional
Additional exemptions are claimed by only one spouse. General Rule: the spouse who is the gross compensation earner claims the additional exemptions. Where the husband and wife are both compensation income earners, the husband is the proper claimant of the additional exemptions o EXCEPT: Express waiver by the husband in favor of his wife, as embodied in the withholding exemption certificate.
where only one of the spouses is deriving gross income, only such spouse shall be allowed the personal exemption. 2. ADDITIONAL EXEMPTION: P25,000 For each dependent not exceeding four (4)
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IV. NON-DEDUCTIBLE EXPENSES

[Sec. 36] (There are 7) General Rule: In computing net income, no deduction shall be allowed in respect to:
1. Personal, living or family expenses

Rationale: not related to conduct of trade or business
NOTES: When the spouses have business and/or professional income only, either may claim the additional exemptions at the end of the year. The wife claims the additional exemptions if husband has no income OR works abroad.
2. Any amount paid out for new buildings or for permanent improvements, or betterments made to increase the value of any property or estate
Exception: Intangible drilling development costs incurred petroleum operations which deductible under Sec. 34(G)(1) and in are
2. Legally separated spouses Additional exemptions can be claimed by the spouse with custody of the child or children.
2. Change of Status [Sec 35. (C), NIRC]

Rules to Remember: 1. If taxpayer marries during a taxable year, he may claim the corresponding BPE in full for such year 2. If taxpayer should have additional dependent(s) during taxable year, taxpayer may claim Additional Exemptions in full for such year. 3. If taxpayer dies during taxable year, his estate may still claim BPE and AE for himself and his dependent(s) as if he died at the close of such year. 4. If during the taxable year the taxpayers spouse dies or any of the dependents dies, gets married, turns 21 years old or becomes gainfully employed, taxpayer may still claim same exemptions as if such event occurred at the close of such year. AMENDMENTS BY RA 9504, effective July 6, 2008: 1. PERSONAL EXEMPTION: P50,000 In the case of married individual
3. Any amount expended in restoring property or in making good the exhaustion thereof for which an allowance [for depreciation or depletion] is or has been made (i.e., Major Repairs)
Note: Nos. (2) and (3) are capital expenditures. Examples are: a. The cost of defending or perfecting title to property constitutes a part of the cost of the property and is not a deductible expense. b. The amount expended for architects services is part of the cost of the building c. Expenditures to promote the sales of additional capital stock or the cost, commissions and fees for obtaining stock subscriptions are capital expenses. (Atlas Consolidated Mining Co. v. Commissioner, 102 SCRA 246)
4. Premiums paid on any life insurance policy covering the life of any officer, employee, or person financially interested in the trade or business carried on by the taxpayer, when the
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taxpayer is directly or indirectly a beneficiary under such policy.

A person is said to be financially interested in the taxpayers business, if he is a stockholder thereof or he is to receive as his compensation a share of the profits of the business.
CASE 1 Officer, employee, or person financially interested in the taxpayers trade or business CASE 2 Officer, employee, or person financially interested in the taxpayers trade or business Officer, employee, or person financially interested in the taxpayers trade or business YES (Premium is likewise a fringe benefit on the part of the beneficiary.)
is owned, directly or indirectly, by or for such individual;

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Illustration:
ii. between two corporations more than 50% in value of the outstanding stock of each of which is owned, directly or indirectly, by or for the same individual, if either one of such corporations, (with respect to the taxable year of the corporation preceding the date of the sale of exchange) was a personal holding company or a foreign personal holding company.
Insured
6. Losses on Wash Sales (Sec.38)

A loss from a wash sale of stock or securities is generally not deductible from gross income. A wash sale is a sale under the following circumstances: 1. There was a sale or other disposition of stock or securities at a loss. 2. Within a period beginning thirty days before, and ending thirty days after, the date of sale or disposition (known as the sixtyone day period), there was an acquisition of shares or securities (or option to acquire shares or securities). i.e.:
Date of sale
Beneficiary of Life Insurance Policy
Company
Premium a deductible expense?
NO (covered by Sec. 36)
5. Losses from sales or exchanges of property between related taxpayers. (Sec.36 B)

a. Between members of the family; Family includes only the brothers, sisters (whether by the whole or half blood), spouse, ancestors, and lineal descendants of the taxpayer. b. Between the grantor and a fiduciary of any trust; c. Between the fiduciary of a trust and the fiduciary of another trust if the same person is a grantor with respect to each trust; d. Between a fiduciary of a trust and beneficiary of such trust. Except if the loss occurs distributions in liquidation: i. during
------------------ x --------------Acquisition occurred 30 days PRIOR to the sale EITHER: OR 30 days AFTER the sale
3. The acquisition, or option, should be a purchase or exchange upon which gain or loss is recognized under the income tax law. 4. The stock or securities acquired were substantially the same as those disposed of. 5. The taxpayer is NOT a dealer in securities. Income Tax Rule: On the shares sold at a loss with covering acquisitions, NO LOSS shall be recognized. On the shares sold at a loss with no covering acquisitions, CAPITAL LOSS shall be recognized (See Part V. Capital Gains and Losses, for the income tax treatment).
between an individual and a corporation more than 50% in value of the outstanding stock of which
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The loss not recognized shall be adjusted into (i.e., added to) the basis of the shares acquired within the sixty-one day period. Illustration: S Co., not a dealer in securities, on December 27, 2000, sold for P90,000, 1,000 shares of common stock of ZZ Company, that it acquired on January 20, 2000 for P110,000. On January 5, 2001, or nine days after the sale, it acquired 900 shares of common stock of the same company for P90,000. On June 10, 2001, the latest acquisition was sold for P120,000. Income Tax Implications: There would have been a loss not recognized of P18,000 on the sale of December 27, 2000. There would have been a gain of P12,000 on the sale of June 10, 2001. Supporting Solution: a. Determine if the sale is a wash sale: YES, because nine days after the December 27, 2000 sale (or within the sixty-one day period), S. Co. (which is not a dealer in securities) acquired shares of stock which were the same as those disposed of. b. Computation of loss not recognized
Acquisition Cost Less: Selling Price Total Loss No. of shares sold at a loss Less: Number of shares acquired within the 61-day period No. of shares acquired with no matching acquisition Loss on a wash sale, not recognized (900/1,000 * 20,000) Capital Loss recognized (100/1,000 * 20,000) P110,000 90,000 P 20,000 1,000 900 100
d. Computation of the gain on the sale of June 10, 2001

Selling Price Less: Adjusted Basis Gain on the Sale P120,000 108,000 12,000
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What if the taxpayer is a dealer in securities, and the transaction from which the loss resulted, was made in the ordinary course of the business of such dealer? The loss is deductible in full.
7. Illegal Expense (Sec.34.A.1.c)

Bribes, Kickbacks and Other Similar Payments made, directly or indirectly, to an official or employee of the national government/ LGU/ GOCC/ foreign government, or to a private corporation, general professional partnership, or a similar entity.
P18,000 P2,000
c. Computation of basis of the shares acquired on January 5, 2001 (i.e., adjusted cost).
Acquisition Cost Add: Loss not recognized Basis of the shares acquired on January 5, 2001 P 90,000 18,000 P108,000
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Part V. Capital Gains and Losses

[Sec. 39]
I. II. III. IV. V. DEFINITIONS CAPITAL LOSS LIMITATION RULE SALE OF REAL PROPERTY SALE OF SHARES OF STOCK RECOGNITION OF GAIN/LOSS EXCHANGE OF PROPERTY VI. COMPUTING CGT IN GENERAL
IN
exchanges though they do not meet the definitions given. These are: 1. Retirement of bonds, Debentures, Notes or Certificates or Other evidences of indebtedness 2. Short sales of properties A transaction in which a speculator sells securities which he does not own in anticipation of a decline in its price. The seller intends to cover the sale by purchasing the securities when the price declines, in which case he will make a profit.
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I. DEFINITIONS
Capital Assets property held by the taxpayer (WON connected with his trade or business), but DOES NOT include 1) stock in trade of the taxpayer or other property of a kind which would properly be included in the inventory of the taxpayer if on hand at the close of the taxable year 2) property held by the taxpayer primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of his trade or business 3) property used in the trade or business, of a character which is subject to the allowance for depreciation 4) real property used in trade or business of the taxpayer. Capital Gain the gain derived from the sale or exchange of capital assets. Ordinary Gain gain derived from the sale or exchange of an asset which is not capital. Net Capital Gain gains > loss from sales or exchanges of capital assets. Net Capital Loss gains < loss from sales or exchanges of capital assets. Calasanz v. Commissioner (1986): The statutory definition of capital assets is negative in nature. If the asset is not among the exceptions, it is a capital asset; conversely, assets falling within the exceptions are ordinary assets. And necessarily, any gain resulting from the sale or exchange of an asset is a capital gain or an ordinary gain depending on the kind of asset involved in the transaction. Sale a delivery of goods for money Exchange a delivery of goods for goods received. HOWEVER, there are transactions which the law considers sales or
3. Failure to exercise a privilege or option to buy or sell property 4. Securities becoming worthless 5. Receipt of a liquidating dividend 6. Readjustment of interest in a general professional partnership.
II. CAPITAL LOSS LIMITATION RULE

General Rule: Losses from sales or exchanges of capital assets shall be allowed only to the extent of the gains from such sales or exchanges. Special Rule for Banks and Trust Companies: If a bank or trust company incorporated under the laws of the Philippines, a substantial part of whose business is the receipt of deposits or the sale of bond, debenture, note, certificate or other evidence of indebtedness, any loss resulting from such sale shall not be subject to the foregoing limitation and shall not be included in determining the applicability of such limitation to other losses. Rationale: The securities mentioned are ordinary assets of the bank or trust company.
III.SALE OF REAL PROPERTY 1. Persons Liable and Transactions Affected

a. Individual taxpayers, estates and trusts Sale or exchange or other disposition of real property considered as capital assets. The said sale shall include "pacto de retro sale" and other conditional sale.
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b. Domestic Corporation Sale or exchange or disposition of lands and/or building which are not actually used in business and are treated as capital asset.
c) Determination of Amount Recognition of Gain or Loss.
and
Determination of Selling Price

Cash sale: total consideration per deed of sale. Partly in money and partly in kind: sum of money and the FMV of the property received. Exchange: FMV of the property received. If FMV of the shares of stock sold, bartered, or exchanged is greater than the amount of money and/or FMV of the property received: the excess of FMV of stocks over the amount of money and the FMV of the property received as consideration shall be deemed a gift subject to the donors tax.
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2. Rate and Basis of Tax

A final withholding tax of 6% is based on the gross selling price or fair market value or zonal value whichever is higher. Note: Gain or loss is immaterial, there being a conclusive presumption of gain.
IV. SALE OF SHARES OF STOCK RR 6-2008 1. Persons Liable to the Tax

a) Individual taxpayer, whether citizen or alien; b) Corporate taxpayer, whether domestic or foreign; and c) Other taxpayers not falling under (a) and (b) above, such as estate, trust, trust funds and pension funds, among others.
Basis for Determining Gain or Loss from Sale or Disposition of Shares of Stock deducting from the amount of
consideration contracted to be paid, the vendor/transferors basis for the property sold or disposed plus expenses of sale/disposition, if any.
Limitation of Capital Losses

For transactions subject to the 5%/10% CGT on the net capital gain during the taxable year, the capital losses realized from this type of transaction during the taxable year are deductible only to the extent of capital gains from the same type of transaction during the same period. If the transferor of the shares is an individual, the rule on holding period and capital loss carry-over will not apply, notwithstanding Sec.39 of the Tax Code Treated as capital loss as of the end of the year. Not deductible against the capital gains realized during the taxable year, but must be claimed against other capital gains to the extent provided for under Sec.34 Sec. 34 (4)(b): If securities as defined in Section 22 (T) become worthless during the taxable year and are capital assets, the loss resulting shall be considered as a loss from the sale or exchange of capital assets on the last day of such taxable year. For the 5% and 10% net capital gains tax to apply, there must be an actual
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2. Persons not liable

a) Dealers in securities b) Investor in shares of stock in a mutual fund company c) All other persons who are specifically exempt from national internal revenue taxes under existing investment incentives and other special laws.
3. Sale, Barter or Exchange, or Issuance of Shares of Stock NOT TRADED Through a Local Stock Exchange
a) Tax Rate.
Amount of Capital Gain Not over P100,000 Amount in excess P100,000 Tax Rate 5% of 10%
Shares of Stock Becoming Worthless

b) Tax Base. the net capital gains realized during the taxable year from the sale, barter, exchange or disposition of shares of stock, except shares sold or disposed of through the Local Stock Exchange
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disposition of shares of stock held as capital asset, and the capital gain and capital loss used as the basis in determining net capital gain, must be derived and incurred respectively, from a sale, barter, exchange or other disposition of shares of stock.
Deemed Gift
In case the fair market value of the shares of stock sold, bartered, or exchanged is greater than the amount of money and/or fair market value of the property received, The excess of the fair market value of the shares of stock sold, bartered or exchanged over the amount of money and the fair market value of the property, if any, received as consideration Shall be deemed a gift subject to the donors tax under Sec. 100 of the Tax Code, as amended. (RR 6-08)
b. Other transactions: Wash sales (Sec. 38) Transactions between related taxpayers (Sec. 36B) Gambling losses (Sec. 34 D6) Wagering Losses. - Losses from wagering transactions shall be allowed only to the extent of the gains from such transactions. Illegal transactions Gains/losses attributable to taxpayers failure to exercise privileges or options to buy/sell Control means ownership of stocks in a corporation amounting to at least 51% of the total voting power of all classes of stocks entitled to vote. Percentage taken into account (Longterm / Short term) by taxpayers: Taxpayers Other than a Corporation (i.e., individual taxpayers and taxpayers treated as individuals, such as estates and trusts) - holding period: - 100% if the capital asset was held for not more than 12 months - 50% if the capital asset has been held for more than 12 months Note: o General Rule- For purposes of computing capital loss and capital gain, the actual holding period is taken into account. o Exception- If securities become worthless during the taxable year and are capital assets, the loss resulting therefrom shall be considered as a loss from the sale or exchange, on the last day of such taxable year, of capital assets. [Sec. 34(D)(4)(b) Note: Corporate Taxpayers 100% of the capital gain or loss, regardless of the holding period
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V. RECOGNITION OF GAIN/LOSS IN EXCHANGE OF PROPERTY

General Rule: Upon the sale or exchange of property, the entire gain or loss, as the case may be, shall be recognized. Exceptions: 1) Transactions where gains and losses are NOT RECOGNIZED: a. Exchange of property, solely in kind in corporate mergers and consolidations Between the corporations which are parties to the merger or consolidation (property for stocks); Between a stockholder of a corporation party and the other party corporation (stock for stock); Between a security holder of a corporation party and the other party corporation (securities for securities). b. Exchange by a person of his property for stock in a corporation wherein he with others (not exceeding 4 persons) gains control of the corporation. 2) Transactions where only gain is recognized but not the loss a. Exchange not solely in kind (Sec. 40C3)
VI. COMPUTING FOR CGT IN GENERAL Net taxable capital gains = Gains of sales of capital assets, or 50% thereof Losses from sales of capital assets, or 50% thereof
Net Capital Loss Carry-over: If an individual taxpayer sustains a net capital loss in a taxable year, such loss (in an
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amount not in excess of the net income for such year) shall be treated in the succeeding taxable year as a loss from the sale or exchange of a capital asset held for not more than 12 months (100% deduction).
Rule On Holding Period Net Capital Loss Carry-over Capital Loss Limitation
Applies To Individuals only Individuals only

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Individuals Corporation
and
Illustration 1: Mr. O, a citizen of the Philippines, single, had the following data for 2001 and 2002:
Net Income, Business Interest Income from notes of clients Capital Gain on assets: Shares of foreign corporations, held for 3 years Jewelry, held for 10 months Capital Loss on bonds, held for 4 months 2001 80,000 4,000 50,000 120,000 70,000 2002 90,000 2,000
Mr. Os taxable income for 2001 was P64,000, and for 2002 was P78,000, computed as follows: 2001 Net Income, Business Interest Income Ordinary Net Income Capital Gain (50%) Capital Gain (100%) Capital Loss (100%) Net Capital Loss Net Capital Loss Carry-Over from 2001 Net Capital Gain [70,000 64,000] Total Less: Basic Personal Exemption Taxable Income
Legend:
2002 P 90,000 2,000 P92,000 P70,000
P 80,000 4,000 P84,000 P25,000 (120,000) (P95,000)
> (64,000)
(20,000) 6,000 P98,000 (20,000) P78,000
>
P64,000
> Net Capital Loss Carry-Over from the previous year

Illustration 2:
> To determine the maximum that may be carried over to the next year: Taxable Income
P Co., a domestic corporation, had the following results of operations for a taxable year:
Ordinary Net Income Gain on sale of capital asset, held for ten months Gain on sale of capital asset, held for eighteen months Loss on sale of capital asset, held for six months Loss on sale of capital asset, held for twenty months P52,000 2,000 2,000 1,100 2,000
and in the preceding year it had a net capital loss of P1,500 and a taxable income of P60,000. The taxable income of the corporation for the year is computed as follows***:
Ordinary net income Gain on sale of capital asset, held for ten months (100%) Gain on sale of capital asset, held for eighteen months (100%) Total Capital Gains Loss on sale of capital asset, held for six months (100%) Loss on sale of capital asset, held for twenty months (100%) Total Capital Loss Net Capital Gain Taxable Income P52,000 P2,000 2,000 P4,000 P1,100 2,000 3,100 900 P52,900
*** For corporations, capital gains and losses are always considered at 100%, and there is no net capital loss carry-over.
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SUMMARY OF RULES For Corporations: 1. Corporations shall recognize 100% of the capital gain or loss, regardless of the holding period. 2. Corporations cannot carry-over net capital loss. 3. Losses from sales or exchanges of capital assets shall be allowed only to the extent of the gains from such sales or exchanges. For Individuals, and Taxpayers Treated as Individuals: b. The holding period is relevant in determining the percentage of capital gains and losses to be taken into account, as follows: - 100% if the capital asset was held for not more than 12 months - 50% if the capital asset was held for more than 12 months 2. Net capital loss (in an amount not in excess of the net income for such year) shall be treated in the succeeding taxable year as a loss from the sale or exchange of a capital asset held for not more than 12 months (100% deduction) 3. Losses from sales or exchanges of capital assets shall be allowed only to the extent of the gains from such sales or exchanges.
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Part VI. Returns and Payments of Tax/Withholding Taxes

A. RETURNS AND PAYMENT OF TAX 1. INDIVIDUAL RETURN 2. CORPORATION REGULAR RETURNS B. WITHHOLDING TAX
required to file an information return pursuant to rules and regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Finance, upon recommendation of the Commissioner. Special Rules (Sec. 51, NIRC) 1. Husband and Wife Married individuals, whether citizens, resident or nonresident aliens, who do not derive income purely from compensation, shall file a return for the taxable year to include the income of both spouses, but where it is impracticable for the spouses to file one return, each spouse may file a separate return of income but the returns so filed shall be consolidated by the Bureau for purposes of verification for the taxable year. 2. Return of Parent to Include Income of Children The income of unmarried minors derived from property received from a living parent shall be included in the return of the parent, except when the donor's tax has been paid on such property, or when the transfer of such property is exempt from donor's tax. 3. Persons Under Disability If the taxpayer is unable to make his own return, the return may be made by his duly authorized agent or representative or by the guardian or other person charged with the care of his person or property, the principal and his representative or guardian assuming the responsibility of making the return and incurring penalties provided for erroneous, false or fraudulent returns.
Signature Presumed The fact that an individual's name is signed to a filed return shall be prima facie evidence for all purposes that the return was actually signed by him.
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A. RETURNS AND PAYMENT OF TAX 1) Individual Return (Sec. 51, NIRC)

Who are Required to File (a) Every Filipino citizen residing in the Philippines; (b) Every Filipino citizen residing outside the Philippines, on his income from sources within the Philippines; (c) Every alien residing in the Philippines, on income derived from sources within the Philippines; and (d) Every nonresident alien engaged in trade or business or in the exercise of profession in the Philippines. Those Not Required to File The following individuals shall not be required to file an income tax return: a. An individual whose gross income does not exceed his total personal and additional exemptions for dependents under Sec. 35 Exception: That a citizen of the Philippines and any alien individual engaged in business or practice of profession within the Philippines shall file an income tax return, regardless of the amount of gross income; b. An individual with respect to pure compensation income, as defined in Section 32 (A)(1), derived from sources within the Philippines, the income tax on which has been correctly withheld Exception: an individual deriving compensation concurrently from two or more employers at any time during the taxable year (as amended by RA 9504) c. An individual whose sole income has been subjected to final withholding tax pursuant to Section 57(A) of this Code d. A minimum wage earner or an individual who is exempt from income tax pursuant to the provisions of this Code and other laws, general or special (as amended by RA 9504, effective July 6, 2009) e. Any individual not required to file an income tax return may nevertheless be
Where to file (Sec. 51, NIRC) Except in cases where the Commissioner otherwise permits, the return shall be filed: 1) If person has legal residence or place of business in the Philippines with: an authorized agent bank
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Revenue District Officer Collection Agent or Duly authorized Treasurer of the city or municipality in which such person has his legal residence or principal place of business in the Philippines
2) If there be no legal residence or place of business in the Philippines: with the Office of the Commissioner. When to file (Sec. 51, NIRC) The return of any individual specified above shall be filed on or before the fifteenth (15th) day of April of each year covering income for the preceding taxable year. When to pay (Sec. 56, NIRC) General Rule: The total amount of tax imposed by this Title shall be paid by the person subject thereto at the time the return is filed. Installment Payment: When the tax due is in excess of Two thousand pesos (P2,000), the taxpayer other than a corporation may elect to pay the tax in two (2) equal installments in which case: 1. first installment: paid at the time the return is filed; 2. second installment: on or before July 15 following the close of the calendar year 3. if any installment is not paid on or before the date fixed for its payment, the whole amount of the tax unpaid becomes due and payable, together with the delinquency penalties.
1. Nonresident Filipino citizens, with respect to income from without the Philippines, and nonresident aliens not engaged in trade or business in the Philippines, are not required to render a declaration of estimated income tax. 2. The declaration shall contain such pertinent information as the Secretary of Finance, upon recommendation of the Commissioner, may prescribe, by rules and regulations. An individual may make amendments of a declaration filed during the taxable year under the rules and regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Finance, upon recommendation of the Commissioner. Estimated tax means the amount which the individual declared as income tax in his final adjusted and annual income tax return for the preceding taxable year minus the sum of the credits allowed under this Title against the said tax. If, during the current taxable year, the taxpayer reasonably expects to pay a bigger income tax, he shall file an amended declaration during any interval of installment payment dates. Return and Payment of Estimated Income Tax by Individuals: The amount of estimated income with respect to which a declaration is required shall be paid in four (4) installments: 1st installment - at the time of the declaration 2nd installment - on August 15 of the current year 3rd installment on November 15 of the current year 4th installment - on or before April 15 of the following calendar year when the final adjusted income tax return is due to be filed
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Quarterly Declaration of Income Tax (Sec. 74, NIRC) Every individual subject to income tax who is receiving self-employment income, whether it constitutes the sole source of his income or in combination with salaries, wages and other fixed or determinable income, shall make and file a declaration of his estimated income for the current taxable year on or before April 15 of the same taxable year. In general, self-employment income consists of the earnings derived by the individual from the practice of profession or conduct of trade or business carried on by him as a sole proprietor or by a partnership of which he is a member.
Substituted filing for ITR of Salaried Individuals (RR 19-2002, as amended by RR 10-2008 [Issued July 10, 2008]) Certificate of Compensation Payment/Tax Withheld (BIR Form No. 2316). In general, every employer required to deduct and withhold the tax on compensation including fringe benefits given to rank and file employees, shall furnish every employee
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the Certificate of Compensation Payment/Tax Withheld (BIR Form No. 2316), on or before January 31 of the succeeding calendar year, or if the employment is terminated before the close of such calendar year, on the day on which the last payment of compensation is made. The Certificate of Compensation Payment/Tax Withheld (BIR Form No. 2316) shall contain a certification to the effect that the employers filing of BIR Form No. 1604-CF shall be considered as a substituted filing of the employees income tax return to the extent that the amount of compensation and tax withheld appearing in BIR Form No. 1604-CF as filed with BIR is consistent with the corresponding amounts indicated in BIR Form No. 2316. It shall be signed by both the employee and employer attesting to the fact that the information stated therein has been verified and is true and correct to the best of their knowledge. Withholding agents/employers are required to retain copies of the duly signed BIR Form No. 2316 for a period of three (3) years. The employee who is qualified for substituted filing of income tax return shall no longer be required to file income tax return (BIR Form No. 1700) since BIR Form No. 1604-CF shall be considered a substituted return filed by the employer. BIR Form No. 2316, duly certified by both employee and employer, shall serve the same purpose as if a BIR Form No. 1700 had been filed, such as proof of financial capacity for purposes of loan, credit card, or other applications, or for the purpose of availing tax credit in the employees home country and for other purposes with various government agencies. This may also be used for purposes of securing travel tax exemption, when necessary. However, information referring to the certification, appearing at the bottom of BIR Form No. 2316, shall not be signed by both the employer and the employee if the latter is not qualified for substituted filing. In which case, BIR Form No. 2316 furnished by the employer to the
employee shall be attached to the employees Income Tax Return (BIR Form No. 1700 or 1701 in case of mixed income earners) to be filed on or before April 15 of the following year. In case of successive employments during the taxable year, an extra copy of BIR Form No. 2316 shall be furnished by the employee, duly certified by his previous employer/s and by him, to his new employer.
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Modes of Payment of Taxes Through Banks a) "Overthecounter cash payment" payment of taxes to an authorized agent bank in the currencies that are legal tender in the Philippines. The maximum amount allowed per tax payment shall not exceed ten thousand pesos (P10,000.00) b) "Bank debit system" - taxpayer, through a bank debit memo/advice, authorizes withdrawals from his bank accounts for payment of tax liabilities. c) "Checks" d) Electronic payment system
2) Corporation Regular Returns

Sec. 52, NIRC Every corporation subject to the tax, except foreign corporations not engaged in trade or business in the Philippines, shall render, in duplicate, a true and accurate i. quarterly income tax return and ii. final or adjustment return. The return shall be filed by: president vice-president or other principal officer and shall be sworn to by such officer and by the treasurer or assistant treasurer. Corporation may employ either calendar year or fiscal year as basis for filing of annual ITR, provided that the corporation shall not change the accounting period employed without prior approval from the Commissioner.
When to File (Sec. 77, NIRC) Quarterly declaration shall be filed within sixty (60) days following the close of each of the first three (3) quarters of the taxable year. The final adjustment return shall be filed on or before the fifteenth (15th) day of April, or on or before the fifteenth (15th) day of the fourth (4th) month
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following the close of the fiscal year, as the case may be. Extension of Time to File Returns (Sec. 53, NIRC) The Commissioner may, in meritorious cases, grant a reasonable extension of time for filing returns of income (or final and adjustment returns in case of corporations)
residing in the Philippines, by payor-corporation/persons as provided for by law, at the rate of not less than one percent (1%) but not more than thirty-two percent (32%), which shall be credited against the income tax liability of the taxpayer for the taxable year. Tax-free Covenant Bonds In any case where bonds, mortgages, deeds of trust or other similar obligations of domestic or resident foreign corporations, contain a contract or provisions by which the obligor agrees to pay any portion of the tax imposed in this Title upon the obligee or to reimburse the obligee for any portion of the tax or to pay the interest without deduction for any tax which the obligor may be required or permitted to pay thereon or to retain therefrom under any law of the Philippines, or any state or country, the obligor shall deduct bonds, mortgages, deeds of trust or other obligations, whether the interest or other payments are payable annually or at shorter or longer periods, and whether the bonds, securities or obligations had been or will be issued or marketed, and the interest or other payment thereon paid, within or without the Philippines. Withholding of Creditable Tax (RR 2-98) Under the creditable withholding tax system, taxes withheld on certain income payments are intended to equal or at least approximate the tax due of the payee on said income. The income recipient is still required to file an income tax return, to report the income and/or pay the difference between the tax withheld and the tax due on the income. Taxes withheld on income payments covered by the expanded withholding tax and compensation income are creditable in nature.
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Where to File (Sec. 77, NIRC) Except as the Commissioner otherwise permits, the quarterly income tax declaration required in Section 75 and the final adjustment return required in Section 76 shall be filed with: authorized agent banks or Revenue District Officer or Collection Agent or duly authorized Treasurer of city or municipality having jurisdiction over the location of the principal office of the corporation filing the return or place where its main books of accounts and other data from which the return is prepared are kept. When to Pay (Sec. 77, NIRC) The income tax due on the corporate quarterly returns and the final adjustment income tax shall be paid at the time the declaration or return is filed in a manner prescribed by the Commissioner.
B. WITHHOLDING TAX
Final Withholding Tax at Source Sec. 57. NIRC Subject to rules and regulations the Secretary of Finance may promulgate, upon the recommendation of the Commissioner, requiring the filing of income tax return by certain income payees, the tax imposed or prescribed by specific section of the NIRC on specified items of income shall be withheld by payorcorporation and/or person and paid in the same manner and subject to the same conditions as provided in Section 58 of the NIRC. Withholding of Creditable Tax at Source The Secretary of Finance may, upon the recommendation of the Commissioner, require the withholding of a tax on the items of income payable to natural or juridical persons,
Time of Withholding The obligation of the payor to deduct and withhold the tax arises at the time an income payment is paid or payable, or the income payment is accrued or recorded as an expense or asset,
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whichever is applicable, in the payor's books, whichever comes first. The withholding agent who is required to deduct and withhold any tax is made personally liable for such tax and indeed is indemnified against any claims and demands which the stockholder might wish to make in questioning the amount of payments effected by the withholding agent in accordance with the provisions of the NIRC (CIR v. PROCTER and GAMBLE, GR No. 66838, December 2, 1991)
(1) For agricultural labor paid entirely in products of the farm where the labor is performed, or (2) For domestic service in a private home, or (3) For casual labor not in the course of the employer's trade or business, or (4) For services by a citizen or resident of the Philippines for a foreign government or an international organization. Sec. 79. Income Tax Collected at Source Requirement of Withholding - Except in the case of a minimum wage earner, every employer making payment of wages shall deduct and withhold upon such wages a tax determined in accordance with the rules and regulations to be prescribed by the Secretary of Finance, upon recommendation of the Commissioner. (as amended by RA 9504, effective July 6, 2008) Sec. 79. Liability for Tax Employer The employer shall be liable for the withholding and remittance of the correct amount of tax required to be deducted and withheld under this Chapter. If the employer fails to withhold and remit the correct amount of tax as required to be withheld under the provision of this Chapter, such tax shall be collected from the employer together with the penalties or additions to the tax otherwise applicable in respect to such failure to withhold and remit. Employee Where an employee fails or refuses to file the withholding exemption certificate or willfully supplies false or inaccurate information thereunder, the tax otherwise required to be withheld by the employer shall be collected from him including penalties or additions to the tax from the due date of remittance until the date of payment. On the other hand, excess taxes withheld made by the employer due to: (1) failure or refusal to file the withholding exemption certificate; or (2) false and inaccurate information shall not be refunded to the employee but shall be forfeited in favor of the Government.
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Return and Payment of Tax (Sec. 58) Quarterly Returns and Payments of Taxes Withheld. - Taxes deducted and withheld under Section 57 by withholding agents shall be covered by a return and paid to, except in cases where the Commissioner otherwise permits, an authorized Treasurer of the city or municipality where the withholding agent has his legal residence or principal place of business, or, where the withholding agent is a corporation, where the principal office is located. The taxes deducted and withheld by the withholding agent shall be held as a special fund in trust for the government until paid to the collecting officers. The return for final withholding tax shall be filed and the payment made within twenty-five (25) days from the close of each calendar quarter The return for creditable withholding taxes shall be filed and the payment made not later than the last day of the month following the close of the quarter during which withholding was made Provided, That the Commissioner, with the approval of the Secretary of Finance, may require these withholding agents to pay or deposit the taxes deducted or withheld at more frequent intervals when necessary to protect the interest of the government.
Withholding on Wages Wages The term 'wages' means all remuneration (other than fees paid to a public official) for services performed by an employee for his employer, including the cash value of all remuneration paid in any medium other than cash, except that such term shall not include remuneration paid:
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Sec. 81. Filing of Return and Payment of Taxes Withheld Except as the Commissioner otherwise permits, taxes deducted and withheld by the employer on wages of employees shall be covered by a return and paid to: An authorized agent bank Collection Agent, or Duly authorized Treasurer of the city or municipality where the employer has his legal residence or principal place of business, or in case the employer is a corporation, where the principal office is located. The return shall be filed and the payment made within twenty-five (25) days from the close of each calendar quarter: Provided, however, That the Commissioner may, with the approval of the Secretary of Finance, require the employers to pay or deposit the taxes deducted and withheld at more frequent intervals, in cases where such requirement is deemed necessary to protect the interest of the Government. The taxes deducted and withheld by employers shall be held in a special fund in trust for the Government until the same are paid to the said collecting officers.
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Table of Contents
TAXATION LAW 2
PART I. TRANSFER TAXES I. Estate Tax A. Principles B. Gross Estate C. Deductions D. Tax Rates Applicable E. Tax Credit for Estate Taxes F. Compliance Requirements G. Illustrations II. Donors Tax A. Principles B. Properties Included C. Exemptions D. Computation E. Rates of Tax F. Object of Taxation G. Valuation H. Tax Credit I. Compliance Requirements PART II. VALUE ADDED TAX I. Concept II. Nature and Characteristics III. Transactions Subject to VAT IV. Persons Liable V. Rates in General A. 12% VAT B. Zero-rated Transactions C. Final Withholding VAT VI. Transactions Exempt from VAT VII. Determining the VAT Base VIII. Input Taxes A. Creditable Input Tax B. Excess Output or Input Tax C. Refunds or Tax Credits of Input Tax IX. Substantiation Requirements X. Invoicing Requirements XI. Consequences of Issuing Erroneous VAT Invoice or VAT Official Receipt XII. Registrations Requirements XIII. Filing of Returns and Payment of VAT XIV. Enforcement Measures PART III. PERCENTAGE TAXES I. Who Are Liable A. Persons Exempt from VAT B. Domestic Carriers and Keepers of Garage C. International Carriers D. Franchises E. Overseas Communications Tax F. Banks and Non bank Financial Intermediaries Performing Quasi-Banking Functions G. Other Non-Bank Finance Intermediaries 87 87 87 90 91 96 96 97 99 100 100 101 101 102 102 103 103 104 104 105 105 105 106 107 107 107 111 114 115 120 120 120 121 122 124 124 125 125 126 126 128 128 128 128 128 129 129 129 130 H. Life Insurance Premiums I. Agents of Foreign Insurance Companies J. Amusement Taxes K. Winnings L. Sale, Barter or Exchange of Shares of Stock II. Payment III. Summary of Percentage Taxes PART IV. EXCISE TAX I. Goods Subject to Excise Tax A. Alcohol Products B. Tobacco Products C. Petroleum Products D. Miscellaneous Articles II. Filing of Return and Payment of Excise Tax on Domestic Products III. Payment of Excise Tax on Imported Articles IV. Exemption/Conditional Tax-Free Removal of Certain Articles PART V. DOCUMENTARY STAMP TAX I. General Principles II. Documents and Papers Not Subject to Documentary Stamp Tax III. One-Transaction Rule IV. Payment of DST V. Applicability of DST law on Electronic Documents VI. Tax Rates Applicable PART VI. REMEDIES I. Audit Stage A. Powers of the Commissioner Relative to the Audit Process B. Letter of Authority II. Pre-Assessment Stage A. Step 1: Issuance of Notice of Informal Conference B. Step 2: Informal Conference C. Step 3: Issuance of PreAssessment Notice III. Formal Assessment Stage Effects of RA 9282 on the CTAs Jurisdiction IV. Collection Letter/Warrants A. Collections of Deficiency Taxes B. Remedies of the Taxpayer Against Taxes Erroneously or Illegally Paid C. Remedies of the State for Collection of Taxes V. Compromise and Abatement VI. Statutory Offenses and Penalties A. Additions to the Tax B. Crimes, Other Offenses and Forfeitures 130 131 131 131 132 132 133 134 134 134 135 135 135 135 137 137 138 138 139 140 140 140 140 143 143 143 145 145 145 145 145 146 149 150 150 151 152 156 157 157 158
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Table of Contents
VII. Compliance Requirements VIII. Informers Reward Flowchart I: Taxpayers Remedies from Tax Assessment Flowchart II: Procedures for Distraint and Levy PART VII. LOCAL TAXATION I. Preliminaries A. Basic Concepts B. Fundamental Principles C. Local Taxing Authority D. Local Tax Ordinance E. Common Limitations on Taxing Powers of LGUs F. Other Relevant Taxing Powers II. Specific Provisions on the Taxing and Other Revenue-Raising Powers of the LGU A. Provinces B. Municipalities C. Cities D. Barangays E. Community Tax III. Collection of Taxes IV. Local Tax Remedies Flowchart III: Taxpayers Remedies from Assessment of Local Taxes Other Than Real Property Taxes Flowchart IV: Procedure for Distraint and Levy for Purposes of Satisfying Local Taxes PART VIII. REAL PROPERTY TAXATION I. Basic Concepts II. Properties Subject to Tax III. Taxes and Rates Imposed A. Basic Real Property Tax B. Special Levies IV. Exempt Properties V. Appraisal and Assessment of Real Property A. Classes of Real Property for Assessment Purposes B. Basis of Assessment and Appraisal C. Payment and Collection VI. Remedies in Real Property Taxation A. Remedies Available to Local Government B. Remedies Available to Taxpayer VII. Special Provisions Flowchart V: Procedure for Assessment of Land Value for Real Property Tax Purposes Flowchart VI: Taxpayers Remedies Involving Collection of Real Property Tax Flowchart VII: Procedure for Levy for
161 162 163 164 165 165 165 165 166 166 166 167 167 167 169 173 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 179 179 180 180 180 180 181 181 181 181 182 182 182 183 184 185
Purposes of Property Taxes
Satisfying
Real 186 187 187 187 187 187 188 188 188 188 189 192 193 193 193 193 194 194 194 194 194 195 195 195 196 196 196 197 198
PART IX. TARIFF AND CUSTOMS CODE I. Articles Subject to Duty A. Export and Import Duties B. Meaning of Importation C. Classes of Importation D. Classification of Custom Duties E. Special Duties II. Rates of Duty A. General Rules B. Basis of Duty C. Special Duties D. Flexible Tariff Rates III. Imposition of Duties A. Persons Liable B. Declaration C. Examination, Appraisal and Classification D. Assessment and Taxes E. Liquidation IV. Remedies of the Government A. Extrajudicial B. Judicial V. Remedies of the Taxpayer A. Refund B. Protest C. Abandonment VI. Pertinent Amendments by RA 9135 Flowchart VIII: Taxpayers Remedies from Customs Assessment Flowchart IX: Remedies from Seizure and Forfeiture Cases
TAXATION LAW 2
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Part I. Transfer Taxes
FACULTY-STUDENT EDITORIAL BOARD AND LECTURES COMMITTEE Prof. Rachel P. Follosco

FACULTY EDITOR
TAXATION LAW Rachel T. Uy

SUBJECT EDITOR
LECTURES Edel Cruz

HEAD
ACADEMICS COMMITTEE Samantha Poblacion

DIRECTOR FOR ACADEMICS EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
TAXATION LAW 2 Czarina Grace Serrano Jasmine Cuizon

WRITERS
Jason Mendoza
DEPUTY HEAD
Rania Joya
DEPUTY DIRECTOR FOR ACADEMICS LAYOUT HEAD
-------Kae Guerrero Kristine Bongcaron

PRINTING AND DISTRIBUTION
Malds Menzon
LOGISTICS, HR
-------Leo Zulueta
LOGO, COVER AND TEMPLATE DESIGN
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Taxation Law 2
I. ESTATE TAX A. PRINCIPLES B. GROSS ESTATE C. DEDUCTIONS D. TAX RATES APPLICABLE E. TAX CREDIT FOR ESTATE TAXES F. COMPLIANCE REQUIREMENTS G. ILLUSTRATIONS II. DONORS TAX A. PRINCIPLES B. PROPERTIES INCLUDED C. EXEMPTIONS D. COMPUTATION E. RATES OF TAX F. OBJECT OF TAXATION G. VALUATION H. TAX CREDIT I. COMPLIANCE REQUIREMENTS
Applicable Law Estate taxation is governed by the statute in force at the time of the death of the decedent. The estate tax accrues as of the death of the decedent and the accrual of the tax is distinct from the obligation to pay the same. Upon the death of the decedent, succession takes place and the right of the State to tax the privilege to transmit the estate vests instantly upon death. (Section 3, RR 2-2003)
Transfers Affected 1. Transfers Mortis Causa - Gratuitous transfers after death, either testate or intestate. 2. Transfers Inter Vivos Generally attract donors tax. However, certain transfers inter vivos are treated as testamentary dispositions and are accordingly included in the computation of the gross estate in order to arrive at the proper estate tax liability. These transfers are the following: a. Transfers in contemplation of death (Sec. 85B) Term does not refer to the general expectation of death which all entertain. The transfers referred to are those impelled by the thought of death (i.e., the motivating factor or controlling motive is the thought of death), Regardless of whether the transferor was near the possibility of death or not. b. Transfer with retention or reservation of certain rights (Sec. 85B) It involves cases where the owner
Two Types of Transfer Taxes Donors Tax Estate Tax Imposed upon the Imposed upon the privilege to give. privilege to transmit property to heirs. Transfer is between Transfer is from the the living. deceased, through his/her estate, to the living. Transfer may take Transfer takes place place between only between natural natural and persons. juridical persons.
I. ESTATE TAX A. PRINCIPLES

Definition A graduated tax imposed upon the privilege of the decedent to transmit property at death and is based on the entire net estate.
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transfers his property during life but still retains the economic benefits the possession or enjoyment of the property, or the power to designate the persons who may exercise such rights. By reason of the restriction the transferee is incapable of freely enjoying or disposing of the property until the transferors death. The transfer may be regarded as having been intended to take effect in possession or enjoyment at the transferors death.
expiration of a stated period after the exercise of the power, whether or not on or before the date of the decedents death notice has been given or the power has been exercised. If notice has not been given or the power has not been exercised before the date of his death, such notice shall be considered to have been given, or the power exercised, on the date of his death. d. Transfers of property arising under a general power of appointment (Sec. 85D) Gross estate shall include any property passed or transferred under a general power of appointment exercised by the decedent: by will, or by deed executed in contemplation of, or intended to take effect in possession or enjoyment at, or after his death, or by deed under which he has retained (for his life or any period not ascertainable without reference to his death or for any period which does not in fact end before his death): the possession or enjoyment of, or the right to the income from, the property, or the right, either alone or in conjunction with any person, to designate the persons who shall possess or enjoy the property or the income therefrom Q: What is a power of appointment? The power or right to designate by will or by deed the person(s) who shall succeed to, possess or enjoy the property, or the income therefrom, received from the estate of the prior decedent. It involves the person creating the power (donor) and the person to whom is given the right to exercise the power (donee).
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Illustration: X transfers his property to Y in naked ownership and to Z in usufruct throughout Zs lifetime subject to the condition that if Z predeceases X, the property shall return to X. If X dies during Zs life, the value of the reversionary interest of X at death is includible in his gross estate (see Articles 756-757 of the Civil Code). The transfer is taxable as intended to take effect at or after death because the possibility of reversion to X makes Zs interest conditional as long as X lives.
Note: Transfer with retention or reservation of certain rights is grouped by the Tax Code under transfer in contemplation of death.
c. Revocable transfers (Sec. 85C) Transfers where the transferor has reserved the right to alter, amend or revoke such transfer, regardless of WON the power is actually exercised during his lifetime, and WON the power should be exercised by him alone or in conjunction with someone else. The power to alter, amend or revoke shall be considered to exist on the date of the decedents death EVEN THOUGH: the exercise of the power is subject to a precedent giving of notice, or the alteration, amendment or revocation takes effect only on the Two Kinds of Appointment and their Effects:
Kind of Appointment General Nature DONEE has power to appoint any person he chooses who shall possess or enjoy the property without restriction DONEE must appoint successor to the property only within a limited group or class of persons
Tax Implications Makes appointed property, for all legal intents, the property of the DONEE (includible in his estate) Not includible in the gross estate of the DONEE when he dies
Effects DONEE holds the appointed property with all the attributes of ownership, under the concept of owner DONEE holds the appointed property in trust, or under the concept of trustee
Special
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e. Transfers for insufficient consideration (Sec. 85G) Transfers that are not bona fide sales of property for an adequate and full consideration in money or moneys worth. If bona fide sale no value shall be included in the gross estate [Case A] If not a bona fide sale - the excess of the fair market value at the time of death over the value of the consideration received by the decedent shall form part of his gross estate. [Case B] If inter vivos transfer is proven fictitious/simulated total value of the property at the time of death included in the gross estate.[Case C]
Case A 2,000 2,500 2,000 0 Case B 1,500 2,000 800 1,200 Case C 2,500 2,000 0 2,000
Excluded Properties [DULUTS 200] 1. PROCEEDS of: a. Life insurance policy taken out by the decedent upon his own life, when beneficiary is OTHER THAN the estate, executor or administrator, and designation is IRREVOCABLE (Sec. 85E) NOTE: The presumption is that the designation of REVOCABLE. b. group life insurance policy taken out by a company for its employees, (law only speaks of policies taken out by the decedent upon his own life) c. life insurance policies-issued by the GSIS to government officials or employees, as they are exempt by law from taxes of all kinds (PD 1146, as amended) Thus, the proceeds of insurance under policies taken out by the decedent upon his life shall constitute part of the gross estate if the beneficiary is: a. The estate of the decedent, his executor or administrator, or b. A third person (i.e., a person other than the estate, executor or administrator), AND the designation of the beneficiary is revocable. 2. Death benefits received from the SSS, accruing by reason of death (RA 1161, as amended) 3. Amounts received from the Philippine and the U.S. Governments from the damages suffered during the last war (RA 227) 4. Benefits received by beneficiaries residing in the Philippines under laws administered by the U.S. Veterans Administration (RA 360) 5. Properties held in Trust by the decedent 6. Transfers by way of bona fide Sales 7. Separate or exclusive property of the surviving spouse is not deemed part of the gross estate of the decedent spouse. (Sec. 85, NIRC) 8. Net estates which are not in excess of P200,000 are exempt from estate tax. (Sec. 84, NIRC)
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FMV, transfer FMV, death Consideration Received Value Included in the Gross Estate
Exempt Transfers [MTTB] (Sec. 87) a. Merger of the usufruct in the owner of the naked title b. Transmission or delivery of the inheritance or legacy by the fiduciary heirs or legatee to the fideicommisary c. Transmission from the first heirs, legatees or donees in favor of another beneficiary in accordance with the desire of the testator d. All bequests, devises, legacies or transfers to social welfare, cultural and charitable institutions, no part of the income of which inures to the benefit of any individual, provided that not more than 30% of the said bequests, devises, legacies or transfers shall be used for administrative purposes
COMPARATIVE COMPOSITION OF GROSS ESTATE BASED ON LOCATION OF PROPERTY
Resident Non-resident, Or Citizen not citizen 1. Real property in the Philippines 2. Real property outside the Philippines 3. Tangible personal property in the Philippines 4. Tangible personal property outside the Philippines 5. Intangible personal property in the Phils 6. Intangible personal property outside the Phils Included Included Included Included Included Included Included Not Included Included Not Included Included Not Included
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B. GROSS ESTATE
Composition The following properties and interest therein at the time of decedents death: Citizens and Resident Aliens all properties, real or personal, tangible or intangible, wherever situated Non-resident Aliens only properties situated in the Philippines provided that, with respect to intangible personal property, its inclusion in the gross estate is subject to the rule of reciprocity provided for under Sect 104, NIRC Decedents interest Value to be included in the gross estate is the extent of the interest therein of the decedent at the time of his death Q: What is residence for estate tax purposes? It refers to the permanent home, the place to which whenever absent, for business or pleasure, one intends to return, and depends on facts and circumstances, in the sense that they disclose intent. (Corre v. Tan Corre, 100 Phil 321) It is, therefore, not necessarily the actual place of residence. The term residence and domicile are synonymous and are used interchangeably without distinction. (Collector v. Lara, 102 Phil 813; Velilla v. Posadas, 62 Phil 624). Q: What is the situs personal property? of intangible
Q: What are the intangible properties which are considered by law as situated in the Philippines? Franchise which must be exercised in the Philippines Obligations or bonds issued by any corporation or sociedad anonima organized or constituted in the Philippines Shares, obligations or bonds issued by any foreign corporation 85% of the business of which is located in the Philippines Shares, obligations or bonds issued by any foreign corporation if such shares, obligations or bonds have acquired a business situs in the Philippines Shares or rights in any partnership, business or industry established in the Philippines
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Q: What is the reciprocity rule? (Sec. 104, NIRC) There is reciprocity if the foreign country of which the decedent was a citizen and resident at the time of his death: did not impose a transfer tax of any character, in respect of intangible personal property of citizens of the Philippines not residing in that foreign country; or allowed a similar exemption from transfer tax in respect of intangible personal property owned by citizens of the Philippines not residing in that country [In sum, both states must exempt nonresidents (citizens of the other state) from transfer taxes in respect of intangible personal property.] Note: For the reciprocity rule to apply, there must be TOTAL reciprocity. [For instance,] in the Philippines, both estate and inheritance taxes are imposed on the estate while in California only inheritance tax is imposed. The reciprocity rule may not be availed of. Reciprocity has to be total. (CIR v. Fisher, 110 Phil 686) Reciprocity in exemption does not require the foreign country to possess international personality in the traditional sense (i.e., compliance with the requisites of statehood). Thus, Tangier, Morroco (Collector v. CamposRueda, 42 SCRA 23) and California, a
GR: situs is at the domicile or residence of the owner. Exception: When it is inconsistent with the express provisions of statute, or Justice does not demand that it should be, as where the property has in fact a situs elsewhere. CASE LAW: Collector v. Lara (102 Phil 813) When the owner of personal property, during his lifetime, extended his activities with respect to his interests so as to avail himself of the protection and benefits of the laws of the Philippines, so as to bring his person or property within the reach of the Philippines, the reason for a single place of taxation no longer obtains. His property in the Philippines enjoys the protection of the government so that the right to collect the estate tax cannot be questioned.
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state in the American Union (Collector v. de Lara, 102 Phil 813) were held to be foreign countries within the meaning of Section 104. Valuation of the Gross Estate (88 of the NIRC and 5 of RR 2-2003) GENERAL RULE: The properties comprising the gross estate shall be valued based on FAIR MARKET VALUE (FMV) as of the time of death. Real property F MV as determined by the Commissioner OR FMV as shown in the schedule of values fixed by the provincial and city assessors, whichever is HIGHER. Shares of Stock o Listed shares FMV is the arithmetic mean between the highest and lowest quotation at a date of death, OR the date nearest the date of death, if none is available on the date of death itself o Unlisted shares - COMMON shares are valued based on BOOK VALUE; while PREFERRED shares are valued at PAR VALUE Right to usufruct, use or habitation, annuity - the probable life of the beneficiary in accordance with the latest basic standard mortality table is to be taken into account, to be approved by the Secretary of Finance, upon recommendation of the Insurance Commissioner.
1. Ordinary Deductions
a. Expenses, Losses, Indebtedness and Taxes [ELIT] [fjc cult] FUNERAL EXPENSES (86-A1) (max. P200K) Allowable deduction is whichever is lower of the actual funeral expenses (WON paid) up to the time of interment, or an amount equal to 5% of the gross estate, but in no case to exceed P200,000.
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Note: The unpaid portion of the funeral expenses incurred which is in excess of the P200,000 threshold is NOT allowed to be claimed as a deduction under claims against the estate (see 1(c) below). (Sec. 6(A)(1) of RR 02-2003)
C. DEDUCTIONS
The deductions from the gross estate are: 1. Ordinary Deductions a. Expenses, losses, indebtedness, taxes, etc. (ELIT) Funeral expenses; Judicial expenses of testamentary or intestate proceedings; Claims against the estate; Claims against insolvent persons; Unpaid mortgage or indebtedness on property, Taxes; Losses b. Vanishing Deduction c. Transfer for public use 2. Special Deductions** a. Family home; b. Standard deduction; c. Medical Expenses; d. Amount received by heir under RA 4917 ** Not available to the estate of non-resident, aliens in the Philippines.
Examples of funeral expenses (RR 22003, Sec. 6-A1) o The MOURNING APPAREL of the surviving spouse and unmarried minor children of the deceased, bought and used on the occasion of the burial o EXPENSES for the deceaseds WAKE, including food and drinks o PUBLICATION CHARGES for death notices o TELECOMMUNICATIONS EXPENSES incurred in informing relatives of the deceased o Cost of BURIAL PLOT, TOMBSTONES, MONUMENT or MAUSOLEUM but not their upkeep. In case the deceased owns a family estate or several burial lots, only the value corresponding to the plot where he is buried is deductible o INTERMENT and/or CREMATION FEES and CHARGES o All other expenses incurred for the performance of the RITES and CEREMONIES incident to interment Expenses NOT deductible as funeral expenses o Expenses incurred AFTER INTERMENT, such as for prayers, masses, entertainment, or the like o Any portion of the funeral and burial expenses BORNE or DEFRAYED by RELATIVES and FRIENDS of the deceased
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Illustrations: o If five percent (5%) of the gross estate is P220,000 and the amount actually incurred is P215,000, the maximum amount that may be deducted is only P200,000; o If five percent (5%) of the gross estate is P 100,000 and the total amount incurred is P150,000 where P20,000 thereof is still unpaid, the only amount that can be claimed as deduction for funeral expenses is P100,000. The entire P50,000 excess amount consisting of P30,000 paid amount and P20,000 unpaid amount can no longer be claimed as FUNERAL EXPENSES. Neither can the P20,000 unpaid portion be deducted from the gross estate as CLAIMS AGAINST THE ESTATE. JUDICIAL EXPENSES of testamentary and intestate proceedings (86-A1) o Allowable deductions are expenses incurred, in the inventory-taking of the assets comprising the gross estate, their administration, the payment of debts of the estate, as well as the distribution of the estate among the heirs, DURING THE SETTLEMENT OF THE ESTATE BUT NOT BEYOND THE LAST DAY PRESCRIBED BY LAW, or the extension thereof, FOR THE FILING OF THE ESTATE TAX RETURN (RR 2-2003, Sec. 6-A2)
debts or the distribution of property to the persons entitled to it. CLAIMS AGAINST THE ESTATE (86A1) Claims debts or demands of a pecuniary nature which could have been enforced against the deceased in his lifetime and could have been reduced to simple money judgments. May arise out of contract, tort or operation of law. Fees to litigate case among heirs not deductible
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Requisites for deductibility [PVN GF](RR 2-2003, Sec. 6-A3): 1) must be a PERSONAL OBLIGATION of the deceased existing at the time of his death (except unpaid funeral expenses and unpaid medical expenses, which are classified into their own separate categories) 2) liability must have been contracted in GOOD FAITH and for adequate and full consideration in money or moneys worth 3) the claim must be a debt or claim which is VALID IN LAW and ENFORCEABLE IN COURT 4) indebtedness NOT CONDONED by the creditor or the action to collect from the decedent must not have prescribed. Dizon v. CTA (2008, Nachura): Issue: May actual claims of creditors be fully allowed as deductions from the gross estate despite the fact that the said claims were reduced or condoned through compromise agreements entered into by the Estate with its creditors. Held: Post-death development should not be considered. There is no law, nor do we discern any legislative intent in our tax laws, which disregards the date-of-death valuation principle and particularly provides that post-death developments must be considered in determining the net value of the estate. It bears emphasis that tax burdens are not to be imposed, nor presumed to be imposed, beyond what the statute expressly and clearly imports, tax statutes being construed strictissimi juris against the government.
Examples of judicial expenses o Fees of executor or administrator o Attorneys fees o Court fees o Accountants fees o Appraisers fees o Clerk hire o Costs of preserving and distributing the estate o Costs of storing or maintaining property of the estate o Brokerage fees for selling property of the estate Case Law: Commissioner v. CA (328 SCRA 666) The notarial fee paid for the extrajudicial settlement is deductible since such settlement effected a distribution of the estate to the lawful heirs. Attorneys fees to be deductible from the gross estate must be essential to the collection of assets, payment of
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Any doubt on whether a person, article or activity is taxable is generally resolved against taxation. Such construction finds relevance and consistency in our Rules on Special Proceedings wherein the term "claims" required to be presented against a decedent's estate is generally construed to mean debts or demands of a pecuniary nature which could have been enforced against the deceased in his lifetime, or liability contracted by the deceased before his death. Therefore, the claims existing at the time of death are significant to, and should be made the basis of, the determination of allowable. CLAIMS AGAINST PERSONS (86-A1) INSOLVENT
are not claimed as a deduction for income tax purposes in an income tax return were incurred NOT LATER THAN THE LAST DAY FOR PAYMENT OF THE ESTATE TAX (6 months)
TAXES Deductible from the gross estate IF: They have accrued as of the death of the decedent They were unpaid as of the time of death Note: This deduction DOES NOT include income tax upon income received after death, or property taxes not accrued before his death, or the estate tax due from the transmission of his estate.
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Deductible from the gross estate, provided that the value of the decedents interest in the claim is included in the value of the gross estate.
b. Property Previously Taxed (Vanishing Deductions) (86-A2) Deduction allowed on the property left behind by the decedent which he had acquired previously by inheritance or donation.
UNPAID MORTGAGES, LOSSES AND TAXES (86-A1 and RR 2-2003, Sec. 6A5) UNPAID MORTGAGES Deductible from gross estate, provided: That the value of the decedents interest in the property encumbered by such mortgage or indebtedness is included in the value of the gross estate That the deduction shall be limited to the extent that they were contracted bona fide and for an adequate and full consideration in money or moneys worth, if such unpaid mortgages or indebtedness were founded upon a promise or an agreement. LOSSES deductible from the gross estate if ALL of the following conditions are satisfied: The losses were INCURRED DURING the SETTLEMENT of the estate arose from FIRES, STORMS, SHIPWRECK or OTHER CASUALTIES, or from ROBBERY, THEFT or EMBEZZLEMENT are NOT COMPENSATED BY INSURANCE or otherwise
Rationale: Previously, a transfer tax had already been imposed on the property, either the estate tax (if property inherited) or the donors tax (if property donated). Now that the recipient of the inheritance or donation has died, the same property will again be subjected to a transfer tax, the estate tax. Thus, to minimize the effects of a double tax on the same property within a short period of time, i.e. five (5) years, the law allows a deduction to be claimed on the said property. Example: Mr. A died in December 2003. In March 2003, Mr. B (Mr. As father) died and left Mr. A some properties as inheritance. May vanishing deductions be claimed as deductions in computing Mr. As net taxable estate? YES, vanishing deductions shall be allowed if the following conditions are met (REQUISITES FOR DEDUCTIBILITY): [PINID] 1) Death the present decedent (Mr. A) died within five years from the receipt of the property from a prior decedent (Mr. B) or donor;
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2) Identity of the property The property with respect to which deduction is sought can be identified as the one received from the prior decedent or the donor, or as the property acquired in exchange for the original property so received. 3) Inclusion of the property The property must have formed part of the gross estate situated in the Philippines of the prior decedent, or the total amount of the gifts of the donor 4) Previous taxation of the property the donor's tax on the gift or estate tax on the prior succession (Mr. Bs succession) was finally determined and paid 5) No vanishing deduction on the property was allowed to the estate of the prior decedent. (Illustration of how this requirement may NOT be met: In the example above, if Mr. B received the same properties as a donation from Mr. C in July 2002, a vanishing deduction on the properties was claimed with respect to Mr. Bs estate. Thus, no more vanishing deduction may be claimed by Mr. As estate) Computation of vanishing deduction Using the facts above, assume that Mr. A inherited a car and a house from his father Mr. B. The FMV of the car was P120,000 and the FMV of the house was P800,000 at the time of Mr. Bs death. At the time Mr. A inherited the land, it was subject to a mortgage of P80,000. Mr. A paid P70,000 of the mortgage during his lifetime (leaving a balance of P10,000). The FMV of the properties at the time of Mr. As death were P850,000 for the land and P70,000 for the car. Mr. As gross estate amounted to P3,200,000 while total deductions (excluding medical expenses, standard deductions, family home) amounted to P600,000.
lower amount shall be the initial basis. in the example, the value of the PPT shall be P800,000 for the land and P70,000 for the car, for a total of P870,000
NOTE: The value used on the PPT is significant only for purposes of computing the amount of vanishing deduction. The value included in the decedents gross estate is ALWAYS the fair market value at the time of his death.
2) Then, THE PPT VALUE SHALL BE REDUCED BY ANY PAYMENT MADE BY THE PRESENT DECEDENT ON ANY MORTGAGE or lien on the property Mr. A paid P70,000 of the mortgage. Thus, P870,000 less 70,000 is P800,000 The P800,000 is known as the INITIAL BASIS 3) The INITIAL BASIS shall be FURTHER REDUCED by an amount equal to:
INITIAL BASIS Gross Estate X Total amount of deductions*
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* excluding family home, medical expenses, standard deduction and amounts received under RA 4917
800/3200 x 600,000 equals 150,000. This will be deducted from P800,000, which gives a balance of P650,000 The 650,000 is known as the FINAL BASIS.
4) Finally, the remaining balance shall be multiplied by the corresponding percentage:

% 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% If received by inheritance or gift: within one (1) year prior to the death of the present decedent More than one year but not more than two years prior to the death of the decedent More than two years but not more than three years prior to the death of the decedent More than three years but not more than four years prior to the death of the decedent More than four years but not more than five years prior to the death of the decedent
1) First, GET THE VALUE OF THE PROPERTY PREVIOUSLY TAXED (PPT): compare the values of the property at the time of the prior decedents death and at the time of the present decedents death. The
Since Mr. A received the inheritance in March 2003 (within 1 year from his death in
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December 2003), the balance of P650,000 shall be multiplied by 100%. Thus, the allowable vanishing deduction is P650,000
FORMULA: 1) VALUE TAKEN FOR PPT (always the lower values)
intends to return. (RR 2-2003, Sec. 6D) Requisites for Deductibility 1) The family home must be the actual residential home of the decedent and his family at the time of his death, as certified by the barangay captain of the locality. 2) The total value of the family home must be included as part of the gross estate of the decedent 3) Allowable deduction must be in an amount equivalent to the current FMV of the family home as declared or included in the gross estate but in no case shall the deduction exceed P1,000,000 b. STANDARD DEDUCTION (86-A5) (P1m) An amount equivalent to One million pesos (P1,000,000) shall be deducted from the gross estate without need of substantiation. c. MEDICAL EXPENSES (86-A6) (max. of P500K) All medical expenses (cost of medicine, hospital bills, doctors fees, etc.) incurred (whether paid or unpaid) Requisites for Deductibility: 1. The expenses were incurred by the decedent within one (1) year prior to his death 2. The expenses are duly substantiated with receipts PROVIDED, that in no case shall the deductible medical expenses exceed Five Hundred Thousand Pesos (P500,000).
Note: Any amount of medical expenses incurred within one year from death in excess of P500,000 CANNOT be claimed as a deduction under Claims against the estate. (RR 2-2003, Sec. 6-F)
LESS: MORTGAGE (OR LIEN) PAID IF ANY (1ST deduction) 2) INITIAL BASIS (IB)
LESS: 2ND deduction = IB/GE x Total Deductions less Those exclusions 3) X 4) FINAL BASIS RATES IN s86A-2 VANISHING DEDUCTION (in an Estate Tax Return, this is deducted from the Exclusive Properties of the decedent which form part of the gross estate.
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c. Transfers for Public Purpose The whole amount of all the BEQUESTS, LEGACIES, DEVISES or TRANSFERS to or for the use of the Government of the Republic of the Philippines, or any political subdivision thereof, for exclusively public purposes shall be deductible from gross estate, provided such amount or value had been included in the gross estate.
2. Special Deductions (FSMA)

a. FAMILY HOME (maximum of P1m) It is the dwelling house, including the land on which it is situated, where the husband and wife, or a head or the family, and members of their family reside, as certified to by the Barangay Captain of the locality. It is deemed constituted on the house and lot from the time it is actually occupied as the family residence and considered as such for as long as any of its beneficiaries actually resides therein. (Arts. 152 and 153, Family Code) Temporary absence from the constituted family home due to travel or studies or work abroad, etc. does not interrupt actual occupancy. The family home is generally characterized by permanency, that is, the place to which, whenever absent for business or pleasure, one still
d. AMOUNTS RECEIVED BY HEIRS UNDER RA 4917 (86-A7) Any amount received by the heirs from the decedents employer as a consequence of the death of the decedent-employee in accordance with RA No. 4917 (this law provides that retirement benefits of private employees shall not be subject to attachment, levy execution or any tax), PROVIDED that such amount
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is included in the gross estate of the decedent. QUICK GLANCE:

Resident or citizen decedent GROSS ESTATE all property at the time of death, wherever situated DEDUCTIONS funeral expenses judicial expenses claims against the estate claims against insolvents unpaid mortgage and debt taxes and losses transfers for public use vanishing deductions family home standard deduction medical expenses amounts received under R.A. 4917 share in conjugal property Non-resident alien decedent GROSS ESTATE includes only that part of gross estate located in the Philippines DEDUCTIONS funeral expenses judicial expenses claims against the estate claims against insolvents unpaid mortgage and debt taxes and losses transfers for public use vanishing deductions share in conjugal property NOTE: To compute for total allowable deductions of the first six items above, this formula is used: Gross Estate, Phils. Gross Estate, World World expenses, losses, X indebtedness, taxes etc.
E. TAX CREDIT FOR ESTATE TAXES (86-E)

Q: What is a tax credit? It is a remedy against international double taxation. To minimize the onerous effect of taxing the same property twice, tax credit against Philippine estate tax is allowed for estate taxes paid to foreign countries. Q: Who may avail of tax credit? Only the estate of a decedent who was a citizen or a resident of the Philippines at the time of his death can claim tax credit for any estate tax paid to a foreign country. Q: What is the amount allowable as tax credit? General Rule: The estate tax imposed by the Philippines shall be credited with the amounts of any estate tax imposed by the authority of a foreign country. Limitations: a. The amount of the credit in respect to the tax paid to any country shall not exceed the same proportion of the tax against which such credit is taken, which the decedent's net estate situated within such country taxable under the NIRC bears to his entire net estate; (PER COUNTRY BASIS) and b. The total amount of the credit shall not exceed the same proportion of the tax against which such credit is taken, which the decedent's net estate situated outside the Philippines taxable under the NIRC bears to his entire net estate. (OVERALL BASIS) Illustration: Assume:
Net Estate Philippines (reduced by all allowable deductions, except standard deduction) Country G Net Estate Country H Net Estate Tax paid/incurred: Philippines Country G Country H P 1,050,000
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Note: No deduction shall be allowed in the case of a non-resident decedent not a citizen of the Philippines, unless the executor, administrator, or anyone of the heirs, as the case may be, includes in the return required to be filed under Section 90 of the Code the value at the time of the decedents death of that part of his gross estate NOT situated in the Philippines. (Section 86, NIRC)
D. TAX RATES APPLICABLE:

If the net estate is:
OVER BUT NOT OVER 200,000 500,000 2 million 5 million 10million And Over TAX IS OF THE PLUS EXCESS OVER 200,000 500,000 2 million 5 million 10 million
300,000 150,000 15,000 5,000 1,400
200,000 500,000 2 million 5 million 10 million
Exempt 0 5% 15,000 8% 135,000 11% 465,000 15% 1,215,000 20%
Net taxable estate is P500,000 (1,050,000 + 300,000 + 150,000 1,000,000 standard deduction). The Philippine estate tax on P500,000 is P15,000
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Solution Limitation A: To get tax credit per country under Limitation A, this formula is followed: Net Estate in a Particular Country Net Estate Worldwide Phil. Estate Tax
Tax Credit
If there is only one foreign country involved, both Limitations will yield the same answer. To get the tax credit allowable, use the formula in Limitation A. The resulting amount will be compared to the actual tax paid to the foreign country. The lower amount will be the final allowable tax credit.
The result after applying the formula above is compared to the tax actually paid for each foreign country. The lower of the two amounts for each foreign country will be added to get the total tax credit allowed under Limitation A.
Amount Allowed whichever is Lower) Country G 3,000 (300/1500 x 15,000) Actually paid to 5,000 Country G Country H 1,500 (150/1500 x 15,000) Actually paid to 1,400 Country H Tax credit allowed under Limitation A 3,000
(Source: Reyes, Income Tax Law and Accounting)
F. COMPLIANCE REQUIREMENTS
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Estate Tax 1. Person Liable for Payment Primarily, the estate, through the executor or administrator. Payment shall be made before the delivery of the distributive share in the inheritance to any heir or beneficiary. If there are two or more executors or administrators, all of them are severally liable for the payment of the tax. The estate tax clearance issued by the Commissioner or the Revenue District Officer (RDO) having jurisdiction over the estate, will serve as the authority to distribute the remaining properties/share in the inheritance to the heir or beneficiary.
1,400 P 4,400
Solution Limitation B: Net Estate in all Foreign Countries Net Estate Worldwide Phil. Estate Tax
Tax Credit
The result after applying the formula above is compared to the tax actually paid in total to foreign countries. The lower of the two amounts will be added to get the total tax credit allowed under Limitation B.
Amount Allowed (Lower) 450/1500 x 15,000 4,500 Total foreign income 6,400 taxes paid Tax credit allowed under Limitation B
Subsidiarily, heirs or beneficiaries, for the payment of that portion of the estate which his distributive share bears to the value of the total net estate. The extent of his liability, however, shall in no case exceed the value of his share in the inheritance.
P 4,500
Compare the tax credit allowed under Limitation A and Limitation B. The lower of the two amounts is the final allowable tax credit. In this case, the amount computed under Limitation A (4,400) is lower, thus it becomes the final allowable tax credit.
Marcos II v. Court of Appeals: Claims for taxes, whether assessed before or after the death of the deceased, can be collected from the heirs even after the distribution of the properties of the decedent. They are exempted from the application of the statute of non-claims. The heirs shall be liable therefor, in proportion to their share in the inheritance. Thus, the Government has two ways of collecting the taxes in question: One, by going after all the heirs and collecting from each one of them the amount of the tax proportionate to the inheritance received.
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Another remedy (pursuant to the lien created by Section 315 of the Tax Code upon all property and rights to property belong to the taxpayer for unpaid income tax) is by subjecting said property of the estate which is in the hands of an heir or transferee to the payment of the tax due the estate. The approval of the court, sitting in probate, or as a settlement tribunal over the deceased is not a mandatory requirement in the collection of estate taxes. 2. Notice of Death A written Notice of Death must be given to the BIR within two (2) months after the death of the decedent or within a period after the executor or administrator or executor qualifies as such: 1. In all cases of transfers subject to tax or 2. Where, though exempt from tax, the gross value of the estate exceeds P20,000.
the Philippines, of that part of his gross estate situated in the Philippines; b. The deductions allowed from gross estate in determining the net taxable estate; and c. Such part of such information as may at the time be ascertainable and such supplemental data as may be necessary to establish the correct taxes. d. For estate tax returns showing a gross value exceeding Two million pesos (P2,000,000) there must be a statement duly certified to by a Certified Public Accountant containing the following: Itemized assets of the decedent with their corresponding gross value at the time of his death, or in the case of a nonresident, not a citizen of the Philippines, of that part of his gross estate situated in the Philippines; Itemized deductions from gross estate allowed in Section 86; and The amount of tax due whether paid or still due and outstanding. 3. When filed General Rule: Filed within six (6) months from the decedent's death. Exception: The Commissioner shall have authority to grant, in meritorious cases, a reasonable extension not exceeding thirty (30) days for filing the return 4. Where filed Except in cases where the Commissioner otherwise permits, the return shall be filed with: an authorized agent bank (AAB), or Revenue District Officer (RDO), Collection Officer, or duly authorized Treasurer of the city or municipality in which the decedent was domiciled at the time of his death, or if there be no legal residence in the Philippines, with the Office of the Commissioner. Payment of Estate Tax 1. When paid At the time the return is filed by the executor, administrator or the heirs. 2. Extension of Payment The Commissioner may allow an extension of payment, if he finds that the payment on the due date of the estate tax or of any part
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Estate Tax Return 1. When required a. When the estate is subject to estate tax, OR b. When, though exempt from tax, the gross value of the estate exceeds Two hundred thousand pesos (P200,000), OR c. Regardless of the gross value of the estate, when the said estate consists of registered or registrable property such as real property, motor vehicle, shares of stock or other similar property for which a clearance from the Bureau of Internal Revenue is required as a condition precedent for the transfer of ownership thereof in the name of the transferee. 2. Contents The executor, or the administrator, or any of the legal heirs, as the case may be, shall file a return under oath in duplicate, setting forth: a. The value of the gross estate of the decedent at the time of his death, or in case of a nonresident, not a citizen of
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thereof would impose undue hardship upon the estate or any of the heirs extension not to exceed five (5) years, in case the estate is settled judicially, or two (2) years in case the estate is settled extrajudicially Where the taxes are assessed by reason of negligence, intentional disregard of rules and regulations, or fraud on the part of the taxpayer, no extension will be granted by the Commissioner. If extension granted, the Commissioner may require the executor, or administrator, or beneficiary, as the case may be, to furnish a BOND in such amount, not exceeding DOUBLE the amount of the tax and with such sureties as the Commissioner deems necessary, conditioned upon the payment of the said tax in accordance with the terms of the extension.
Standard deduction Medical expenses Net taxable estate
1,000,000 500,000 (2,500,000) 3,000,000
Note: Although the family home is valued at P2 million, the maximum allowable deduction for the family home is P1million only. Medical expenses are not included in the deductions referred under Section 86(A)(1) of the Code but are treated as a special item of deduction under Section 86(A)(6) of the same Code.
2. Decedent is a married man with a surviving spouse Family home is exclusive property
Exclusive Total 5,000,000 2,000,000 2,500,000 9,500,000 Conjugal Real& personal properties 5,000,000 Family home Other exclusive prop Gross estate 5,000,000 Less: Ordinary Deductions Funeral expenses 200,000 Other deductions 1,300,000 Total Conjugal deductions (1,500,000) Net estate before share of spouse 3,500,000 Less Share of surviving spouse 1/2 of 3,500,000 Net Estate before special deductions Less: Special Deductions Family Home Standard Deduction Medical Expenses Net Taxable Estate
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2,000,000 2,500,000 4,500,000
3. Effects of granting an extension Payment of the amount in respect of which the extension is granted on or before the date of the expiration of the period of the extension Suspension of the running of statute of limitations for deficiency assessment for the period of any extension Any amount paid after the statutory due date of the tax, but within the extension period, shall be subject to interest but not to surcharge. Q: Can estate installments? tax be paid in
(1,500,000) 4,500,000 8,000,000 (1,750,000) 6,250,000 (1,000,000) (1,000,000) (500,000) 3,750,000
Yes. In case the available cash of the estate is not sufficient to pay its total estate tax liability, the estate may be allowed to pay the tax by installment and a clearance shall be released only with respect to the property the corresponding/computed tax on which has been paid. (RR 2-2003)
Family home is conjugal or community property

Conjugal Exclusive Total 5,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 9,000,000
G. ILLUSTRATIONS
1. Decedent is an unmarried head of a family
Real and personal properties family home Gross estate Less: Deductions Ordinary deductions Funeral expenses Other deductions Special deductions Family Home 5,000,000 2,000,000 7,000,000
200,000 1,300,000 (1,500,000) 1,000,000
Real and personal properties Family home Other exclusive properties Gross estate Less: Ordinary Deductions Funeral expenses Other dedns Total Conjugal deductions
5,000,000 2000000
7,000,000
200,000 1,300,000 (1,500,000) (1,500,000)
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REVIEWER IN TAXATION LAW Net estate before share of spouse 5,500,000 Less Share of surviving spouse (1/2 of 5,500,000) Net Estate before special deductions Less: Special Deductions Family Home Standard Deduction Medical Expenses Net Taxable Estate
2,000,000
7,500,000 ` (2,750,000) 4,750,000 (1,000,000) (1,000,000) (500,000) 2,250,000
GIFT or DONATION- an act of liberality whereby a person disposes gratuitously of a thing or right in favor of another who accepts it. (Art 725, Civil Code) REQUISITES for a gift to be subject to donors tax: [ACID] 1. The donor must have CAPACITY 2. There must be an INTENT TO DONATE 3. There must be DELIVERY, either actual or constructive 4. The donee must ACCEPT the donation
Family home is conjugal property, valued at P1,500,000

Conjugal Exclusive Total 5,000,000 1,500,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 8,500,000
2. Kinds of Donations
1. Donations inter vivos a donation made between living persons, which is perfected the moment the donor knows of the acceptance of the gift by the donee; subject to donors tax 2. Donations mortis causa a donation which takes effect upon the death of the donor; subject to estate tax Q: What are considered donations for tax purposes? 1. Sales, exchanges and other transfers of property for less than an adequate and full consideration in money or moneys worth
Noteworthy, the element of donative intent is conclusively presumed in transfers of property for less than an adequate or full consideration in money or moneys worth.
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Real and personal properties 5,000,000 Family home 1,500,000 Other exclusive properties Gross estate 6,500,000 Less: Ordinary Deductions Funeral expenses 200,000 Other deductions 1,300,000 Total Conjugal deductions (1,500,000) Net estate before share of spouse 5,000,000 Less Share of surviving spouse 1/2 of 5,000,000 Net Estate before special deductions Less: Special Deductions Family Home Standard Deduction Medical Expenses Net Taxable Estate
(1,500,000) 2,000,000 7,000,000 ` (2,500,000) 4,500,000 (750,000) (1,000,000) (500,000) 2,250,000
2. Condonation or remission of debt where the debtor did not render service in favor of the creditor However, real property considered capital assets under the Tax Code are excepted from this rule. (Sec 100 in relation to Sec 24(d)) Under Section 24(d), the fair market value itself, if higher than the gross selling price, is the base for computing the capital gains tax imposed upon the sale of such capital assets. Thus, what the seller avoids in the payment of the donors tax, it pays for in the capital gains tax.
Note: Only 750,000 is allowed as a deduction for the family home, considering that it was conjugal property valued at P1,500,000. This value is subdivided into P750,000, which belonged to the decedent, and P750,000, which belonged to the surviving spouse. The part owned by the decedent (P750,000) is compared with the P1,000,000 maximum deduction, the lower of the two amounts being the allowable deduction.
II. DONORS TAX A. PRINCIPLES 1. Definition

Not defined under the Tax Reform Act of 1997. A gift is merely subjected to donors tax.
3. Applicable Law
The law in force at the time of the perfection/ completion of the donation (Sec 11, RR 2-2003) Note: Any contribution in cash or in kind to any candidate, political party or coalition of
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parties for campaign purposes shall be governed by the Election Code, as amended. (Sec. 99(C), NIRC) Case Law: Abello v. CIR (Feb. 23, 2005) The contributions of the ACCRA partners to the campaign funds of Sen. Angara during the 1987 national elections constitutes a donation, thus, subject to gift taxes. However, the SC noted that succeeding cases shall be governed by RA 7166 enacted by Congress on Nov. 25, 1991. The RA provides in Sec 13 that political/electoral contributions, duly reported to the Commission on Elections, are NOT subject to the payment of any gift tax.
1. did not impose a transfer tax of any character, in respect of intangible personal property of citizens of the Philippines not residing in that foreign country; or 2. allowed a similar exemption from transfer tax in respect of intangible personal property owned by citizens of the Philippines not residing in that country This rule applies to the transmission by gift of intangible personal property located or with a situs within the Philippines of a nonresident alien.
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C. EXEMPTIONS
Deductible from gross gifts in order to arrive at the taxable net gifts. Not to be treated as exclusions from the gross gifts of the donor.
B. PROPERTIES INCLUDED 1. Classes of Donors and their Gross Gift

1. Citizens or Residents of the Philippines all properties located not only within the Philippines but also in foreign countries 2. Nonresident Alien all real and tangible properties within the Philippines, and intangible personal property, unless there is reciprocity, in which case it is not taxable Q: What are the intangible properties which are considered by law as situated in the Philippines? 1. Franchise which must be exercised in the Philippines 2. Obligations or bonds issued by any corporation or sociedad anonima organized or constituted in the Philippines 3. Shares, obligations or bonds issued by any foreign corporation 85% of the business of which is located in the Philippines 4. Shares, obligations or bonds issued by any foreign corporation if such shares, obligations or bonds have acquired a business situs in the Philippines 5. Shares or rights in any partnership, business or industry established in the Philippines
1. Dowries or donations made: a. on account of marriage b. before its celebration or within one year thereafter c. by parents to each of their legitimate, recognized natural, or adopted children d. to the extent of the first P10,000. e. However, this exemption may not be availed of by a non-resident not a citizen of the Philippines. Q: Can both parents making a donation to a child in consideration of marriage avail of the P10,000 deduction? Yes. If both spouses made the gift, then the gift is taxable one-half to each donor spouse. Separate donors tax returns must be filed; husband and wife are considered as separate and distinct taxpayers for purposes of donors tax. (Section 12, RR 2-2003) However, where there is failure to prove that the donation was actually made by both spouses, the donation is taxable as an exclusive act of the husband (Tang Ho v. BTA, 97 Phil 890), without prejudice to the right of the wife to question the validity of the donation without her consent pursuant to the provisions of the Civil Code and the Family Code. (Section 12, supra) 2. Gifts made to or for the use of the National Government or any entity created by any of its agencies which is
2. Rule on Reciprocity (Sec 104, NIRC)

There is reciprocity if the foreign country of which the decedent was a citizen and resident at the time of his death:
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not conducted for profit, or to any political subdivision of the said Government 3. Gifts in favor of an educational and/or charitable, religious, cultural or social welfare corporation, institution, accredited non-government organization, trust or philanthropic organization or research institution or organization, Provided not more than 30% of said gifts will be used by such donee for administration purposes Q: What is a non-profit educational and/or charitable corporation, etc? It is a school, college or university and/or charitable corporation, accredited NGO, trust or philanthropic organization and/or research institution or organization: Incorporated as a non-stock entity, Paying no dividends, Governed by trustees who receive no compensation, and Devoting all its income, whether students fees or gifts, donations, subsidies or other forms of philanthropy, to the accomplishment and promotion of the purposes enumerated in its Articles of Incorporation 4. Encumbrances on the property donated if assumed by the donee in the deed of donation 5. Donations made to entities exempted under special laws, e.g.: o Aquaculture Department of the Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center of the Philippines Development Academy of the Philippines Integrated Bar of the Philippines International Rice Research Institute National Museum National Library National Social Action Council Ramon Magsaysay Foundation Philippine Inventors Commission Philippine American Cultural Foundation Task Force on Human Settlement on the donation of equipment, materials and services
calendar year P100,000.00
is
not
more
than
Net Gifts The net economic benefit from the transfer that accrues to the donee. Accordingly, if a mortgaged property is transferred as a gift, but imposing upon the donee the obligation to pay the mortgage liability, then the net gift is measured by deducting from the fair market value of the property the amount of the mortgage assumed. (Section 11, RR 2-2003)
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D. COMPUTATION
How is donors tax computed? This general formula shall be followed:
Gross gifts made Less: Deductions from the gross gifts Net gifts made Multiplied by applicable rate Donors tax on the net gifts
If there were several gifts made during the year, this formula is followed:
Gross gifts made on this date Less: Deductions from the gross gifts Net gifts made on this date Add: all prior net gifts during the year Aggregate net gifts Multiplied by applicable rate Donors tax on the aggregate net gifts Less: donors tax paid on prior net gifts Donors tax due on the net gifts to date
E. RATES OF TAX
The applicable donors tax rate is dependent upon the relationship between the donor and the donee. 1. If the donee is a stranger to the donor, the tax rate is equivalent to 30 % of the net gifts. A stranger for purposes of the donors tax a. a person who is not a brother, sister (whether by whole or halfblood), spouse, ancestor or lineal descendant, or b. a person who is not a relative by consanguinity in the collateral line within the fourth degree of relationship. (Sec. 99(B))
Note that donations made between business organizations and those made between an individual and a business organization shall be considered as donations made to a stranger (RR 22003)
o o o o o o o o o o
6. Donations to persons not strangers where the total of such net gifts for the
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2. If the donee is not a stranger to the donor, the tax for each calendar year shall be computed on the basis of the total net gifts made during the calendar year:
Over But not Over 100,000 200,000 500,000 1M 3M 5M 10M Tax Is Plus Of the Excess Over 100,000 200,000 500,000 1M 3M 5M 10M
The computation of the donors tax is on a cumulative basis over a period of one calendar year.
Illustrations: 1. Donation to son by parents on account of marriage (P100,000): Husband Net Taxable Gift: P50,000 10,000 = P40,000 Tax Due: None, since P40,000 is below the P100,000 threshold Wife same as above
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0 100,000 200,000 500,000 1M 3M 5M 10M
Exempt 0 2,000 14,000 44,000 204,000 404,000 1,004,000
2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 15%
Note: A legally adopted child is entitled to all the rights and obligations provided by law to legitimate children, and therefore, a donation to him shall not be considered as a donation made to a stranger.
F. OBJECT OF TAXATION
Donors tax shall be imposed whether the transfer is in trust or otherwise, whether the gift is direct or indirect and whether the property is real or personal, tangible or intangible.
2. Donation to son and daughter-in-law by parents on account of marriage (P100,000): Husband Gift pertaining to the son o Net Taxable Gift: P25,000 10,000 = P15,000 o Tax Due: None, since P15,000 is below the P100,000 threshold Gift pertaining to the daughterin-law o Net Taxable Gift: P25,000 o Tax Due: P25,000 x 30% = P7,500 Wife same as above
3. Donations to donees not considered strangers for tax purposes were made on:
January 30, 2002 March 30, 2002 August 15, 2002 P 2,000,000 P 1,000,000 P 500,000 After the second donation January Donation - P2,000,000 March Donation - 1,000,000 Total P3,000,000 P 204,000 After the third donation January Donation - P2,000,000 March Donation - 1,000,000 August Donation 500,000 Total P3,500,000 P254,000
Net Taxable Gift
After the first donation 2,000,000
Corresponding Donors Tax (refer to schedule) Tax Due / Payable
124,000
124,000
Donors Tax P 204,000 Less: Tax Previously Paid 124,000 Tax Due P80,000
Donors Tax P 254,000 Less: Tax Previously paid (124k+80k) 204,000 Tax Due P50,000
G. VALUATION
If the gift is made in property, the fair market value at that time will be considered the amount of gift. Real Property taxable base = FMV as determined by the Commissioner of BIR (Zonal
Value) or FMV as shown in the latest schedule of values of the provincial and city assessor (Market Value per Tax Declaration), whichever is higher. If there is no zonal value, the taxable base is the FMV that appears in the latest tax declaration.
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Improvement value of improvement is the construction cost per building permit and/or occupancy permit plus 10% per year after year of construction, or the FMV per latest tax declaration.
I. COMPLIANCE REQUIREMENTS
Donors Tax Return A. Who Files Every person, whether natural or juridical, resident or non-resident, who transfers or causes to transfer property by gift, whether in trust or otherwise, whether the gift is direct or indirect and whether the property is real or personal, tangible or intangible. B. Contents of the Donors Tax Return 1. Each gift made during the calendar year which is to be included in computing net gifts; 2. The deductions claimed and allowable; 3. Any previous net gifts made during the same calendar year; 4. The name of the donee; 5. Relationship of the donor to the donee; 6. Such further information as the Commissioner may require. C. When Filed Filed within thirty (30) days after the date the gift is made or completed. The tax due thereon shall be paid at the same time that the return is filed.
H. TAX CREDIT
A situation may arise when the property given as a gift is located in a foreign country and the donor may be subject to donors tax twice on the same property: first, by the Philippine government and second, by the foreign government where the property is situated. The remedy of claiming a tax credit is, therefore, aimed at minimizing the burdensome effect of double taxation by allowing the taxpayer to deduct his foreign tax from his Philippine tax, subject to the limitations provided by law.
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Q: Who may claim tax credit? Tax credit for donors tax may be claimed only by a resident citizen, nonresident citizen and resident alien. Q: What are the limitations on the tax credit? 1. NET GIFT (foreign country) ENTIRE NET GIFTS NET GIFT(all foreign countries) ENTIRE NET GIFTS x PHIL DONORS TAX
D. Where Filed and Paid Unless the Commissioner otherwise permits, it shall be filed and the tax paid to: a. An authorized agent bank b. The Revenue District Officer c. Revenue Collection Officer or d. Duly authorized Treasurer of the city or municipality where the donor was domiciled at the time of the transfer, or e. If there be no legal residence in the Philippines, with the Office of the Commissioner. In the case of gifts made by a nonresident, the return may be filed with: a. The Philippine Embassy or Consulate in the country where he is domiciled at the time of the transfer, or b. Directly with the Office of the Commissioner.
2.
PHIL DONORS TAX
Note: The computation of the donors tax credit is the same as the computation for estate tax credit.
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Part II. Value Added Tax

I. II. III. IV. V. CONCEPT NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS TRANSACTIONS SUBJECT TO VAT PERSONS LIABLE RATES IN GENERAL A. 12% VAT B. ZERO-RATED TRANSACTIONS C. FINAL WITHHOLDING VAT VI. TRANSACTIONS EXEMPT FROM VAT VII. DETERMINING THE VAT BASE VIII. INPUT TAXES A. CREDITABLE INPUT TAX B. EXCESS OUTPUT OR INPUT TAX C. REFUNDS OR TAX CREDITS OF INPUT TAX IX. SUBSTANTIATION REQUIREMENTS X. INVOICING REQUIREMENTS XI. CONSEQUENCES OF ISSUING ERRONEOUS VAT INVOICE OR VAT OFFICIAL RECEIPT XII.REGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS XIII. FILING OF RETURNS AND PAYMENT OF VAT XIV. ENFORCEMENT MEASURES
Computation of the VAT Payable:

Gross taxable sales/receipts Less: Sales returns Sales allowances Sales discounts Net sales Multiply with the VAT rate Output tax (12% of net sales) Input tax carried over from previous period Domestic purchases Importations Total Input tax (12% of total) Total Input tax VAT payable (Output tax less input tax) xxx xxx xxx (xxx) xxx 12% Xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx
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(xxx) xxx
(All amounts in the formula must be NET of VAT)
II. NATURE & CHARACTERISTICS

It is an indirect tax, the amount of which may be shifted to or passed on the buyer, transferee, or lessee of the goods, properties or services. (Sec. 105) This rule shall likewise apply to existing contracts of sale or lease of goods, properties or services at the time of the effectivity of RA No. 9337. RR 16-2005
I. CONCEPT
A. VAT is a percentage tax imposed at every stage of the distribution process on the sale, barter, or exchange, or lease of goods or properties, and on the performance of service in the course of trade or business, or on the importation of goods, whether for business or non-business purposes. B. It is a business tax levied on certain transactions involving a wide range of goods, properties, and services, such tax being payable by the seller, lessor, or transferor. The tax is so-called because it is imposed on the value not previously subjected to VAT (De Leon, The National Internal Revenue Code Annotated, 2000 edition) C. It is also an excise tax, or a tax on the privilege of engaging in the business of selling goods or services, or in the importation of goods. D. The taxpayer (seller) determines his tax liability by computing the tax on the gross selling price or gross receipt (output tax), and subtracting or crediting the earlier VAT on the purchase or importation of goods or on the sale of service (input tax) against the tax due on his own sale.
VAT payable to BIR = OUTPUT TAX INPUT TAX
Constitutionality of VAT ABAKADA Guro Party List, et. al. v Ermita (2005): The validity of raising the VAT rate from 10% to 12% by the President was upheld by SC. The assailed provisions of RA 9337 are those that say that the President, upon the recommendation of the Sec. of Finance, shall raise the rate of VAT to 12% when VAT as a percentage of the GDP of the previous year exceeds 2 4/5% and when the deficit as a percentage of the previous years GDP exceeds 1 %. This is NOT an undue delegation of legislative power. It is simply a delegation of ascertainment of facts upon which enforcement and administration of the increased rate under the law is contingent. It is the ministerial duty of the President to immediately impose the 12% rate upon the existence of any of the conditions specified by Congress.
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Another assailed provision is Sec. 8 amending Sec. 110(B), which imposes a limitation on the amount of input tax (70% of the output tax) that may be credited against the output tax. The Court says this does not violate due process. The excess input tax, if any, is retained in a business books of accounts and remains creditable in the succeeding quarter/s. In addition, Sec. 112(B) allows a VATregistered person to apply for the issuance of a tax credit certificate or refund for any unused input taxes, to the extent that such input taxes have not been applied against the output taxes. Such unused input tax may be used in payment of his other internal revenue taxes. The input tax is NOT a property or a property right within the constitutional purview of the due process clause. A VAT-registered persons entitlement to the creditable input tax is a mere statutory privilege. The right to credit input tax as against the output tax is clearly a privilege created by law, a privilege that also the law can remove, or in this case, limit.
[Note: This limitation of creditable input tax has been eliminated by RA 9361, effective December 2006. Pls refer to the discussion on input taxes on page 36.]
It is equitable: The law is equipped with a threshold margin (P1.5M). Also, basic marine and agricultural products in their original state are still not subject to tax. Congress also provided for mitigating measures to cushion the impact of the imposition of the tax on those previously exempt. Excise taxes on petroleum products and natural gas were reduced. Percentage tax on domestic carriers was removed. Power producers are now exempt from paying franchise tax. VAT, by its very nature, is regressive. BUT the Constitution does not really prohibit the imposition of indirect taxes (which is essentially regressive). What it simply provides is that Congress shall evolve a progressive system of taxation. In Tolentino v. Sec. of Finance, the Court said that direct taxes are to be preferred, and as much as possible, indirect taxes should be minimized but not avoided entirely because it is difficult, if not impossible, to avoid them.
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Tolentino v. Guingona: Regressivity is not a negative standard for courts to enforce. What Congress is required by the Consti to do is to evolve a progressive system of taxation. This provision is placed in the Consti as moral incentives to legislation, not as judicially enforceable rights. The regressive effects are corrected by the zero rating of certain transactions and through the exemptions. The transactions which are subject to VAT are those which involve goods and services which are used or availed of mainly by higher income groups ( real properties held primarily for sale to customers, right or privilege to use patent, copyright...)
With respect to Sec. 8, amending Sec. 110 (A), which provides for 60-month amortization of the input tax on capital goods purchased: It is not oppressive, arbitrary, and confiscatory. The taxpayer is not permanently deprived of his privilege to credit the input tax. For whatever is the purpose, it involves executive economic policy and legislative wisdom in which the Court cannot intervene. The tax law is uniform: it provides a standard rate of 0% or 10% (or 12% now) on all goods or services. The law does not make any distinction as to the type of industry or trade that will bear the 70% limitation on the creditable input tax, 5-year amortization of input tax on purchase of capital goods, or the 5% final withholding tax by the government.
III.TRANSACTIONS SUBJECT TO VAT

A. Any sale, barter or exchange of goods and properties, or similar transactions in the course of trade or business B. Any sale of services, or similar transactions, in the course of trade or business
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C. Any lease of goods and properties or similar transactions, in the course of trade or business D. Any importation of goods, whether in the course of trade or business or not
Basis: Gross selling price or gross value in money of the goods or properties. Who Pays: Paid by SELLER Goods or properties all tangible and intangible objects which are capable of pecuniary estimation, including: (a) Real properties held primarily for sale to customers or held for lease in the ordinary course of trade or business; (b) The right or the privilege to use patent, copyright, design, or model, plan, secret formula or process, goodwill, trademark, trade brand or other like property or right; (c) The right or the privilege to use in the Philippines of any industrial, commercial or scientific equipment; (d) The right or the privilege to use motion picture films, films tapes and discs; (e) Radio, television, satellite transmission and cable television time. Gross Selling Price (GSP) The total amount of money or its equivalent which the purchaser pays or is obligated to pay to the seller in consideration of the sale, barter or exchange of the goods or properties, excluding the value-added tax. The excise tax, if any, on such goods or properties shall form part of the gross selling price xxx 1) The consideration stated in the sales document, or 2) The fair market value (FMV), whichever is the HIGHER of: a) FMV as determined by the Commissioner (zonal value), or b) FMV as shown in schedule of values of the Provincial & City assessors (real property tax declaration) If GSP is based on the zonal value or market value of the property, the zonal or market value shall be deemed INCLUSIVE of VAT. If the VAT is not billed separately, the selling price stated in the sales document shall be deemed to be INCLUSIVE of VAT. SALE OF REAL PROPERTY INSTALLMENT PLAN (RR 16-2005) ON
IV. PERSONS LIABLE (Sec. 105)

A. Any person who, in the course of trade or business, (1) sells, barters, exchanges goods or properties, (2) leases goods or properties, and (3) renders services.
The phrase in the course of trade or business means: the regular conduct or pursuit of a commercial or an economic activity, including transactions incidental thereto, by any person regardless of whether or not the person engaged therein is a non-stock, nonprofit organization irrespective of the disposition of its net income and whether or not it sells exclusively to members or their guests, or government entity. (Sec 105)
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Exception: When the annual sales do not exceed P1,500,000 (meaning not considered to be in the course of trade or business but only for subsistence, even if he, in the course of trade or business, (1) sells, barters, exchanges goods or properties, (2) leases goods or properties, and (3) renders services; hence, he is not liable for either VAT or percentage tax) B. Any person who imports goods RR 16-2005: the importer, whether an individual or corporation and whether or not made in the course of his trade or business, shall be liable to pay VAT.
V. RATES IN GENERAL [12%, 0%] A. 12% VAT

1. SALE OF GOODS OR PROPERTIES 2. IMPORTATION OF GOODS 3. SALE OF SERVICES
1. SALE OF GOODS OR PROPERTIES ( 106, A)

Rate: 12% VAT (beginning 1 February 2006 (RMC No. 7-06)
Scope ( 4.106 3) Sale of real property by a real estate dealer, the initial payments of which in the year of sale (down payment + all payments actually or constructively received during the year of sale) do not exceed 25% of the gross selling price.
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However, in the case of sale of real properties on the deferred-payment basis, not on the installment plan, (meaning the initial payments in the year of sale exceed 25% of the gross selling price), the transaction shall be treated as cash sale which makes the entire selling price taxable in the month of sale. The real estate dealer shall be subject to VAT on the installment payments, including interest and penalties, actually and/or constructively received by the seller. Sale of residential lot exceeding P1.5M, residential house and lot or other residential dwellings exceeding P2.5M, where the instrument of sale is executed on or after July 1, 2005, shall be subject to [12%] VAT. Where the instrument of sale was executed prior to July 1, 2005, the price needs only to exceed P1M for the installment sale of residential house and lot or other residential dwellings to be subject to 10% VAT. Transmission of property to a trustee shall NOT be subject to VAT IF the property is to be merely held in trust for the trustor and/or beneficiary. However, IF the property transferred is one for sale, lease or use in the ordinary course of trade or business AND the transfer constitutes a completed gift, the transfer is subject to VAT as a deemed sale transaction. The transfer is a completed gift if the transferor divests himself absolutely of control over the property, i.e., irrevocable transfer of corpus and/or irrevocable designation of beneficiary.
Note: Property dividends which constitute stocks in trade or properties primarily held for sale or lease declared out of retained earnings on or after Jan. 1, 1996 and distributed by the company to its shareholders shall be subject to VAT based on the zonal value or FMV at the time of the distribution, whichever is applicable. (RR 16-2005)
(3) Consignment of goods if actual sale is not made within 60 days following the date such goods were consigned; and
Note: Consigned goods returned by the consignee within the 60-day period are not deemed sold. - RR 16-2005)
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(4) Retirement from or cessation of business, with respect to inventories of taxable goods existing as of such retirement or cessation. With respect to ALL goods on hand, whether capital goods, stock-intrade, supplies or materials, as of the date of such retirement or cessation, whether or not the business is continued by the new owner or successor. Examples are change of ownership of the business (e.g. when a sole proprietorship incorporates, or the proprietor sells his entire business) and dissolution of a partnership and creation of a new partnership which takes over the business. - RR 162005) TAX BASE on transactions deemed sale Output tax = market value of the goods deemed sold as of the time of the occurrence of the transactions. TAX BASE in case retirement/cessation of business of
TRANSACTIONS DEEMED SALE (subject to 12% VAT) ( 106, B) [DR TC] (1) Transfer, use or consumption not in the course of business of goods properties originally intended for sale or for use in the course of business (e.g. when a VAT-registered person withdraws goods from his business for his personal use.- RR 16-2005) (2) Distribution or transfer to: (a) Shareholders or investors as share in the profits of the VAT-registered persons; or (b) Creditors in payment of debt;
Tax Base = acquisition cost or current market price of the goods or properties, whichever is lower. CHANGES IN OR CESSATION OF STATUS OF A VAT-REGISTERED PERSON (12% VAT) 1) Under 106, C of the NIRC VAT shall apply to goods disposed of or existing as of a certain date if under the circumstances to be prescribed in rules and regulations to be promulgated by the Secretary
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of Finance, upon recommendation of the Commissioner, the status of a person as a VAT-registered person changes or is terminated xxx 2) Under RR 16-2005 4.106, B A) Subject to output taxapplicable to goods/properties originally intended for sale or use in business and capital goods which are existing as of the occurrence of the following: a) Change of business activity from VAT taxable status to VATexempt status. b) Approval of a request for cancellation of registration due to reversion to exempt status c) Approval of a request for cancellation of registration due to a desire to revert to exempt status AFTER the lapse of 3 consecutive years from the time of registration by a person who voluntarily registered despite being exempt under Sec. 109 (2) d) Approval of request for cancellation of registration of one who commenced business with the expectation of gross sales/receipts exceeding P1.5M but who failed to exceed this amount during the first 12 months of operation B) NOT subject to output tax a) Change of control of a corporation by the acquisition of the controlling interest of such corporation by another stockholder or group of stockholders. b) Change in the trade or corporate name of the business c) Merger or consolidation of corporations. The unused input tax of the dissolved corporation, as of the date of merger or consolidation, shall be absorbed the surviving or new corp.
or volume of the goods, the value-added tax shall be based on the landed cost plus excise taxes, if any. Who Pays: Paid by the importer prior to the release of such goods from customs custody Transfer of Goods Persons (107, B): by Tax-Exempt
If importer is tax-exempt, the subsequent purchasers, transferees or recipients of such imported goods shall be considered as importers who shall be liable for the tax on importation. The tax due on such importation shall constitute a lien on the goods superior to all charges or liens on the goods, irrespective of the possessor thereof. (as amended by RA 9337)
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3. SALE OF SERVICES & USE/LEASE OF PROPERTIES ( 108, A)

Rate: 12% (as amended) Basis: Gross receipts derived from the sale or exchange of services, including the use of lease of properties. Lease of Properties: Subject to the tax imposed irrespective of the place where the contract of lease or licensing agreement was executed if the property is leased or used in the Philippines. 'Gross Receipts' the total amount of money or its equivalent representing the contract price, compensation, service fee, rental or royalty, including the amount charged for materials supplied with the services and deposits and advanced payments actually or constructively received during the taxable quarter for the services performed or to be performed for another person, excluding value-added tax xxx (as amended by RA 9337, underscored parts amended or added by RA 9337) To be excluded, the official receipt must be in the name of the ultimate payor. (RR 16-2005) Notes: (unless otherwise indicated, from RR 162005) 1. Persons engaged in milling, processing, manufacturing or repacking goods for others are subject to VAT, EXCEPT palay into rice, corn
2. IMPORTATION OF GOODS (107, A)

Rate: 12% (as amended) Basis: total value used by the Bureau of Customs in determining tariff and customs duties, plus customs duties, excise taxes, if any, and other charges, Where the customs duties are determined on the basis of the quantity
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into corn grits, and sugarcane into raw sugar 2. For dealers in securities, gross receipts means gross selling price less cost of the securities sold. RR 7-95: Pre-need companies are considered dealers in securities. 3. Lending investors: all persons OTHER than banks, non-bank financial intermediaries, finance companies and other financial intermediaries NOT performing quasi-banking functions who make a practice of lending money for themselves or others at interest 4. Subject to VAT: Franchise grantees of electric utilities, telephone and telegraph, radio and/or TV broadcasting and all other franchise grantees (including PAGCOR and its licensees/franchisees) EXCEPT franchise grantees of radio and/or TV broadcasting whose annual gross receipts of the preceding year do not exceed P10M (which shall be subject to 3% franchise tax under Sec. 119, subject to optional registration), and franchise grantees of gas and water facilities (under Sec. 109, subject to 2% franchise tax). With respect to franchise grantees of telephone and telegraph services, Common carrier By land By sea Transporting Persons Goods/cargo
amounts received for overseas dispatch, message, or conversation originating from the Philippines are subject to the percentage tax under Sec. 120 and hence exempt from VAT. 5. In a lease contract, the advance payment by the lessee may be: a) a loan to the lessor from the lessee NOT subject to VAT b) an option money for the property NOT subject to VAT c) a security deposit to insure the faithful performance of certain obligations of the lessee to the lessor NOT subject to VAT BUT if the security deposit is applied to rental, it shall be subject to VAT at the time of its application. d) Pre-paid rental: subject to VAT when received, irrespective of the accounting method employed by the lessor. 6. On transportation: All receipts from service, hire, or operating lease of transportation equipment not subject to the percentage tax on domestic common carriers and keepers of garages shall be subject to VAT. Kind of carrier Domestic Domestic Domestic Tax Liability 3%, Sec. 117 12% VAT Domestic trip - 12% VAT International trip zero-rated 3%, Sec. 118 Domestic flight - 12% VAT International flight zero-rated 3%, Sec. 118
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By air
Whether transporting persons or goods/cargo
International Domestic
International 7. Sale of electricity by generation, transmission, and distribution companies shall be subject to 12% VAT, EXCEPT sale of power or fuel generated through renewable sources of energy, such as, but not limited to, biomass, solar, wind hydropower, geothermal, ocean energy, and other emerging energy sources using technologies such as fuel cells and hydrogen fuels, which
shall be subject to 0% rate of VAT (zero-rated). The universal charge passed on and collected by distribution companies and electric cooperatives shall be excluded from the computation of gross receipts.
8. Insurance and reinsurance commissions, as opposed to premiums, whether life or non-life, are subject to VAT.
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Non-life insurance premiums are subject to VAT. Life insurance premiums are NOT subject to VAT, for they are subject to percentage tax.
4) Sale of Gold to the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP); 5) Those considered export sales under the Omnibus Investment Code of 1987, and other special laws (ex. Bases Conversion & Development Act of 1992) Under Omnibus Investment Code: a) Phil. port FOB value of export products exported directly by a registered export producer; b) Net selling price of export products sold by a registered export producer to another export producer, or to an export trader that subsequently exports the same (only when actually exported by the latter).
B. 0% VAT TRANSACTIONS)
(ZERO-RATED
A zero-rated sale by a VAT-registered person is a taxable transaction for VAT purposes, but shall not result in any output tax. Input tax on purchases of goods, properties or services related to such zero-rated sale shall be available as tax credit or refund. (RR 16-2005) Transactions: a) Sale of goods or properties b) Services and use/lease of properties
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1. ZERO-RATED SALE OF GOODS OR PROPERTIES ( 106, (2))

Export sales (IF-GONE) 1) The sale and actual shipment of goods from the Philippines to a Foreign country AND paid for in acceptable foreign currency or its equivalent in goods or services, AND accounted for in accordance with the rules and regulations of the BSP; 2) Sale of raw materials or packaging materials to a Nonresident buyer for delivery to a resident local exportoriented enterprise to be used in manufacturing, processing, packing or repacking in the Philippines of the said buyer's goods AND paid for in acceptable foreign currency AND accounted for in accordance with the rules and regulations of the BSP 3) Sale of raw materials or packaging materials to Export-oriented enterprise whose export sales exceed seventy percent (70%) of total annual production. Any enterprise whose export sales exceed 70% of the total annual production of the preceding taxable year shall be considered an export-oriented enterprise upon accreditation under the rules & regulations of Export Development Act, RA 7844 (RR 7-95)
Constructive Exports: a) sales to bonded manufacturing warehouses of export-oriented manufacturers; b) sales to export processing zones; c) sales to registered export traders operating bonded trading warehouses supplying raw materials in the manufacture of export products; d) sales to diplomatic missions and other agencies and/or instrumentalities granted tax immunities, of locally manufactured, assembled or repacked products, whether paid for in foreign currency or not. Provided that export sales of registered export traders may include commission income, and that exportation of goods on consignment shall not be deemed export sales until the export products consigned are in fact sold by the consignee, and Provided finally that sales by a VATregistered supplier to a manufacturer/producer whose products are 100% exported are considered export sales. A certification to his effect must be issued by the Board of Investment which shall be good for 1 year unless subsequently re-issued. (RR 16-2005)
6) The sale of goods, supplies, equipment and fuel to persons engaged in International shipping or international air transport operations. (added by RA 9337)
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Provided, that the same is limited to goods, supplies, equipment and fuel pertaining to or attributable to the transport of goods and passengers from a port in the Phil. directly to a foreign port without docking or stopping at any other port in the Phil., and that if any portion of such fuel, goods, or supplies is used for purposes other than that mentioned here, such portion of fuel, goods, and supplies shall be subject to 12% VAT.
i)
Asian Development Bank (ADB), ii) International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) Section 6 of RR 4-2007, dated February 7, 2007: The term effectively zero-rated sale of goods and properties shall refer to the local sale of goods and properties by a VAT-registered person to a person or entity who was granted indirect tax exemption under special laws or international agreement. Note: RR 4-2007 removed the distinction between automatic and effectively zero-rated transactions found in prior Revenue Regulations (including RR 162005) with respect to prior application. The following line in RR 16-2005 has been DELETED by RR 4-2007: Other cases of zero-rated sales shall require prior application with the appropriate BIR office for effective zerorating. Without an approved application for effective zero-rating, the transaction otherwise entitled to zerorating shall be considered exempt. The foregoing rule notwithstanding, the Commissioner may prescribe such rules to effectively implement the processing of applications for effective zero-rating.
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Foreign Currency Denominated Sale (FCDS) Sale to a nonresident of goods: o except those mentioned in Sections 149 and 150 (automobiles and non-essential goods like jewelry, perfume, and yachts) o assembled or manufactured in the Philippines for delivery to a resident in the Philippines o paid for in acceptable foreign currency AND accounted for in accordance with the rules and regulations of the BSP. Sales of locally manufactured or assembled goods for household and personal use to Filipinos abroad and other non-residents of the Philippines as well as returning Overseas Filipinos under the Internal Export Program of the government paid for in convertible foreign currency AND accounted for in accordance with the rules and regulations of the BSP shall also be considered export sales.
Sales to persons or entities whose exemption under special laws or international agreements to which the Philippines is a signatory effectively subjects such sales to zero rate. e.g. a) sales to enterprises duly registered & accredited with the i) Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority, ii) Philippine Economic Zone Authority (PEZA), b) international agreements to which the Phil. is signatory, such as
CIR vs. Seagate Technology (Philippines) February 11, 2005: The BIR regulations additionally requiring an approved prior application for effective zero rating cannot prevail over the clear VAT nature of Seagates transactions (subject to zero-rating, as an entity registered with the PEZA). Other than the general registration of a taxpayer the VAT status of which is aptly determined, no provision under our VAT law requires an additional application to be made for such taxpayers transactions to be considered effectively zero-rated. An effectively zero-rated transaction does not and cannot become exempt simply because an application therefor was not made or, if made, was denied. RMC 74-99: Tax Treatment of Sales of Goods and Services Made by Suppliers from Western Territory to a PEZA registered enterprise and Sale Transactions made by
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PEZA registered enterprises Within and Without the Zone CROSS- BORDER/DESTINATION PRINCIPLE (Generally adhered to by our VAT System) NO VAT shall be imposed to form part of the cost of goods destined for CONSUMPTION OUTSIDE of the territorial border of the taxing authority. Hence, actual export of goods and services from the Phil to a foreign country must be free from VAT. Conversely, those destined for use or consumption WITHIN the Phil shall be imposed with the 10% VAT. (now 12%, as amended)
B. By a VAT-Exempt Supplier from the Customs Territory to a PEZA registered enterprise Sale of goods, property and services by VAT-Exempt supplier from the Customs Territory to a PEZA registered enterprise shall be treated EXEMPT FROM VAT, regardless of whether or not the PEZA registered buyer is subject to taxes under the NIRC or enjoying the 5% special tax regime. C. By a PEZA Registered Enterprise 1) Sale of Goods by a PEZA registered enterprise to a buyer from the Customs Territory (ie domestic sales) -- this case shall be treated as a technical IMPORTATION made by the buyer. Such buyer shall be treated as an IMPORTER thereof and shall be imposed with the corresponding VAT. 2) Sale of Services by a PEZA registered enterprise to a buyer from the Customs Territory this is NOT embraced by the 5% special tax regime, hence, such seller shall be SUBJECT TO 10% VAT. 3) Sale of Goods by a PEZA registered enterprise to Another PEZA registered enterprise (ie IntraECOZONE Sales of Goods) this shall be EXEMPT from VAT. 4) Sale of Services by ECOZONE enterprise, to Another ECOZONE enterprise (Intra-ECOZONE enterprise Sale of Service) (a) if PEZA registered seller is subject to 5% special tax regime EXEMPT from VAT (b) if PEZA registered seller is subject to taxes under NIRC (ie not subject to 5% special tax regime) subject to 0% VAT pursuant to cross border doctrine
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CIR v. American Express (2005): The court enumerated the exceptions to the destination principle. As a general rule, the value-added tax (VAT) system uses the destination principle. However, our VAT law itself provides for a clear exception, under which the supply of service shall be zero-rated when the following requirements are met: (1) the service is performed in the Philippines; (2) the service falls under any of the categories provided in Section 102(b) of the Tax Code; and (3) it is paid for in acceptable foreign currency that is accounted for in accordance with the regulations of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas.
Tax Treatment of Sales Made:

A. Any sale of goods, property or services made by a VAT registered supplier from the Customs Territory* to any registered enterprise operating in the ecozone, REGARDLESS of the class or type of the latters PEZA registration, is actually qualified and thus LEGALLY ENTITLED TO THE 0% VAT. Accordingly, all sales of goods or property to such enterprise made by a VAT registered supplier from the Customs Territory shall be treated SUBJECT TO 0% VAT.
* Customs Territory means the national territory of the Phil OUTSIDE of the proclaimed boundaries of the ECOZONES.
2. ZERO-RATED SALE OF SERVICES & USE/LEASE OF PROPERTIES ( 108, B) Zero-rated transactions

1) Processing, manufacturing or repacking goods for other persons doing business outside the Philippines which goods are
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subsequently exported, where the services are paid for in acceptable foreign currency AND accounted for in accordance with the rules and regulations of the BSP 2) Services other than those mentioned in the preceding paragraph rendered to a person engaged in business conducted outside the Philippines OR a nonresident person not engaged in business who is outside the Philippines when the services are performed, the consideration for which is paid for in acceptable foreign currency AND accounted for in accordance with the rules and regulations of the BSP 3) Services rendered to persons or entities whose exemption under special laws or international agreements to which the Philippines is a signatory effectively subjects the supply of such services to zero percent (0%) rate [as amended by RA 9337] 4) Services rendered to persons engaged in international shipping or international air transport operations, including leases of property for use thereof [as amended by RA 9337]; Provided, however, that the services referred to herein shall not pertain to those made to common carriers by air and sea relative to their transport of passengers, goods or cargoes from one place in the Phil. to another place in the Phil. (the same being subject to 12% VAT under Sec. 108) 5) Services performed by subcontractors and/or contractors in processing, converting, of manufacturing goods for an enterprise whose export sales exceed seventy percent (70%) of total annual production. 6) Transport of passengers and cargo by air or sea vessels from the Philippines to a foreign country [as added by RA 9337]; (pls see table on page 29) and; 7) Sale of power or fuel generated through renewable sources of energy such as, but not limited to, biomass, solar, wind, hydropower, geothermal, ocean energy, and other emerging energy sources using technologies such as fuel cells and hydrogen fuels. [as added by RA 9337]
Zero-rating shall apply strictly to the sale of power or fuel generated through renewable sources of energy, and shall not extend to the sale of services related to the maintenance or operation of plants generating said power. RR 4-2007 removed the distinction between automatic and effectively zerorated transactions found in prior Revenue Regulations (inc. RR 16-2005) with respect to prior application.
C. FINAL WITHHOLDING VAT-5% ( 114, C)

The Government or any of its political subdivisions, instrumentalities or agencies, including GOCCs shall, before making payment on account of each purchase of goods and services which are subject to the VAT imposed in Sections 106 and 108 of this Code, deduct and withhold a final VAT at the rate of five percent (5%) of the gross payment thereof: Provided, That the payment for lease or use of properties or property rights to nonresident owners shall be subject to ten percent (10%) withholding tax at the time of payment. The payor or person in control of the payment is considered as the withholding agent. The VAT withheld shall be remitted within ten (10) days following the end of the month the withholding was made. [NOTE: This 5% final VAT withheld by the government is an innovation of RA 9337.]
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RR 16-2005: The 5% final VAT shall represent the net VAT payable of the seller. The remaining 5% (or 7%, with the raise of VAT to 12%) effectively accounts for the standard input VAT, in lieu of the actual input VAT directly attributable or ratably apportioned to such sales. (This means that where the 5% final VAT applies, the basic formula of output tax less input tax does not apply.) Should actual input VAT exceed 7% of the gross payments, the excess may form part of the sellers expense or cost.
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On the other hand, if actual input VAT is less than 7% of gross payment, the difference must be closed to expense or cost, in effect reducing it.
However, 12% shall be withheld with respect to the following: 1) Lease or use of properties or property rights owned by non-residents; 2) Services rendered to local insurance companies, with respect to reinsurance premiums payable to non-residents; and; 3) Other services rendered in the Philippines by non-residents.
(c) Importation of personal and household effects belonging to the residents of the Philippines returning from abroad and nonresident citizens coming to resettle in the Philippines: Provided, That such goods are exempt from customs duties under the Tariff and Customs Code of the Philippines; (d) Importation of professional instruments and implements, wearing apparel, domestic animals, and personal household effects (except any vehicle, vessel, aircraft, machinery other goods for use in the manufacture and merchandise of any kind in commercial quantity) belonging to persons coming to settle in the Philippines, for their own use and not for sale, barter or exchange, accompanying such persons, or arriving within ninety (90) days before or after their arrival, upon the production of evidence satisfactory to the Commissioner, that such persons are actually coming to settle in the Philippines and that the change of residence is bona fide; (e) Services subject to percentage tax under Title V; (f) Services by agricultural contract growers and milling for others of palay into rice, corn into grits and sugar cane into raw sugar; (g) Medical, dental, hospital and veterinary services except those rendered by professionals. (h) Educational services rendered by private educational institutions, duly accredited by the Department of Education (DEPED), the Commission on Higher Education (CHED), The Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA), and those rendered by government educational institutions; (i) Services rendered by individuals pursuant to an employeremployee relationship;
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VI. TRANSACTIONS EXEMPT FROM VAT ( 109)

Amendments introduced by RA 9337 indicated, text in ALL CAPS added by RA 9337
SEC. 109. Exempt Transactions. (1) Subject to the provisions of Subsection (2) hereof, the following shall be exempt from the value-added tax: (a) Sale or importation of agricultural and marine food products in their original state, livestock and poultry of or kind generally used as, or yielding or producing foods for human consumption; and breeding stock and genetic materials therefor. Products classified under this paragraph shall be considered in their original state even if they have undergone the simple processes of preparation or preservation for the market, such as freezing, drying, salting, broiling, roasting, smoking or stripping. Polished and/or husked rice, corn grits, raw cane sugar and molasses, ordinary salt, AND COPRA shall be considered in their original state; (b) Sale or importation of fertilizers; seeds, seedlings and fingerlings; fish, prawn, livestock and poultry feeds, including ingredients, whether locally produced or imported, used in the manufacture of finished feeds (except specialty feeds for race horses, fighting cocks, aquarium fish, zoo animals and other animals generally considered as pets);
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(j) Services rendered by regional or area headquarters established in the Philippines by multinational corporations which act as supervisory, communications and coordinating centers for their affiliates, subsidiaries or branches in the Asia-Pacific Region and do not earn or derive income from the Philippines; (k) Transactions which are exempt under international agreements to which the Philippines is a signatory or under special laws, except those under Presidential Decree No. 529 [Petroleum Exploration Concessionaires under the Petroleum Act of 1949] (l) Sales by agricultural cooperatives duly registered with the Cooperative Development Authority to their members as well as sale of their produce, whether in its original state or processed form, to nonmembers; their importation of direct farm inputs, machineries and equipment, including spare parts, to be used directly and exclusively in the production and/or processing of their produce; (m) Gross receipts from lending activities by credit or multipurpose cooperatives duly registered with the Cooperative Development Authority; (n) Sales by non-agricultural, nonelectric and non-credit cooperatives duly registered with the Cooperative Development Authority: Provided, That the share capital contribution of each member does not exceed Fifteen thousand pesos (P15,000) and regardless of the aggregate capital and net surplus ratably distributed among the members; (o) Export sales by persons who are not VAT-registered; (p) Sale of real properties not primarily held for sale to customers or held for lease in the ordinary course of trade or business or i. real property utilized for low-cost and socialized housing as defined by Republic Act No. 7279, otherwise known as the
Urban Development and Housing Act of 1992, and other related laws; ii. residential lot valued at one million five hundred thousand pesos (P1,500,000) and below, house and lot, and other residential dwellings valued at two million five hundred thousand pesos (P2,500,000) and below: Provided, That not later than January 31, 2009 and every three (3) years thereafter, the amounts herein stated shall be adjusted to their present values using the Consumer Price Index, as published by the national Statistics Office (NSO); (q) Lease of a residential unit with a monthly rental not exceeding TEN THOUSAND PESOS (10,000); Provided, That not later than January 31, 2009 and every three (3) years thereafter, the amount herein stated shall be adjusted to its present value using the Consumer Price Index as published by the National Statistics Office (NS0); (r) Sale, importation, printing or publication of books and any newspaper, magazine review or bulletin which appears at regular intervals with fixed prices for subscription and sale and which is not devoted principally to the publication of paid advertisements; and (s) Sale, importation or lease of passenger or cargo vessels and aircraft, including engine, equipment and spare parts thereof for domestic or international transport operations; (t) Importation of fuel, goods, and supplies by persons engaged in international shipping or air transport operations; (u) Services of banks, non-bank financial intermediaries performing quasi-banking functions and other non-bank financial intermediaries; and (v) Sale or lease of goods or properties or the performance of services other than the transactions mentioned
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in the preceding paragraphs, the gross annual sales and/or receipts do not exceed the amount of one million five hundred thousand pesos (P1,500,0000): Provided, That not later than January 31, 2009 and every three (3) years thereafter, the amount herein stated shall be adjusted to its present value using the Consumer Price Index, as published by the National Statistics Office (NSO). (2) A VAT-registered person may elect that subsection (1) not apply to its sale of goods or properties or services: provided, that an election made under this subsection shall be irrevocable for a period of three (3) years from the quarter the election was made. Notes on Exempt Transactions (from RR 162005):
Editors Note: This is an expansion of the enumeration under 109. There is substantial replication of information but this is necessary in order to juxtapose the recent amendments to the law.
generally considered as pets. [RR 16-2005] Original state including preservation using advanced technological means of packaging, such as shrink wrapping in plastics, vacuum packing, tetra-pack, and other similar packaging methods. [RR 16-2005] 2. Sale/ import of fertilizers; seeds, seedlings and fingerlings; fish, prawn, livestock and poultry feeds 3. Import of personal and household effects of Phil resident returning from abroad and nonresident citizens coming to resettle in the Philippines 4. Import of professional instruments and implements, wearing apparel, domestic animals, and personal household effects belonging to persons coming to settle in the Philippines, for their own use and not for sale, barter or exchange 5. Services subject to percentage tax under Title V:[refer to percentage tax, next part] 6. Services by agricultural contract growers and milling for others of palay into rice, corn into grits and sugar cane into raw sugar; 7. Medical, dental, hospital and veterinary services except those rendered by professionals: Laboratory services are exempted. If the hospital or clinic operates a pharmacy or drug store, the sale of drugs and medicine is subject to VAT. [RR 16-2005] 8. Educational services rendered by private educational institutions, duly accredited by DEPED, CHED, TESDA, and those rendered by government educational institutions; [AMENDED] Educational services does not include seminars, in-service training, review classes and other similar services rendered by persons who are not accredited by the DepED, CHED, and/or TESDA. [RR 16-2005] 9. Services rendered by individuals pursuant to an employer-employee relationship; 10. Services rendered by regional or area headquarters established in the Philippines by multinational
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VAT-EXEMPT TRANSACTIONS Refer to sale of goods or properties and/or services and the use or lease of properties that is NOT subject to VAT (output tax) and the seller is not allowed any tax credit of VAT (input tax) on purchases. The person making the exempt sale of goods, properties or services shall not bill any output tax to his customers because the said transaction is not subject to VAT.
1. Sale/ import of agricultural, marine food products in original state; of livestock and poultry Original state even if they have undergone the simple processes of preparation or preservation for the market, such as freezing, drying, salting, broiling, roasting, smoking or stripping. Polished and/or husked rice, corn grits, raw cane sugar and molasses, ordinary salt, AND COPRA shall be considered in their original state; Livestock or poultry does not include fighting cocks, race horses, zoo animals and other animals
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corporations which act as supervisory, communications and coordinating centers for their affiliates, subsidiaries or branches in the Asia-Pacific Region and do not earn or derive income from the Philippines; 11. Transactions which are exempt under international agreements to which the Philippines is a signatory or under special laws, except those under Presidential Decree No., 529 [Petroleum Exploration Concessionaires under the Petroleum Act of 1949]; 12. Sales by agricultural cooperatives duly registered with the Cooperative Development Authority to their members as well as sale of their produce. Exemption includes importation of direct farm inputs, machineries and equipment, including spare parts thereof, to be used directly and exclusively in the production and/or processing of their produce. 13. Gross receipts from lending activities by credit or multi-purpose cooperatives duly registered with the Cooperative Development Authority; [AMENDED] 14. Sales by non-agricultural, nonelectric and non-credit cooperatives duly registered with the Cooperative Development Authority are exempt BUT their importation of machineries and equipment, including spare parts thereof, to be used by them are SUBJECT to VAT. 15. Export sales by persons who are not VAT-registered; 16. Sale of real properties the ff. sales are exempt: (1) Sale of real properties NOT primarily held for sale to customers or held for lease in the ordinary course of trade or business. (2) Sale of real properties utilized for low-cost housing as defined by RA No. 7279, otherwise known as the "Urban Development and Housing Act of 1992" and other related laws, such as RA No. 7835 and RA No. 8763. Low-cost housing" refers to housing projects intended for homeless lowincome family beneficiaries, undertaken by the Government or private developers, which may either be a subdivision or a condominium
registered and licensed by the Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board/Housing (HLURB) under BP Blg. 220, PD No. 957 or any other similar law, wherein the unit selling price is within the selling price ceiling per unit of P750,000.00 under RA No. 7279, and other laws, such as RA No. 7835 and RA No. 8763. (3) Sale of real properties utilized for socialized housing as defined under RA No. 7279, and other related laws, such as RA No. 7835 and RA No. 8763, wherein the price ceiling per unit is P225,000.00 or as may from time to time be determined by the HUDCC and the NEDA and other related laws. "Socialized housing" refers to housing programs and projects covering houses and lots or home lots only undertaken by the Government or the private sector for the underprivileged and homeless citizens which shall include sites and services development, long-term financing, liberated terms on interest payments, and such other benefits in accordance with the provisions of RA No. 7279and RA No. 7835 and RA No. 8763. "Socialized housing" shall also refer to projects intended for the underprivileged and homeless wherein the housing package selling price is within the lowest interest rates under the Unified Home Lending Program (UHLP) or any equivalent housing program of the Government, the private sector or non-government organizations. (4) Sale of residential lot valued at P1.5M and below, or house & lot and other residential dwellings valued at P2.5M and below, where the instrument of sale/transfer/disposition was executed on or after July 1, 2005; [to be adjusted every 3 years from Jan 31, 2009]; If two or more adjacent residential lots are sold or disposed in favor of one buyer, for the purpose of utilizing the lots as one residential lot, the sale shall be exempt from VAT
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only if the aggregate value of the lots does not exceed P1.5M. Adjacent residential lots, although covered by separate titles and/or separate tax declarations, when sold or disposed to one and the same buyer, whether covered by one or separate Deed of Conveyance, shall be presumed as a sale of one residential lot. [RR 16-2005]
The term 'unit' shall mean an apartment unit in the case of apartments, house in the case of residential houses; per person in the case of dormitories, boarding houses and bed spaces; and per room in case of rooms for rent. [RR 16-2005] 18. Sale, importation, printing or publication of books and any newspaper, magazine review or bulletin which appears at regular intervals with fixed prices for subscription and sale and which is not devoted principally to the publication of paid advertisements;
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17. Lease of residential units with a monthly rental per unit not exceeding P10K, regardless of the amount of aggregate rentals received by the lessor during the year. Lease of residential units where the monthly rental per unit exceeds 10K but the aggregate of such rentals of the lessor during the year do not exceed One Million Five Hundred Pesos P1.5M shall likewise be exempt from VAT, however, the same shall be subjected to three percent (3%) percentage tax. In cases where a lessor has several residential units for lease, some are leased out for a monthly rental per unit of not exceeding P10K while others are leased out for more than P10K per unit, his tax liability will be as follows: a. The gross receipts from rentals not exceeding P10K per month per unit shall be exempt from VAT regardless of the aggregate annual gross receipts. b. The gross receipts from rentals exceeding P10K per month per unit shall be subject to VAT IF the aggregate annual gross receipts from said units only (not including the gross receipts from units leased for not more than P10K) exceeds P1.5M. Otherwise, the gross receipts will be subject to the 3% tax imposed under Section 116 of the Tax Code. The term 'residential units' shall refer to apartments and houses & lots used for residential purposes, and buildings or parts or units thereof used solely as dwelling places (e.g., dormitories, rooms and bed spaces) except motels, motel rooms, hotels and hotel rooms.
19. Sale, importation or lease of passenger or cargo vessels and aircraft, including engine, equipment and spare parts thereof for domestic or international transport operations;[added by RA 9337] The exemption from VAT on the importation and local purchase of passenger and/or cargo vessels shall be limited to those of 150 tons and above, including engine and spare parts of said vessels; Provided, further, that the vessels to be imported shall comply with the age limit requirement, at the time of acquisition counted from the date of the vessel's original commissioning, as follows: (i) for passenger and/or cargo vessels, the age limit is 15 years old, (ii) for tankers, the age limit is 10 years old, and (iii) for high-speed passenger crafts, the age limit is 5 years old [RR 16-2005]
20. Importation of fuel, goods, and supplies by persons engaged in international shipping or air transport operations; [added by RA 9337] Provided, that the said fuel, goods and supplies shall be used exclusively or shall pertain to the transport of goods and/or passenger from a port in the Philippines directly to a foreign port without stopping at any other port in the Philippines; Provided, further, that if any portion of such fuel, goods or supplies is used for purposes other than that mentioned in this paragraph, such portion of fuel, goods and supplies
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shall be subject to 10% VAT [RR 162005] 21. Services of banks, non-bank financial intermediaries performing quasibanking functions and other non-bank financial intermediaries; and 22. Sale or lease of goods or properties or the performance of services other than the transactions mentioned in the preceding paragraphs, the gross annual sales and/or receipts do not exceed the amount ofP1,500,0000: [to be adjusted every 3 years from Jan 31, 2009] For purposes of the threshold of P1,5M, the husband and the wife shall be considered separate taxpayers. However, the aggregation rule for each taxpayer shall apply. For instance, if a professional, aside from the practice of his profession, also derives revenue from other lines of business which are otherwise subject to VAT, the same shall be combined for purposes of determining whether the threshold has been exceeded. The VAT-exempt sales shall NOT be included in determining the threshold. [RR 16-2005]
b) Sale of Services VAT Base = Gross Receipts Gross receipts means the total amount of money or its equivalent representing the contract price, compensation, service fee, rental or royalty, including the amount charged for materials supplied with the services and deposits and advance payments actually or constructively received during the taxable quarter for the services performed or to be performed for another person, excluding VAT. Constructive receipt occurs when the money consideration or its equivalent is placed at the control of the person who rendered the service without restrictions by the payor. Examples: 1) deposit in banks which are made available to the seller of services without restrictions 2) issuance by the debtor of a notice to offset any debt or obligation and acceptance thereof by the seller as payment for services rendered 3) transfer of the amounts retained by the contractee to the account of the contractor. c) Importation of Goods VAT Base = total value (used by Bureau of Customs in determining tariff and customs duties) + customs duties + excise tax (if any) + other charges In case the valuation used by Bureau of Customs in computing customs duties is by volume or quantity, the LANDED COST* shall be the tax base. *LANDED COST = invoice amount + customs duties + freight + insurance + other charges + excise tax (if any) Note: The VAT on importation shall be paid by the importer PRIOR to the release of such goods from customs custody. (RR 16-2005)
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VII.
a)
DETERMINING THE VAT BASE
Sale of Goods VAT Base = gross selling price or gross value in money of the goods sold or exchanged Gross selling price shall include: charges for packaging, delivery & insurance excise taxes if goods are subject to excise tax For transactions deemed sale, the output tax shall be based on the market value of the goods deemed sold as of the time of the occurrence of the transactions. However, in case of retirement or cessation of business, the tax base shall be the acquisition cost or the current market price of the goods or properties, whichever is LOWER. In the case of a sale where the gross selling price is unreasonably lower than the fair market value, the actual market value shall be the tax base.
VIII. INPUT TAXES A. Creditable Input Tax ( 110, A)

(1) Any INPUT TAX evidenced by a VAT invoice or official receipt issued in accordance with Section 113 hereof on the following transactions shall be
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creditable against the OUTPUT TAX: (a) Purchase or importation of goods: (i) For sale; or (ii) For conversion into or intended to form part of a finished product for sale including packaging materials; or (iii) For use as supplies in the course of business; or (iv) For use as materials supplied in the sale of service; or (v) For use in trade or business for which deduction for depreciation or amortization is allowed under this Code. (b) Purchase of services on which a VAT has been actually paid. (2) Input tax on domestic purchase OR IMPORTATION of goods or properties shall be creditable: (a) To the purchaser upon consummation of sale and on importation of goods or properties; and (b) To the importer upon payment of the value-added tax prior to the release of the goods from the custody of the Bureau of Customs. Provided, That the input tax on goods purchased or imported in a calendar month for use in trade or business for which deduction for depreciation is allowed under this Code, shall be spread evenly over the month of acquisition and the fifty-nine (59) succeeding months if the aggregate acquisition cost for such goods, excluding the VAT component thereof, exceeds One million pesos (P1,000,000): Provided, however, That if the estimated useful life of the capital good is less than five (5) years, as used for depreciation purposes, then the input VAT shall be spread over such a shorter period: Provided, finally, that in the case of purchase of services, lease or use of properties, the input tax shall be creditable to the purchaser, lessee or licensee upon payment of the compensation, rental, royalty or fee.
directly attributed to transactions subject to value-added tax; and (b) A ratable portion of any input tax which cannot be directly attributed to either activity. INPUT TAX the VAT due from or paid by a VAT-registered person in the course of his trade or business on importation of goods or local purchase of goods or services, including lease or use of property, from a VAT-registered person. It includes the transitional input tax determined in accordance with Section 111 of this Code. It includes input taxes which can be directly attributed to transactions subject to the VAT plus a ratable portion of any input tax which cannot be directly attributed to either the taxable or exempt activity. Input tax must evidenced by a VAT invoice or official receipt issued by a VAT-registered person in accordance with Secs. 113 and 237 of the Tax. [RR 16-2005] or or or of
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OUTPUT TAX the VAT due on the sale lease of taxable goods or properties services by any person registered required to register under Section 236 this Code.
B. Excess Output or Input Tax ( 110, B)

If at the end of any taxable quarter: the output tax exceeds the input tax, the excess shall be paid by the VAT-registered person. the input tax exceeds the output tax, the excess shall be carried over to the succeeding quarter or quarters:
Provided, however, that any input tax attributable to zero-rated sales by a VAT-registered person may at his option be refunded or credited against other internal revenue taxes, subject to the provisions of Section 112.
(3) A VAT-registered person who is also engaged in transactions not subject to the value-added tax shall be allowed tax credit as follows: (a) Total input tax which can be
Determination of Creditable Input Tax ( 110, C) The sum of the excess input tax carried over from the preceding month or quarter and the input tax creditable to a VAT-registered person during the
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taxable month or quarter shall be reduced by the amount of claim for refund or tax credit for value-added tax and other adjustments, such as purchase returns or allowances and input tax attributable to exempt sale. The claim for tax credit referred to includes not only those filed with the BIR but also those filed with other government agencies, such as the Board of Investments the Bureau of Customs.
except transitional input tax, to the extent that such input tax has not been applied against output tax: [within two (2) years after the close of the taxable quarter when the sales were made] PROVIDED, however, that in the case of zero-rated sales under Section 106(A)(2)(a)(1), (2) and (B) and Section 108 (B)(1) and (2), the acceptable foreign currency exchange proceeds had been duly accounted for in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP): PROVIDED, further, that where the taxpayer is engaged in zero-rated or effectively zero-rated sale and also in taxable or exempt sale of goods of properties or services, and the amount of creditable input tax due or paid cannot be directly and entirely attributed to any one of the transactions, it shall be allocated proportionately on the basis of the volume of sales. Provided, finally, that for a person making sales that are zero-rated under section 108 (b)(6), the input taxes shall be allocated ratably between his zero-rated and nonzero-rated sales.
Transitional Input Tax Credits ( 111, A) Any person liable for VAT or who elects to be a VAT-registered person shall be allowed INPUT TAX in his beginning inventory of goods, materials and supplies equivalent to TWO PERCENT (2%) of the value of such inventory OR the actual VAT paid on such goods, materials and supplies, whichever is higher, which shall be creditable against the OUTPUT TAX.
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Presumptive Input Tax Credits ( 111, B) (1) Persons or firms engaged in the processing of sardines, mackerel and milk, and in manufacturing refined sugar and cooking oil and packed noodle based instant meals, shall be allowed a presumptive input tax, creditable against the output tax, equivalent to FOUR PERCENT (4%) of the gross value in money of their purchases of primary agricultural products which are used as inputs to their production.
2) Cancellation of VAT Registration. ( 112, C)

A person whose registration has been cancelled due to retirement from or cessation of business, or due to changes in or cessation of status under Section 106(C) of this Code may, within two (2) years from the date of cancellation, apply for the issuance of a tax credit certificate for any unused input tax which may be used in payment of his other internal revenue taxes. Provided, however, that he shall be entitled to a refund if he has no internal revenue tax liabilities against which the tax credit certificate may be utilized.
"Processing" shall mean pasteurization, canning and activities which through physical or chemical process alter the exterior texture or form or inner substance of a product in such manner as to prepare it for special use to which it could not have been put in its original form or condition.
C. Refunds or Tax Credits of Input Tax 1) Zero-Rated Sales ( 112, A)

Any VAT-registered person, whose sales are zero-rated or effectively zero-rated may apply for the issuance of a tax credit certificate or refund of creditable input tax due or paid attributable to such sales,
Period within which refund or tax credit certificate/refund of input taxes shall be made ( 112, D) In proper cases, the Commissioner of Internal Revenue shall grant a tax credit
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certificate/refund for creditable input taxes within one hundred twenty (120) days from the date of submission of complete documents in support of the application filed in accordance with subparagraph (a) above. In case of full or partial denial of the claim for tax credit certificate/refund as decided by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, The taxpayer may appeal to the Court of Tax Appeals (CTA) within thirty (30) days from the receipt of said denial, otherwise the decision shall become final. However, if no action on the claim for tax credit certificate/refund has been taken by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue after the one hundred twenty (120) day period from the date of submission of the application with complete documents, the taxpayer may appeal to the CTA within 30 days from the lapse of the 120-day period. [RR 16-2005]
Illustration: ERA Corporation has following sales during the month:

Sale to private entities subject to 12% Sale to private entities subject to 0% Sale of exempt goods Sale to gov't. subjected to 5% final VAT w/holding Total sales for the month
the
100,000.00 100,000.00 100,000.00 100,000.00 400,000.00
The following were its input taxes (or passed on by its VAT suppliers):
Input tax on taxable goods (12%) Input tax on zero-rated sales Input tax on sale of exempt goods Input tax on sale to government Input tax on depreciable capital good not attributable to any specific activity (monthly amortization for 60 months) 5,000.00 3,000.00 2,000.00 4,000.00
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20,000.00
Step 1: The creditable input tax for the month shall be computed as follows:
Input tax on sale subject to 12% P5,000.00 Input tax on zero-rated sale 3,000.00 Ratable portion of the input tax not directly attributable to any activity, computed below
Taxable sales (0% and 12%) Total Sales P200,000.00 P400,000.00 x x Amount of input tax not directly attributable = P10,000.00
Notes from RR 16-2005: Apportionment of Input Tax on Mixed Transactions. A VAT-registered person who is also engaged in transactions not subject to VAT shall be allowed to recognize input tax credit on transactions subject to VAT as follows: 1. All the input taxes that can be directly attributed to transactions subject to VAT may be recognized for input tax credit; Provided, that input taxes that can be directly attributable to VAT taxable sales of goods and services to the Government or any of its political subdivisions, instrumentalities or agencies, including GOCCs shall not be credited against output taxes arising from sales to non-Government entities; and 2. If any input tax cannot be directly attributed to either a VAT taxable or VAT-exempt transaction, the input tax shall be pro-rated to the VAT taxable and VAT-exempt transactions and only the ratable portion pertaining to transactions subject to VAT may be recognized for input tax credit.
P20,000.00
Total creditable input tax for the month: P18,000.00 (P5,000+P3,000+P10,000)
Step 2: The input tax attributable to sales to government for the month shall be computed as follows:
Input tax on sale to gov't. P4,000.00
Ratable portion of the input tax not directly attributable to any activity, computed as follows:
Taxable sales to government Total Sales P100,000.00 P400,000.00 x x Amount of input tax not directly attributable = P5,000.00
P20,000.00
Total input tax attributable to sales to government: P9,000.00 (P4,000 + P5,000)
These amounts are not available for input tax credit but may be recognized as cost or expense. That is because as far as sales to government are concerned, there is a VAT that is finally withheld (at 5%). Step 3: The input tax attributable to VATexempt sales for the month shall be computed as follows:
Input tax on VAT-exempt sales P2,000.00
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Ratable portion of the input tax not directly attributable to any activity, computed below:
VAT-exempt sales Total Sales P100,000.00 P400,000.00 x x Amount of input tax not directly attributable = P5,000.00
(c) Input tax on "DEEMED SALE" TRANSACTIONS shall be substantiated with the invoice required (please refer to the table on page 46). (d) INPUT TAX FROM PAYMENTS MADE TO NON-RESIDENTS (such as for services, rentals and royalties) shall be supported by a copy of the Monthly Remittance Return of Value Added Tax Withheld (BIR Form 1600) filed by the resident payor in behalf of the nonresident evidencing remittance of VAT due which was withheld by the payor. (e) ADVANCE VAT ON SUGAR shall be supported by the Payment Order showing payment of the advance VAT.
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P20,000.00
Total input tax attributable:P7,000.00 VAT-exempt sales (P2,000+ P5,000)
These amounts are not available for input tax credit but may be recognized as cost or expense.
IX. SUBSTANTIATION REQUIREMENTS

RR 16-2005: Substantiation of Input Tax Credits (a) INPUT TAXES must be substantiated and supported by the following documents, and must be reported in the information returns required to be submitted to the Bureau: (1) For the importation of goods Import entry or other equivalent document showing actual payment of VAT on the imported goods. (2) For the domestic purchase of goods and properties Invoice showing the information required under Secs. 113 and 237 of the Tax Code. (3) For the purchase of real property public instrument i.e., deed of absolute sale, deed of conditional sale, contract/agreement to sell, etc., together with VAT invoice issued by the seller. (4) For the purchase of services official receipt showing the information required under Secs. 113 and 237 of the Tax Code. A cash register machine tape issued to a registered buyer shall constitute valid proof of substantiation of tax credit only if it shows the information required under Secs. 113 and 237 of the Tax Code. (b) TRANSITIONAL INPUT TAX shall be supported by an inventory of goods as shown in a detailed list to be submitted to the BIR.
X. INVOICING REQUIREMENTS ( 113)

A VAT-registered person shall issue: (1) A VAT invoice for every sale, barter or exchange of goods or properties; and (2) A VAT official receipt for every lease of goods or properties, and for every sale, barter or exchange of services. VAT
Information Contained in the Invoice or VAT Official Receipt:
(1) A statement that the seller is a VATregistered person, followed by his taxpayer's identification number (TIN); (2) The total amount which the purchaser pays or is obligated to pay to the seller with the indication that such amount includes the value-added tax: (3) Provided, that: (a) The amount of the tax shall be shown as a separate item in the invoice or receipt; (b) If the sale is exempt from valueadded tax, the term "VAT-exempt sale" shall be written or printed prominently on the invoice or receipt; (c) If the sale is subject to zero percent (0%) value-added tax, the term "zero-rated sale" shall be written or printed prominently on the invoice or receipt; (d) If the sale involves goods, properties or services some of which are subject to and some of which are VAT zero-rated or VAT-exempt, the invoice or receipt shall clearly indicate the breakdown of the sale price between its taxable,
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exempt and zero-rated components, and the calculation of the value-added tax on each portion of the sale shall be shown on the invoice or receipt: (e) "Provided, That the seller may issue separate invoices or receipts for the taxable, exempt, and zero-rated components of the sale.
(4) The date of transaction, quantity, unit cost and description of the goods or properties or nature of the service; and (5) In the case of sales in the amount of one thousand pesos (P1,000) or more where the sale or transfer is made to a VATregistered person, the name, business style, if any, address and taxpayer identification number (TIN) of the purchaser, customer or client. xxx
Invoicing & Recording Deemed Sale Transactions Transaction Transfer, use or consumption not in the course of business of goods or properties originally intended for sale or for use in the course of business Distribution or transfer to shareholders/investors or creditors Consignment of goods if actual sale is not made within 60 days Retirement from or cessation of business with respect to all goods on hand Invoicing Requirement Memorandum entry in the subsidiary sales journal to record withdrawal of goods for personal use Invoice, at the time of the transaction, which should include all the info prescribed in Sec. 113(B) Invoice, at the time of the transaction, which should include all the info prescribed in Sec. 113(B) An inventory shall be prepared and submitted to the RDO who has jurisdiction over the taxpayers principal place of business not later than 30 days after retirement or cessation from the business. An invoice shall be prepared for the entire inventory, which shall be the basis of the entry into the subsidiary sales journal. The invoice need not enumerate the specific items appearing in the inventory regarding the description of the goods. If the business is to be continued by the new owners or successors, the entire amount of output tax on the amount deemed sold shall be allowed as input taxes. (2) If a VAT-registered person issues a VAT invoice or VAT official receipt for a VATexempt transaction, but fails to display prominently on the invoice or receipt the term "VAT-exempt Sale", the issuer shall be liable to account for the tax imposed in Section 106 or 108 as if Section 109 did not apply.
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XI. CONSEQUENCES OF ISSUING ERRONEOUS VAT INVOICE OR VAT OFFICIAL RECEIPT ( 113, D)
(1) If a person who is not a VAT-registered person issues an invoice or receipt showing his Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN), followed by the word "VAT": (a) The issuer shall, in addition to any liability to other percentage taxes, be liable to: (i) The tax imposed in Section 106 or 108 without the benefit of any input tax credit; and (ii) A 50% surcharge under Section 248 (B) of this code; (b) The VAT shall, if the other requisite information required under Subsection (B) hereof is shown on the invoice or receipt, be recognized as an input tax credit to the purchaser under Section 110 of this Code.
XII. REGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS ( 236, F)

Cancellation of Registration. (1) General Rule: The registration of any person who ceases to be liable to a tax type shall be cancelled upon filing with the Revenue District Office where he is registered, an application for registration information update in a form prescribed therefor; (2) Cancellation of VAT Registration. (a) He makes written application and can demonstrate to the Commissioner's satisfaction that his
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gross sales or receipts for the following twelve (12) months, other than those that are exempt under Section 109 (A) TO (U), will not exceed One million five hundred thousand pesos (P1,500,000); or (b) He has ceased to carry on his trade or business, and does not expect to recommence any trade or business within the next twelve (12) months. The cancellation of registration will be effective from the first day of the following month.
Persons Required to Register for VAT ( 236, G) (1) Any person who, in the course of trade or business, sells, barters or exchanges goods or properties, or engages in the sale or exchange of services, shall be liable to register for Value-added tax if: (a) His gross sales or receipts for the past twelve (12) months, other than those that are exempt under section 109 (a) to (u), have exceeded One million five hundred thousand pesos (P1,500,000); or (b) There are reasonable grounds to believe that his gross sales or receipts for the next twelve (12) months, other than those that are exempt under Section 109 (A) to (U), will exceed one million five hundred thousand pesos (P1,500,000). (2) Every person who becomes liable to be registered under paragraph (1) of this Subsection shall register with the Revenue District Office which has jurisdiction over the head office or branch of that person, and shall pay the annual registration fee prescribed in Subsection (B) hereof. If he fails to register, he shall be liable to pay the tax under Title IV as if he were a VAT-registered person, but without the benefit of input tax credits for the period in which he was not properly registered. Optional Registration for Value-added Tax of Exempt Person. ( 236, H) (1) Any person who is not required to register for Value-added tax under Subsection (G) hereof may elect to register for Value-added tax by registering with the Revenue District Office that has jurisdiction over the
head office of that person, and paying the annual registration fee in Subsection (B) hereof. (2) Any person who elects to register under this Subsection shall not be entitled to cancel his registration under Subsection (F)(2) for the next three (3) years. For purposes of Title IV of this Code, any person who has registered valueadded tax as a tax type in accordance with the provisions of Subsection (C) hereof shall be referred to as a "VATregistered person" who shall be assigned only one Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN). xxx (amended by RA 9337) Cancellation of VAT registration: A VAT-registered person may cancel his registration for VAT as provided for in Sec. 236 (F) (2), and also in the following instances: 1. A change of ownership, in the case of a single proprietorship; 2. Dissolution of a partnership or corporation; 3. Merger or consolidation with respect to the dissolved corporation(s); 4. A person who has registered prior to planned business commencement, but failed to actually start his business
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XIII. FILING OF RETURNS PAYMENT OF VAT

Vat Returns( 114)
&
Filed by person liable to pay the VAT Quarterly return of the amount of his gross sales or receipts within twentyfive (25) days after the close of each taxable quarter prescribed for each taxpayer:
Note: VAT paid on a monthly basis
XIV.
ENFORCEMENT MEASURES
RR 16-2005: Administrative and Penal Provisions. (a) Suspension of business operations. In addition to other administrative and penal sanctions provided for in the Tax Code and implementing regulations, the Commissioner of Internal Revenue or his duly authorized representative may order suspension or closure of a
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business establishment for a period of not less than five (5) days for any of the following violations: (1) Failure to issue receipts and invoices. (2) Failure to file VAT return as required under the provisions of Sec. 114 of the Tax Code. (3) Understatement of taxable sales or receipts by 30% or more of his correct taxable sales or receipt for the taxable quarter. (4) Failure of any person to register as required under the provisions of Sec. 236 of the Tax Code. (b) Surcharge, interest and other penalties. The interest on unpaid amount of tax, civil penalties and criminal penalties imposed in Title XI of the Tax Code shall also apply to violations of the provisions of Title IV of the Tax Code.
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Part III. Percentage Taxes

I. WHO ARE LIABLE II. PAYMENTS III. SUMMARY OF PERCENTAGE TAXES
Q: Who are covered? (ReCoLaKe no BA) 1. Cars for Rent or hire driven by lessee; 2. Transportation Contractors, including persons who transport passengers for hire; 3. Other domestic carriers by LAND; 4. Keepers of garages. Except: 1. Owners of Bancas 2. Owners of Animal-drawn two-wheeled vehicles Minimum quarterly gross receipts:
Jeepneys Manila and other cities Provincial Public Utility Bus Not exceeding 30 passengers > 30 but not > 50 passengers Exceeding 50 passengers Taxis Manila and other cities Provincial Car for hire (with chauffeur) Car for hire (w/o chauffeur)
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I. WHO ARE LIABLE

Under Sections 116-127 of the NIRC, the percentage taxes are: A. 3% percentage tax on persons exempt from the valued-added tax because their gross annual sales do not exceed one million five hundred thousand pesos (P1,500,000), and who are not required to pay any other percentage tax; B. Tax on domestic carriers; C. Tax on international carriers; D. Franchise tax; E. Overseas communications tax; F. Tax on banks and non-bank financial intermediaries performing quasibanking functions; G. Tax on other non-bank financial intermediaries; H. Tax on like insurance companies; I. Tax on agents of foreign insurance companies; J. Amusement tax; K. Tax on winnings; L. Tax on stock transactions
P2,400 P1,200 P3,600 P6,000 P7,200 P3,600 P2,400 P3,000 P1,800
C. TAX ON INTERNATIONAL CARRIERS (Sec. 118, NIRC)

3% of their quarterly gross receipts. To be subject to this percentage tax, they MUST BE DOING BUSINESS IN THE PHILIPPINES.
A. TAX ON PERSONS EXEMPT FROM VAT (Sec. 116, NIRC)

3% of gross quarterly sales or receipts.
Q: Who are liable? 1. International air carriers 2. International shipping carriers Amendment introduced by RA 9337 (July 2005):
Kind of Tax Liability Carrier Domestic 3%, Sec. 117 Domestic 12% VAT Domestic Domestic trip - 12% VAT International trip zerorated International 3%, Sec. 118 Domestic Domestic flight - 12% VAT International flight zerorated International 3%, Sec. 118
Q: Who are liable? General Rule: Any person who are exempt from VAT and who is not a VAT-registered person. Those whose gross annual sales and receipts does not exceed P1.5M are exempted from VAT Exception: Cooperatives shall be exempt from the 3% GRT. Those earning LESS THAN P100,000 which is neither covered by percentage tax nor by VAT.
Common Transporting Carrier By land Persons Goods/cargo By sea
By air
B. TAX ON DOMESTIC CARRIERS AND KEEPERS OF GARAGES (Sec. 117, NIRC)

3% of quarterly gross receipts Gross receipts of common carriers derived from INCOMING and OUTGOING freight is NOT subject to local taxes under the Local Govt Code.
Whether transporting persons or goods/cargo
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D. TAX ON FRANCHISES (Sec. 119)

Q: Who are liable? 1. Radio and broadcasting companies a. annual gross receipts of the preceding year does not exceed P10M b. 3% of gross receipts derived from business covered by law granting the franchise. c. The franchisee has the option to register as VAT taxpayer and pay the VAT instead. d. once option is exercised, it is IRREVOCABLE. 2. Gas and water utilities 2% of gross receipts derived from business covered by the law granting the franchise. Electric companies are now subject to VAT and not percentage tax.
F. TAX ON BANKS AND NON-BANK FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES PERFORMING QUASI-BANKING FUNCTIONS (Sec. 121, NIRC)
Tax on gross receipts derived from sources within the Philippines by all banks and non-bank financial intermediaries Definitions (from RR 09-04, Sec 2): Non-bank Financial Intermediaries refer to persons or entities whose principal functions include the lending, investing or placement of funds or evidences of indebtedness or equity Deposited with them, Acquired by them or otherwise Coursed through them, either for their own account or for the account of others. (LIP DAC) Quasi-banking Activities refer to the borrowing of funds from 20 or more personal or corporate lenders at any one time for purposes of relending or purchasing receivables and other similar obligations. Exception: If borrowing of funds is for LIMITED PURPOSE of financing their own needs or the needs of their agents or dealers.
MATURITY maturity period is 5yrs or less maturity period is more than 5yrs RATE 5%
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E. OVERSEAS COMMUNICATIONS TAX (Sec. 120)

10% of the amount paid for the services. Levied upon EVERY overseas dispatch, message or conversation TRANSMITTED FROM THE PHILIPPINES by: Telephone Telegraph Telewriter Exchange Wireless Other communication equipment services.
Q: Who are liable? Payable by: the person paying for the services rendered; Payable to: the person rendering the service, who will in turn pay the taxes at the end of the quarter. Q: Who are exempted? (D GIN) 1. Government and any of its political subdivisions and instrumentalities; 2. Diplomatic services (any embassy and consular offices of a foreign govt) 3. International Organizations (if bases in the Phils. and enjoying privileges, exemptions and immunities pursuant to an international agreement) 4. News services (which deals EXCLUSIVELY with the collection of news and dissemination to the public)
RECEIPTS 1. interest, commissions, discounts from lending activities and financial leasing bases on remaining maturities of instruments: 2. dividends & equity shares in net income of subsidiaries 3. royalties, rentals of property (real/personal), profits from exchange and all other items treated as gross income under sec. 32) 4. net trading gains on foreign currency, debt securities, derivatives & other similar financial instruments
1%
0% 7%
7%
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Computing for the Net Trading Gains: Cumulative Total of the net trading gain/loss since the first month of the applicable taxable year LESS: Figures already reflected in the previous months of the same year FIGURE TO BE REPORTED IN THE MONTHLY PERCENTAGE TAX Net Trading Loss: may only be deducted from the net trading gain to arrive at the total gross receipts tax due. cannot be deducted on net trading gain earned on any taxable year other than the year it was incurred may not be carried over to the succeeding taxable year. Rule on Pretermination: In case the maturity period of an instrument is shortened by pretermination, the maturity period shall be reckoned to end as of the date of pretermination for purposes of classifying the transaction and applying the correct rate of tax. (RR 09-04, Sec. 5) Case Law: China Bank v. CTA (GR 146749, June 10, 3003) The 20% withholding tax on interest income shall form part of the gross receipts in computing gross receipts tax on banks. Gross Receipts is commonly understood as the entire receipts without any deductions.
RR 10-2004 has classified pawnshops as under NON-BANK FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES, thus are now subject to 5% gross receipts tax. The revenue regulation also required pawnshops to register, from VAT taxpayers, as percentage taxpayers.
H. TAX ON LIFE INSURANCE PREMIUMS (Sec. 123, NIRC)

5% of total premiums collected (whether in money, notes, credits or any substitute for money).
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Note: Non-life insurance is subject to VAT. Q: Who are liable? General Rule: Every person, company or corporation DOING LIFE INSURANCE BUSINESS OF ANY SORT IN THE PHILIPPINES. Exception: Purely cooperative companies or associations. Cooperative companies or associations are such if: conducted by the members with the money collected from among themselves and solely for their own protection and NOT for profit.
Premiums Not Included in the Taxable Receipts: V-ROAR 1. Premiums Refunded within 6 months after payment on account of rejection of risks 2. Premiums paid upon reinsurance by a company that has Already paid the tax. 3. Premiums collected or received by any branch of a domestic corporation, firm or association doing business OUTSIDE the Phils. on account of any life insurance of the insured who is a NONRESIDENT, if any tax on such premiums is imposed by the foreign country where the branch is established. 4. Premiums collected or received on account of any reinsurance, if the insured of personal insurance, RESIDES OUTSIDE THE PHILS., if any tax on such premiums is imposed by the foreign country where the original insurance has been issued or perfected.
G. TAX ON OTHER NON-BANK FINANCE INTERMEDIARIES (Sec. 122, NIRC)

Tax on gross receipts derived by other non-bank finance intermediaries, DOING BUSINESS IN THE PHILIPPINES, from: Interest Commissions Discounts from lending activities financial leasing Tax is based on the remaining maturities of the instruments from which receipts are derived MATURITY maturity period is 5 yrs or less maturity period is more than 5 yrs RATES 5% 3%
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5. Portions of premiums collected or received by insurance companies on VARIABLE CONTRACTS in excess of the amounts necessary to insure the lives of variable contract owners. Variable Contracts: benefits under the contract vary as to reflect investment results of any segregated portfolios of investments. (PD612) Case Law: CIR v. Insular Life Assurance (CA GR SP 46516) MUTUALIZED LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY is not subject to premium tax or DST on policies as cooperatives. If a mutualized life insurance company satisfies all the elements of cooperative [1) managed by members; 2) operated with money collected from members; 3) has for its main purpose the mutual protection of members and not for profit] as defined in Sec. 123, it shall not be subject to premiums tax.
Q: When to pay? return should be filed and tax paid within 20 days after the end of every quarter SOURCE Cockpits cabarets, night or day clubs boxing exhibitions professional basketball games (in lieu of all other percentage taxes) Jai-Alai & racetracks (WON they charge for admissions) RATES 18% 18% 10% 15% 30%
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Exemption: If boxing exhibition is a World or Oriental Championship in any division featuring at least 1 Filipino contender and promoted by a Filipino or by a corporation with at least 60% Filipino equity. Tax Base: GROSS RECEIPTS it embraces ALL the receipts proprietor, lessee or operator amusement place; including from TV, radio and motion rights. of the of the income picture
I. TAX ON AGENTS OF FOREIGN INSURANCE COMPANIES (Sec. 124, NIRC)

10% of total premiums collected.
Q: Who are liable? General Rule: Tax shall be levied upon every FIRE, MARINE OR MISCELLANEOUS INSURANCE AGENT authorized to procure policies of insurance as he may have previously been legally authorized to transact on risks located in the Phils FOR COMPANIES NOT AUTHORIZED TO TRANSACT BUSINESS IN THE PHILS. Exception: Premiums paid on reinsurance. Where an owner of property obtains insurance DIRECTLY from foreign insurance companies NOT authorized to transact insurance business in the Phils., he shall pay a tax of 5% on the premiums paid.
RMC 08-88 transferred the EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION to levy tax on gross receipts from ADMISSIONS to places of amusement to the local government.
K. TAX ON NIRC)
WINNINGS
(Sec.
126,
Q: Who are liable? 1. every person who wins in horse races 2. owners of winning race horses SOURCE winnings or dividends (bases on the actual amount paid to winner for every winning ticket AFTER deducting the cost of the ticket) winnings from double, forecast/quinella and trifecta bets prizes, in case of owners of race horses RATES 10%
4% 10%
J. AMUSEMENT TAXES (Sec. 125, NIRC)

Q: Who are liable? The proprietor, lessee or operator of cockpits, cabarets, night or day clubs, boxing exhibitions, professional basketball games, Jai-Alai and racetracks.
Tax shall be WITHHELD by the operator, manager or person in charge of the horse races before paying the dividends or prizes; Return shall be filed and tax paid within 20 days from the date tax was deducted and withheld.
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L. TAX ON SALE, BARTER OR EXCHANGE OF SHARES OF STOCK LISTED AND TRADED THROUGH THE LOCAL STOCK EXCHANGE OR THROUGH INITIAL PUBLIC OFFERING (IPO) (Sec. 127, NIRC)
1. Through the Local Stock Exchange of 1% of the GROSS SELLING PRICE or GROSS VALUE IN MONEY (GSP/GVM) of the shares of stocks sold, bartered, exchanged or otherwise disposed of through the local stock exchange OTHER THAN THE SALE BY A DEALER IN SECURITIES. Tax shall be paid by seller or transferor. 2. Through IPO Covers sale, barter, exchange of shares of stock of CLOSELY HELD CORPORATIONS; Tax shall be paid by the issuing corporation in the primary offering or by the seller in the secondary offering; Tax base is the GSP/GVM Levied in accordance with the proportion of shares sold, bartered, exchanged or disposed, to the total outstanding shares after the listing in the local stock exchange: NUMBER OF SHARES up to 25% of all shares >25% but not over 33.33% Over 33.33% RATES 4% GSP/GVM 2% GSP/GVM 1% GSP/GVM
b. An individual is considered the constructive owner of the stock owned by members of his family (includes only brothers and sisterswhole/half-blood, spouse, ancestors and lineal descendants) c. A person having an option to acquire stock is considered the actual owner of such stock 3. Return on Capital Gains realized from sale of Shares of Stocks a) Return on capital gains realized from sale of shares of stock listed and traded in the local stock exchange It is the duty of every stockbroker who effected the sale to collect the tax and remit it to the BIR within 5 banking days from date of collection and to submit to the secretary of the stock exchange a true and complete return b) Return on public offerings of shares of stocks The corporate issuer shall file the return and pay the tax within 30days from the date of listing of the shares in the local stock exchange.
Note: Both IPOs and sales of stock through the local exchange are EXEMPT from capital gains tax and from regular individual or corporate income tax. Also, such tax is not deductible from income tax.
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II. PAYMENT TAXES
OF
PERCENTAGE
Q: When to file return and pay? Persons subject to percentage taxes shall file a QUARTERLY RETURN and PAY the tax due within 25 days after the end of each taxable quarter. (Sec. 128 (A)(1), NIRC) However, RR 6-2001 has changed the period from 25 days after end of quarter to 10 days after end of the month. Exception: Persons whose VAT registration is cancelled and become liable under Sec 116 liable for the tax due from the date of cancellation of registration. retiring from business must file a return and pay within 20 days from closing of the business.
Closely Held Corporation: Any corporation at least 50% in value of the outstanding capital stock or at least 50% of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote is owned directly or indirectly by or for not more than 20 individuals. Rules to be applied to determine whether the corporation is closely held: a. Stock owned directly or indirectly by corporations, partnerships, estates or trusts shall be considered as actually owned by its stockholders, partners or beneficiaries in proportion to their shares as individuals.
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Q: Where to file? At the option of the person liable, he may file 1. a separate return for each branch or place of business, or 2. a consolidated return with: 1. authorized agent bank, 2. Revenue District Office, 3. Collection Agent or City/Mun. Treasurer where the business or principal place of business is located.
The Commissioner may prescribe 1. rules and regulations altering the time and manner of payment prescribed herein. 2. a minimum amount of gross receipts where it is found that a person: a) has failed to issue receipts or invoices b) does not file a return, or c) if records of the books of accounts do not correctly reflect the declarations in the return.
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III.
SUMMARY OF PERCENTAGE TAXES

TAX BASE Gross sales/ Gross receipts Gross receipts Gross receipts Gross receipts RATE 3% 3% 3% 2% 3% 10% 1% and 5% 7% 0% 1% and 5% 5% 5% 10% 10% 15% 18% 30% 10% 4% 10% of 1%
THE TAX A. 3% percentage tax B. Domestic common carriers tax C. International common carriers tax D. Franchise tax on: Gas and water facilities Radio and/or broadcasting companies whose gross receipts in the preceding year did not exceed P10,000,000 E. Overseas communications tax F. Tax on banks and non-bank financial intermediaries performing quasi-judicial functions
G. Tax and other non-bank financial intermediaries
H. Tax on life insurance companies I. Tax on agents of foreign insurance companies J. Amusement taxes on: Boxing exhibitions Professional basketball games Cockpits, cabarets, and night clubs Jai-alai and race tracks K. Tax on winnings: On winnings or dividends of persons in horse races or jai-alai But if from double, forcast, quinella, and trifecta bets On winnings of owner of winnings horses L. Stock Transaction Tax (secondary offering)
Amount paid Gross receipts from lending/financial leasing* Gross receipts from other gross income items Dividends Gross receipts from lending/financial leasing* Gross receipts from other gross income items Premiums collected Premiums collected Gross Gross Gross Gross receipts receipts receipts receipts
Winnings Winnings Winnings Selling price
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Part IV. Excise Tax
Part IV. Excise Tax

I. GOODS SUBJECT TO EXCISE TAX A. ALCOHOL PRODUCTS B. TOBACCO PRODUCTS C. PETROLEUM PRODUCTS D. MISCELLANEOUS ARTICLES II. FILING OF RETURN AND PAYMENT OF EXCISE TAX ON DOMESTIC PRODUCTS III. PAYMENT OF EXCISE TAX ON IMPORTED ARTICLES IV. EXEMPTION/CONDITIONAL TAX-FREE REMOVAL OF CERTAIN ARTICLES
3. To distribute the tax burden in proportion to the benefit derived from a particular government service. 4. To raise revenue. When Excise Taxes Accrue As to domestic products as soon as the articles are produced, or come into existence as in the case of distilled spirits (Sec. 141) and manufactured and other fuel oils (Sec. 148) As to imported articles as soon as the articles are brought into the Philippine jurisdiction with the intention to unload them here.
I. GOODS SUBJECT TO EXCISE TAX

(Sec. 129, NIRC) Goods manufactured or produced in the Philippines for domestic sale or consumption or other disposition Things imported
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A. Tax on Alcohol Products Definition: a. distilled spirits substance known as ethyl alcohol, ethanol or spirits of wine including whiskey, brandy, rum, gin and vodka, from whatever source, by whatever process produced b. wines all alcoholic beverages produced by fermentation without distillation from the juice of any kind of fruit; and fortified beverages c. fermented liquor alcoholic beverages produced by fermentation without distillation of grain or malt (beer, lager, ale, porter) 1) Sec. 141 Distilled Spirits (Rates of tax as per RR 3-2006) (for rates see Sec. 141) a. Medicinal preparations, flavoring extracts, other preparations except toilet preparations, wherein distilled products form chief ingredient b. Tax shall proportionally increase for any strength of spirit taxed over proof spirits. c. Tax shall attach as soon as it is in existence whether it is subsequently separated as pure or impure spirits or transformed into any other substance either in the process of original production or by any subsequent process. 2) Sec. 142 Wines (Rates of tax as per RR 3-2006) (for rates see sec. 142) Fortified wines containing more than 25% of alcohol by volume natural wines to which distilled spirits are added to increase their alcoholic strength taxed as distilled spirits
Note: Excise tax is imposed in addition to VAT. The tax attaches even on articles illicitly made, or the production of which is prohibited or punished by law. Two Classifications of Excise Tax: Specific tax- tax is based on weight or volume capacity or other physical unit of measurement Ad valorem tax - tax is based on selling price or other specified value of the good
The following are the articles subject to excise taxes: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) Distilled spirits; Wines; Fermented liquors; Tobacco products; Cigars; Cigarettes; Automobiles; Manufactured oils and other fuels; Mineral products; Non-essential goods.
Purpose and justification of excise taxes: 1. To curtail consumption of certain commodities, excessive or indiscriminate use of which is considered harmful to the individual or community. 2. To protect a domestic industry the products of which face competition from similar imported articles
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Part IV. Excise Tax
3) Sec. 143 Fermented Liquor (Rates of tax as per RR 3-2006) (For rates, see sec. 143) Beer, lager beer, ale. Porter and other fermented liquor except tuba, basi, tapuy and similar domestic fermented liquors Penal Provisions: VIOLATION BY: Brewer or importer who knowingly misdeclares or misrepresents in his sworn statement any pertinent data or information Corporation, association or partnership PENALTY summary cancellation or withdrawal of his permit fined treble the amount of deficiency taxes + surcharges + interest criminally liable and penalized under Sec 254 liable same as principal deported service sentence after of
D. Tax on Miscellaneous Articles On Automobiles (Sec. 148 of the NIRC, as amended by RA 9224)NATURE: Ad valorem tax on automobiles based on manufacturers or importers selling price (net excise tax and VAT)
RATE 2% P12,000 + 2% in excess of P600T P112T + 40% in excess of P1.1M P512T + 60% in excess of P2.1M
NET SELLING PRICE Up to P600T P600T P1.1M P1.1M P2.1 M over P2.1M
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Person liable for acts or omissions prohibited under this section those who willfully abet or aid in the commission of such act or omission offender not citizen of Phil
Note: imported cars NOT for sale, tax shall be based on total landed value + transaction value + customs duty + other charges cars used exclusively in Freeport zones are exempt Sec. 150 Non Essential Goods Sec. 151 Mineral Products
B. Tax on Tobacco Products Definition a. cigar all rolls of tobacco or any substitute wrapped in leaf tobacco b. cigarette all rolls of finely-cut leaf tobacco or any substitute wrapped in paper or any other material 1) Sec. 144 Tobacco Products (Rates of tax as per RR 3-2006) (for rates, see Sec. 144) 2) Sec. 145 Cigars and Cigarettes (Rates of tax as per RR 3-2006) (for rates, see sec. 145) Penal Provisions: Same with Wines and Spirits C. Tax on Petroleum Products 1) Sec. 148 Manufactured Oils and other Fuels (Rates of tax 1997 NIRC, as amended by RA 9337 [2005]) (for rates, see sec. 148)
II. FILING OF RETURN AND PAYMENT OF EXCISE TAX ON DOMESTIC PRODUCTS (Sec. 130) (A) Persons liable to file a return, filing of return on removal and payment of tax
1. Person Liable to File a Return-such person shall file a separate return for each place of production setting forth, among others: DAT Description and quantity or volume of products removed Applicable tax base Tax due in the case of indigenous petroleum, natural gas or liquefied natural gas excise tax shall be paid by first buyer, purchaser or transferee for local sale, barter or transfer export products excise tax shall be paid by owner, lessee, concessionaire or operator of the mining claim should domestic products be removed from the place of production without the payment of
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Part IV. Excise Tax
tax, the owner or possessor shall be liable for the tax due 2. Time of Filing of Return and Payment of Tax Generally: return shall be filed and excise tax shall be paid by the manufacturer or producer before removal of the domestic products from place of production unless otherwise specifically allowed Exceptions:
PRODUCT Non-metallic mineral or mineral products and quarry sources Locally produced or extracted metallic mineral or mineral products TIME OF PAYMENT Upon removal of such products from locality where mined and extracted
a. minerals, mineral products or quarry resources where the place of extraction is different from the place of processing or production, or b. metallic minerals processed abroad, File and pay at the Revenue District Office having jurisdiction in the locality where it was mined, extracted or quarried.
(B) Determination of Gross Selling Price of Goods Subject to Ad Valorem Tax

Gross Selling Price= Price - VAT PRICE: That at which the goods are sold at wholesale in the place of production or through their sales agents to the public If the goods are sold in another establishment where the manufacturer is the owner or in the profits of which he has an interest, wholesale price there
TAXATION LAW 2
Within 15 days after end of the calendar quarter when such products were removed subject to conditions prescribed by rules and regulations to be promulgated by Secretary of Finance, upon recommendation of the Commissioner Taxpayer shall file bond amount of excise tax due Before their removal from customs duty
Note: if price < cost of manufacture + expenses incurred until the goods are finally sold: a proportionate margin of the profit (which is not less than 10% of such manufacturing costs + expenses) shall be added to the GSP.
IMPORTED mineral or mineral products, whether metallic or non-metallic
(C) Manufacturers or Producers Sworn Statement

It shall show: different goods and products manufactured or produced, their corresponding GSP or market value; Costs of manufacture or production + expenses incurred or to be incurred until goods are sold
3. Place of Filing of Return and Payment of Tax (GENERAL RULE) a. any authorized agent bank or Revenue Collector Officer, or b. duly authorized City or Municipal Treasurer 4. Exceptions (TO GENERAL RULE SET OUT ABOVE) In General: Sec of Finance, upon recommendation of Commissioner, may by rules and regulations prescribe: a. time of filing the return at intervals for a particular class or classes of taxpayer b. manner and time of payment under a tax prepayment, advance deposit and other similar schemes In the Specific Cases of:
(D) Credit for Excise Tax on Goods Actually Exported

In case goods produced or manufactured are removed and actually exported without returning to the Philippines: General Rule: any excise tax paid shall be credited or refunded upon submission of proof of actual exportation and upon receipt of the foreign exchange payment Exception (i.e., NOT credible): mineral products o Exception to Exception: coal & coke
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Part IV. Excise Tax
III.PAYMENT OF EXCISE TAX ON IMPORTED ARTICLES (Sec. 131) (A) Persons Liable
Paid by: owner or importer to the Customs Officers before release from the customhouse, OR person found in possession of articles which are exempt from excise taxes other than those legally entitled to exemption In case tax-free articles brought in by exempted persons or entities or agencies are subsequently sold, transferred or exchanged in the Philippines purchaser or recipients shall be considered importers and shall be liable for duty and internal revenue tax due Importation of cigar, cigarettes, distilled spirits and wines even if destined to tax and duty-free shops shall be subject to all applicable taxes, Except: (not subject to tax) 1. Such are brought directly into Subic Special Economic and Freeport Zone; Cagayan Special Economic Zone and Freeport; Zamboanga City Special Economic Zone and not transshipped to any other port in the Philippines 2. Importation done by governmentowned and operated duty free shop like DFP, PROVIDED such products are labeled tax and duty free and not for resale Exception to the Exception: if such products are eventually introduced to Philippine customs territory, then such articles shall be deemed imported into Phil and be subject to all import and excise taxes
Penalty: articles shall be confiscated and perpetrator punished; tax due on any such goods, products, machinery, equipment and other similar articles shall constitute a lien on the article itself which shall be superior to all other liens.
(B) Rate and Basis of the Excise Tax on Imported Articles

Unless otherwise specified, imported articles shall be subject to the same rate and basis of excise taxes applicable to locally manufactured articles
TAXATION LAW 2
IV. EXEMPTION/CONDITIONAL TAXFREE REMOVAL OF CERTAIN ARTICLES

a. denatured wine/spirits for treatment of tobacco leaf; b. domestic denatured alcohol rendered unfit for oral intake, but VAT should be paid; c. petroleum products sold to: international carriers (Philippine or foreign carriers) on their use or consumption outside the Philippines, provided there is reciprocity exempt entities covered by tax treaties, conventions, international agreements, provided there is reciprocity entities which are by law exempted from direct & indirect taxes d. removal of spirits under bond for rectification; e. removal of fermented liquors to bonded warehouse; f. removal of damaged liquors; g. removal of tobacco products entirely unfit for chewing/smoking.
Note: Removal and transfer from one Freeport to another Freeport shall not be deemed an introduction to Phil territory. Violations: cigar, cigarettes, distilled spirits and wines in duty free shops which are NOT LABELED AS REQUIRED, as well as those articles obtained from duty free shops and subsequently FOUND IN NON DUTY FREE SHOPS FOR RESALE
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Part V. Documentary Stamp Tax

I. GENERAL PRINCIPLES II. DOCUMENTS AND PAPERS NOT SUBJECT TO DOCUMENTARY STAMP TAX III. ONE-TRANSACTION RULE IV. PAYMENT OF DST V. APPLICABILITY OF DST LAW ON ELECTRONIC DOCUMENTS VI. TAX RATES APPLICABLE
imposed, the other party who is not exempt will be the one directly liable to file Documentary Stamp Tax Declaration and pay the applicable stamp tax. Q: What are the implications of failure to stamp taxable documents? The untaxed document will: Not be recorded, Not be admitted or used in evidence in court until the requisite stamp or stamps have been affixed thereto and cancelled, Not be notarized (No notary public or other officer authorized to administer oaths will add his jurat or acknowledgment to any document subject to Documentary Stamp Tax unless the proper documentary stamps are affixed thereto and cancelled. When are shares considered issued? Upon the acquisition of the stockholder of the attributes of ownership over the shares (the right to vote, the right to receive dividends, the right to dispose, etc., notwithstanding that restrictions on the exercise of any of these rights may be imposed by the Corporations Articles and/or by-laws, the SEC, stockholder agreement, court order, etc.) which acquisition of such attributes of ownership shall be manifested by the acceptance by the Corporation of the stockholders subscription to its shares of stock. The delivery of the certificates of stock to the stockholders is NOT essential for the DST to accrue. [RR 13-2004]
I. GENERAL PRINCIPLES
Definition: Tax on documents, instruments and papers evidencing the acceptance, assignment, sale or transfer of an obligation, right or property thereto Nature: It is an excise or privilege tax imposed on the privilege to enter into the transaction. It is only paid once. The amount of DST depends on the nature of the document and the value appearing upon its face. If the transaction is subsequently annulled or invalidated, the tax may be refunded since the law presupposes a valid transaction.
TAXATION LAW 2
Q: Who are required to file the Documentary Stamp Tax Declaration Return? a) In case of constructive affixture of documentary stamps, by the persons making, signing, issuing, accepting or transferring documents, instruments, loan agreements and papers, acceptances, assignments, sales and conveyances of the obligation, right or property incident thereto wherever the document is made, signed, issued, accepted or transferred when the obligation or right arises from Philippine sources or the property is situated in the Philippines at the same time such act is done or transaction had;
What is the basis of DST? The entire shares of stock subscribed are considered issued for purposes of DST, even if not fully paid. [RR 13-2004] When is a sale or exchange of shares taxable? There must be actual or constructive transfer of beneficial ownership of shares of stock from one person to another. This may be manifested by: a) the clear exercise of attributes of ownership over such stocks by the transferee, or b) by an actual entry of a change in the name appearing in the certificate of stock or in the stock and transfer book of the corporation or by any entry
b) By metering machine user who imprints the Documentary Stamp Tax due on the taxable documents; and c) By Revenue Collection Agent, for remittance of sold loose documentary stamps.
Note: Wherever one party to the taxable document enjoys exemption from the tax
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indicating transfer of beneficial ownership in any form of registry including those of a duly authorized scripless registry, such as those maintained for or by the Philippine Stock Exchange. [RR 13-2004]
assessed, furnished by the provincial, city or municipal Treasurer to applicants for registration of title to land. c. Borrowing and lending of securities executed under the Securities Borrowing and Lending Program of a registered exchange, or in accordance with regulations prescribed by the appropriate regulatory authority: Provided, however, That any borrowing or lending of securities agreement as contemplated shall be duly covered by a master securities borrowing and lending agreement acceptable to the appropriate regulatory authority, and which agreements is duly registered and approved by the Bureau of Internal Revenue. (BIR). d. Loan agreements the aggregate of which does not exceed Two hundred fifty thousand pesos (P250,000), or any such amount as may be determined by he Secretary of Finance, executed by an individual for his purchase on installment for his personal use or that of his family and not for business or resale, barter or hire of a house, lot, motor vehicle, appliance or furniture: Provided, however, That the amount to be set by the Secretary of Finance shall be in accordance with a relevant price index but not to exceed ten percent (10%) of the current amount and shall remain in force at least for three (3) years. e. Sale, barter or exchange of Shares of stock listed and traded through the local stock exchange for a period of five (5) years from the effectivity of this Act. f. Assignment or transfer of any mortgage, lease or policy of insurance, or the renewal or continuance of any agreement, contract, charter, or any evidence of obligation or indebtedness, if there is no change in the maturity date or remaining period of coverage from that of the original instrument.
II. DOCUMENTS AND PAPERS NOT SUBJECT TO STAMP TAX (BAD- STAF- LIMB-PC40)
a. Policies of insurance or annuities made or granted by a fraternal or beneficiary society, order, association or cooperative company conducted solely by the members thereof for their benefit. b. Certificates of oaths administered to any government official in his official capacity or of acknowledgment by any government official in the performance of his official duties; written appearance in any court by any government official, in his official capacity; certificates of the administration of oaths to any person as to the authenticity of any paper required to be filed in court by any person or party thereto, whether the proceedings be civil or criminal; papers and documents filed in courts by or for the national, provincial, city or municipal governments; affidavits of poor persons for the purpose of proving poverty; statements and other compulsory information required of persons or corporations by the rules and regulations of the national, provincial, city or municipal governments exclusively for statistical purposes and which are wholly for the use of the bureau or office in which they are filed, and not at the instance or for the use or benefit of the person filing them; certified copies and other certificates placed upon documents, instruments and papers for the national, provincial, city or municipal governments, made at the instance and for the sole use of some other branch of the national, provincial, city or municipal governments; and certificates of the assessed value of lands, not exceeding Two hundred pesos (P200) in value
TAXATION LAW 2
g. Fixed income and other securities Traded in the secondary market or through an exchange. h. Derivatives: Provided, That for purposes of this exemption, repurchase agreements and reverse repurchase
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agreements shall be treated similarly as derivatives. i. j. Interbranch or interdepartmental Advances within the same legal entity. All Forebearances arising from sales or service contracts including credit card and trade receivables: Provided, That the exemption be limited to those executed by the seller or service provider itself.
IV. PAYMENT OF DOCUMENTARY STAMP TAX (Sec 200)

Where: filed and paid at authorized agent bank within territorial jurisdiction of Revenue District Officer which had jurisdiction over residence or principal place of business of taxpayer Revenue District Officer, collection agent, duly authorized treasurer of municipality or city where the taxpayer has his residence or principal place of business
TAXATION LAW 2
k. Bank deposit accounts without a fixed term or Maturity. l. All contracts, deeds, documents and transactions related to the conduct of business of the Banko Sentral ng Pilipinas.
m. Transfer of property pursuant to Section 40(c)(2) of the National Internal Revenue Code of 1997, as amended. n. Interbank call loans with maturity of not more than seven (7) days to cover deficiency in reserves against deposit liabilities, including those between or among banks and quasibanks.
Exception: Tax may be paid thru purchase and actual affixture or imprinting the stamp thru documentary stamp metering machine as prescribed by the pertinent rules and regulations. When: 5 days after close of the month when the taxable document was made, signed issued, transferred or accepted. (RR 6-01) [Note: 10-day rule provided in Sec. 200(B) of the NIRC no longer applicable)
III.ONE-TRANSACTION RULE:
Where only one instrument was prepared, made signed and executed to cover a loan agreement/promissory note, pledge/mortgage, The documentary stamp tax shall be paid and computed on the full amount of the loan or credit granted. In this regard, the instrument shall be treated as covering only one taxable transaction, subject to the higher documentary stamp tax. (RR 9-94, Sec. 8)
V. APPLICABILITY OF DST LAW ON ELECTRONIC DOCUMENTS:

The DST rates shall be applicable on all documents not otherwise expressly exempted by the law, notwithstanding that they are in electronic form. As provided for in RA 8792 (Electronic Commerce Act), electronic documents are the functional equivalent of a written document under existing laws, and the issuance thereof is therefore tantamount to the issuance of a written document, and therefore subject to DST. (RR 13-04, Sec. 10)
DUE PER
VI. TAX RATES APPLICABLE (1997 NIRC, as amended by RA 9243 [2004])

DOCUMENT Debentures & Certificates of Indebtedness Original Issue of Shares of Stock with par value Original Issue of Shares of Stock without par value Stock Dividends TAXABLE UNIT TAX UNIT TAXABLE BASE
DELETED by RA 9243 P200.00 or fraction 1.00 thereof P200.00 or fraction 1.00 thereof P200.00 or fraction thereof 1.00
Par value of shares of stocks Actual consideration for the issuance of shares of stocks Actual value represented by each share
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Sales, Agreements to Sell, Memoranda of Sales, Deliveries or Transfer of Due-bills, Certificate of Obligation, or Shares or Certificates of Stock In the case of stocks without par value Bonds, Debentures, Certificate of Stock or Indebtedness issued in foreign Countries Certificate of Profits or Interest in Property or Accumulation Bank Checks, Drafts, Certificate of Deposit not bearing interest and other Instruments Original issue of debt instruments -For such debt instruments with terms of less than one year Bills of exchange (between points within the Philippines) and drafts Bills of Exchange or order drawn in foreign country but payable in the Philippines
P200.00 or fraction thereof
0.75
Par value of such duebills, certificate of obligation or stocks
P200.00 or fraction thereof P200.00 or fraction thereof On each Document
25% of the DST paid upon the original issue of said stock 1.50 0.50 1.50
Par value of such bonds, debentures or Certificate of Stocks Face value of such certificate / memorandum
TAXATION LAW 2
P200.00 or fraction
P200.00 or fraction thereof P200.00 or fraction thereof
1.00 -proportional amount in accordance w/ the ratio of its term in number of days to 365 days .30 .30
Issue price of any such debt instrument
Face value of the bill of exchange or draft Face value of such bill of exchange or order or the equivalent of such value, if expressed in foreign currency Face value of bill of exchange/ order or the equivalent of such value if expressed in foreign currency Amount of premium collected Premium charged Premium charged Amount of premium or installment payment of contract price collected Premium or contribution collected Premium charged
Foreign Bills of Exchange and Letter of Credit
P200.00 or fraction thereof
.30
Life Insurance Policies Policies Of Insurance upon Property Fidelity Bonds and other Insurance Policies Policies of Annuities, Annuity or other instruments Pre-Need Plans Indemnity Bonds Certificates of Damage or otherwise and Certificate or document issued by any customs officers, marine surveyor, notary public and certificate required by law or by rules and regulations of a public office
P200.00 or fraction thereof P4.00 premium or fraction thereof P4.00 premium or fraction thereof P200.00 or fraction thereof P200.00 or fraction P4.00 or fraction thereof Each Certificate
.50 .50 .50 0.50
.20 .30 15.00
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Warehouse Receipts (except if value does not exceed P200.00) Jai-alai, Horse Race Tickets, lotto or Other Authorized Number Games
Each Receipt P1.00 cost of ticket and Additional P0.10 on every P1.00 or fraction thereof if cost of ticket exceeds P1.00 >P100 not > P1000 >P1000 Each Proxy Each Document First 2,000 for every P1,000 or fractional part in excess of the first P2,000 for each year of the term of the contract or agreement First 5,000 on each P5,000 or fractional part in excess of 5,000 First 1,000 for each additional P1,000 or fractional part in excess of P1,000 1,000 below tons and
15.00 .10 Cost of the ticket
Bills of Lading or Receipts (except charter party) Proxies Powers of Attorney Lease and other Hiring agreements of memorandum or contract for hire, use or rent of any land or tenements or portions thereof
1.00 10.00 15.00 5.00 3.00 1.00

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Mortgages Pledges of lands, estate, or property and Deeds of Trust Deed of Sale, instrument or writing and Conveyances of Real Property (except grants, patents or original certificate of the government) Charter parties and Similar Instruments
20.00 10.00 15.00 15.00
Amount Secured Amount Secured Consideration or Fair Market Value, whichever is higher (if government is a party, basis shall be the consideration) Tonnage and duration of the contract
1,001 tons
to
10,000
Over 10,000 tons
Assignment or transfer of any mortgage, lease or policy of insurance Renewal of any agreement/ contract
P500.00 for the 1st 6 months +P50/month or fraction thereof in excess of 6 mos P1,000 for the 1st 6 mos + P100/month or fraction thereof in excess of 6 mos P1,500 for the 1st 6 mos + P150/month or fraction thereof in excess of 6 mos At the same rate as that imposed on the original instrument
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Part VI. Remedies
Part VI. Remedies

I. AUDIT STAGE A. POWERS OF THE COMMISSIONER RELATIVE TO THE AUDIT PROCESS B. LETTER OF AUTHORITY II. PRE-ASSESSMENT STAGE A. STEP 1: ISSUANCE OF NOTICE OF INFORMAL CONFERENCE B. STEP 2: INFORMAL CONFERENCE C. STEP 3: ISSUANCE OF PREASSESSMENT NOTICE III. FORMAL ASSESSMENT STAGE EFFECTS OF RA 9282 ON THE CTAS JURISDICTION IV. COLLECTION LETTER/WARRANTS A. COLLECTIONS OF DEFICIENCY TAXES B. REMEDIES OF THE TAXPAYER AGAINST TAXES ERRONEOUSLY OR ILLEGALLY PAID C. REMEDIES OF THE STATE FOR COLLECTION OF TAXES V. COMPROMISE AND ABATEMENT VI. STATUTORY OFFENSES AND PENALTIES A. ADDITIONS TO THE TAX B. CRIMES, OTHER OFFENSES AND FORFEITURES VII. COMPLIANCE REQUIREMENTS VIII. INFORMERS REWARD
filing, provided that no notice for audit or investigation of such return has been actually served on the taxpayer. 2. CONDUCT INVENTORY-TAKING, SURVEILLANCE and to prescribe presumptive gross sales and receipts (6C) Inventory-taking at any time during the taxable year, for the purpose of determining the correct tax liabilities. Surveillance done if there is reason to believe that the taxpayer is not declaring his correct income, sales or receipts for tax purposes. Prescribe presumptive gross sales and receipts if: It is found that the taxpayer has failed to issue receipts and invoices, or When there is reason to believe that the books of accounts or other records do not correctly reflect the declarations made by the taxpayer 3. Terminate TAXABLE PERIOD (6D) Terminating taxable period and ordering the immediate payment of the tax for the terminated period and any remaining tax that is unpaid, when the taxpayer is: retiring from business subject to tax, or intending to leave the Philippines or to remove his property therefrom or to hide or conceal his property; performing any act tending to obstruct the proceedings for the collection of the tax for the past or current quarter or year or to render the same totally or partially ineffective unless such proceedings are begun immediately 4. Prescribe REAL PROPERTY VALUES (6E) Dividing the Philippines into different zones or areas, and determining the FMV of real properties in each zone or area, upon consultation with competent appraisers from private and public sectors. For the purpose of computing any internal revenue tax, the value of
TAXATION LAW 2
STAGES IN BIR AUDIT EXAMINATION (Framework of discussion) Audit Stage/Issuance of Letter of Authority Pre-Assessment Stage Formal Assessment Stage Collection Letter/Warrants Compromise and Abatement
I. AUDIT STAGE
(Issuance of Letter of Authority)
A. Powers of Relative to
(PATRIA-CED)
the the
Commissioner Audit Process
1. EXAMINE RETURNS and DETERMINE TAX DUE (5) Authorizing the examination of any taxpayer and the assessment of the correct amount of tax, WON a return has been filed by such taxpayer. Note: Any return filed with the Commissioner shall not be withdrawn, BUT the taxpayer may MODIFY, CHANGE or AMEND such return within three (3) years from the date of
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Part VI. Remedies
the property shall be WHICHEVER IS HIGHER OF: The fair market value as determined by the Commissioner, or The fair market value as shown in the schedule of values of the provincial and city assessors 5. Inquire into BANK DEPOSIT ACCOUNTS (6F) Notwithstanding any contrary provision of R.A. 1405 (Bank Secrecy Law) and other general or special laws, the Commissioner is authorized to inquire into bank deposits of: A decedent to determine his gross estate, and Any taxpayer who has filed an application for compromise of tax liability by reason of financial incapacity: the taxpayer must waive in writing his privilege under R.A. 1405 and other relevant laws, before the Commissioner may inquire into his bank accounts. 6. Accredit and register TAX AGENTS (6G) Accrediting and registering tax agents (may be individuals or general professional partnerships) based on the following criteria: Professional competence Integrity Moral fitness 7. Prescribe additional PROCEDURAL OR DOCUMENTARY REQUIREMENTS (6H) In relation to the manner of compliance of any requirement in connection with the submission or preparation of financial statements accompanying the tax returns. 8. ACCESS LETTER (5B) Obtaining on a regular basis, from any person OTHER THAN the person whose tax liability is subject to audit or investigation, or from any office or officer of the national and local governments, government agencies or instrumentalities, including BSP and GOCCs, any information such as, but not limited to, costs and volumes of
production, receipts or sales and gross incomes of taxpayers, and the names addresses, and financial statements of corporations, mutual fund companies, insurance companies etc. Note: This is known as the Third Party Information Rule. 9. INTERPRET TAX LAWS and to DECIDE TAX CASES (4) Shall be under the exclusive and original jurisdiction of the Commissioner, subject to review by the Secretary of Finance.
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RMC 44-01 VALIDITY: A ruling by the BIR Commissioner shall be presumed VALID unless modified, reversed or superseded by the Secretary of Finance. REVIEW: A taxpayer who receives an adverse ruling from the Commissioner may, within thirty (30) days from the date of receipt of such ruling, seek its review by the Secretary of Finance, either by himself/itself or though his/its duly authorized representative. EFFECT OF REVIEW: A reversal or modification of the BIR ruling shall terminate its effectivity upon the receipt by the taxpayer or the BIR of written notice of reversal or modification, whichever came earlier.
Note: DOF Order 7-02 added that the Secretary of Finance may review the rulings MOTU PROPRIO. Section 246, NIRC: Non-retroactivity of Rulings Any revocation, modification or reversal of any of the rulings or circulars promulgated by the Commissioner shall not be given retroactive application if the revocation, modification or reversal will be prejudicial to the taxpayers,
Exception: a) Where the taxpayer deliberately misstates or omits material facts from his return or any document required of him the BIR; b) Where the facts subsequently gathered by the BIR are materially different from
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c)
the facts on which the ruling is based; or Where the taxpayer acted in bad faith.
B. Letter of Authority
Q: What is a letter of authority? An official document that empowers a Revenue Officer to examine and scrutinize a taxpayers books of accounts and other accounting records, in order to determine the taxpayers correct internal revenue tax liabilities.
2. Attempt of taxpayer to convince the examiner to conduct a re-investigation and/or re-examination 3. Evaluate if submission of the waiver of the statute of limitations is necessary because evaluation may extend beyond three years 4. Taxpayer to advise the examiner if position paper will be submitted What is a jeopardy assessment? A tax assessment made by an authorized Revenue Officer without the benefit of complete or partial audit, in light of the ROs belief that the assessment and collection of the deficiency tax will be jeopardized by delay caused by the taxpayers failure to: i. Comply with audit and investigation requirements to present his books of accounts and/or pertinent records ii. Substantiate all or any of the deductions, exemptions or credits claimed in his return. It is usually issued when statutory prescriptive periods for the assessment or collection of taxes are about to lapse due principally to the taxpayers fault.
Q: Who issues the Letter of Authority? Commissioner: for those units reporting directly to him Regional directors: for taxpayers covered by his particular region. If the Commissioner has already issued an LA to investigate a particular taxpayer, the Regional director shall desist from issuing another LA for the same taxpayer.
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Q: What are the cases which need not be covered by a valid LA? Cases involving civil/criminal tax fraud which fall under the jurisdiction of the tax fraud division of the Enforcement Services, and Policy cases under audit by the special teams in national offices
C. Step 3: Issuance Assessment Notice
of
Pre-
What is a pre-assessment notice (PAN)? A communication issued by the Regional Assessment Division or any other concerned BIR office, informing a taxpayer who has been audited of the findings of the Revenue Officer, following the review of these findings. The assessment shall be: in writing, and should inform the taxpayer of the law and the facts on which the assessment is made; otherwise, the assessment shall be void. (Sec. 228, NIRC) If the taxpayer disagrees with the findings in the PAN, he has fifteen (15) days from his receipt of the PAN to file a written reply contesting the proposed assessment.
II. PRE-ASSESSMENT STAGE A. Step 1: Issuance of Notice of Informal Conference

What is a conference? notice of informal
A written notice informing a taxpayer that the findings of the audit conducted on his books of accounts and accounting records indicate that additional taxes or deficiency assessments have to be paid. The taxpayer shall then have fifteen (15) days from the date of his receipt of the Notice for Informal Conference to explain his side.
B. Step 2: Informal Conference

What matters are taken up during the informal conference? 1. Discussion on the merits of the assessment
PAN no longer required when: (a) The finding for any deficiency tax is the result of MATHEMATICAL ERROR in the computation of the tax as appearing on the face of the return; or
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(b) A DISCREPANCY has been determined between the TAX WITHHELD and the amount ACTUALLY REMITTED by the withholding agent; or (c) A taxpayer who opted to claim a refund or tax credit of excess creditable withholding tax for a taxable period was determined to have carried over and automatically applied the same amount claimed against the estimated tax liabilities for the taxable quarter or quarters of the succeeding taxable year; or (d) The EXCISE TAX due on excisable articles has not been paid; or (e) An article locally purchased or imported by an exempt person, such as, but not limited to, vehicles, capital equipment, machineries and spare parts, has been sold, traded or transferred to a nonexempt person. (Sec. 228, NIRC)
Note: A follow-up letter/demand letter for payment of taxes is considered a notice of assessment. [REPUBLIC vs. CA and NIELSON & CO. (April 30, 1987)] Where the taxpayer is appealing on the ground that the assessment is erroneous, it is incumbent upon him to prove what is the correct and just liability by a full and fair disclosure of all pertinent data. [Bonifacio Sy Po v. CTA]
Within what time Commissioner issue a assessment?
may the notice of

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III. FORMAL ASSESSMENT STAGE

What is a Notice of Assessment (Final Assessment Notice FAN or Formal Letter of Demand)? A declaration of deficiency taxes issued to a taxpayer who fails to respond to a pre-assessment notice within the prescribed period of time, or whose reply to the PAN was found to be without merit. This is commonly known as the Final Assessment Notice (FAN). An assessment contains not only a computation of tax liabilities, but also a demand for payment within a prescribed period. The ultimate purpose of assessment is to ascertain the amount that each taxpayer is to pay. An assessment is a notice to the effect that the amount therein stated is due as tax and a demand for payment thereof. (Tupaz v. Ulep, 1999) The formal letter of demand shall be issued by the Commissioner or his duly authorized representative. The letter of demand calling for the payment of the taxpayers deficiency taxes shall state the FACTS, the LAW, RULES and REGULATIONS or JURISPRUDENCE on which the assessment is based, OTHERWISE, the formal letter of demand or assessment notice shall be VOID. (RR 12-99)
If the taxpayer filed a return: internal revenue taxes shall be assessed within three years after the last day prescribed by law for the filing of the return. If a return is filed beyond the period prescribed by law, the three-year period shall be counted from the day the return was filed. A return filed before the last day prescribed by law for filing shall be considered as filed on the last day. (Sec. 203, NIRC)
Note: In short, the period for assessment is within three years from the time the return is filed or from the time the return is due, WHICHEVER IS LATER.
If the taxpayer DID NOT file a return: internal revenue taxes shall be assessed within ten years after the discovery of the failure to file the return (Sec. 222a, NIRC) If the taxpayer filed a false or fraudulent return with intent to evade tax internal revenue taxes shall be assessed within ten years after the discovery of the falsity or fraud (Sec. 222a, NIRC) o Fraud or falsity on the return with intent to evade payment of tax is a question of fact and the circumstances constituting fraud must be alleged and proved in the court below. The finding of the trial court as to its existence and non-existence is final and cannot be reviewed by the Supreme Court unless clearly shown to be erroneous. [CIR V. Ayala Securities (1976)]
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Q: Are there tax returns which are false but not fraudulent? YES. There must be a distinction between false returns (due to mistakes, carelessness or ignorance) and fraudulent returns (with intent to evade taxes). The fraud contemplated by law is actual and not constructive, and must amount to intentional wrongdoing with the sole object of avoiding the tax. [Aznar v. CTA (1974)] WAIVER: The taxpayer and the Commissioner may agree in writing, before the expiration of the time prescribed in Sec. 203, to extend the period of assessment (Sec. 222b, NIRC) The waiver of prescription must be executed properly, otherwise, invalid and results to prescription of the right to assess/collect. [PHIL JOURNALISTS INC. v. CIR (December 16, 2004)] Requirements under RMO 20-90: 1. definite agreed date, 2. date of acceptance indicated, and 3. taxpayer must be furnished with a copy of the waiver.
day, to a day of twenty-four hours and; night from sunrise to sunset. A calendar month is a month designated in the calendar without regard to the number of days it may contain. It is the period of time running from the beginning of a certain numbered day up to, but not including, the corresponding numbered day of the next month, and if there is not a sufficient number of days in the next month, then up to and including the last day of that month. To illustrate, one calendar month from December 31, 2007 will be from January 1, 2008 to January 31, 2008; one calendar month from January 31, 2008 will be from February 1, 2008 until February 29, 2008.
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When is an assessment deemed made? An assessment is deemed made when the demand letter or notice is RELEASED, MAILED OR SENT by the BIR to the taxpayer. The law does not require that the taxpayer receive the notice within the three-year or ten-year period. [CIR vs. BAUTISTA (May 27, 1959)]
Q: What is the nature of prescription on the right to assess? The law on prescription, being a remedial measure, should be LIBERALLY CONSTRUED in order to afford protection. As a corollary, the exceptions to the law on prescription should be clearly construed. Hence, negligence or oversight on the part of the BIR cannot prejudice taxpayers, considering that the prescriptive period was precisely intended to give them peace of mind. [CIR v. Goodrich Philippines (1999)]
If the taxpayer does not agree with the assessment, what is his REMEDY? To contest an assessment by filing a letter of PROTEST stating in detail his reasons for contesting the assessment. When no protest is seasonably made by the taxpayer, the assessment shall become final and unappealable, and thus the tax shall be collectible.
Q: What is the nature of an assessment when it is final and executory? It is in the nature of an enforcement judgment such that no inquiry can be made thereon on the merits of the original case.
Counting of the Prescriptive Periods CIR v. Parcero (2007): The Administrative Code, not the Civil Code, governs the computation of legal periods because it is the latter law. Year shall be understood to be twelve calendar months; month of thirty days, unless it refers to a specific calendar month in which case it shall be computed according to the number of days the specific month contains;
Within what time may the taxpayer protest the assessment? Within thirty (30) days by filing a request for reconsideration or reinvestigation from receipt of the assessment. Within sixty (60) days from filing of the protest, all relevant supporting documents must be submitted,
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otherwise the assessment shall become final. (228) What are the characteristics of a valid protest? A protest is considered validly made if it satisfies the following conditions: 1) it is made in writing, and addressed to the Commissioner of Internal Revenue. 2) it contains the information required by the rule. 3) It states the FACTS, applicable LAW, RULES and REGULATIONS or JURISPRUDENCE on which his protest is based, otherwise the protest shall be considered void and without force and effect. 4) It is filed within the period prescribed by law
2) await the final decision of the Commissioner on the disputed assessments and appeal such final decision to the Court of Tax Appeals within 30 days after receipt of a copy of such decision. However, these options are mutually exclusive, and resort to one bars the application of the other. When does the 30-day period to appeal in Situation 1 commence to run? The 30-day period starts when the taxpayer receives the decision of the Commissioner denying the protest. The decision of the Commissioner must categorically state that his action on the disputed assessment is final, otherwise period to appeal will not commence to run. [ADVERTISING ASSOCIATES vs. CA (December 26, 1984)]
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What should the taxpayer do if his protest is denied or is not acted upon by the Commissioner? Situation 1: If the Commissioner DENIES THE PROTEST filed by the taxpayer the taxpayer may appeal to the Court of Tax Appeals within thirty days from receipt of the decision denying the protest (Sec. 228, NIRC) Where there is a request for reconsideration, final demand letter from BIR is considered a decision on a disputed or protested assessment which is therefore appealable to the CTA. [CIR v. ISABELA CULTURAL CORP. (July 11, 2001)] Situation 2: If the Commissioner did NOT ACT UPON THE PROTEST within one hundred and eighty days from the time the documents were submitted the taxpayer may either: Appeal to the CTA within thirty days from the lapse of the 180-day period OR Wait until the Commissioner decides before he elevates the case to the CTA.
Note: A Division of the CTA shall hear the appeal. (Sec. 11, RA 1125 as amended by RA 9282 [2004]) If the taxpayer is not satisfied with the CTA Divisions ruling, what is his REMEDY? FIRST, he may file a motion for reconsideration before the same Division of the CTA within fifteen (15) days from notice thereof. (Sec. 11, RA 1125 as amended by RA 9282 [2004]) THEN, a party adversely affected by a resolution of a Division of the CTA on a motion for reconsideration may file a petition for review with the CTA en banc. (Sec. 18, RA 1125 as amended by RA 9282 [2004])
If the taxpayer is not satisfied with the decision of the CTA en banc, what is his REMEDY? A party adversely affected by a decision or ruling of the CTA en banc may file with the Supreme Court a verified petition for review on certiorari pursuant to Rule 45 of the 1997 Rules of Court. (Sec. 19, RA 1125 as amended by RA 9282 [2004])
RCBC v. CIR (2007): In case the Commissioner failed to act on the disputed assessment within the 180-day period from date of submission of documents, a taxpayer can either: 1) file a petition for review with the Court of Tax Appeals within 30 days after the expiration of the 180-day period; or
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EFFECTS OF RA 9282 ON THE CTAS JURISDICTION: The CTA shall exercise A. EXCLUSIVE APPELLATE JURISDICTION to review by appeal:
Decisions of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue 1. 2. 3. 4. disputed assessments, refunds of internal revenue taxes, fees or other charges, penalties in relation thereto, or other matters arising under the National Internal Revenue or other laws administered by the Bureau of Internal Revenue; 1. disputed assessments, 2. refunds of internal revenue taxes, fees or other charges, 3. penalties in relations thereto, or 4. other matters arising under the National Internal Revenue Code or other laws administered by the Bureau of Internal Revenue, where the National Internal Revenue Code provides a specific period of action, in which case the inaction shall be deemed a denial; local tax cases originally decided or resolved by them in the exercise of their original or appellate jurisdiction; liability for customs duties, fees or other money charges, seizure, detention or release of property affected, fines, forfeitures or other penalties in relation thereto, or other matters arising under the Customs Law or other laws administered by the Bureau of Customs; exercise of its appellate jurisdiction over cases involving the assessment and taxation of real property originally decided by the provincial or city board of assessment appeals; customs cases elevated to him automatically for review from decisions of the Commissioner of Customs which are adverse to the Government under Section 2315 of the Tariff and Customs Code; involving dumping and countervailing duties under Section 301 and 302, respectively, of the Tariff and Customs Code, and safeguard measures under Republic Act No. 8800, where either party may appeal the decision to impose or not to impose said duties.
Inaction by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue
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Decisions, orders or resolutions of the Regional Trial Courts Decisions of the Commissioner of Customs
Decisions of the Central Board of Assessment Appeals Decisions of the Secretary of Finance Decisions of the Secretary of Trade and Industry (nonagricultural product, commodity or article) Secretary of Agriculture (agricultural product, commodity or article)
B. Jurisdiction over cases CRIMINAL OFFENSES:
involving
1. EXCLUSIVE ORIGINAL JURISDICTION over all criminal offenses arising from violations of the National Internal Revenue Code or Tariff and Customs Code and other laws administered by the Bureau of Internal Revenue or the Bureau of Customs: Exception: That offenses or felonies where the principal amount of taxes and fees, exclusive of charges and penalties, claimed is less than One million pesos (P1,000,000.00) or where there is no specified amount claimed shall be tried by the regular Courts and the jurisdiction of the CTA shall be appellate.
notwithstanding, the criminal action and the corresponding civil action for the recovery of civil liability for taxes and penalties shall at all times be simultaneously instituted with, and jointly determined in the same proceeding by the CTA, the filing of the criminal action being deemed to necessarily carry with it the filing of the civil action, and no right to reserve the filling of such civil action separately from the criminal action will be recognized. 2. EXCLUSIVE APPELLATE JURISDICTION in criminal offenses: a) Over appeals from the judgments, resolutions or orders of the Regional Trial Courts in tax cases originally decided by them, in their respected territorial jurisdiction.
Note: Any provision of law or the Rules of Court to the contrary
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b) Over petitions for review of the judgments, resolutions or orders of the Regional Trial Courts in the exercise of their appellate jurisdiction over tax cases originally decided by the Metropolitan Trial Courts, Municipal Trial Courts and Municipal Circuit Trial Courts in their respective jurisdiction. C. Jurisdiction over TAX COLLECTION CASES: 1. EXCLUSIVE ORIGINAL JURISDICTION in tax collection cases involving final and executory assessments for taxes, fees, charges and penalties. Exception: Collection cases where the principal amount of taxes and fees, exclusive of charges and penalties, claimed is less than One million pesos (P1,000,000.00) shall be tried by the proper Municipal Trial Court, Metropolitan Trial Court and Regional Trial Court.
IV. COLLECTION LETTER/WARRANTS A. Collection of Deficiency Taxes

Within what time period must collection of internal revenue taxes be made? Return filed was NOT false or fraudulent Collection with PRIOR ASSESSMENT should be made within three years from the date of assessment of the tax. by distraint or levy, or by judicial proceedings Collection WITHOUT PRIOR ASSESSMENT should be made within three years from the date of filing of return or date return is due, whichever is LATER (based on 203) by judicial proceedings No return filed, or the return was false or fraudulent. Collection with PRIOR ASSESSMENT should be made within five years from the date of assessment (based on 222c) by distraint or levy, or by judicial proceedings Collection WITHOUT PRIOR ASSESSMENT should be made within ten years after the discovery of the falsity, fraud or omission to file a return. by judicial proceedings
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2. EXCLUSIVE APPELLATE JURISDICTION in tax collection cases: a. Over appeals from the judgments, resolutions or orders of the Regional Trial Courts in tax collection cases originally decided by them, in their respective territorial jurisdiction. b. Over petitions for review of the judgments, resolutions or orders of the Regional Trial Courts in the Exercise of their appellate jurisdiction over tax collection cases originally decided by the Metropolitan Trial Courts, Municipal Trial Courts and Municipal Circuit Trial Courts, in their respective jurisdiction.
If tax was assessed within the different period agreed upon by the Commissioner and the taxpayer, it may be collected by distraint or levy or by a proceeding in court within the period agreed upon in writing before the expiration of the 5-yr period. (Sec. 222d, NIRC)
When shall the period for assessment or collection of taxes be suspended? (223) The running of the statute of limitations provided in 203 and 222 shall be suspended for the period: (P-CORN) 1. During which the commissioner is Prohibited from making the assessment or beginning distraint or levy or a proceeding in court, and for sixty (60) days thereafter 2. When the taxpayer requests for a Reinvestigation which is granted by the Commissioner CIR vs. WYETH (September 30, 1991) The statutory period of
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limitation for collection may be interrupted when, by the taxpayers repeated requests, the government has been, persuaded to postpone collection to make him feel the demand was not unreasonable or that no harassment or injustice was meant by government. RR 12-85 (Difference Reconsideration Reinvestigation) between &
5. When the taxpayer is Out of the Philippines
B. Remedies of the taxpayer against a tax erroneously or illegally paid

When may credited? taxes be refunded or
RECONSIDERATION refers to a plea of re-evaluation of the assessment on the basis of existing records WITHOUT NEED OF ADDITIONAL EVIDENCE. It may involve both question of fact or of law or both REINVESTIGATION refers to a plea of re-evaluation of an assessment on the basis of NEWLY-DISCOVERED EVIDENCE that a taxpayer intends to present in the reinvestigation. It may also involve a question of fact or law or both.
Taxes may be refunded or credited in the following cases: Taxes erroneously or illegally assessed or collected Penalties imposed without authority Value of internal revenue stamps when they are returned in good condition by the purchaser Unused stamps that have been rendered unfit for use (Commissioner may redeem, change or refund their value upon proof of destruction) Any sum alleged to have been excessively or in any manner wrongfully collected
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Q: What is the nature of a claim for refund? It partakes of the nature of an exemption and is strictly construed against the claimant. The burden of proof is on the taxpayer claiming the refund that he is entitled to the same. [CIR v. Tokyo Shipping (1995)]
PHIL GLOBAL COMMUNICATION vs. CIR (October 31, 2006) A reevaluation of existing records which results from a request for reconsideration does not toll the running of the prescription period for the collection of an assessed tax. BPI v. CIR (2005): What suspends the running of prescriptive period to assess and collect is a request for reinvestigation granted by BIR. 3. When the taxpayer Cannot be located in the Address given by him in the return filed upon which a tax is being assessed or collected, BUT if the taxpayer informs the Commissioner of any change in address, the running of the statute of limitations shall not be suspended 4. When the warrant of distraint or levy is duly served upon the taxpayer, his authorized representative, or a member of his household with sufficient discretion, and No Property is located
Q: When are there erroneously paid, or illegally assessed or collected taxes? Taxes are erroneously paid when a taxpayer pays under a mistake of fact, such as, he is not aware of an existing exemption in his favor at the time that payment is made. Taxes are illegally collected when payments are made under duress.
Q: What is the difference between a tax credit and refund? REFUND takes place when there is actual reimbursement. TAX CREDIT takes place upon the issuance of a tax certificate or tax credit memo, which can be applied against any sum that may be due and collected from the taxpayer.
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Q: Is payment under protest necessary in claims for refund? No. Section 229 of the NIRC is specific on this point when it provides that a suit or proceeding for tax refund may be maintained whether or not such tax, penalty or sum has been paid under protest or duress.
What should the taxpayer do if his claim for refund is denied or is not acted upon by the Commissioner? SITUATION 1: The Commissioner denies the claim for refund the taxpayer may appeal to the CTA within thirty (30) days from the receipt of the Commissioners decision AND within two years from the date of payment. SITUATION 2: The Commissioner does not act on the claim, and the two-year period is about to lapse the taxpayer must file a claim before the CTA before the 2-year period lapses, otherwise he may no longer file a claim before the CTA in case the Commissioner renders an adverse decision beyond the 2-year period.
What is the procedure for obtaining a refund or tax credit? First, the taxpayer must file a claim for refund before the Commissioner within two years from the date of payment. (Sec. 229, NIRC) [GENERAL RULE]
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NOTE: Under s229, NRIC, there is no exception to the two-year prescription period. The language states that : no such suit or proceeding shall be filed after the expiration of two (2) years from the date of payment of the tax or penalty regardless of any supervening cause that may arise after payment xxx EXCEPTIONS to the rule requiring a claim for refund: When on the face of the return upon which payment was made, such payment appears clearly to have been erroneously paid (e.g. mathematical errors), the Commissioner may refund or credit the tax even without a written claim therefor. Note: A return filed showing an overpayment shall be considered as a written claim for credit or refund. (Sec. 204C, NIRC) But how shall the date of payment be determined? i. If the income tax is withheld at source the taxpayer is deemed to have paid his tax liability at the end of the taxable year.
If the Commissioner grants the refund, within what time must it be claimed? Within five years from the date such warrant or check was mailed or delivered, otherwise it shall be forfeited in favor of the government and the amount thereof shall revert to the general fund.
What can be done with a Tax Credit Certificate? Tax credit certificates (TCCs) can be applied against all internal revenue taxes, excluding withholding tax. TCCs which remain unutilized after five years from the date of issue shall be considered as invalid, unless revalidated. If not revalidated, the amount covered by the TCC shall revert to the general fund.
C. Remedies of the Collection of Taxes
State
for
ii. If the income is paid on a quarterly basis the two-year period is counted from the time of filing the final adjustment return. CIR vs. TMX SALES (January 16, 1992): When a tax is paid in installments, the prescriptive period should be counted from the date of final payment or the last installment. This rule proceeds from the theory that there is no payment until the entire tax liability is completely paid. Installments should be treated as advances or portions of the annual tax due.
There are two broad categories of remedies available to the STATE: 1. Administrative Remedies 2. Judicial Proceedings
GENERALLY, the remedies of distraint, levy or civil or criminal action may be pursued SIMULTANEOUSLY. (Sec. 205, NIRC) Remedies of distraint and levy may be repeated if necessary until the full amount due, including all
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expenses, is collected. (Sec. 217, NIRC) HOWEVER, the remedies of distraint and levy shall not be available where the amount of the tax involved is not more than One hundred pesos.
lien shall be filed by the Commissioner in the Office of the Register of Deeds of the province or city where the property of the taxpayer is situated or located. Q: What is the difference between seizure under forfeiture and a seizure to enforce a tax lien? In the former all the proceeds derived from the sale of the thing forfeited are turned over to the Collector of Internal Revenue; in the latter, the residue of such proceeds over and above what is required to pay the tax sought to be realized, including expenses, is returned to the owner of the property. [BPI v. Trinidad]
Q: When may the government avail of the remedies of collection? When the assessment shall become final, executory demandable. have and
Note: A court MAY NOT GRANT AN INJUNCTION to restrain the collection of any national internal revenue tax, fee or charge imposed under the NIRC. (Sec. 218, NIRC) Exception: Under Section 11 of RA 1125, as amended by RA 9282, suspension is allowed when the following conditions concur: 1. it is an appeal to the CTA from a decision of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue or Commissioner of Customs or the Regional Trial Court, provincial, city or municipal treasurer or the Secretary of Finance, the Secretary of Trade and Industry and Secretary of Agriculture, as the case may be, and 2. in the opinion of the Court of Tax Appeals, the collection may jeopardize the interest of the Government and/or the taxpayer.
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1. Administrative Remedies
1) 2) DISTRAINT LEVY
1) Distraint involves the SEIZURE by the Government of PERSONAL PROPERTY, tangible or intangible, to enforce the payment of taxes; followed by the PUBLIC SALE of such property, if the taxpayer fails to pay the taxes voluntarily. What are the kinds of distraint? a. Actual Distraint resorted to when there is ACTUAL delinquency in tax payment b. Constructive Distraint is a preventive remedy which aims at forestalling a possible dissipation of the taxpayers assets when delinquency sets in. Hence, no actual delinquency in payment is necessary. How is ACTUAL distraint of personal property effected? Upon failure to pay the delinquent tax at the time required, the proper officer shall SEIZE and DISTRAINT any GOODS, CHATTELS, or EFFECTS, and the PERSONAL PROPERTY, including STOCKS and other SECURITIES, DEBTS, CREDITS, BANK ACCOUNTS and INTERESTS in and RIGHTS to personal property of the taxpayer in sufficient quantity to satisfy the tax, expenses of distraint and the cost of the subsequent sale.
Q: In case of suspension, what may the taxpayer be required to do? Either to deposit the amount claimed or to file a surety bond for not more than double the amount with the Court.
Q: What are tax liens? (Sec. 219, NIRC) When a taxpayer neglects or refuses to pay his internal revenue tax liability after demand, the amount so demanded shall be a lien in favor of the government from the time the assessment was made by the CIR until paid with interest, penalties, and costs that may accrue in addition thereto upon ALL PROPERTY AND RIGHTS TO PROPERTY BELONGING to the taxpayer. HOWEVER, the lien shall not be valid against any mortgagee, purchaser or judgment creditor until NOTICE of such
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How are different kinds of personal property distrained? Stocks and other securities by serving a copy of the warrants of distraint on the taxpayer, AND upon the president, manager, treasurer or other responsible officer of the corporation, company or association which issued the stocks or securities. Debts and credits by leaving with the person owing the debts or having in his possession or under his control such credits, or with his agent, a copy of the warrant of distraint. The person owing the debts shall then pay the Commissioner instead of his creditor (taxpayer) on the strength of such warrant. Bank accounts by serving a warrant of garnishment upon the taxpayer AND upon the president, manager, treasurer or other responsible officer of the bank. The bank shall then turn over to the Commissioner so much of the bank accounts as may be sufficient to satisfy the claim of the Government. (NOTE: distraint of bank accounts is called GARNISHMENT) What is the remedy of the taxpayer once the Commissioner or other proper officer issues the warrant of distraint? The taxpayer may request that the warrant be lifted. The commissioner may, in his discretion, allow the lifting of the order of distraint. He may ask for a bond as a condition for the cancellation of the warrant. (Sec. 207, NIRC)
The notice shall specify the time and place of the sale. The time of sale shall not be less than twenty (20) days after notice to the owner and the publication or posting of such notice.
(2) At the time of the public sale, the revenue officer shall sell the goods, chattels, or effects, or other personal property, including stocks and other securities so distrained at a PUBLIC AUCTION, to the HIGHEST BIDDER for CASH or with the approval of the Commissioner, through a DULY LICENSED COMMODITY or STOCK EXCHANGES. (3) Any residue over and above what is required to pay the entire claim, including expenses of sale and distraint, shall be RETURNED to the owner of the property sold. Expenses shall be limited to actual expenses of SEIZURE and PRESERVATION of the property pending the sale, no charge shall be imposed for the services of the local internal revenue officer or his deputy. (209) (4) If the amount offered by the highest bidder is not equal to the amount of the tax or is very much less than the actual market value of the articles offered for sale, the Commissioner or his deputy may purchase the same in behalf of the National Government for the amount of taxes, penalties and costs due. The property so purchased may be resold by the Commissioner or his deputy. (212) (5) If the proceeds from the sale of the distrained properties are not sufficient to satisfy the tax delinquency, the Commissioner or his duly authorized representative shall within thirty (30) days after execution of the distraint, proceed with the levy on the taxpayers real property. (207B)
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If the taxpayer does not ask for the lifting of the warrant, what shall be done with the seized properties? The properties will be SOLD in a PUBLIC SALE, and the procedure shall be as follows: (1) The Revenue District Officer or his duly authorized representative (not the officer who served the warrant), shall cause a notification of the public sale to be posted in not less than two (2) public places in the municipality or city (one of which is the Office of the Mayor) where the distraint was made.
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May the taxpayer recover his property prior to consummation of the sale? YES. If at any time prior to the consummation of the sale all proper charges are paid to the officer conducting the sale, the goods or effects distrained shall be restored to the owner. (Sec. 210, NIRC) distraint
under levy shall be sold in a public sale, if the taxes involved are not voluntarily paid following such levy. How is levy of real property effected? (1) After the expiration of time required to pay the delinquent tax, real property may be levied upon, BEFORE, SIMULTANEOUSLY or AFTER the distraint of personal property belonging to the delinquent. The IR officer designated by the Commissioner or his duly authorized representative shall prepare a DULY AUTHENTICATED CERTIFICATE showing the name of the taxpayer and the amounts of tax and penalty due from him. This certificate shall operate with the force of LEGAL EXECUTION throughout the Philippines. (2) The certificate shall contain a description of the property upon which levy is made. At the same time, written notice of the levy shall be mailed to or served upon the Register of Deeds of the province or city where the property is located and upon the taxpayer (if he is absent from the Philippines, to his agent or manager of business in respect to which the liability arose or to the occupant of the property in question) (3) Within twenty (20) days after the levy, the officer conducting the proceedings shall proceed to advertise for SALE the property or a portion as may be necessary to satisfy the claim and costs of sale. Such advertisement shall cover a period of at least thirty (30) days. The notice shall be posted at the main entrance of the city or municipal all AND in a public and conspicuous place in the barrio or district where the real property lies. The notice must also be published in a newspaper of general circulation in the place where the property is located, once a week for three (3) weeks. CONTENTS of notice: statement of amount of taxes, and penalties due, time and place of
How is CONSTRUCTIVE effected?
a. By requiring a taxpayer or any person in possession or control of such property to SIGN a RECEIPT covering the property distrained and obligate himself to PRESERVE THE SAME INTACT and UNALTERED and NOT TO DISPOSE of the same in any manner whatever, without the Commissioners authority. b. If the taxpayer or person in possession or control refuses to sign the receipt, the revenue officer shall prepare a list of the property and leave a copy of such list in the premises where the properties are located, in the presence of two (2) witnesses. Q: When may property of the taxpayer be placed in constructive distraint? The property of a taxpayer may be placed in constructive distraint, if in the Commissioners opinion: a. the taxpayer is retiring from any business subject to tax; b. the taxpayer is intending to leave the Philippines; c. the taxpayer is intending to remove his property from the Philippines or to hide or conceal his property; d. the taxpayer is planning to perform any act tending to obstruct the proceedings for collecting the tax due or which may be due from him (206) Note: In constructive distraint, the property is not actually confiscated or seized by the revenue officer 2) Levy The same act of seizure as in distraint, but in this case, of real property, an interest in or rights to such property in order to enforce the payment of taxes. The real property
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sale, name of taxpayer, short description of property. (4) The sale shall be held either at the main entrance of the municipal or city hall or on the premises to be sold. Property will be awarded to the highest bidder. In case the proceeds of the sale exceeds the claim and costs of sale, the excess shall be turned over to the owner of the property. (213) (5) If there is no bidder for the real property OR if the highest bid is not sufficient to pay the taxes, penalties and costs, the IR Officer conducting the sale shall declare the property FORFEITED to the GOVERNMENT in satisfaction of the claim. (Sec. 215, NIRC) The Commissioner may resell the property at a public auction after the giving of not less than twenty (20) days notice. (Sec. 216, NIRC) May the taxpayer recover his property prior to consummation of the sale? YES. At any time before the day fixed for the sale, the taxpayer may discontinue all proceeding by paying the taxes, penalties and interest. (Sec. 213, NIRC)
Note: The taxpayer-owner shall not be deprived of possession of the said property and shall be entitled to rents and other income until the expiration of the period for redemption (Sec. 214, NIRC)
2. Judicial Proceedings
Civil and criminal action and proceedings instituted in behalf of the Government under the authority of this Code or other law enforced by the BIR: shall be BROUGHT IN THE NAME OF THE GOVERNMENT of the Philippines shall be CONDUCTED BY LEGAL OFFICERS OF THE BIR No civil or criminal action for the recovery of taxes or the enforcement of any fine, penalty or forfeiture under the NIRC shall be filed in court without the APPROVAL OF THE COMMISSIONER approval of the Commissioner. (Sec. 220, NIRC)
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Q: How is a criminal action a collection remedy? The judgment in the criminal case shall: impose the penalty; and order payment of the taxes subject of the criminal case as finally decided by the Commissioner. (Sec. 205, NIRC)
May the taxpayer recover his property after the consummation of the sale? YES. Within one (1) year from the date of sale, the taxpayer or anyone for him, may pay to the Revenue District Officer the total amount of the following: public taxes penalties interest from the date of delinquency to the date of sale interest on said purchase price at the rate of fifteen percent (15%) per annum from the date of sale to the date of redemption.
Q: Is an assessment necessary before filing a criminal charge for tax evasion? No, an assessment is not necessary before a criminal charge can be filed. The criminal charge need only be proved by a prima facie showing of a willful attempt to file taxes, such as failure to file a required tax return. [CIR v. Pascor Realty (June 29, 1999)]
V. COMPROMISE AND ABATEMENT 1. Compromise (to reduce the amount of

tax payable) Grounds for a compromise: The Commissioner may compromise the payment of any internal revenue tax in the following cases: 1) A REASONABLE DOUBT as to the validity of the claim against the taxpayer exists; or
Note: if the property was forfeited in favor of the government, the redemption price shall include only the taxes, penalties and interest plus costs of sale no interest on purchase price since the Govt did not purchase the property anyway, it was forfeited)
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2) The financial position of the taxpayer demonstrates a clear inability to pay the assessed tax. (FINANCIAL INCAPACITY) What are the limits of the Commissioners power to compromise? For cases of financial incapacity: a minimum compromise rate equivalent to ten percent (10%) of the basic assessed tax; For other cases: a minimum compromise rate equivalent to forty percent (40%) of the basic assessed tax
protection of the State revenue and to reimburse the government for the expenses of investigation and the loss resulting from the taxpayers fraud. A surcharge added to the main tax is subject to interest.
Rates of Surcharge: There shall be imposed a penalty equivalent to twenty-five percent (25%) of the amount due, in the following cases: FAILURE TO FILE ANY RETURN and PAY THE TAX DUE THEREON on the date prescribed; or Filing a return with an internal revenue officer than those with whom the return is required to be filed (except when authorized by the Commissioner); or FAILURE TO PAY THE DEFICIENCY TAX within the time prescribed for its payment in the notice of assessment FAILURE TO PAY THE FULL OR PART of the amount of tax shown on any return required to be filed, or the full amount of tax due for which no return is required to be filed, on or before the date prescribed for its payment. (Sec. 248A, NIRC) The penalty shall be fifty percent (50%) of the tax or of the deficiency tax, in the following cases: WILLFUL NEGLECT to FILE THE RETURN within the period prescribed A FALSE OR FRAUDULENT RETURN is willfully made (248B) o Prima-facie evidence of false or fraudulent return: substantial underdeclaration of taxable sales, receipts or income (failure to report sales, receipts or income in an amount exceeding 30% of that declared per return) substantial overstatement of deductions (a claim of deduction in an amount exceeding 30% of actual deductions)
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Note: When the basic tax involved exceeds One Million Pesos (P1,000,000), or where the settlement offered is less than the prescribed minimum rates, the compromise must be approved by the Evaluation Board (composed of the Commissioner and 4 deputy commissioners) May the Commissioner compromise cases of criminal violations? Generally, ALL CRIMINAL VIOLATIONS may be compromised, EXCEPT: a) those cases already filed in court b) those involving fraud (to cancel amount of tax payable) the entire
2. Abatement
When may the Commissioner abate or cancel a tax liability? The Commissioner may abate or cancel a tax liability when: 1) the tax or any portion thereof appears to be UNJUSTLY or EXCESSIVELY ASSESSED; or 2) the ADMINISTRATION and COLLECTION COSTS do not justify the collection of the amount due. (costs of collection > amount of tax due)
VI. STATUTORY PENALTIES 1. Civil Penalties
OFFENSES
AND
A. Additions to the Tax

Surcharge A civil penalty imposed by law as an addition to the main tax required to be paid. It is a civil administrative sanction provided as a safeguard for the
2. Interest
20% per annum on any unpaid amount of tax or higher rate prescribed by rules and regulations from the date
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prescribed for payment until the amount is fully paid. Deficiency Interest: the term deficiency means the amount by which the taxed imposed under the Code exceeds the amount shown on the return filed (249B) Delinquency Interest: In case of failure to pay: o tax due on any return required to be filed, or o tax due for which no return is required, or o a deficiency tax, or any surcharge or interest thereon on the due date appearing in the notice and demand of the Commissioner, there shall be assessed and collected on the unpaid amount, interest at the rate prescribed until the amount is fully paid, which interest shall form part of the tax. (249C)
If the offender is:

OFFENDER Not a citizen of the Philippines A public officer or employee PENALTY he shall be deported immediately after serving the sentence the maximum penalty prescribed for the offense shall be imposed on him shall be dismissed from public office, and perpetually disqualified from holding any public office, to vote, and to participate in any election his license shall be automatically revoked or cancelled once he is convicted imposed on the partner, president, general manager, branch manager, treasurer, officer-in-charge and employees responsible for the violation
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CPA
Corporations, associations, partnerships etc
B. Crimes, Other Forfeitures 1. General Provisions
Offenses
and
Any person convicted of a crime under the Code shall: be liable for the payment of the tax, be subject to the penalties imposed under the Code. Note: Payment of the tax due after a case has been filed shall not constitute a valid defense in any prosecution for violation of the provisions under the Code.
MINIMUM AMOUNT: The fines imposed for any violation of the Code shall not be lower than the fines imposed herein or twice the amount of taxes, interests and surcharges due from the taxpayer, whichever is higher. (253) All violations of any provision of the Code shall prescribe after five (5) years.
Any person who willfully aids or abets in the commission of a crime penalized under the Code or who causes the commission of any such offense by another shall be liable in the same manner as the principal.
2. Criminal Offenses
Sec. 254 255 Offense Willful attempt evade or defeat tax. to Who is liable Any person who willfully attempts in any manner to evade or defeat any tax or the payment thereof. Any person required to pay any tax, make a return, keep any record, or supply correct and accurate information Penalty Fine - P30,000 or 100,000; and Imprisonment - 2 to 4 years; Plus other penalties Fine - P10,000 or more; and Imprisonment - 1 to 10 years; Plus other penalties
Failure to File Return, Supply Correct and Accurate Information, Pay Tax, Withhold and Remit Tax and Refund Excess Taxes Withheld on Compensation
Any person who attempts to make it appear for any reason that he or another
Fine - P10,000 - 20,000; and Imprisonment - 1 to 3
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257
258
Making false entries, records, or reports, or using falsified or fake accountable forms. Unlawful pursuit of business
259
Illegal Collection Foreign Payments
of
260 261
Unlawful Possession of Cigarette Paper in Bobbins or Rolls, Etc. Unlawful Use of Denatured Alcohol
has in fact filed a return or statement, or actually files a return or statement and subsequently withdraws the same return or statement Any financial officer or Independent CPA engaged to examine and audit books of accounts of taxpayers under Sec.232 (A) and any person under his direction. Any person who carries on any business for which in annual registration fee is imposed without paying the tax as required by law. A person engaged in the business of distilling, rectifying, repacking, compounding or manufacturing any article subject to excise tax. Any person who knowingly undertakes the collection of foreign payments under Sec. 67 without a license or without complying with the implementing rules and regulations. Any person, manufacturer or importer of cigar or cigarettes Any person who for the purpose of manufacturing any beverage, uses denatured alcohol or alcohol specially denatured to be used for motive power or withdrawn under bond for industrial uses or alcohol knowingly misrepresented to be denatured to be unfit for oral intake or who knowingly sells or offers for sale such preparations containing as an ingredient such alcohol. Any person who unlawfully recovers or attempt to recover by distillation or other process any denatured alcohol or who knowingly sells or offers for sale, conceals or otherwise disposes of alcohol as recovered or redistilled Any person who ships, transports or removes
years; Plus other penalties
Fine - P50,000 - 100,000; and Imprisonment - 2 to 6 years Fine - P5,000 - 20,000; and Imprisonment - 6 months to 2 years Fine - P30,000 - 50,000; and Imprisonment - 1 to 2 years Fine - P20,000 - 50,000; and Imprisonment - 1 to 2 years Fine - P20,000 - 100,000; and Imprisonment - 6 years 1 day to 12 years Fine - P20,000 - 100,000; and Imprisonment - 6 years 1 day to 12 years
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262
263
Shipment or Removal of Liquor/Tobacco Products under False Name or Brand or as an Imitation of any Existing or Known Product Name or Brand Unlawful Possession or Removal of Articles Subject to Excise Tax W/o Payment of the Tax
Fine - P20,000 - 100,000; and Imprisonment - 6 years 1 day to 12 years
Any person who owns or is found in possession of these articles
Value of goods not > P1,000: Fine not < than P1,000 not > P2,000, imprisonment of not < 60 days, not > 100 days Value of goods > P1,000, not > than P50,000: Fine not < than P10,000 not > P20,000, imprisonment of not < 2 yrs, not > 4 years Value of goods > P50,000, not > than P150,000: Fine not < than P30,000 not > P60,000, imprisonment of not < 4 yrs, not > 6 years Value of goods > P150,000:
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264
265 266
Failure or Refusal to Issue Receipts or Sales or Commercial Invoices, Violations Related to the Printing of Such Receipts or Invoices and Other Violations Offenses Relating to Stamps Failure to Obey Summons
Any person who, being required under Section 237 to issue receipts or sales or commercial invoices
Fine not < than P50,000 not > P100,000, imprisonment of not < 10 yrs, not > 12 years Fine - P 1,000 - 50,000; and Imprisonment - 2 to 4 years
267
Declaration under Penalties of Perjury Misdeclaration or Misrepresentation of Manufacturers Subject to Excise Tax Forfeiture of Property Used in Unlicensed Business or Dies Used for Printing False Stamps, Etc. Forfeiture of Goods Illegally Stored or Removed
268
Any person who being duly summoned to appear to testify, or to appear and produce books of accounts, records, memoranda or other papers, or to furnish info. as required under the pertinent provisions of this Code. Any person who willfully files a declaration, return or statement containing information which is not true and correct as to every material matter Any manufacturer subject to excise tax
Fine - P 20,000 - 50,000; and Imprisonment 4-8 yrs Fine - P 5,000 - 10,000; and Imprisonment - 1 to 2 yrs
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Perjury under the Revised Penal Code Summary cancellation or withdrawal of the permit to engage in business as a manufacturer of articles subject to excise tax Forfeiture
Any person who conducts an unlicensed business
Any person subject to excise tax who fails to store the goods in proper place, or removes goods without payment of excise tax
Forfeiture
274
Penalty for Second and Subsequent Offenses Forfeiture of Property Used in Unlicensed Business or Dies Used for Printing False Stamps, Etc. Forfeiture of Goods Illegally Stored or Removed Penalty for Second and Subsequent Offenses Violation of Other Provisions of the Tax Code or Rules or Regulations in General Penalty for Selling, Transferring, Encumbering or in any way disposing of property Placed under Constructive Distraint Failure to Surrender Property Placed under Distraint and Levy
Any person who conducts an unlicensed business
Maximum of the penalty prescribed for the offense Forfeiture
Any person subject to excise tax who fails to store the goods in proper place, or removes goods without payment of excise tax
Forfeiture
274 275
276
Any person who violates any provision of this Code or any rule or regulation promulgated by the Department of Finance for which no specific penalty is provided by law Any taxpayer, whose property has been placed under constructive distraint
Maximum of the penalty prescribed for the offense Fine: not more than P 1,000 or Imprisonment: not more than 6 months, or both Fine: not less than twice the value of the property but not less than P 5,000 or Imprisonment: 2 yrs 1 day - 4 yrs or both Fine: P 5,000 or more or Imprisonment: 6 months 1 day - 2 years, or both
277
Any person having in his possession or under his control any property or rights to property, upon which a warrant of constructive distraint or actual distraint
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278
Procuring Divulgence Secrets
Unlawful of Trade
and levy has been issued Any person procures an officer or employee of the BIR to divulge any confidential information regarding the business, income or inheritance of any taxpayer, knowledge of which was acquired by him in the discharge of his official duties, and which it is unlawful for him to reveal, and any person who publishes or prints in any manner whatever, not provided by law, any income, profit, loss or expenditure appearing in any income tax return
Fine: not more than P 2,000 or Imprisonment: 6 months - 5 years, or both
3. Penalties Officers
Imposed
on
Public
The law imposes a fine of not less than P50,000 nor more than P100,000 or imprisonment for not less than 10 years nor more than fifteen years on every official, agent or employee of the BIR or of any agency or employee of the Government charged with the enforcement of the Tax Code, who shall: (CONED- FRAP) a) Extort or willfully oppress under color of law; b) knowingly Demand other or greater sums than are authorized by law or receive any fee, compensation or reward, except as by law prescribed, for the performance of any duty; c) willfully Neglect to give receipts, as by law required, for any sums collected in the performance of duty, or who willfully neglect to perform any of the duties enjoined by law; d) Conspire or collude with another or others to defraud the revenues or otherwise violate the law; e) willfully make Opportunity for any person to defraud the revenues, or who do or omit to do any act with intent to enable any other person to defraud the revenues; f) negligently or by design Permit the violation of the law by any other person;
fail to Report such knowledge or information to their superior officer, or to report as otherwise required by law; or i) without the authority of law, demand or Accept or attempt to collect, directly or indirectly, as payment or otherwise, any sum of money or other thing of value for the compromise, adjustment or settlement of any charge or complaint for any violation or alleged violation of law. (235)
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VII.
COMPLIANCE REQUIREMENTS
What records are required to be kept by taxpayers? (Sec. 232, NIRC)

Gross Quarterly Sales or Output P50,000 or less Requirements
Exceeding P50,000 but not more than P150,000 Exceeding P150,000
Simplified form of bookkeeping records duly authorized by the Secretary of Finance all transactions and results of operation are shown all taxes may be readily and accurately ascertained at that time of the year A journal and ledger or their equivalent Books of accounts, examined and audited by an independent CPA and their income tax return shall be accompanied by certified balance sheets profit and loss statements list of income-producing properties and other relevant data
g) make or sign any False certificate or return in any case where the law requires the making by them of such entry, certificate or return; h) having knowledge or information of a violation of any provision of the Code or of any fraud committed on the revenues collectible by the BIR,
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Notes: Taxpayers may also keep other subsidiary books at their option, as the needs of their business may require which shall form part of the accounting system of the taxpayer. (Sec. 233, NIRC) Books or records shall be kept in a native language, English or Spanish. The keeping of books and records in any language other than the three mentioned is prohibited, unless the taxpayer makes a true and complete translation of all the entries in the said books and records. (Sec. 234, NIRC) All the books and records shall be kept by the taxpayer until the period for making an assessment under Sections 203 and 222 have prescribed. (Sec. 235, NIRC) Examination and inspection of all books and records shall be made only once in a taxable year, EXCEPT in these cases: Fraud, irregularity or mistakes, as determined by the Commissioner The taxpayer requests reinvestigation Verification of compliance with withholding tax laws and regulations Verification of capital gains tax liabilities In the exercise of the Commissioners power to issue an access letter. (Sec. 235, NIRC)
statement or document filed with the BIR. Only one TIN shall be given a person. Any person who secures more than one TIN shall be criminally liable. (236)
VIII. INFORMERS REWARD (Sec. 282

of the NIRC) To whom given: persons instrumental in the discovery of violations of the NIRC and in discovery and seizure of smuggled goods. Conditions to qualify for the reward: 1. Person is not an internal revenue official or employee, public official, or employee or relative within 6 th degree of consanguinity 2. Voluntarily gives definite and sworn information: a) Not yet in the possession of BIR b) Leading to discovery of frauds c) Resulting in: i. the recovery of revenues, surcharges and fees and/or ii. conviction of the guilty party. d) Not refer to a case already pending or previously investigated or examined by the Commissioner or his agents or the SOF or his agents. Amount of reward: 10% of the revenues, surcharges or fees recovered and/or fine/penalty imposed, or P1,000,000, whichever is LOWER. The same amount shall be given if the offender offered to compromise and such offer has been accepted and collected by the Commissioner. If no revenue, surcharge or fees be actually collected, such person is not entitled to a reward For discovery and seizure of SMUGGLED GOODS: The cash reward is 10% of the FMV of the smuggled and confiscated goods, or P1,000,000, whichever is LOWER. The cash rewards shall be subject to income TAX at the rate of 10%. Rule of construction: Statutes offering rewards must be liberally construed in favor of informers and with regard to the purpose for which they are intended, with mere technicality yielding to the substantive purpose of the law. [Penid v. Virata]
TAXATION LAW 2
Who are required to register with the BIR? Every person subject to any internal revenue tax shall register once with the appropriate Revenue District Officer: Within ten (10) days from date of employment, or On or before the commencement of business, or Before payment of any tax due, or Upon filing of a return, statement or declaration as required under the Code (Sec. 236, NIRC do after the
What shall the BIR taxpayer registers?
The BIR shall assign a Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN) which the taxpayer shall indicate in every return,
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Flowchart II: Procedures for Distraint and Levy-NIRC

START
RCO - Revenue Collection Officer RDO - Revenue District officer RRD - Revenue Regional Director LGU- Local Government Unit
Person owing any delinquent tax to fails to pay w/in the time required
Delinquent tax more than 1M?
Yes
Commissioner seizes sufficient personal property to satisfy the tax, charge & expenses of seizure (Sec. 207 (A))
No RDO posts notice in at least 2 public places in the municipality/city where the distraint is made. One place of posting must be at the mayors office. Time of sale shall not be less than 20 days after the notice (Sec. 209)
RDO seizes sufficient personal property to satisfy the tax, charges & expenses of seizure (Sec. 207 (A))
Distraining Officer accounts for the goods distrained (Sec. 208)
Property may be resold and the net proceeds shall be remitted to the National Treasury as internal revenue. (Sec. 212)
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Goods shall be restored to owner, if charges are paid (Sec. 210)
Officer conducts public auction
Bid less than amount of tax/ FMV of goods distrained?
Yes
Commissioner may purchase property for the National Government (Sec. 212)
No, bid just right W/in 5 days after sale, distraining officer shall enter return of proceedings in the records of RCO, RDO and RRD (Sec. 213) Real property may be levied on before, simultaneously, or after the distraint of personal property (207 (B)) W/in 2 days after the sale, officer shall report to the Commissioner. (Sec. 211) Excess of proceeds over the entire claim, shall be returned to the owner. No charge shall be imposed for the services of the officer (Sec. 209) Officer sells the goods to the highest bidder for cash or with the Commissioners approval, through commodity/ stock exchanges. (Sec. 209)
Internal revenue officer, designated by the Commissioner, shall prepare a certificate with the force of a nationwide legal execution (Sec. 207 B)
Levy shall be affected by writing upon said certificate a description of the property. Notice of the levy shall be served upon the Register of Deeds of LGU where the property is located and upon the owner (Sec. 207 B)
W/n 10 days after receipt of the warrant, levying officer shall report to the Commissioner who shall have the authority to lift the warrant of levy (Sec. 207 B)
W/n 20 days after levy, officer shall post notice at the main entrance of the municipal/city hall & in public place in the barrio/district where the real estate lies for at least 30 days by AND publish it once a week for 3 weeks. Owner may prevent sale by paying all charges (Sec. 213)
Sale shall be held at the main entrance of the municipal/city hall, or on the premises of the levied property. (Sec. 213)
W/n 1 year from forfeiture, the taxpayer, may redeem said property by paying full amount of the taxes and charges (Sec. 215)
W/n 2 days, he shall make a return of the forfeiture. Register of Deeds, upon registration of forfeiture shall transfer title to the Government w/o court order. (Sec. 215)
Officer conducting the sale shall forfeit the property to the Government (Sec. 215)
Yes
No bidder or highest bid insufficient?
No, bid ok The Commissioner may, after 20 days notice, sell property at public auction or at private sale with approval of the SoF. Proceeds shall be deposited with the National Treasury (Sec. 216) W/n 1 year from sale, the owner may redeem, by paying to the RDO the amount of the taxes, penalties, and interest thereon from the date of delinquency to the date of sale, and 15% per annum interest on purchase price from the date of purchase to the date of redemption. (Sec. 214) W/n 5 days after the sale, levying officer shall enter return of the proceedings upon the records of the RCO, RDO and RRD (Sec. 213) Excess of proceeds of the sale over claim and cost of sale shall be turned over to the owner (Sec. 213)
Owner shall not be deprived of the possession and shall be entitled to the fruits until 1 year expires (Sec. 214)
Levy and distraint may be repeated until the full amount due, and all expenses are collected. (Sec. 217)
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Part VII. Local Taxation

I. PRELIMINARIES A. BASIC CONCEPTS B. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES C. LOCAL TAXING AUTHORITY D. LOCAL TAX ORDINANCE E. COMMON LIMITATIONS ON TAXING POWERS OF LGUs F. OTHER RELEVANT TAXING POWERS II. SPECIFIC PROVISIONS ON THE TAXING AND OTHER REVENUE-RAISING POWERS OF THE LGU A. PROVINCES B. MUNICIPALITIES C. CITIES D. BARANGAYS E. COMMUNITY TAX III. COLLECTION OF TAXES IV. LOCAL TAX REMEDIES
doubt on the application of a tax ordinance shall be strictly construed against the local government. Tax exemptions are construed strictly against the grantee.
Principle of Pre-emption Where national government elects to tax a particular area, the delegated power of the LGUs to tax the same field is impliedly limited.
Double Taxation Provinces and municipalities cannot impose a tax, which the other may impose through a specific grant of powers Provinces, cities and municipalities cannot impose taxes, which the barangay is specifically empowered to impose to the exclusion of all others.
TAXATION LAW 2
I. PRELIMINARIES A. Basic Concepts

Governing Law The LGC shall govern the exercise by PROVINCES, CITIES, MUNICIPALITIES, and BARANGAYS of their revenue raising and taxing powers (Sec 128 LGC)
B. Fundamental Principles (UEPIPI)

1. Taxation shall be Uniform in each local government unit; IRR: the uniformity required is only within the territorial jurisdiction of an LGU. and other
Power to Create Sources of Revenue LGUs have the power to create own sources of revenue and to levy taxes, fees, and charges, consistent with local autonomy. Taxes levied accrue exclusively to the local government units. (SEC. 129, LGC)
2. Taxes, fees, charges impositions shall: (EPUC) ii.
be Equitable and based as far as practicable on the taxpayer's ability to pay; be levied and collected only for Public purposes; not be Unjust, excessive, oppressive, or confiscatory; not be Contrary to law, public policy, national economic policy, or in the restraint of trade; The collection of local taxes, fees, charges and other impositions shall not be let to any Private person; The revenue collected shall Inure solely to the benefit of, the local government unit levying the tax, fee, charge or other imposition unless otherwise specifically provided herein; and, Each local government unit shall, as far as practicable, evolve a Progressive system of taxation. (SEC. 130, LGC)
Share in the IRA National internal revenue generally goes to the National Treasury, except amounts set apart by way of allotment under R.A. 7160 or the Local Government Code of 1991 (Sec. 284, NIRC)
iii. iv. v.
Nature of LGU's Taxing Power 1. Not inherent 2. Legislative in nature 3. Exercised only if delegated by law or the Constitution 4. Not absolute; subject to limitations provided by law 5. Limited by public purpose Interpretation Taxing powers of LGUs are to be liberally construed (Sec. 5(a), LGC) but
vi.
vii.
viii.
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C. Local Taxing Authority

1. Exercised by the Sanggunian concerned through an appropriate Ordinance. (Sec. 132, LGC) 2. Local chief executives of the LGUs, except the punong barangay possess veto powers over ordinances or particular items thereof which are either ultra vires or prejudicial to public welfare. His reasons shall be stated in writing. (Sec 55(a), LGC) 3. The Sanggunian may override the veto with a 2/3 vote of all its members. 4. Veto power may only be exercised once. 5. The veto doesn't affect items objected to. (Sec 55(b), LGC) not
customs fees, charges and dues except wharfage on wharves constructed and maintained by the LGU concerned; 5. Taxes, fees or charges on Goods carried into or out of, or passing through, the territorial jurisdictions of local government units in the guise of charges for wharfage, tolls for bridges or otherwise, or other taxes, fees, or otherwise 6. Taxes, fees or charges on Agricultural and aquatic products when sold by marginal farmers or fishermen; 7. Taxes on business enterprises certified to by the Board of Investments as Pioneer or nonpioneer for a period of 6 and 4 years, respectively from the date of registration; 8. Excise taxes on articles enumerated under the NIRC, as amended, and taxes, fees or charges on petroleum products; 9. Percentage or VAT on sales, barters or exchanges or similar transactions on goods or services except as otherwise provided herein; 10. Taxes on the Gross receipts of transportation contractors and persons engaged in the transportation of passengers or freight by hire and common carriers by air, land or water, except as provided in the Code; 11. Taxes on premiums paid by way or Reinsurance or retrocession; 12. Taxes, fees or charges for the Registration of motor vehicles and for the issuance of all kinds of licenses or permits for the driving thereof, except tricycles; 13. Taxes, fees, or other charges on Philippine products actually Exported, except as otherwise provided; 14. Taxes, fees, or charges, on Countryside and Barangay Business Enterprises and Cooperatives duly registered under the Cooperative Code of the Philippines; and 15. Taxes, fees or charges of any kind on the National Government, its
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6. Vetoed items shall not take effect unless the sanggunian overrides the veto. If vetoed, corresponding item or items in the appropriations ordinance of the previous year shall be deemed reenacted. The veto doesn't affect items not objected to. (Sec 55(b), LGC)
D. Local Tax Ordinance

1. Must satisfy the requirements of procedural and substantive due process 2. There must be a public hearing with quorum, voting and approval and/or veto requirements 3. Must be published within 10 days from approval for 3 consecutive days and/or published in at least 2 conspicuous places.
E. Common Limitations On The Taxing Powers Of Local Government Units (Sec 133)
Unless otherwise provided, the following cannot be levied by the local governments: (IDEC-GAPEP-GRR-ECN): 1. Income tax, except when levied on banks and other financial institutions; 2. Documentary stamp tax; 3. Estate tax, inheritance, gifts, legacies and other acquisitions mortis causa, except as otherwise provided; 4. Customs duties, registration fees of vessel and wharfage on wharves, tonnage dues, and all other kinds of
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agencies and instrumentalities, and local government units
F. Other Relevant Taxing Powers

1. Power to Levy Taxes, Fees or Charges. LGU may levy taxes, fees or charges on any base or subject not specifically enumerated in the LGC or NIRC.
2. Authority to Adjust Rates. LGU has the authority to adjust the tax rates prescribed in LGC NOT oftener than once every 5 years, in no case to exceed 10% of the rates fixed. (Sec. 191, LGC) 3. Authority to Grant Exemption. LGU may grant tax exemptions, incentives or reliefs by way of an Ordinance. (Sec. 192, LGC)
II. SPECIFIC PROVISIONS ON THE TAXING AND OTHER REVENUE-RAISING POWERS OF THE LGU (PROVINCES, MUNICIPALITIES, CITIES, BARANGAYS) A. Provinces
TAX IMPOSED RATE/AMOUNT 1) Tax on Transfer of Real Not more than Property. Imposed on the 50% of 1% sale, donation, barter, or any other mode of transfer of ownership or title to real property BASE Total acquisition price or fair market value, whichever is higher EXEMPTIONS Sale, transfer, or other disposition of real property pursuant to R.A. 6657 (Comprehensive Ararian Reform Law) OTHERS Evidence of payment of tax is to be required by Register of Deeds as a requisite to registration; and by the provincial assessor as a condition for cancellation of old tax declaration. Tax must be paid 60 days from the date of execution of deed or from the date of decedent's death. 2) Tax on Business of Printing and Publication. a. Imposed on the business of persons engaged in Not exceeding Gross Receipts from printing, and/or 50% of 1% annual printing and/or publication of bookds, receipts for publishing of cards, posters, leaflets, the books and other handbills, certificates, preceding reading materials receipts, pamphlets, and calendar prescribed by the others of similar nature year DECS as school texts or references b. Newly started business Not exceeding Capital 1/20 of 1% investment In the succeeding calendar year, regardless of when business started operating, tax shall be based on gross receipts for preceding calendar year, or any fraction thereof.
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TAX IMPOSED RATE/AMOUNT 3) Franchise Tax. a. Notwithstanding any Not exceeding exemption granted by any 50% of 1% law or any other special law, tax may be imposed on business enjoying a franchise
BASE Gross annual receipts for the preceding calendar year realized within its territorial jurisdiction
EXEMPTIONS
OTHERS
b. Newly-started business
Not more 1/20 of 1%
than Capital investment
4) Tax on Sand, Gravel and Not more Other Quarry Resources. 10% Levied on ordinary stones, gravel, earth and other quarry resources as defined in the NIRC, extracted from public lands or from the beds of seas, lakes, rivers, streams, creeks, and other public waters within its territorial jurisdiction
than Fair market value in the locality per cubic meter of resources referred to in Column 1
In the succeeding calendar year, regardless of when business started operating, tax shall be based on gross receipts for preceding calendar year, or any fraction thereof. Permit to extract sand, gravel and other quarry resources to be issued exclusively by the provincial governor pursuant to an Ordinance by the Sangguniang Panlalawigan Distribution of proceeds: Province - 30% Component City/ Municipality where resources were extracted - 30% Barangay where resources were extracted - 40%
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5) Professional Tax. Provinces may levy annual professional tax on each person engaged in the exercise of a profession requiring government examination
Such amount as the Sangguniang Panlalawigan may determine in no case to exceed P300.00
Professionals To be paid to the exclusively province where employed by the the profession or a government principal office is maintained. A person who pays for professional tax may practice his profession anywhere in the country without being subjected to similar taxes. Employers shall require payment
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TAX IMPOSED
RATE/AMOUNT
BASE
EXEMPTIONS
6) Amusement Tax. Levied Not more from proprietors lessees, or 30% operators of theaters, cinemas, concert halls, circuses, boxing stadia, and other places of amusement
than Gross receipts from admission fees
Holding of operas, concerts, dramas, recitals, painting, and art exhibitions, flower shows, musical programs, literary and oratorical presentations
OTHERS of professional tax as a condition for employment. In case of theaters or cinemas, tax shall first be deducted and withheld by their proprietors, leesees and operators
not 7) Annual Fixed Tax For Amount Every Delivery Truck or exceeding P500 Van of Manufacturers or Producers, Wholesalers of, Dealers, or Retailers in, Certain Products. Imposed on vehicles used for the delivery of distilled spirits, fermented liquors, soft drinks, cigars and cigarettes, and other products as may be determined by the sanggunian, to sales outlets, or consumers in the province, whether directly or indirectly
Exception to Proceeds to be exemption: Pop, shared equally by rock, or similar the province and concerts municipality where amusement places are located. Manufacturers, producers, wholesalers, dealers and retailers referred to in column 1 shall be exempt from tax on peddlers
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B. Municipalities
Scope of Taxing Powers a. May levy taxes, fees and charges not levied by provinces. b. Sanggunian concerned may prescribe a schedule of graduated tax rates but in no case to exceed the rates prescribed below. Tax on Business imposed on:
RATE/AMOUNT AND BASE OTHER INFORMATION 1) Manufacturers, assemblers, In accordance with the schedule in repackers, processors, bewers, Section 143 (a), NIRC distillers, rectifiers, and compounders of liquors, distilled spirits, and wines or manufacturers of any article of commerce of whatever kind or nature 2) Wholesalers, distributors, or Schedule in Article 143 (b), NIRC dealers in any article of commerce of whatever kind or nature
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RATE/AMOUNT AND BASE 3) Exporters and on Not exceeding 1/2 of rates prescribed manufacturers, millers, in the schedule in Sec 143, NIRC producers, wholesalers, distributor, dealers or retailers of essential commodities enumerated below: (RWCCLAPS) i. Rice and corn ii. Wheat and or cassava flour, meat, dairy products, locally manufactured, processed or preserved food, sugar, salt, and other agricultural, marine, and fresh water products, whether in original state or not iii. Cooking oil and cooking gas iv. Cement v. Laundry soap, detergents, and medicine vi. Agricultural implements. equipment and post-harvest facilities, fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides, herbicides and other farm inputs; vii. Poultry feeds and other animal feeds; viii. School supplies 4) Retailers Gross sales or receipts for the preceding calendar year of: 400k or less: 2% per annum more than 400k: 1% per annum 5) Contractors and other In accordance with the schedule in independent contractors Sec. 143 6) Banks and other financial Not exceeding fifty percent 50% of 1% institutions on the gross receipts of the preceding calendar year from interest, commissions and discounts from lending activities, income from financial leasing, dividends, rentals on property and profit from exchange or sale of property, insurance premium. 7) Peddlers engaged in the sale of Not exceeding P50.00 per peddler annually. any merchandise or article of commerce 8) Any business which the sanggunian concerned may deem proper to tax
OTHER INFORMATION
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Barangays have the exclusive power to tax gross receipts amounting to: 50k or less: in cities 30k or less: in municipalities
IRR: All other income and receipts of banks and financial institutions NOT otherwise enumerated shall be excluded from the taxing authority of the LGU.
Catch-all provision. Any business subject to excise, value-added or percentage tax is subject to tax not exceeding two percent (2%) of gross sales or receipts of the preceding calendar year
Payment of Business Taxes a. Taxes in Sec. 143 shall be paid for every separate or distinct establishment or place where business subject to tax is conducted.
b. One line of business is not exempted by being conducted with some other businesses for which such tax has been paid c. The tax on a business must be paid by the person conducting it.
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d. If a person operates 2 or more businesses mentioned in Sec 143 which are taxed; computation shall be based on: combined total gross sales/receipts IF subject to the SAME tax rate separate reports on gross sales/receipts IF subject to DIFFERENT tax rates Yamane vs. Lepanto Condo Corp. (Oct. 23, 1995): Condominium corporations are not business entities, thus not subject to local business tax. Even though the corporation is empowered to levy assessments or dues from the unit owners, these amounts are not intended for the incurrence of profit by the corporation, but to shoulder the multitude of necessary expenses for maintenance of the condominium. Ericsson Telecoms vs. City of Pasig. (Nov 2007): The issue in this case is whether the local business tax on contractors should be based on gross receipts or gross revenue. Pasig City assessed deficiency business taxes on Ericsson based on its gross revenue, arguing that gross receipts is synonymous with the latter. The Court ruled that business tax must be based on gross receipts, it being different from gross revenue. The right to receive income, and not the actual receipt determines when to include the amount in gross income. Franchise Taxes Smart Telecommunications vs. City of Davao (September 2008, Nachura): Smart was held liable for franchise taxes because there's express provision in its Charter granting the exemption. Exemptions are never presumed and are strictly construed against the taxpayer and liberally in favor of the taxing authority. The term "exemption" in its Charter does not mean tax exemption but exemption from certain regulations and requirements imposed by the NTC. The City of Davao must however
comply with Sections 137 and 151 of R.A. No. 7160. Thus, the local franchise tax that may be imposed by the City must not exceed 50% of 1% of the gross annual receipts for the preceding calendar year based on the income realized within the territorial jurisdiction of Davao SITUS of Taxation a. According to the Jurisprudence EXCISE TAX: Allied Thread Co., Inc. v. City Mayor of Manila, L-40296 Tax is imposed on the performance of an act or occupation, enjoyment of a privilege. The power to levy such tax depends on the place in which the act is performed or the occupation is engaged in; not upon the location of the office. SALES TAX: Shell Co., Inc. v. Municipality of Sipocot, Camarines Sur with respect to sale, it is the place of the consummation of the sale, associated with the delivery of the things which are the subject matter of the contract that determines the situs of the contract for purposes of taxation, and not merely the place of the perfection of the contract. b. According to Sec. 150 of the LGC, situs shall be determined by the ff. RULES: RULE 1: In case of persons maintaining/operating a branch or sales outlet making the sale or transaction, the tax shall be recorded in said branch or sales outlet and paid to the municipality/city where the branch or sales outlet is located. RULE 2: Where there is NO branch or sales outlet in the city/municipality where the sale is made, sale shall be recorded in the principal office and the tax shall be paid to such city/municipality. RULE 3: In the case of manufacturers, contractors, producers, and exporters having factories, project offices, plants, and plantations, proceeds shall be allocated as follows:
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30% of sales recorded in the principal office shall be made taxable by the city/municipality where the principal office is located 70% shall be taxable by the city/municipality where the factory, project office, plant, or plantation is located
considered factory/plant/warehouse manufacturer.
of
the the
Illustration of Rules 1 to 3: A company has a principal office in Mandaluyong, while its sales office and factory are in Sta Rosa: sales made in Sta Rosa, will be recorded in Sta Rosa sales made in Los Baos, Calamba or Cabuyao (ie delivered to customers located in those places), will be recorded in Mandaluyong aside from sales made in Sta Rosa, Sta Rosa also gets 70% of sales recorded in Mandaluyong, pursuant to Rule 3 RULE 4: In case the plantation is located in a place other than the place where the factory is located, the 70% in Rule 3 will be divided as follows: 60% to the city/municipality where the factory is located 40% to the city/municipality where the plantation is located RULE 5: In case of 2 or more factories, plantations, etc in different localities, the 70% shall be prorated among the localities where the factories, plantations, etc are located in proportion to their respective volume of production. Illustration: A company has a principal office in Valenzuela and has its factory in Bulacan. It also has branches selling merchandise in Muntinlupa, Bacolod, Cebu. sales made in Muntinlupa, Bacolod and Cebu will go to the said cities sales in all other places which do not have a sales branch shall be distributed as follows: 30% to Valenzuela and 70% to Bulacan IRR: Where manufacturers employ an independent contractor, the factory/ plant/ warehouse of the contractor is
IRR: The city or municipality where the port of loading is located shall not levy fees unless the exporter maintains in said city or municipality its principal office, a branch, sales office, or warehouse, factory, plant or plantation in which case the rules above apply. Tax Rates Within Metro Manila Not 50% more than the maximum rates prescribed in Sec 143. (SEC. 144, LGC)
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Retirement of Business Upon termination of a business subject to tax under Sec.143 a sworn statement of its gross sales or receipts for the current year shall be submitted. If the tax paid is less than the tax due, the difference shall be paid before the business is considered officially retired. (Sec 145)
Fees and Charges General: As a condition to the conduct of business or profession, the municipality may impose reasonable fees and charges not yet imposed by the province, commensurate with the cost of regulation, inspection and licensing,. (Sec.147) Specific: 1. Municipality has power to impose reasonable rates for sealing and licensing of weights and measures 2. The Municipality has exclusive authority to grant fishery privileges in municipal waters. The sangguniang bayan may: a) Grant fishery privileges to erect fish corrals, oysters, mussels or other aquatic beds or bangus fry areas, within a definite zone of the municipal waters, as b) Grant marginal fishermen the privilege to gather, take or catch bangus fry, prawn fry or kawag-kawag or fry of other species and fish from the municipal waters by
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nets, traps or other fishing gears free of rental, fee, charge or imposition. c) Issue licenses for the operation of fishing vessels of three (3) tons or less 3. The Sanggunian may penalize the use of explosives, noxious or poisonous substances, electricity, muro-ami, and other deleterious methods of fishing and prescribe a criminal penalty therefor (Sec. 149, LGC)
D. Barangays
Scope The following shall exclusively accrue to the barangays: 1. Taxes on Stores or Retailers with Fixed Business Establishments. a) RATE: not > 1% b) BASE: In case of cities: gross sales or receipts of the preceding calendar year of P50,000.00 or less In case of municipalities: gross sales or receipts of P30,000.00 or less 2. Service Fees or Charges. For services rendered in connection with the regulations or the use of barangay-owned properties or facilities such as palay, copra, or tobacco dryers. 3. Barangay Clearance. A city or municipality cannot issue a permit for business without a clearance from the barangay concerned. The sangguniang barangay may impose a reasonable fee on the clearance. 4. Other Charges Allowed. (Sec. 152, LGC) a) charges on commercial breeding of fighting cocks, cockfights and cockpits; b) charges on places of recreation which charge admission fees; and
"places of recreation" include places of amusement where one seeks admission to entertain himself by seeing or viewing the show or performance or those where one amuses himself by direct participation.
C. Cities
Scope The City may levy taxes, fees, charges which the province or municipality may impose. Those levied and collected by highly urbanized and independent component cities shall accrue to them and distributed in accordance with the provisions of LGC. Rates on levy made by the city may exceed the maximum rates allowed for the province or municipality by not more than 50% Exception: Rates of professional and amusement taxes. (Sec. 151, LGC) Cities have the broadest taxing powers, embracing both specific and general powers as provinces and municipalities may impose (Vitug)
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c) charges on billboards, signboards, neon signs, and outdoor advertisements.
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Checklist of Taxes Imposed by Different LGUs

TYPE OF TAX
Transfer of Real Property Ownership Tax on Business of Printing and Publication Franchise Tax Tax on Sand, Gravel and Other Quarry Resources Professional Tax Amusement Tax Annual Fixed Tax For Every Delivery Truck or Van of Manufacturers or Producers, Wholesalers of, Dealers, or Retailers in, Certain Products Tax on Business Fees and charges on regulation/licensing of business and occupation Fees for Sealing and Licensing of Weights and Measures Fishery Rentals, Fees and Charges Community Tax Tax on Gross Sales or Receipts of SmallScale Stores/Retailers Sec. 152(b) Service Fees on the use of Barangay-owned properties Sec. 152(c) Barangay Clearance Sec. 152(d) Other Fees and Charges (on commercial breeding of fighting cocks, cockfights, cockpits; places of recreation which charge admission fees; outside ads) Sec. 153 Service Fees and Charges Sec. 154 Public Utility Charges Sec. 155 Toll Fees or Charges Sec. 232 Real Property Tax
PROVINCE

MUNICIPALITY
CITY

BARANGAY

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Legend: Authorized to impose the tax Only if the municipality is within the Metro Manila Area
Common Revenue-Raising Powers (SPT) 1. Service Fees and Charges for services rendered 2. Public Utility Charges for public utilities owned, operated and maintained by them within their jurisdiction. (Sec. 154, LGC) 3. Toll fees or charges for the imposition of toll fees or charges for the use of any public road, pier, or wharf, waterway, bridge, ferry or telecommunication system funded and constructed by the LGU. The ff. are exempt from toll fees: a. officers and enlisted men of AFP and members of PNP on mission b. post office personnel delivering mail c. physically-handicapped, and disabled citizens who are 65 years or older.
When public safety and welfare so requires, the sanggunian concerned may discontinue the collection of the tolls, and thereafter the said facility shall be free and open for public use. (Sec. 155, LGC)
E. Community Tax
Who May Levy (Sec. 156, LGC): Cities or municipalities without need for public hearing. Persons Liable (Sec. 157 &158, LGC) 2. Individuals who are: a) Inhabitants of the Philippines b) Eighteen years of age or over c) Regularly employed on a wage or salary basis for at least 30 consecutive working days during any calendar year d) Either: Engaged in business or occupation
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Owns real property with an aggregate assessed value of P1,000 or more OR Is required by law to file an income tax return
Time and Place of Payment a) Place. where individual resides, or where the principal office of the juridical entity is located. (Sec. 160, LGC) b) Time. accrues on the 1st day of January of each year to be paid not later than the last day of February of each year c) Penalty. If unpaid within the prescribed period, an interest of 24% shall be added per annum from the due date until payment. (Sec. 161, LGC)
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3. Juridical Persons a) Every corporation no matter how created or organized, b) Whether domestic or resident foreign, c) Engaged in or doing business in the Philippines Rates 2. Individuals a) Annual community tax of P5.00 PLUS annual additional tax of P1.00 per P1,000.00 of income regardless whether from business, exercise of profession or property b) Never to exceed P5000 c) Husband and wife shall pay a basic tax of P5.00 each PLUS additional tax based on total property owned by them and the total gross receipts or earnings derived therefrom. 3. Juridical Persons a) Annual community tax of P500.00 PLUS annual additional tax of not more than P10,000.00 according to the ff. schedule: P2.00 for every P5,000 worth of real property in the Philippines owned during the preceding year based P2.00 for every P5,000.00 of gross receipts derived from business in the Philippines during the preceding year. b) Dividends received by a corporation from another corporation shall be deemed part of the gross receipts or earnings for purposes of computing additional tax. Persons Exempt (Sec. 159, LGC) Diplomatic and consular representatives Transient visitors who stay in the Philippines for not more than 3 months
III.COLLECTION OF TAXES
Tax Period: Based on calendar year, unless otherwise provided. (Sec. 165, LGC) Manner of Payment: May be paid in quarterly installments. (Sec. 165, LGC) Accrual of Tax: 1st day of January of each year. Except: New taxes, fees or charges, or changes in the rates thereof which shall accrue on the 1st day of the quarter next following the effectivity of the ordinance imposing such new levies or rates. (Sec. 166, LGC) Manner of Payment: Within the 20 days of January or of each subsequent quarter. (i.e. Jan 20, Apr 20, July 20, and Oct 20). It may be extended by the sanggunian for justifiable reasons, without surcharges or penalties. Extension cannot exceed 6 months. (Sec. 167, LGC) Surcharge and Penalties 2. Surcharge. 25% on taxes, fees or charges NOT paid on time 3. Interest. Not exceeding 2% per month of the unpaid taxes, fees or charges INCLUDING surcharges, until the amount is fully paid In no case shall the total interest exceed 36 months. (Sec. 168, LGC) Collecting Authority Provincial, city, municipal, or barangay treasurer, or their duly authorized deputies. (Sec. 170, LGC) Examination of Books The local treasurer or his deputy duly authorized in writing, may
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examine the books, accounts and other pertinent records of any person, or association to ascertain and collect the correct amount of tax. Examination shall be made during the regular business hours, ONLY ONCE for every tax period, and shall be certified to by the examining official. (Sec. 171, LGC)
courts of proper jurisdiction for the collection of delinquent taxes, charges, etc. (Sec. 183, LGC) Valley Trading Co. vs. CFI of Isabela, (1989) LGC does not contain a provision prohibiting courts from enjoining the collection of local taxes. Such lapse may have allowed preliminary injunction under Rule 58, ROC where local taxes are involved.
IV. LOCAL TAX REMEDIES

Remedies of LGUs 1. Tax lien Non-payment of a tax, fee or charge creates a lien superior to all liens or encumbrances in favor of any other person, enforceable by administrative or judicial action a) By Distraint personal property b) By Levy - real property Exempt Properties: (ToB-CUPLA) Tools and implements necessarily used by the taxpayer in his trade or employment one horse, cow, carabao, or other Beast of burden, such as the delinquent taxpayer may select and necessarily used by him in his ordinary occupation his necessary Clothing, and that of all his family household furniture and utensils necessary for housekeeping and used for that purpose by the delinquent taxpayer, such as he may select, of a value not exceeding P10,000 Provisions, including crops, actually provided for individual or family use sufficient for 4 months the professional Libraries of doctors, engineers, one fishing boat and net, not exceeding the total value of P10,000 by the lawful use of which a fisherman earns his livelihood any material or Article forming part of a house or improvement of any real property (Sec. 185, LGC)
Remedies of Taxpayers (See flowchart below)

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1. Prior To Assessment a) Pre-assessment Remedies b) Appeal to Secretary of Justice 2. After An Assessment or Payment a) Written protest of assessment b) Claim for refund Requires a written claim for refund or credit to be filed with local treasurer before protest is entertained Must be brought within 2 years from payment of tax or from the date the taxpayer became entitled to refund or credit (Sec. 196, LGC) 3. Original Court Action Periods of Assessment and Collection of Local Taxes 2. Assessment. Within 5 years from the date they become due 3. In case of Fraud or Intent to Evade Tax. Within 10 years from discovery of fraud or intent to evade payment. (Sec. 194, LGC) 4. Collection. 5 years from the date of assessment by administrative or judicial action. Instances When Running of Prescription Periods is Suspended 1. When the treasurer is legally prevented from making the assessment or collection 2. When taxpayer requests for reinvestigation and executes a waiver in writing before lapse of the period for assessment or collection. 3. When the taxpayer is out of the country or otherwise cannot be located (Sec. 194 (d), LGC)
2. Judicial Action The local government may institute an ordinary civil action with regular
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Remedy for Illegal or Unconstitutional Tax Ordinance STEP 1: Appeal to the Secretary of Justice. Within 30 days from the effectivity of the contested ordinance STEP 2: Decision by the Sec of Justice within 60 days from the date of receipt of the appeal. Appeal shall not have the effect of suspending the effectivity of the ordinance and the accrual and payment of the tax levied therein. STEP 3: Appropriate proceedings with competent court. Within 30 days after receipt of adverse decision or the lapse of the 60-day period when Sec has failed to act upon it. (Sec 187, LGC)
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Part VIII. Real Property Taxation

I. BASIC CONCEPTS II. PROPERTIES SUBJECT TO TAX III. TAXES AND RATES IMPOSED A. BASIC REAL PROPERTY TAX B. SPECIAL LEVIES IV. EXEMPT PROPERTIES V. APPRAISAL AND ASSESSMENT OF REAL PROPERTY A. CLASSES OF REAL PROPERTY FOR ASSESSMENT PURPOSES B. BASIS OF ASSESSMENT AND APPRAISAL C. PAYMENT AND COLLECTION VI. REMEDIES IN REAL PROPERTY TAXATION A. REMEDIES AVAILABLE TO LOCAL GOVERNMENT B. REMEDIES AVAILABLE TO TAXPAYER VII. SPECIAL PROVISIONS
Fundamental Principles (CAPUE) 1. Current fair market value is the basis for assessment 2. Actual use shall be the basis of classification for assessment 3. Private persons cannot be left to the appraisal, assessment, levy and collection of real property tax. 4. Uniform classification within each local government unit shall be observed. 5. Equitable appraisal and assessment is required. [Section 197, Local Government Code]
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II. PROPERTIES SUBJECT TO TAX

1. 2. 3. 4. Land Buildings Machinery Other improvements not exempted under the LGC
I. BASIC CONCEPTS
Governing Law: LGC 1991 Definitions 1. Real Property taxation. A direct tax on ownership of lands and buildings or other improvements thereon payable regardless of whether property is used or not, although value may vary in accordance with such factor Real property tax is a fixed proportion of the assessed value of the property being taxed 2. Real Property. Subject to the definition given by Art. 415 of the Civil Code. 3. Improvement. A valuable addition made to a property or amelioration in its condition amounting to more than a mere replacement of parts involving capital expenditures and labor. Nature/Characteristics 1. It is a direct tax on the ownership or use of real property 2. It is an ad valorem tax. Value is the tax base 3. It is proportionate because the tax is calculated on the basis of a certain percentage of the value assessed. 4. It creates a single, indivisible obligation 5. It attaches on the property (i.e., a lien) and is enforceable against it. 6. With respect to LGUs, it is levied thru a delegated power
otherwise
The LGC contains no definition of real property; but defines the following: 1) Improvement. A valuable addition to a property or amelioration in its condition; more than a repair of parts involving capital expenditure and labor, intended to enhance its value, beauty, or utility or to adopt it for new or further purposes. [Section 199(m), LGC] 2) Machinery Machines, equipment, mechanical contrivances, instruments, appliances or apparatus, which may or may not be attached, permanently or temporarily, to real property. Includes physical facilities for production, the installations and appurtenant service facilities, those which are mobile, self-powered or self-propelled Those not attached to real property but are actually, directly, and exclusively used for the particular industry's needs and which by their very nature are necessary to the industry's purposes. [Section 199(o), Local Government Code] The definition above is so broad such that everything used for the needs of an industry can be classified as machinery, subject to RPT; This was solved by Sec 290 Paragraph (o) of the LGC's IRR
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General Purpose Rule An object used indirectly for the general purpose of the business shall NOT be treated as real property.
(b) Non-agricultural lands. Located in a city or municipality, more than 1,000 sq.m, 1/2 of which remains unutilized by the owner or person with legal interest. (c) Grounds for EXEMPTION from idle lands tax: a. force majeure; b. civil disturbance; c. natural calamity; or d. any cause or circumstance which physically or legally prevents the owner or person having legal interest from improving, utilizing or cultivating the same.
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Mindanao Bus Co. v City Assessor of Cagayan de Oro (1997), Board of Assessment Appeals v Meralco, Meralco v Board of Assessment Appeals. The SC has generally held in these cases that Art 415 CC provides an exclusive enumeration of what constitutes real property. FOR TAX PURPOSES however, it is common for otherwise personal properties under the CC to be classified as real property. Lesson: the NIRC and the LGC code prevail in classifying property for tax purposes.
Special Education Fund

Paid in addition to Basic Property Tax Proceeds from 1% tax on real property are automatically released to school boards. In case of provinces, proceeds will be divided equally between provincial and municipal school boards For the maintenance, construction and repair of public schools; facilities, equipment, research, sports development
III.TAXES AND RATES IMPOSED A. Basic Real Property Tax. Annual ad

valorem ax that may be levied by LGUs on real property and improvements thereon
LGU 1. Province 2. City 3. Municipality Metro Manila RATE OF BASIC TAX not exceeding 1% of assessed value not exceeding 2% not exceeding 2%.
Special Levy
Levied on lands within an LGU's jurisdiction, benefited by governmentsponsored works or projects based on assessed value thereof Rates shall not exceed 60% of actual cost of projects and improvements Does not apply to lands exempt from basic property tax nor on portions donated to LGU Requirements: 1. Public hearing 2. Notification to owners 3. Ordinance
within
Proceeds above are shared municipalities and barangays.
with
B. Special Levies such as:

1) Additional 1% tax for the Special Education Fund 2) Additional as valorem tax of 5% on idle lands 3) Tax imposed on property especially benefited by structures or developments undertaken by the local government.
Idle Lands (Sec. 237, LGC)

(a) Agricultural Lands. More than 1 hectare in area, suitable for cultivation, dairying, inland fishery, and other agricultural use, 1/2 of which is uncultivated or unimproved NOT Idle Lands: Agricultural lands planted with at least 50 trees to a hectare Lands actually used for grazing purposes
IV. EXEMPT PROPERTIES (RCW- CPE)

1. Owned by the Republic of the Philippines or any of its political subdivisions except when beneficial use is granted for a consideration or to a taxable person. 2. Charitable institutions, churches, parsonages, or convents appurtenant thereto, mosques, non-profit or religious cemeteries, and all lands, buildings, and improvements actually, directly and
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exclusively used for religious, charitable, or educational purposes. 3. Machinery and equipment actually, directly and exclusively used by local Water utilities and GOCCs engaged in the supply and distribution of water and/or generation and transmission of electric power. 4. Real property owned by duly registered Cooperatives as provided for under Republic Act No. 6938 (Cooperative Code of the Philippines). 5. Machinery and equipment used for Pollution control and Environmental protection. [Section 234, Local Government Code]
Manila Airport Authority vs. CA (2006)
Sec 133 (o), LGC Sec 234 (a), LGC
MIAA falls under the term instrumentality outside the scope of LGSs local taxing powers under Sec 133(o).
Charitable Institutions
LUNG CENTER of the PHILS vs. QUEZON CITY (June 2004): A charitable institution doesn't lose its character and its exemption simply because it derives income from paying patients so long as the money received is devoted to the charitable object it was intended to achieve, and no money inures to the benefit of persons managing the institution. Property leased to private entities is NOT exempt from RPT, as it is not actually, directly and exclusively used for charitable purposes. Portions of the land occupied by the hospital and portions used for its patients, whether paying or non-paying, are EXEMPT from real property taxes.
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Proof of Exemption
1. Documentary evidence such as affidavits, by-laws, contract, articles of incorporation 2. Given to local assessor 3. Within 30 days from date of declaration 4. Failure to file, will be listed as in Assessment Rolls as taxable
GOCCs
Philippine Ports Authority vs. City of Iloilo (2003): GOCCs are NOT covered by the exemption since the exemption only refers to instrumentalities without personalities distinct from the government.
V. APPRAISAL AND ASSESSMENT OF REAL PROPERTY A. Classes of Real Property Assessment Purposes
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Commercial Agricultural Residential Timberland Industrial Mineral Special
for
Mactan Airport V. MIAA

Provision involved Sec 133 (o), LGC. LGUs not allowed to levy (o) taxes/fees/charg es of any kind on the national govt, its agencies, instrumentalities and LGUs. Sec 234 (a), LGC. Properties exempt from RPT: (a) real properties owned by the Republic or any of its political subdivisions SC Ruling Mactan Airport Authority is a GOCC, not exempt from RPT. Legislature in amending the law specifically deleted GOCCS from the enumeration in Sec 234(a).
Mactan Airport Authority vs. Marcos (1996)
B. Basis of Assessment and Appraisal

1. Assessment. Actual use, regardless of location, owner, or actual user 2. Appraisal. Current FMV prevailing in the locality where property is situated
C. Payment and Collection

a. Accrual of Tax: January 1st of every year; shall constitute a superior lien. (Sec. 246) b. Time and Manner of Payment: (Sec. 250) 1. basic real property tax
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in 4 equal installments (March 31, June 30, September 30, December 30) 2. special levy governed by ordinance c. Interest for Late Payment (Sec. 255) 1. two percent (2%) for each month on unpaid amount until the delinquent amount is paid 2. provided in no case shall the total interest exceed thirty-six (36) months. d. For Advance and Prompt Payment 1. Advance payment discount not exceeding 20% of annual tax (Sec. 251, LCG) 2. Prompt payment discount not exceeding 10% of annual tax due (Art 342 IRR) e. Collecting Officer (SEC. 247): City or municipal treasurer or deputized barangay treasurer provided bind is given. f. Collection Period (Sec 270, LGC) within five (5) years from the date they become due within ten (10) years from discovery of fraud, in case there is fraud or intent to evade of
LGU may enforce collection through filing of civil action within periods prescribed in Sec.270
Levy
Imposable only on property subject to tax, personal liability rests on taxpayer
NOTICE OF DELINQUENCY posted at the main entrance of provincial/city hall and published for 2 consecutive weeks WARRANT OF LEVY with duly authenticated certificate stating the taxpayer's name, amount and description of property ADVERTISEMENT 30 days after service of warrant sale at a public auction will be advertised REDEMPTION within 1 year ISSUANCE OF FINAL DEED In case of failure to redeem * After sale and before redemption, or before expiration of 1 year term, real property shall remain in the possession of delinquent taxpayer (usufruct)
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Instances for suspension prescription periods
1. local treasurer is legally prevented to collect tax. 2. the owner or property requests for reinvestigation and writes a waiver before expiration of period to collect. 3. the owner of property is out of the country or cannot be located
B. Remedies Available to Taxpayer

1. On Assessments a. Administrative i. Protest payment under protest is required within 30 days to provincial, city, or municipal treasurer. No protest shall be entertained unless the tax is first paid. (Sec. 252 LGC) ii. Claim for Tax Refund or Credit (Sec. 253) the taxpayer may file a written claim for refund or credit with the provincial or city treasurer within two years from the date the taxpayer is entitled to such reduction or adjustment. in case of denial of refund or credit, appeal to LBAA as in protest case. Ramie Textiles vs Mathay (1997) Protest is not a prerequisite to a claim for refund on payment made
VI. REMEDIES IN REAL PROPERTY TAXATION A. Remedies Available Government to Local
a. Administrative/Extrajudicial i. Lien ii. Levy iii. Distraint. Notice posted and published prior to distraint of personal property iv. Purchase by local treasurer of property in case there is no bidder or bid is insufficient b. Judicial
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under the mistaken belief that it is required by law to pay. b. Judicial Action Appeal Suit assailing validity of tax Suit to declare invalidity of tax due to irregularity in assessment and collection Suit assailing validity of local tax sale 2. After Sale a. Redemption of real property 1 year from the date of sale (Sec. 261 LGC) Amount of delinquent tax Expenses of sale from date of delinquency to date of sale Interest of not more than 2% per month on purchase price from date of sale to date of redemption (not more than 36 months). Certificate of redemption to be issued, certificate of sale invalidated b. Court action assailing validity of sale No such action shall be entertained without a deposit with the court of sales price + 2% per month interest
Appeals Process
PAYMENT UNDER PROTEST WRITTEN PROTEST WITH LOCAL TREASURER 30 days from payment of tax TREASURER DECIDES Within 60 days from payment of tax If protest is approved by treasurer, apply for refund or credit APPEAL WITH LBAA If protest is denied or in case of treasurer's inaction after lapse of 60 days APPEAL WITH CBAA Within 30 days from receipt of adverse decision by LBAA APPEAL TO CTA Within 30 days from receipt of adverse decision by CBAA SUPREME COURT Within 15 days from receipt of adverse decision by CBAA
* An Appeal DOES NOT collection of tax as assessed suspend the
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VII. SPECIAL PROVISIONS Condonation/Remission

1. By the Sanggunian Grounds: a. Failure of crops; b. Substantial decrease in the price of agricultural or agri-based products; or c. Calamity in the LGU 2. By the President of the Philippines when public interest so requires.
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Part IX. Tariff and Customs Code

I. ARTICLES SUBJECT TO DUTY A. EXPORT AND IMPORT DUTIES B. MEANING OF IMPORTATION C. CLASSES OF IMPORTATION D. CLASSIFICATION OF CUSTOM DUTIES E. SPECIAL DUTIES RATES OF DUTY A. GENERAL RULES B. BASIS OF DUTY C. SPECIAL DUTIES D. FLEXIBLE TARIFF RATES IMPOSITION OF DUTIES A. PERSONS LIABLE B. DECLARATION C. EXAMINATION, APPRAISAL AND CLASSIFICATION D. ASSESSMENT AND TAXES E. LIQUIDATION REMEDIES OF THE GOVERNMENT C. EXTRAJUDICIAL D. JUDICIAL REMEDIES OF THE TAXPAYER D. REFUND E. PROTEST F. ABANDONMENT PERTINENT AMENDMENTS BY RA 9135
C. Classes of Importation
1. Dutiable Importation All articles, when imported from any foreign country into the Philippines, shall be subject to duty upon each importation, even though previously exported from the Philippines, except as otherwise specifically provided for in this Code or in other laws. (100) (POPP-LAWTAXATION LAW 2
II.
III.
2. Prohibited Importations DING) Sec. 101
IV. V.
a. Dynamite, gunpowder, ammunitions and other explosives, firearm and weapons of war, and detached parts thereof, except when authorized by law. b. Written or printed article in any form containing: 1) any matter advocating or inciting treason, rebellion, insurrection or sedition against the Government of the Philippines 2) forcible resistance to any law of the Philippines 3) containing any threat to take the life of or inflict bodily harm upon any person in the Philippines. c. Written or printed articles, photographs, engravings, lithographs, objects, paintings, drawings or other representation of an obscene or Immoral character. d. Articles, instruments, drugs and substances designed, intended or adapted for Preventing human conception or producing unlawful abortion, or any printed matter which advertises or describes or gives directly or indirectly information where, how or by whom human conception is prevented or unlawful abortion produced. e. Roulette wheels, Gambling outfits, loaded dice, marked cards, machines, apparatus or mechanical devices used in gambling, or in the distribution of money, cigars, cigarettes or other articles when such distribution is dependent upon chance, including jackpot and pinball machines or similar contrivances.
VI.
Provisions cited are that of the Tariff and Customs Code.
I. ARTICLES SUBJECT TO DUTY A. Export (suspended except on logs) and Import Duties B. Meaning of Importation
Sec. 1201 All articles imported into the Philippines, whether subject to duty or not, shall be entered through the customhouse at a port of entry Sec. 1202 Importation BEGINS: When vessel or aircraft enters the jurisdiction of Philippines with intention to unload. Terminated: 1) payment of duties, taxes and other charges 2) secured to be paid and legal permit for withdrawal has been granted 3) articles have legally left the jurisdiction of customs
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f.
Lottery and sweepstakes tickets, advertisements thereof and lists of drawings therein. except those authorized by the Philippine Government
E. Special Duties
(see page 105 for a detailed discussion) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Dumping duties Countervailing Duties Marking Duties Discriminatory Duties Duties imposed under flexible tariff Imposition of safeguard measures.
g. Any article manufactured in whole or in part of gold silver or other Precious metal, or alloys thereof, the stamps brands or marks of which do not indicate the actual fineness or quality of said metals or alloys. h. Any Adulterated or misbranded article of food or any adulterated or misbranded drug in violation of the provisions of the "Food and Drugs Act." i. Marijuana, opium poppies, coca leaves, or any other Narcotics or synthetic drugs which are or may hereafter be declared habit forming by the President of the Philippines, any compound, manufactured salt, derivative, or preparation thereof, Except when imported by the Government of the Philippines or any person duly authorized by the Collector of Internal Revenue for medicinal purposes only. Opium pipes and parts thereof, of whatever material.
II. RATES OF DUTY A. General Rules

Sec. 104
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j.
k. All other articles the importation of which is Prohibited by law. Sec. 1207 It is the duty of the Collector to exercise jurisdiction to prevent importation (prohibited importation) or secure compliance with legal requirements (articles that may be imported subject to conditions)
There shall be levied, collected and paid upon all imported articles the rates of duty indicated. Max rate: NOT exceed 100% ad valorem Rates of duty shall apply to ALL products whether imported directly or indirectly of all foreign products which do not discriminate against Philippine products If foreign country discriminates o additional 100% across-theboard duty on their products Rates of duty shall be subject to periodic investigation by Tariff Commission and may be revised by President upon recommendation of NEDA.
Sec 106 Drawbacks - in the nature of refund or tax credit: a) Fuel used for Propulsion of Vessels engaged in trade with foreign countries or coastwide trade refund or credit not exceeding 99% of duty imposed by law on such fuel
D. Classification of Custom Duties

1. Ordinary/Regular 2. Ad Valorem Tax rates are based n the cost (FMV) or price of the imported articles In wholesale quantities in the principal market of the exporting country Includes expenses connected with importation i.e. insurance, freight, packaging, etc. 3. Specific Rates are based on unit of weight number or measurement
b) Petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals, crude oils imported by non electric utilities and then sold to electric utilities for generation of electric power refund or credit not exceeding 50% of duty imposed by law c) Exportation of articles manufactured or produced in Phil (including packing + covering + marking/labeling) of imported materials for which duties have been paid
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Conditions: 1. Imported material was actually used in the production of article to be exported. 2. Refund or credit shall not exceed 100% of duties paid on the imported material. 3. No determination by NEDA of the requirement for certification on nonavailability of locally produced or manufactured competitive substitutes for the imported material (This means there are no local substitutes for the material.). 4. Exportation must be made 1 year after importation of material claim for refund or credit must be made 6 months from exportation. 5. When 2 or more result from the used of same imported material, apportionment shall be made. Every application for drawback must pay P500 for filing, processing and supervision fees. Claims shall be paid by Bureau of Customs within 60 days after receipt of properly accomplished claims. Bases of
Sec. 204 Effective Date of Rates of Import Duty Imported articles shall be subject to rates of import duty existing at the time of entry or withdrawal from warehouse For articles abandoned, forfeited or seized by government and sold at public auction, the rate of duty shall be the rates in force at the time of auction Duty based on weight, volume and quantity shall be levied and collected on the weight, volume and quantity at time of entry into warehouse or date of abandonment/forfeiture/seizure.
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Sec. 205 Imported article deemed entered in Phil for consumption when: entry form is properly filed and accepted together with related documents duties, taxes, fees and other charges are paid or secured to be paid imported article Deemed to be withdrawn from warehouse in the Phil for consumption when: entry form is properly filed and accepted together with related documents duties, taxes, fees and other charges are paid or secured to be paid
B. Basis of Duty (Sec. 202

Dutiable Weight) a)
gross weight: weight of article + weight of all containers, packages, holders and packing where articles were contained during importation
Sec. 1309 Certificate of Invoice Commercial invoice must be presented to the consular officer of the Phil for certification at the time or before or immediately after the shipment of article Consular invoice shall be certified in consular district where articles were manufactured or purchased or shippers. In the absence of Phil consul, the invoice may be certified by consular officer in the district nearest the place of exportation or person designated by DFA
b) legal weight: weight of article + weight of immediate containers, holders where such articles are usually contained at the time of their sale to the public in retail quantities c) net weight: only the actual weight of article
d) articles affixed to cardboard, cards, paper, wood shall be dutiable together with weight of such holders e) when a single package contains articles dutiable according to different weights, the common exterior of the receptacle shall be prorated.
Sec. 1310 All importations exceeding P10, 000 in DV shall be entered only 1. upon presentation of consular invoice under penalties of falsification, perjury. All importations exceeding P10, 000 in DV shall be entered only upon
Sec. 203 Rate of Exchange Value quoted in foreign currency shall be converted into Phil currency at the exchange rate published by Central Bank
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presentation of consular invoice under penalties of falsification, perjury OR 2. Affidavit showing cause why it is not possible to produce invoice + bond Exempt from consular invoice requirement: a. conditionally free importations b. tax free importations c. importations of government agencies and instrumentalities d. importations on consignment basis under RA 3137 and RA 6135 for re export Furnished on
assists (value of goods and services supplied by the buyer free of charge or at a reduced price for use in connection with the production and sale for export of the good) royalties & license fees value of any part of the proceeds of subsequent resale, disposal or use of imported goods that accrue directly or indirectly to seller cost of transport loading, unloading, handling insurance
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Sec. 1313 Information Classification and Value
Classification: When article not specifically classified in the Code, the interested party, importer or foreign exporter may submit a sample with full description of component materials in a written request. Value: Upon written application, Collector shall furnish importer within 30 days the latest information as to the DV of articles to be imported. Importer must present all pertinent papers and documents, act in good faith and unable to obtain information due to unusual conditions Information given is not an appraisal nor is it binding upon the Collectors right of appraisal.
DV must NOT include: charges for construction, erection, assembly maintenance or technical assistance undertaken after importation cost of transport after importation duties and taxes of Phil other permissible deduction under WTO Valuation Agreement CONDITIONS so the Transaction Value shall be the DV (CREPD) 1. sale for Export to Phil 2. no restrictions as to the Disposition or use of goods by buyer except: those imposed by law or Phil authorities limit the geographical area where goods may be resold do not substantially affect the value of the goods 3. not be subject to some Condition or consideration for which value cannot be determined 4. no part of the Proceeds of any subsequent disposal shall accrue to the seller 5. buyer and seller are not Related or if they are, relationship did not affect the price
Customs Administrative Order #2-99

(effective Jan 1, 1999) Determination of Dutiable Value Dutiable Value (DV) shall be determined using one of the 6 methods of valuation. These methods must be applied in sequence. However, method 4 and 5 may be reversed at request of importer(unless there shall be difficulty in using method 5 in which case Commissioner shall reject request)
DEEMED RELATED IF: 1. They are officers or directors of one anothers business; 2. They are legally recognized partners in business; 3. There exists in an er-ee relationship between them; 4. Any person directly or indirectly owns, contrl or hold 5% or more of
Method # 1: TRANSACTION VALUE Price actually paid or payable for goods when sold for export to Phil commissions & brokerage fees cost of containers cost of packing (labor, materials)
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the outstanding voting stock or shares of bother seller and buyer; 5. One of them directly or indirectly controls the other; 6. Both of them are directly or indirectly controlled by a 3rd person; 7. Together they directly or indirectly control a 3rd person; or 8. Related by affinity or consanguinity up to 4th civil degree. IF RELATED, USE OF TV ACCEPTABLE IF: 1. circumstances surrounding transaction show that relationship did not influence the price 2. TV closely approximates: TV of unrelated buyers of identical or similar goods Deductive value of identical or similar goods determined according to method #4 Computed value of identical or similar goods determined according to method #5 Method # 2: TRANSACTION VALUE OF IDENTICAL GOODS The DV shall be the transaction value of identical goods sold for export to the Phil and exported at or about the same time as the goods being valued. Identical goods must be same commercial level and substantially same quantity as the goods being valued.
identical different country
goods produced by producer in the same
If NO identical goods at same commercial level and same quantity, TV of identical goods at a different commercial level and different quantity may be utilized TV shall be adjusted upward or downward to account for the difference
Method #3: TRANSACTION VALUE OF SIMILAR GOODS The DV shall be the transaction value of similar goods sold for export to the Phil and exported at or about the same time as the goods being valued. Similar goods must be same commercial level and substantially same quantity as the goods being valued.
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Similar goods like characteristics and like component materials capable of performing same functions commercially interchangeable produced in same country produced by dame producer excludes imported goods for which engineering, development, artwork, design work, plans and sketches is undertaken in the Phil and provided by the buyer to the producer free of charge or at a reduced rate When no similar goods produced by the same person: similar goods produced by different producer in the same country If NO similar goods at same commercial level and same quantity, TV of similar goods at a different commercial level and different quantity may be utilized TV shall be adjusted upward or downward to account for the difference
Identical goods Same in all respects (physical characteristics, quality and reputation) Produced in the same country as the goods being valued Produced by producer of the goods being valued excludes imported goods for which engineering, development, artwork, design work, plans and sketches is undertaken in the Phil and provided by the buyer to the producer free of charge or at a reduced rate When no identical goods produced by the same person:
Method # 4: THE DEDUCTIVE VALUE DV is determined on the basis of sales in the Phil of goods being valued of identical or similar imported goods less certain expenses resulting from importation and sale of goods.
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Deductive Value is determined by making a deduction from the established price per unit for the aggregate of the ff elements: a. Commissions OR b. additions made in connection with profit and general expenses AND c. transport, insurance and associated costs d. customs duties and other national taxes PRICE COMMISSIONS/ADDITIONS COSTS DUTIES/TAXES DEDUCTIVE VALUE
cost of transport, insurance and charges to the port or place of importation
Method # 6: THE FALLBACK VALUE DV cannot be determined using any of the above methods Use other reasonable means consistent with principles and general provisions of GATT
Less: Less: Less:
C. Special Duties
Sec. 301 Dumping Duty same When Sec of Finance receives a petition or has reason to believe that 1. a specific foreign article is being imported into, or sold/ likely to be sold in Phil, 2. at a price less than its normal value within 20 days, must determine prima facie case for dumping
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CONDITIONS: 1. sold in the Phil in condition as imported the
2. sales taken place at or about the same time of importation of good being valued 3. if no sale took place at or about the time of importation use sales at the earliest date after importation (of the similar or identical good) but before expiration of 90 days 4. if no sale meet the above conditions, importer may choose the use of sales of goods being valued after further processing At or about the same time 45 days prior to and 45 days after importation
Sec. 302: Countervailing Duty When an article is granted any bounty, subsidy or subvention upon its production, manufacture or exportation in the country of origin and importation of which is likely to injure an established industry or retard the establishment of industry in Phil Countervailing Duty: ascertained or estimated amount of bounty, subsidy or subvention Injury criterion shall be applied only on imports from countries which adhere to GATT If article was allowed a drawback, only the excess of the amount of drawback over the total duties and taxes shall constitute bounty, subsidy, subvention When the conditions which necessitated the imposition of countervailing duties have ceased: must discontinue imposition
Method # 5: THE COMPUTED VALUE DV is determined on the basis of cost of production + profit + general expenses reflected in sales from exporting country to the Phil of goods of same class or kind DV is calculated by: determining aggregate of relevant costs, charges and expenses or value of (1) materials and (2) production or processing costs costs (containers, packing, assists, engineering, artwork, plans and sketches undertaken in Phil and charged to producer profits and general expenses
Sec. 303: Marking a. Marking of articles: Marked in official language of Phil and in conspicuous places to indicate to the ultimate purchaser the name of country of origin. b. Marking of containers: Failure to mark 5% ad valorem
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o o
Failure or refusal to mark within 30 days from date of notice shall constitute act o abandonment. No imported article shall be delivered until it has been inspected, examined or appraised Discrimination by Foreign
It also constitutes a lien upon the articles imported while articles are in custody or subject to control of government. All importations by the government, its branches, instrumentalities, GOCCs, agencies or instrumentalities owned or controlled by government are subject to similar duties, taxes and fees except for those provided in Sec. 105 (conditionally free imports)
Sec. 304: Countries
The president may proclaim new and additional duties in an amount not exceeding 100% ad valorem on articles from country where: 1. imposes an unreasonable charge, exaction not equally enforceable in other laws 2. discriminate against the commerce of Phil in such a way that it places Phil commerce at a disadvantage
B. Declaration
Imported articles must be entered in customhouse at the port of entry within 30 days from date of discharge by: 1. importer, being holder of Bill of Lading 2. customs broker 3. agent Import entries: 1. Informal entry articles of commercial nature intended for sale, barter or hire the DV is P2,000 or less personal and household effects, not in commercial quantity, for personal use 2. Formal entry may be for immediate consumption, or under irrevocable domestic letter of credit, bank guarantee or bond for: a. placing article in customs bonded warehouse b. constructive warehousing and immediate transportation to other Phil ports upon proper examination and appraisal c. constructive warehousing and immediate exportation Written Declaration of Import Entry must contain statements that declare: 1. full account of value or price 2. the invoice and entry contains just and faithful account of the value or price of articles; nothing has been omitted or concealed 3. to the best of knowledge of declaring, all the invoices and B of L are the only ones in exiting in relation to the importation in question
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D. Flexible Tariff Rates

Sec.401 The President is empowered to: 1. increase, reduce or remove existing rates 2. establish quota or ban import of any commodity 3. impose an additional duty not exceeding 10% ad valorem The Presidents power to increase or decrease rates of import duty shall include authority to modify the form of duty. Any order of the President shall take effect 30 days after promulgation. Except if the imposition of additional duty is less than 10%, it shall take effect upon the discretion of the President.
III. IMPOSITION OF DUTIES A. Persons Liable

Deemed Owner of Imported Articles: 1. consignee 2. holder of bill of lading 3. if consigned to order, the consignor 4. underwriters of abandoned articles and salvors of articles saved at a wreck The liability of importer for the duties, taxes, fees and other charges constitute a personal debt due to the government which may be discharged only upon full payment.
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4. the invoices, entries and B of L are genuine and true signed by importer, consignee or holder of bill, manager of corporation, firm or association, licensed customs broker Form of Import Entry: shall be signed by person making entries shall have required # of copies as prescribed by RR Contents: name of importing vessel or aircraft # and marks of packages, quantity description of article value set in the invoice
Finality of Liquidation: After expiration of 1 year from date of final payment of duties In the absence of protest, final and conclusive between the parties unless liquidation was tentative
IV. REMEDIES GOVERNMENT A. Extrajudicial
OF
THE
1. Enforcement of Tax Lien Sec. 1508 When an importer has an outstanding and demandable account with the Bureau of Customs, Collector shall hold the delivery of the article. Upon notice, he may sell such importation or a portion of it to satisfy the obligation. Importer may settle his obligation anytime before the sale.
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C. Examination, Appraisal Classification (1405-08)

Procedure:
and
1. Appraisers shall ascertain, estimate, determine the value or price of articles o file action within 1 year 2. Examiners shall render a report 3. Appraisers shall describe all articles on the face of entry in tariff o 15 days An appraisal, fully passed upon and approved by Collector, may not be altered or modified except upon a: 1. statement of error 2. request for reappraisal and/or classification if duty assessed amount is lower than the entered value
2. Seizure and Forfeiture Sec 2205 WHO: customs official; Fisheries Commissions; Philippine Coast Guard to make seizure of any vessel, aircraft, cargo, animal or any movable property when the same is subject to forfeiture or liable for any fine under the tariff and customs law
Administrative Proceedings
(Secs 2301 2316) When seizure is made: 1. Collector shall issue a warrant for the detention of the property Cash bond if importer wishes to secure release of article for legitimate use amount fixed by Collector conditioned on payment of appraised value of article and/or fine, expenses, costs Article will NOT be released if: prima facie evidence of fraud in the importation] article is prohibited by law
D. Assessment of Taxes E. Liquidation (1601-03)

Liquidation shall be made on the face of entry showing the particulars. Daily record of entries liquidated shall be posted on the public corridor of customs house. Tentative Liquidation: If to determine the exact amount due some future action is required, liquidation is deemed tentative as to items affected and shall be subject to future and final adjustment and settlement within 6 months.
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2. Report to Commissioner and Chairman of Commission of Audit 3. written notice to owner or importer He shall he given opportunity to be heard; Notification to an unknown owner posting for 15 days in the public corridor of customhouse publication in newspaper other means Collector considers desirable
Scope: limited to the subject matter of a single adjustment (refers to the entire content of one liquidation including duties, fees, surcharges and fines) or other independent transaction Failure to protest will render the action of the Collector final and conclusive except for manifest error Upon demand of Collector, the importer shall furnish samples of the articles which are the subject of the protest
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4. Collector shall make a list and particular description and classification of the seized property, appraisal based on local wholesale values by at least 2 appraising officials absent such, 2 competent disinterested citizens
See flowchart for procedure
COMPROMISE Commissioner may compromise any case subject to approval by Secretary
B. Judicial (see flowchart IX) V. REMEDIES OF THE TAXPAYER A. Refund (1707-08)

When: 1. manifest clerical error made in invoice or entry 2. error in return of weight, measure and gauge certified, under penalties of falsification or perjury, by examining official 3. error in the distribution of charges on invoices not involving any question of law certified, under penalties of falsification or perjury, by examining official Conditions 1. errors discovered before payment OR discovered within 1 year after the final liquidation 2. written request and notice from importer OR statement of error certified by the Collector How: 1. Claim made in writing 2. Collector shall verify with the records in his office 3. Certify claim to Commissioner with his recommendation and necessary papers
If within 15 days from notification, no owner or agent is found or appears before Collector property forfeited to Government and sold at auction SETTLEMENT While case is pending, Collector may accept settlement of any seizure case o Upon approval of Commissioner o Payment of fine ( 25% - 80% of the landed cost of the article) o In case of forfeiture, should pay the domestic market value of the seized article Settlement NOT allowed: o Fraud in importation o Importation prohibited by law o Release would be contrary to law
PROTEST written protest payment before protest is necessary (amount due + docket fee) When: at the time payment of the amount claimed to be due is made within 15 days thereafter Form: filed according to RR; point out the particular decision or ruling grounds used as basis for the protest
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4. Commissioner shall then cause the claim to be paid if found correct If the result of the refund would result to a corresponding refund of the internal revenue taxes on the same importation, Collector shall certify to Commissioner who shall cause the said excess to be paid, refunded or credited in favor of the importer
Any official or employee who: had knowledge of the existence of abandoned article custody or charge of such article fails to report within 24 hours from time article deemed abandoned shall be punished accdg to sec. 3604 (fine: P5000 P50,000; imprisonment: 1 yr 10 yrs, perpetual disqualification to hold public office, vote and participate in election)
B. Protest (2308-09. 2312)

written protest payment before protest is necessary (amount due + docket fee)
VI. PERTINENT AMENDMENTS RA 9135

1. Post-entry Audit & Examination
BY
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When: at the time payment of the amount claimed to be due is made within 15 days thereafter Form: filed according to RR point out the particular decision or ruling ground used as basis for the protest Scope: limited to the subject matter of a single adjustment (refers to the entire content of one liquidation including duties, fees, surcharges and fines) or other independent transaction Failure to protest will render the action of the Collector final and conclusive except for manifest error
Sec. 3513. Importers are required to keep at their principal place of business for a period three (3) years from importation, all records of their importations and/or books of accounts, business and computer systems. Brokers are likewise required to do so with respect to transactions they handle. Sec 3515. Customs Officers authorized by the Bureau of Customs may enter during office hours premises where records are kept by importers/customs brokers to conduct audit of books, records or documents for the purpose of collecting the proper duties and taxes.
Upon demand of Collector, the importer

shall furnish samples of the articles which are the subject of the protest
2. Acquisition of grossly undervalued goods Sec 2317. In order to prevent undervaluation of goods subject to ad valorem duty, the Commissioner of Customs may acquire imported goods for a price equal to their declared customs value plus any duties already paid on the goods, payment for which shall be made within ten (10) working days from issuance of a warrant signed by the Commissioner of Customs for the acquisition of such goods.
C. Abandonment (1801-03)
Article is deemed abandoned when: 1. owner, importer or consignee expressly signifies in writing to Collector his intention to abandon 2. after due notice, fails to file an entry within 30 days from date of discharge of last package from vessel or aircraft 3. after filing entry, fails to claim his importation 15 days from date of posting of the notice to claim such importation Effect: deemed to have renounced his interest and property rights ipso facto deemed property of the Government
Page 196 of 198
TAXATION LAW 2
Page 197 of 198
Flowchart IX: Remedies from Seizure and Forfeiture Cases-Tariffs and Customs Code
START
Collector determines probable cause (illegal importation)
Collector seizes goods and reports it to the Commissioner and to COA. Owner is notified of seizure
Importer may secure release of goods by filing of cash bond (Sec. 2301)
Collector conducts hearing
Collectors decision favorable to taxpayer/ adverse to govt?
Yes
Amount involved less than 5M?
Yes
Automatic review* by Customs Commisioner (Sec. 2313)
TAXATION LAW 2
No Taxpayer appeals to Customs Commissioner 15 days from receipt of notice
Does commissioner decide w/in 30 days? No
Yes
Is Commissioners decision favorable to taxpayer/ adverse to govt?
Inaction construed as affirmation of Collectors decision Does Commissioner decide w/n 30 days? No, amount is at least 5M Is Commissioners decision favorable to Yes taxpayer/ adverse to govt? Yes
Automatic Review* by the Secretary of Finance (SOF) (Sec. 2313, CMO 3-2002)
Yes
No
No No
Is SOFs decision favorable to taxpayer/adverse to govt? Yes Decision becomes final & unappealable
Yes
Does SOF decide within 30 days? No Inaction construed as affirmation of commissioners decision (or of collectors decision in case of inaction by commissioner)
END
No Appeal to CTA
Inaction construed as affirmation of Collectors decision
Appeal to the Court of Tax Appeals within 30 days from notice of decision
MR within 15 days from receipt of decision
Appeal to CTA en banc 15 days from receipt of decision denying MR
Appeal to the Supreme Court
END
*Automatic review is intended to protect the interest of the Government. W/o auto review, the Commissioner and SoF would not know about the decision laid down by the Collector favoring the taxpayer. Automatic review is necessary because nobody is expected to appeal the decision of the Collector which is favorable to the taxpayer & adverse to the Government. (Yaokasin v. Commissioner 180 SCTA 591
- end of Taxation Law 2 -
- end of Taxation Law -
Page 198 of 198

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REVIEWER IN TAXATION LAW

REVIEWER IN TAXATION LAW

REVIEWER IN TAXATION LAW

Purposes of Property Taxes

REVIEWER IN TAXATION LAW

REVIEWER IN TAXATION LAW

Part I. Fundamentals of Taxation

FACULTY-STUDENT EDITORIAL BOARD AND LECTURES COMMITTEE Prof. Rachel P. Follosco

TAXATION LAW Rachel T. Uy

LECTURES Edel Cruz

ACADEMICS COMMITTEE Samantha Poblacion

TAXATION LAW 1 Charles Albert Lejano Benedict Evengelista

Maia Rieza Eva Sison

B. Essential Characteristics of Taxes

A. Principles of A Sound Tax System

REVIEWER IN TAXATION LAW

Part I. Fundamentals of Taxation

D. Tax Distinguished from Forms of Impositions: License and Regulatory Fee

REVIEWER IN TAXATION LAW

Part I. Fundamentals of Taxation

construction of a public improvement Exceptional both as to time and locality.

Obligation to Pay Debt

1. Purpose must be public in nature.

2. Prohibitions against delegation of the taxing power (exclusively legislative in nature)

E. Theory and Basis of Taxation

REVIEWER IN TAXATION LAW

Part I. Fundamentals of Taxation

G. Constitutional Limitations (1) Due Process of Law

(6) Prohibition Against Infringement of Religious Freedom

(2) Equal Protection of Laws

(3) Rule of Uniformity and Equity in Taxation

(4) Prohibition Against Imprisonment for Non-Payment of Poll Tax

(5) Prohibition Against Impairment of Obligation of Contracts

(8) Prohibition Against Taxation of Religious, Charitable and Educational Entities

REVIEWER IN TAXATION LAW

Part I. Fundamentals of Taxation

(9) Prohibition Against Taxation of NonStock, Non-Profit Educational Institutions

REVIEWER IN TAXATION LAW

Part I. Fundamentals of Taxation

REVIEWER IN TAXATION LAW

Part I. Fundamentals of Taxation

3. As to the Object or Subject Matter of Tax

4. As to the Manner of Computing the Tax

I. Classification of Taxes 1. As to Scope of the Tax

2. As to Who Shoulders the Burden of the Tax

REVIEWER IN TAXATION LAW

Part I. Fundamentals of Taxation

L. Escape From Taxation

(1) Shifting the Tax Burden

Ways of Shifting the Tax Burden

Taxes that Can Be Shifted

REVIEWER IN TAXATION LAW

Part I. Fundamentals of Taxation

Impact and Incidence of Taxation

(5) Tax Condonation

Relationship between Impact, Shifting, and Incidence of a Tax

(6) Exemption from Taxation

(2) Tax Evasion